423:
438:
413:) have wider physiological options at their disposal, and they can move to preferred temperatures, avoid ambient temperature changes, or moderate their effects. Ectotherms can also display the features of homeothermy, especially within aquatic organisms. Normally their range of ambient environmental temperatures is relatively constant, and there are few in number that attempt to maintain a higher internal temperature due to the high associated costs.
185:
169:
50:
394:
Endotherms cannot, in general, afford such long periods without food, but suitably adapted ectotherms can wait without expending much energy. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a higher variability (both within and between species) in their daily patterns of activity.
455:
303:
Various patterns of behavior enable certain ectotherms to regulate body temperature to a useful extent. To warm up, reptiles and many insects find sunny places and adopt positions that maximise their exposure; at harmfully high temperatures they seek shade or cooler water. In cold weather, honey bees
393:
species are geckos specialising in "sit and wait" foraging strategies. Such strategies do not require as much energy as active foraging and do not require hunting activity of the same intensity. From another point of view, sit-and-wait predation may require very long periods of unproductive waiting.
388:
ectotherms need to heat up in the early sunlight before they can begin their daily activities. In cool weather the foraging activity of such species is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms, and in cold climates most cannot survive at all. In lizards, for instance, most
372:
for various bodily activities. Accordingly, they depend on ambient conditions to reach operational body temperatures. In contrast, endothermic animals maintain nearly constant high operational body temperatures largely by reliance on internal heat produced by metabolically active organs (liver,
188:
The red line represents the air temperature. The purple line represents the body temperature of the lizard. The green line represents the base temperature of the burrow. Lizards are ectotherms and use behavioral adaptations to control their temperature. They regulate their behavior based on the
331:
mechanisms, whereby cold blood from the skin picks up heat from blood moving outward from the body core, re-using and thereby conserving some of the heat that otherwise would have been wasted. The skin of bullfrogs secretes more mucus when it is hot, allowing more cooling by evaporation.
422:
377:. Ectotherms typically have lower metabolic rates than endotherms at a given body mass. As a consequence, endotherms generally rely on higher food consumption, and commonly on food of higher energy content. Such requirements may limit the
254:
ectotherms. In contrast, in places where temperature varies so widely as to limit the physiological activities of other kinds of ectotherms, many species habitually seek out external sources of heat or shelter from heat; for example, many
304:
huddle together to retain heat. Butterflies and moths may orient their wings to maximize exposure to solar radiation in order to build up heat before take-off. Gregarious caterpillars, such as the
316:
prior to flight, by vibrating their flight muscles without violent movement of the wings. Such endothermal activity is an example of the difficulty of consistent application of terms such as
384:
Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, as a rule, they are more sluggish at night and in early mornings. When they emerge from shelter, many
708:
155:
454:
594:
555:
250:
Some of these animals live in environments where temperatures are practically constant, as is typical of regions of the abyssal ocean and hence can be regarded as
680:
Rehnberg, Bradley (2002). "Heat
Retention by webs of the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): infrared warming and forced convective cooling".
312:, benefit from basking in large groups for thermoregulation. Many flying insects, such as honey bees and bumble bees, also raise their internal temperatures
608:
McClure, Melanie; Cannel, Elizabeth; Despland, Emma (June 2011). "Thermal ecology and behaviour of the nomadic social forager
Malacosoma disstria".
437:
148:
578:
539:
343:, effectively stops. The torpor might last overnight or last for a season, or even for years, depending on the species and circumstances.
879:
Willmer, Pat; Stone, Graham; Johnston, Ian. Environmental
Physiology of Animals. Hoboken: Wiley, 2009. Ebook Library. Web. 01 Apr. 2016.
327:
In addition to behavioral adaptations, physiological adaptations help ectotherms regulate temperature. Diving reptiles conserve heat by
515:
825:
141:
719:
666:
786:
397:
In ectotherms, fluctuating ambient temperatures may affect the body temperature. Such variation in body temperature is called
263:
in the sun, or seeking shade when necessary in addition to a whole host of other behavioral thermoregulation mechanisms.
895:
743:
Hunter, Alison F. (2000-11-01). "Gregariousness and repellent defences in the survival of phytophagous insects".
189:
temperature outside; if it is warm they will go outside up to a point and return to their burrow as necessary.
