2000:
245:
93:
154:
52:
1467:
1770:
1567:(mm), subscapular skinfold (mm), supraspinal skinfold (mm), and medial calf skinfold (mm), and remains popular in anthropomorphic research, according to Rempel: "with modifications by Parnell in the late 1950s, and by Heath and Carter in the mid 1960s somatotype has continued to be the best single qualifier of total body shape".
2396:"The Varieties of Human Physique" by Sheldon et al (1940) classified body types into three categories using data processes that would not be accepted by researchers today. Sheldon's ideas that body type was an indicator of temperament, moral character or potential – while popular in an atmosphere accepting of the theories of
1566:
Sheldon's physical taxonomy is still in use, particularly the Heath–Carter variant of the methodology. This formulaic approach utilises an individual's weight (kg), height (cm), upper arm circumference (cm), maximal calf circumference (cm), femur breadth (cm), humerus breadth (cm), triceps skinfold
1558:, as some cultures are more prone to certain physiques. According to one study endomorphs are likely to be perceived as slow, sloppy, and lazy. Mesomorphs, in contrast, are typically stereotyped as popular and hardworking, whereas ectomorphs are often viewed as intelligent yet fearful.
1764:
2403:
A key criticism of
Sheldon's constitutional theory is that it was not a theory at all but a general assumption of continuity between structure and behavior and a set of descriptive concepts to measure physique and behavior in a scaled manner. His use of thousands of
1995:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\text{Mesomorphy}}&=(0.858*{\text{humerus breadth}})\\&+(0.601*{\text{femur breadth}})\\&+(0.188*{\text{upper arm girth}})\\&+(0.161*{\text{max calf girth}})\\&-(0.131*{\text{height}})\\&+4.5\end{aligned}}}
2338:
curriculums of numerous institutions, ranging from the UK's secondary level GCSE curriculums (14- to 16-year-olds), the Indian UPSC Civil
Service exams, to MSc programs worldwide, and has been utilized in numerous academic papers, including:
1570:
This variant utilizes the following series of equations to assess a subject's traits against each of the three somatotypes, each assessed on a seven-point scale, with 0 indicating no correlation and 7 indicating a very strong correlation:
1643:
2098:
1648:
2264:
2178:
1775:
65:
2323:
1298:
2215:
1377:). Later variations of these categories, developed by his original research assistant Barbara Heath, and later by Lindsay Carter and Rob Rempel, are used by academics today.
3499:
3442:
3269:
3183:
2295:
2129:
692:
3591:
Pourbehzadi; et al. (2012). "The
Relationship between Posture and Somatotype and Certain Biomechanical Parameters of Iran Women's National Dragon Boat Team".
3302:
Petroski (2013). "Anthropometric, morphological and somatotype characteristics of athletes of the
Brazilian Men's volleyball team: an 11-year descriptive study".
164:
175:
71:
3197:
Papadopoulou, S (January 2003). de Ridder, H.; Olds, T. (eds.). "Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Greek elite women volleyball players".
2463:
3655:
Encyclopedia of
Special Education: A reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals
2948:
1291:
367:
412:
1576:
3612:
Maddan, Sean; Walker, Jeffery T.; Miller, J. Mitchell (2009). "The BMI as a somatotypic measure of physique:A rejoinder to Jeremy E.C. Genovese".
2015:
1518:
characterized as naturally hard and strong, with even weight distribution, muscular, thick-skinned, and as having good posture with narrow waist
981:
3017:
2856:
Timmermans, Floyd; Jansen, Britt; Mokken, Sterre; Heer, Merel; Veen, Kevin; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Mullender, Margriet; Grift, Tim (2021-02-17).
2791:
1284:
941:
506:
2689:
1759:{\displaystyle x=({\text{tricep skinfold}}+{\text{subscapular skinfold}}+{\text{supraspinal skinfold}})*({\frac {170.18}{{\text{height}}}})}
936:
931:
782:
585:
3283:
Irurtia Amigó, Alfredo (2009). "Height, weight, somatotype and body composition in elite
Spanish gymnasts from childhood to adulthood".
892:
269:
2992:
2506:
998:
865:
3850:
3831:
3775:
3740:
3664:
2946:
Ryckman, R.M.; Robbins, M.A.; Kaczor, L.M.; Gold, J.A. (1989). "Male and female raters' stereotyping of male and female physiques".
2762:
2661:
2604:
437:
211:
193:
135:
79:
3963:
3694:
3035:"Olympic Lightweight and Open Rowers possess distinctive physical and proportionality characteristics for selecting elite athletes"
3991:
1270:
1240:
3513:
Noh; et al. (2013). "Somatotype analysis of elite
Taekwondo athletes compared to non-athletes for sports health sciences".
4006:
2535:"Physique as destiny: William H. Sheldon, Barbara Honeyman Heath, and the struggle for hegemony in the science of somatotyping"
1202:
1182:
392:
276:
264:
116:
103:
3922:
3899:
3556:
Stewarta; et al. (2014). "Somatotype: a more sophisticated approach to body image work with eating disorder sufferers".
2405:
1434:
scores 1–1–7. From type number, an individual's mental characteristics could supposedly be predicted. In a late version of a
1152:
1020:
1010:
899:
855:
3356:
Yang, LT (2015). "Study on the adult physique with the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype in the Han of Xi'an, China".
2220:
1454:), Sheldon contended that criminals tended to be 'mesomorphic'. The system of somatotyping is still in use in the field of
3868:
2448:
2408:, obtained without explicit consent from a pre-existing program evaluating student posture, has been strongly criticized.
2134:
1255:
422:
382:
228:
3321:
Leake, Christopher N.; Carter, JE (1991). "Comparison of body composition and somatotype of trained female triathletes".
1350:
1192:
1117:
1097:
1025:
971:
677:
1383:
is a theory developed by
Sheldon in the 1940s, which attempted to associate his somatotype classifications with human
1321:
to categorize the human physique according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements which he termed
1142:
1060:
560:
2809:"Analyzing the effects of exercise prescribed based on health-related fitness assessment among different somatotypes"
3791:
3593:
3042:
2596:
682:
501:
427:
951:
565:
511:
3843:
Physique and
Delinquent Behavior (A Thirty-year Follow-up of William H. Sheldon's Varieties of Delinquent Youth)
1230:
397:
1474:
Sheldon's "somatotypes" and their associated physical and psychological traits were characterized as follows:
2300:
1418:, Sheldon categorized all possible body types according to a scale ranging from 1 to 7 for each of the three
2718:
2694:
2428:
1318:
946:
904:
832:
712:
347:
4001:
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2185:
887:
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772:
1442:
in which criminality is claimed to be an innate characteristic that can be recognized through particular
3493:
3436:
3263:
3177:
2625:
1265:
872:
802:
642:
442:
307:
3399:
Baltadjiev, AG (2013). "Somatotype characteristics of female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus".
2807:
Kathirgamam, Vijayakumar; Ambike, Mandar; Bokan, Raju; Bharambe, Vaishaly; Prasad, Arun (2020-04-15).
3996:
3648:
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1235:
964:
924:
747:
610:
538:
486:
407:
314:
259:
236:
3456:
Baltadjiev, AG (2012). "Somatotype characteristics of male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus".
3986:
3882:
882:
667:
580:
357:
287:
2623:
Rafter, N. (2008). "Somatotyping, antimodernism, and the production of criminological knowledge".
3874:
3796:
3699:
3629:
3573:
3538:
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3424:
3381:
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1455:
1250:
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1162:
860:
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595:
575:
555:
481:
3087:"Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and somatotype of elite junior tennis players"
3918:
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2634:
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2009:
1435:
1050:
812:
672:
459:
4011:
3938:
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2667:
2438:
1447:
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762:
752:
627:
590:
528:
496:
491:
464:
402:
372:
3526:
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1506:
described as intelligent, gentle and calm, but self-conscious, introverted and anxious.