305:
298:
461:
374:
709:"Life History Traits And Rearing Techniques For Fall Webworms (Hyphantria Cunea Drury) In Colorado"
243:, for example) rely on environmental heat sources, which permit them to operate at very economical
532:
The
Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: a Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas
625:
588:
549:
465:
428:
401:, though the concept is not widely satisfactory and the use of the term is declining. In small
831:
821:
760:
574:
535:
511:
378:
862:
813:
752:
689:
656:
617:
444:
369:
277:
As there are more than two categories of temperature control utilized by animals, the terms
236:
40:
381:
of a given environment for endotherms as compared to its carrying capacity for ectotherms.
359:
119:
104:
184:
817:
402:
328:
849:
Lewis, L; Ayers, J (2014). "Temperature
Preference and Acclimation in the Jonah Crab,
756:
693:
645:"Biology and Management of the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)"
644:
889:
621:
527:
198:
129:
109:
779:"Best Reptile UVA/UVB Light Bulbs (Reviewed + Best Deals From Amazon) – BuddyGenius"
778:
629:
317:
309:
279:
251:
124:
114:
99:
89:
84:
74:
270:
rely largely, even predominantly, on heat from internal metabolic processes, and
866:
373:
kidney, heart, brain, muscle) or even by specialized heat producing organs like
347:
321:
79:
490:
569:
Milton
Hildebrand; G. E. Goslow, Jr. Principal ill. Viola Hildebrand. (2001).
385:
168:
764:
390:
340:
313:
271:
267:
244:
173:
94:
69:
64:
835:
510:
Davenport, John. Animal Life at Low
Temperature. Publisher: Springer 1991.
491:"Ectotherm | Definition, Advantages, & Examples | Britannica"
235:, are of relatively small or of quite negligible importance in controlling
661:
49:
17:
365:
231:", is an animal in which internal physiological sources of heat, such as
31:
406:
256:
336:
219:
207:
177:
260:
808:
Hut RA, Kronfeld-Schor N, van der Vinne V, De la
Iglesia H (2012).
409:, poikilothermy is practically absolute, but other creatures (like
530:; with photographs by Michael Fogden and Patricia Fogden. (2002).
232:
183:
167:
339:, in which their metabolism slows or, in some cases, such as the
410:
240:
812:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 199. pp. 281–304.
27:
Organism where internal heating sources are small or negligible
213:
201:
534:. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. p. 409.
364:
Ectotherms rely largely on external heat sources such as
335:
During periods of cold, some ectotherms enter a state of
810:
In search of a temporal niche: environmental factors
855:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
180:(shown here basking for warmth) are ectothermic.
643:Schowalter, T. D.; Ring, D. R. (2017-01-01).
149:
8:
593:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
554:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
350:light system to assist their pets' basking.
224:) "heat"), more commonly referred to as a "
289:have been deprecated as scientific terms.
156:
142:
36:
660:
482:
418:
39:
716:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
586:
547:
506:
504:
502:
500:
649:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
7:
789:from the original on 17 January 2018
431:basking in the sunlight around noon
259:regulate their body temperature by
818:10.1016/B978-0-444-59427-3.00017-4
25:
757:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910202.x
669:from the original on 2017-11-15.
622:10.1111/j.1365-3032.2010.00770.x
573:. New York: Wiley. p. 429.
571:Analysis of vertebrate structure
453:
436:
421:
48:
346:Owners of reptiles may use an
274:use an intermediate strategy.
1:
694:10.1016/S0306-4565(02)00026-8
468:, sunshine on a cool morning
220:
208:
867:10.1016/j.jembe.2014.02.013
266:In contrast to ectotherms,
912:
682:Journal of Thermal Biology
357:
296:
214:
202:
29:
368:to achieve their optimal
610:Physiological Entomology
30:Not to be confused with
306:forest tent caterpillar
299:Insect thermoregulation
190:
181:
448:basking under the sun
187:
171:
462:southern black racer
375:brown adipose tissue
662:10.1093/jipm/pmw019
429:American alligators
785:. 4 January 2018.
466:Inverness, Florida
239:. Such organisms (
191:
182:
580:978-0-471-29505-1
541:978-0-226-73538-2
403:aquatic creatures
379:carrying capacity
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
903:
896:Thermoregulation
880:
877:
871:
870:
846:
840:
839:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
775:
769:
768:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
724:
718:. Archived from
713:
707:Loewy, Katrina.