3728:
3653:
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3213:
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3135:
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2331:
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32:
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3722:
3625:
3569:
3958:
2858:"The ideal location of the male nipple-areolar complex: A pinpointing algorithm"
2468:
2384:
2364:
1539:
described as outgoing, friendly, happy and laid-back, but also lazy and selfish
1439:
1384:
1147:
1065:
777:
702:
697:
637:
417:
387:
337:
332:
297:
244:
3878:
3034:
3534:
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3369:
3334:
3151:
3055:
2478:
2473:
2443:
1638:{\displaystyle {\text{Endomorphy}}=-0.7182+0.145x-0.00068x^{2}+0.0000014x^{3}}
1451:
1338:
1245:
742:
727:
717:
605:
352:
302:
3412:
3237:
3102:
2985:
Anthropometrica: A Textbook of Body
Measurement for Sports and Health Courses
2961:
2834:
1503:
characterized as skinny, weak, and usually tall with low testosterone levels
1407:
at the time, which held that the size and shape of a person's body indicated
3229:
2825:
2375:
2093:{\displaystyle {\text{PI}}={\frac {{\text{height}}}{({\text{mass}})^{1/3}}}}
1167:
1127:
1102:
807:
767:
632:
39:
3477:
3420:
3377:
3255:
3169:
3120:
3063:
2903:
2560:
2411:
While popular in the 1950s, Sheldon's claims have since been dismissed as "
3342:
2551:
2534:
2415:". Barbara Honeyman Heath, who was Sheldon's main assistant in compiling
2412:
2397:
2370:
1536:
characterized as fat, usually short, and having difficulty losing weight
1392:
1370:
1354:
1346:
1080:
988:
827:
281:
17:
2751:"Ch. 15: Personality and sport § Sheldon's constitutional typology"
2884:
1172:
1090:
1055:
1045:
787:
2330:
This numerical approach has gone on to be incorporated in the current
1466:
3136:"Somatotype Variables Related to Muscle Torque and Power in Judoists"
1358:
1260:
1085:
1040:
707:
2778:
di Cristina, Bruce; Gottschalk, Martin; Mayzer, Roni (2014).
2499:
Psychology and Crime: An introduction to criminological psychology
2419:, accused him of falsifying the data he used in writing the book.
1465:
1362:
1137:
1112:
993:
543:
3841:
Hartl, Emil M.; Monnelly, Edward P.; Elderkin, Roland D. (1982).
2784:
The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies
2723:
Atlas of Men: A guide for somatotyping the adult male at all ages
3033:
Kerr, D; Ross, WD; Norton, K; Hume, P; Kagawa, Masaharu (2007).
1122:
976:
3134:
Lewandowska, J; Buśko, K; Pastuszak, A; Boguszewska, K (2011).
3304:
Brazilian Journal of Kineanthropometry & Human Performance
147:
86:
45:
31:"Endomorph" redirects here. For the mathematical concept, see
3085:
Sánchez-Muñoz, C; Sanz, D; Mikel Zabala, M (November 2007).
3558:
Advances in Eating Disorders: Theory, Research and Practice
1075:
1554:
There may be some evidence that different physiques carry
3651:. In Reynolds, Cecil R.; Fletcher-Janzen, Elaine (eds.).
38:"Mesomorph" redirects here. For the state of matter, see
3942:. Vol. 30, no. 26. pp. 65–79 – via
2690:"Americans can't escape long-disproven body stereotypes"
2593:
Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology
171:
111:
3890:
Carter, J.E. Lindsay; Heath, Barbara Honeyman (1990).
3201:(7 ed.). Pochefstroom University for CHE: 93–110.
2303:
2274:
2259:{\displaystyle {\text{Ectomorphy}}=(0.463*PI)-17.615}
2223:
2188:
2137:
2108:
2018:
1773:
1651:
1579:
1387:
types. The foundation of these ideas originated with
3911:"Ch. 4:William Sheldon's Body and Temperament Types"
2173:{\displaystyle {\text{Ectomorphy}}=(0.732*PI)-28.58}
3214:"Somatotype of Top-Level Serbian Rhythmic Gymnasts"
3652:
2317:
2289:
2258:
2209:
2172:
2123:
2092:
1994:
1758:
1637:
1521:described as competitive, extroverted, and tough.
1337:. He created these terms borrowing from the three
1314:is a theory proposed in the 1940s by the American
3695:"The great ivy league nude posture photo scandal"
3688:
3686:
3212:Purenović-Ivanović, T; Popović, R (April 2014).
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
3822:Gerrig, Richard; Zimbardo, Phillip G. (2002).
3498:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3441:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3268:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
3182:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
2755:Psychology in the Physical Education and Sport
2406:photographs of naked Ivy League undergraduates
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2713:
2711:
1292:
161:The examples and perspective in this article
120:that contextualizes different points of view.
106:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
8:
3721:Zentner, Marcel; Shiner, Rebecca L. (2012).
3515:Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences
3010:A Modified Somatotype Assessment Methodology
2987:. Australian Sports Commission; UNSW Press.
2618:
2616:
2464:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
2862:International Journal of Transgender Health
80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3917:. Vol. I. Midland, OR: Inner Growth.
3909:Arraj, Tyra; Arraj, James (January 1988).
3826:(16th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
2949:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2782:. In Bruce Arrigo; Heather Bersot (eds.).
1478:
1299:
1285:
368:Association for Research and Enlightenment
223:
3892:Somatotyping-development and Applications
3245:
3159:
3110:
2893:
2883:
2873:
2824:
2780:"Four currents of criminological thought"
2550:
2304:
2302:
2273:
2224:
2222:
2187:
2138:
2136:
2107:
2077:
2073:
2052:
2030:
2027:
2019:
2017:
1955:
1916:
1877:
1838:
1799:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1733:
1727:
1701:
1681:
1661:
1650:
1629:
1613:
1580:
1578:
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
3792:"Nude photos are sealed at Smithsonian"
2489:
2318:{\displaystyle {\text{Ectomorphy}}=0.5}
235:
3659:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
3491:
3434:
3261:
3175:
1411:, moral worth and future achievement.
27:Taxonomy to categorize human physiques
1489:
1486:
1483:
7:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2654:The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology
2539:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
2210:{\displaystyle 39.65<PI<40.74}
3932:Coughlan, Robert (June 25, 1951).
3927:– via innerexplorations.com.
3693:Rosenbaum, Ron (15 January 1995).
1470:Comparison of Sheldon's body types
165:include all significant viewpoints
25:
2983:Norton, Kevin; Olds, Tim (1996).
438:Chiropractic treatment techniques
61:This article has multiple issues.
2639:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00092.x
1241:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
243:
152:
91:
50:
3934:"What manner of morph are you?"
277:Alternative veterinary medicine
69:or discuss these issues on the
3964:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3894:. Cambridge University Press.
2247:
2232:
2161:
2146:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2035:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1946:
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1907:
1894:
1891:
1882:
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1855:
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1843:
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1816:
1813:
1804:
1790:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1675:
1666:
1658:
900:Water fluoridation controversy
856:Big Pharma conspiracy theories
1:
3594:Annals of Biological Research
2875:10.1080/26895269.2021.1884926
2786:. Routledge. pp. 13–15.
2449:Eugenics in the United States
2381:Persons with eating disorders
1271:Wilson's temperature syndrome
1256:Multiple chemical sensitivity
383:Biological terrain assessment
3870:The Varieties of Temperament
3867:Sheldon, William H. (1942).