704:
698:
697:
677:
671:
670:
664:
640:
634:
633:
605:
599:
598:
592:
584:
566:
560:
559:
553:
545:
524:
518:
508:
495:
494:
487:
457:
445:Junonia lemonias
440:
425:
370:body temperature
237:body temperature
223:
217:
216:
212:) "outside" and
211:
205:
204:
158:
151:
144:
52:
41:Thermoregulation
37:
21:
911:
910:
906:
905:
904:
902:
901:
900:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
874:
851:Cancer borealis
848:
847:
843:
828:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
783:buddygenius.com
777:
776:
772:
742:
741:
737:
728:
726:
722:
711:
706:
705:
701:
679:
678:
674:
642:
641:
637:
607:
606:
602:
585:
581:
568:
567:
563:
546:
542:
526:
525:
521:
509:
498:
489:
488:
484:
479:
474:
473:
472:
469:
464:basking in the
458:
449:
441:
432:
426:
362:
360:Ambush predator
356:
301:
295:
162:
125:Tachymetabolism
120:Bradymetabolism
105:Thermostability
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
909:
907:
899:
898:
888:
887:
882:
881:
872:
841:
826:
800:
770:
751:(2): 213–224.
735:
699:
688:(6): 525–530.
672:
635:
616:(2): 120–127.
600:
579:
561:
540:
519:
516:978-0412403507
496:
481:
480:
478:
475:
471:
470:
459:
452:
450:
442:
435:
433:
427:
420:
417:
416:
415:
355:
352:
294:
291:
164:
163:
161:
160:
153:
146:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
908:
897:
894:
893:
891:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
842:
837:
833:
829:
827:9780444594273
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
725:on 2018-05-06
721:
717:
710:
703:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
673:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
596:
590:
582:
576:
572:
565:
562:
557:
551:
543:
537:
533:
529:
528:Jay M. Savage
523:
520:
517:
513:
507:
505:
503:
501:
497:
492:
486:
483:
476:
467:
463:
456:
451:
447:
446:
439:
434:
430:
424:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:poikilothermy
395:
392:
387:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
361:
354:Pros and cons
353:
351:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
330:
329:heat exchange
325:
323:
319:
318:poikilothermy
315:
314:endothermally
311:
307:
300:
292:
290:
288:
287:
282:
281:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
222:
210:
200:
196:
186:
179:
176:
175:
170:
159:
154:
152:
147:
145:
140:
139:
137:
136:
131:
130:Thermogenesis
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:Gigantothermy
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
875:
858:
854:
850:
844:
809:
803:
791:. Retrieved
782:
773:
748:
744:
738:
727:. Retrieved
720:the original
715:
702:
685:
681:
675:
652:
648:
638:
613:
609:
603:
570:
564:
531:
522:
485:
443:
398:
396:
383:
363:
345:
334:
326:
310:fall webworm
302:
286:cold-blooded
285:
284:
280:warm-blooded
278:
276:
265:
252:homeothermic
249:
228:
226:cold-blooded
225:
194:
192:
172:
115:Kleptothermy
100:Thermolabile
85:Heterothermy
75:Poikilotherm
59:
348:ultraviolet
322:homeothermy
293:Adaptations
80:Homeothermy
729:2017-11-15
477:References
358:See also:
297:See also:
272:mesotherms
268:endotherms
197:(from the
90:Stenotherm
43:in animals
18:Ectothermy
765:1600-0706
589:cite book
550:cite book
391:nocturnal
341:wood frog
245:metabolic
195:ectotherm
174:Pseudemys
95:Eurytherm
70:Mesotherm
65:Endotherm
60:Ectotherm
890:Category
861:: 7–13.
836:22877672
787:Archived
667:Archived
630:85188708
407:Rotifera
405:such as
366:sunlight
257:reptiles
247:rates.
32:Ectoderm
460:A 1.8m
386:diurnal
261:basking
221:thermós
178:turtles
834:
824:
763:
628:
577:
538:
514:
337:torpor
229:animal
215:θερμός
793:6 May
745:Oikos
723:(PDF)
712:(PDF)
655:(1).
626:S2CID
411:crabs
241:frogs
233:blood
209:ektós
203:ἐκτός
199:Greek
832:PMID
822:ISBN
795:2018
761:ISSN
595:link
575:ISBN
556:link
536:ISBN
512:ISBN
320:and
308:and
283:and
863:doi
859:455
853:".
814:doi
753:doi
690:doi
657:doi
618:doi
193:An
892::
857:.
830:.
820:.
781:.
759:.
749:91
747:.
714:.
686:27
684:.
665:.
651:.
647:.
624:.
614:36
612:.
591:}}
587:{{
552:}}
548:{{
499:^
324:.
869:.
865::
838:.
816::
797:.
767:.
755::
732:.
696:.
692::
659::
653:8
632:.
620::
597:)
583:.
558:)
544:.
493:.
218:(
206:(
157:e
150:t
143:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