3845:. New York: Academic Press.
3756:Ryckman, Richard M. (2007).
3626:10.1016/j.soscij.2009.04.006
3570:10.1080/21662630.2013.874665
3012:. Simon Fraser University.
2688:Mull, Amanda (2018-11-06).
2587:Roeckelein, Jon E. (1998).
2290:{\displaystyle PI<39.65}
2124:{\displaystyle PI>40.74}
932:Alternative medical systems
561:Fabunan Antiviral Injection
327:Fringe medicine and science
4028:
3915:Tracking the Elusive Human
3881:on 2012-02-24 – via
3614:The Social Science Journal
3323:Journal of Sports Sciences
3043:Journal of Sports Sciences
2813:Journal of Health Sciences
2008:: Calculate the subject's
1399:were seen as leaders of a
1373:(which forms the skin and
942:Biologically based therapy
502:Dental amalgam controversy
29:
3780:– via Google Books.
3745:– via Google Books.
3535:10.1007/s13530-013-0178-1
3470:10.2478/v10153-011-0087-5
3370:10.1007/s12565-015-0283-0
3335:10.1080/02640419108729874
3218:Journal of Human Kinetics
3152:10.2478/v10078-011-0069-y
3140:Journal of Human Kinetics
3056:10.1080/02640410600812179
2926:"What is your body type?"
2652:"Constitutional Theory".
2501:. Routledge. p. 59.
2497:Hollin, Clive R. (2012).
1381:Constitutional psychology
1349:(which develops into the
566:Facilitated communication
3413:10.2478/folmed-2013-0007
3103:10.1136/bjsm.2007.037119
2962:10.1177/0146167289152011
1231:Candida hypersensitivity
413:Fake COVID-19 treatments
227:This article is part of
3992:Biological anthropology
3759:Theories of Personality
3724:Handbook of Tempermaent
3472:(inactive 2024-08-27).
3415:(inactive 2024-08-27).
3232:(inactive 2024-08-27).
3230:10.2478/hukin-2014-0020
3154:(inactive 2024-08-27).
2826:10.17532/jhsci.2020.876
2757:. Pinnacle Technology.
2656:. Penguin Books. 2009.
2589:"Sheldon's type theory"
2429:Biological anthropology
2400:– were later disputed.
1325:, classified by him as
1319:William Herbert Sheldon
905:COVID-19 misinformation
833:Young blood transfusion
713:Orthomolecular medicine
678:Mind–body interventions
348:Anthroposophic medicine
288:Rise of modern medicine
4007:Psychological theories
2749:Kamlesh, M.L. (2011).
2533:Vertinsky, P. (2007).
2319:
2291:
2260:
2211:
2174:
2125:
2094:
1996:
1760:
1639:
1471:
937:Mind–body intervention
888:MMR vaccine and autism
878:Vaccine misinformation
773:Rapid prompting method
3875:Harper & Brothers
2552:10.3138/cbmh.24.2.291
2320:
2292:
2261:
2212:
2175:
2126:
2095:
1997:
1761:
1640:
1490:Psychological traits
1469:
1343:embryonic development
1266:Vertebral subluxation
1215:Alternative diagnoses
803:Thought Field Therapy
443:Vertebral subluxation
114:by rewriting it in a
3873:. New York; London:
3199:Kinanthropometry VII
2599:. pp. 427–428.
2301:
2272:
2221:
2186:
2135:
2106:
2016:
1771:
1703:supraspinal skinfold
1683:subscapular skinfold
1649:
1577:
1562:Heath–Carter formula
1556:cultural stereotypes
1236:Chronic Lyme disease
965:Traditional medicine
947:Manipulative methods
748:Postural Integration
611:Bach flower remedies
487:Craniosacral therapy
315:Therapeutic nihilism
260:Alternative medicine
237:Alternative medicine
3883:University of Delhi
3824:Psychology and Life
3527:2013TxEHS...5..189N
3458:Folia Med (Plovdiv)
3401:Folia Med (Plovdiv)
2352:Volleyball athletes
1480:
1430:1–7–1 and the pure
1426:is 7–1–1, the pure
883:Vaccines and autism
873:Anti-vaccinationism
866:OPV AIDS hypothesis
668:Megavitamin therapy
581:Functional medicine
358:Applied kinesiology
254:General information
172:improve the article
3797:The New York Times
3700:The New York Times
3647:Vertinsky (2007).
3008:Rempel, R (1994).
2336:physical education
2315:
2287:
2256:
2207:
2170:
2121:
2090:
1992:
1990:
1756:
1635:
1479:
1472:
1456:physical education
1414:In his 1954 book,
1251:Leaky gut syndrome
1226:Aerotoxic syndrome
1163:Prophetic medicine
861:HIV/AIDS denialism
688:Myofascial release
596:Holistic dentistry
576:Feldenkrais Method
556:Estrogen dominance
482:Conversion therapy
3800:. 21 January 1995
3285:Apunts Med Esport
3019:978-0-612-06785-1
2793:978-1-136-86850-4
2454:Female body shape
2307:
2227:
2141:
2088:
2055:
2033:
2022:
1958:
1919:
1880:
1841:
1802:
1781:
1751:
1736:
1704:
1684:
1664:
1583:
1545:
1544:
1422:, where the pure
1401:school of thought
1309:
1308:
1036:Chinese herbology
793:Scientific racism
758:Psychodermatology
663:Medical intuitive
643:Lightning Process
601:Hologram bracelet
549:Therapeutic touch
450:Christian Science
423:Cancer treatments
222:
221:
214:
204:
203:
196:
176:discuss the issue
146:
145:
138:
100:This article may
84:
16:(Redirected from
4019:
3968:
3947:
3928:
3905:
3886:
3877:. Archived from
3856:
3837:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3764:Cengage Learning
3762:(9th ed.).
3753:
3747:
3746:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3658:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3432:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3259:
3249:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3163:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2828:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2746:
2731:
2730:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2685:
2672:
2671:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2584:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2530:
2513:
2512:
2494:
2459:Kinanthropometry
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2142:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1978:
1959:
1956:
1939:
1920:
1917:
1900:
1881:
1878:
1861:
1842:
1839:
1822:
1803:
1800:
1782:
1779:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1705:
1702:
1685:
1682:
1665:
1662:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1617:
1584:
1581:
1533:
1487:Physical traits
1481:
1436:pseudoscientific
1301:
1294:
1287:
1051:Gill plate trade
813:Vaginal steaming
460:Colloidal silver
428:Charcoal cleanse
247:
224:
217:
210:
199:
192:
188:
185:
179:
156:
155:
148:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
117:balanced fashion
95:
94:
87:
76:
54:
53:
46:
43:
36:
21:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
3972:
3971:
3957:
3954:
3931:
3925:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3866:
3863:
3861:Further reading
3853:
3840:
3834:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:Credo Reference
3671:
3669:
3667:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3601:(7): 3657–3662.
3590:
3589:
3585:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3490:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3433:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3260:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3174:
3146:(2011): 21–28.
3133:
3132:
3128:
3097:(11): 793–799.
3091:Br J Sports Med
3084:
3083:
3079:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2748:
2747:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2675:
2668:Credo Reference
2664:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2586:
2585:
2568:
2532:
2531:
2516:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2439:Body mass index
2425:
2394:
2358:Soccer athletes
2346:Tennis athletes
2343:Rowing athletes
2299:
2298:
2270:
2269:
2219:
2218:
2184:
2183:
2133:
2132:
2104:
2103:
2069:
2048:
2029:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1937:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1879:upper arm girth
1859:
1858:
1820:
1819:
1801:humerus breadth
1783:
1769:
1768:
1732:
1663:tricep skinfold
1647:
1646:
1625:
1609:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1552:
1528:
1464:
1462:The three types
1448:Cesare Lombroso
1446:markers (as in
1357:(which becomes
1351:digestive tract
1305:
1276:
1275:
1221:Adrenal fatigue
1216:
1208:
1207:
982:Southern Africa
967:
957:
956:
927:
925:Classifications
917:
916:
893:in chiropractic
851:
843:
842:
763:Quantum healing
753:Psychic surgery
628:Ionized jewelry
591:Herbal medicine
539:Esoteric energy
529:Energy medicine
497:Cupping therapy
492:Crystal healing
465:Colon cleansing
403:Bowen technique
373:Auriculotherapy
328:
320:
319:
255:
218:
207:
206:
205:
200:
189:
183:
180:
169:
157:
153:
142:
131:
125:
122:
112:help improve it
109:
96:
92:
55:
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3953:
3952:External links
3950:
3949:
3948:
3929:
3923:
3906:
3900:
3887:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3783:
3776:
3748:
3741:
3729:Guilford Press
3713:
3682:
3665:
3639:
3620:(2): 394–401.
3604:
3583:
3564:(2): 125–135.
3548:
3521:(4): 189–196.
3505:
3448:
3391:
3348:
3329:(2): 125–135.
3313:
3294:
3275:
3224:(1): 181–187.
3204:
3189:
3126:
3077:
3025:
3018:
3000:
2994:978-0868402239
2993:
2975:
2956:(2): 244–251.
2938:
2917:
2868:(4): 403–411.
2848:
2799:
2792:
2770:
2763:
2732:
2707:
2673:
2662:
2644:
2612:
2605:
2566:
2545:(2): 291–316.
2514:
2508:978-0415497039
2507:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2332:sports science
2328:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2026:
2010:Ponderal Index
1987:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1918:max calf girth
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1563:
1560:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1463:
1460:
1438:thread within
1397:Earnest Hooton
1395:. Sheldon and
1389:Francis Galton
1375:nervous system
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Pressure point
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
986:
985:
984:
979:
968:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
952:Energy therapy
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
902:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
869:
868:
858:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
838:Zero balancing
835:
830:
825:
823:Vision therapy
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
738:Parapsychology
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
658:Manual therapy
655:
653:Magnet therapy
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
614:
613:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
526:
521:
516:
515:
514:
507:Detoxification
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
473:
472:
462:
457:
452:
447:
446:
445:
440:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
311:
310:
300:
295:
290:
285:
284:(health fraud)
279:
274:
273:
272:
267:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
240:
239:
233:
232:
220:
219:
202:
201:
160:
158:
151:
144:
143:
99:
97:
90:
85:
59:
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4024:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Pseudoscience
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Anthropometry
3980:
3979:
3977:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3852:0-12-328480-5
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3833:0-205-33511-X
3829:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3777:9780495099086
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3742:9781462506514
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3666:9780471678021
3662:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2764:9781618202482
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:Sheldon, W.H.
2714:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2663:9780141030241
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2633:(4): 805–33.
2632:
2628:
2627:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:9780313304606
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:Persons with
2368:
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477:Colorpuncture
475:
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2416:
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2387:participants
2329:
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1444:physiognomic
1431:
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1416:Atlas of Men
1415:
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1409:intelligence
1405:anthropology
1380:
1379:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:psychologist
1311:
1310:
1188:Thai massage
1158:Naftalan oil
1031:Blood stasis
910:Turbo cancer
798:ThetaHealing
723:Osteomyology
623:Hypnotherapy
618:Hydrotherapy
524:Ear candling
519:Dry needling
470:Coffee enema
433:Chiropractic
398:Bone-setting
378:Bates method
363:Aromatherapy
208:
190:
181:
162:
132:
123:
115:
104:undue weight
101:
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70:
64:
63:Please help
60:
33:Endomorphism
3997:Criminology
3766:. pp.
3649:"Body type"
3464:(2): 40–5.
3407:(1): 64–9.
2885:1765/135046
2626:Criminology
2469:Physiognomy
2385:Dragon boat
2361:Triathletes
2006:Ectomorphy
1530:Endomorphic
1514:Mesomorphic
1499:Ectomorphic
1484:Somatotype
1440:criminology
1420:somatotypes
1385:temperament
1339:germ layers
1335:endomorphic
1331:mesomorphic
1327:ectomorphic
1323:somatotypes
1148:Mien Shiang
1066:Moxibustion
778:Reflexology
703:Oil pulling
698:Naturopathy
638:Jilly Juice
418:Camel urine
388:Black salve
338:Acupuncture
333:Acupressure
298:Antiscience
270:Terminology
3987:Body shape
3976:Categories
3924:0914073168
3901:0521351170
3804:1 December
3731:. p.
3706:2 December
3672:2014-11-20
2932:2018-12-31
2701:2018-12-31
2485:References
2479:Somatology
2474:Physiology
2444:Body shape
2365:Han people
2306:Ectomorphy
2226:Ectomorphy
2140:Ectomorphy
1780:Mesomorphy
1582:Endomorphy
1452:phrenology
1369:) and the
1312:Somatotype
1246:Heavy legs
1203:Vietnamese
1183:Sri Lankan
743:Phrenology
728:Osteopathy
718:Orthopathy
606:Homeopathy
512:Foot detox
408:Breathwork
353:Apitherapy
308:Scientific
303:Skepticism
66:improve it
3634:144994945
3578:145547027
3310:(2): 184.
3238:1899-7562
2970:145753602
2912:233928744
2843:218816659
2835:1986-8049
2597:Greenwood
2392:Criticism
2376:Taekwondo
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2239:∗
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1944:−
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1875:∗
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1797:∗
1722:∗
1623:0.0000014
1604:−
1589:−
1432:ectomorph
1428:mesomorph
1424:endomorph
1168:Shamanism
1153:Mongolian
1128:Kayakalpa
1103:Curandero
1021:Cambodian
1011:Brazilian
808:Urophagia
768:Radionics
673:Mesmerism
633:Iridology
72:talk page
40:Mesophase
18:Ectomorph
3543:16963270
3478:23101284
3429:45784636
3421:23905489
3386:29933361
3378:25940679
3291:: 18–28.
3256:25031686
3170:23487284
3121:17957016
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3064:17127580
2904:37818394
2895:10561627
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2561:18447308
2423:See also
2413:quackery
2398:eugenics
2378:athletes
2371:diabetes
2355:Gymnasts
1393:eugenics
1371:ectoderm
1355:mesoderm
1347:endoderm
1138:Japanese
1081:San Jiao
1061:Meridian
989:Ayurveda
828:Vitalism
393:Bodywork
282:Quackery
229:a series
163:may not
3816:Sources
3523:Bibcode
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3343:1895351
3247:4096098
3161:3588646
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1193:Tibetan
1173:Shiatsu
1118:Iranian
1098:Chumash
1091:Zang-fu
1056:Long gu
1046:Gua sha
1026:Chinese
972:African
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265:History
170:Please
110:Please
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1592:0.7182
1493:Notes
1365:, and
1359:muscle
1345:: The
1333:, and
1261:PANDAS
1178:Siddha
1143:Korean
1086:Tui na
1041:Dit da
708:Orgone
3630:S2CID
3574:S2CID
3539:S2CID
3482:S2CID
3425:S2CID
3382:S2CID
3068:S2CID
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2236:0.463
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1872:0.188
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1198:Unani
1133:Kambo
1113:Hilot
994:Dosha
544:Reiki
102:lend
3939:Life
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3806:2011
3772:ISBN
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3708:2011
3661:ISBN
3500:link
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