151:. In a normal heart beat rhythm, the SA node usually suppresses the ectopic pacemaker activity due to the higher impulse rate of the SA node. However, in the instance of either a malfunctioning SA node or an ectopic focus bearing an intrinsic rate superior to SA node rate, ectopic pacemaker activity may take over the natural heart rhythm. This phenomenon (an intrinsically slower pacemaker activity being unmasked by failure of faster pacemaker tissue 'upstream') is called an escape rhythm, the lower rhythm having escaped from the dominance of the upper rhythm. As a rule, premature ectopic beats (i.e. with a shorter than the prevailing preceding R-R' interval) indicate increased myocyte or conducting tissue excitability, whereas late ectopic beats (i.e. with a prolonged preceding R-R' interval) indicate proximal pacemaker or conduction failure with an escape 'ectopic' beat.
273:. When an ectopic pacemaker initiates a beat, premature contraction occurs. A premature contraction will not follow the normal signal transduction pathway, and can render the heart refractory or incapable of transmitting the normal signal from the SA node. Location of the pacemaker can also change its effect on the SA node and its rhythm. An ectopic pacemaker located in the atria is known as an atrial pacemaker and can cause the atrial contraction to be faster. An ectopic pacemaker situated near the
51:
301:
will be abnormally shaped when looking at ventricular ectopic activity, often it occurs earlier with an absent P wave. It can be perceived as a skipped beat on both the ECG and through normal pulse-taking. During atrial ectopic activity where the P wave is normally rounded can be inverted or peaked.
160:
Isolated ectopic beats frequently cause no symptoms, although the most common symptom is the perception of a 'missed beat'. This occurs because the person notices the prolonged gap between the early (ectopic) beat and the next normal
1529:
302:
However the QRS complex and T waves appear relatively normal. Conversely, during junctional ectopic activity the P wave is frequently absent or can be hidden in the QRS complex.
614:
Hoogaars, Willem M.H.; Engel, Angela; Brons, Janynke F.; Verkerk, Arie O.; de Lange, Frederik J.; Wong, L.Y. Elaine; Bakker, Martijn L.; Clout, Danielle E.; et al. (2007).
281:
is known as a junctional pacemaker. The pacemaker that is operating in the ventricles is known as the ventricular. Other such ectopic pacemakers can even lie within the
1170:
321:
262:
860:
1587:
904:
465:
740:
709:
678:
499:
1582:
1391:
1228:
575:"Disturbances in Atrial Rhythm and Conduction Following the Surgical Creation of an Atrial Septal Defect by the Blalock-Hanlon Technique"
1396:
1386:
975:
249:
756:
Haghjoo, Majid (2007). "Efficacy, safety, and role of segmental superior vena cava isolation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation".
1693:
1524:
1138:
316:
216:(particularly ventricular ischemia) – the membranes of apoptotic (dying) cells become "leaky" and cause surrounding tissue to become
1564:
1559:
563:
Keller-Wood, Maureen. "Electrical
Activity in the Heart." Lecture at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy, 23-Oct-2007.
1428:
1209:
389:
Tveito, Aslak; Lines, Glenn T. (2008). "A condition for setting off ectopic waves in computational models of excitable cells".
793:
Tan, Alex Y.; Zhou, Shengmei; Jung, Byung Chun; Ogawa, Masahiro; Chen, Lan S.; Fishbein, Michael C.; Chen, Peng-Sheng (2008).
1504:
1499:
1423:
185:
1223:
1850:
1726:
1655:
1487:
1845:
1638:
1621:
1554:
1474:
853:
758:
1688:
1943:
1133:
176:
Ectopic pacemakers can occur within healthy hearts in response to various stimulating events, they can be caused by
1670:
1158:
1143:
192:
1445:
1748:
1413:
1340:
1067:
1698:
1872:
1628:
1418:
1315:
1296:
1126:
899:
148:
517:"Ectopic activity in the rat pulmonary vein can arise from simultaneous activation ofα1- andβ1-adrenoceptors"
1905:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1840:
1574:
1516:
1320:
1301:
953:
893:
846:
795:"Ectopic atrial arrhythmias arising from canine thoracic veins during in vivo stellate ganglia stimulation"
1494:
1460:
1403:
1381:
1203:
1185:
1121:
988:
941:
869:
1258:
1253:
1148:
958:
1754:
1282:
1263:
1163:
1074:
1017:
177:
116:
1759:
1616:
1611:
1534:
1438:
1408:
1367:
993:
910:
469:
1862:
1660:
1482:
1433:
1058:
1005:
915:
132:
86:
429:
Rozanski, GJ (1991). "Atrial ectopic pacemaker escape mediated by phasic vagal nerve activity".
1922:
1773:
1731:
1464:
1362:
1079:
1022:
920:
824:
775:
736:
705:
697:
674:
666:
645:
596:
546:
495:
446:
406:
371:
270:
128:
75:
70:
59:
728:
573:
Hamilton, S. D.; Bartley, T. D.; Miller, R. H.; Schiebler, G. L.; Marriott, H. J. L. (1968).
139:. Acute occurrence is usually non-life-threatening, but chronic occurrence can progress into
1895:
1787:
1680:
1376:
814:
806:
767:
635:
627:
616:"Tbx3 controls the sinoatrial node gene program and imposes pacemaker function on the atria"
586:
536:
528:
438:
398:
361:
1917:
1309:
1290:
1277:
1084:
963:
350:"Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia with Block Around the Ectopic Pacemaker: Report of a Case"
1910:
1818:
1716:
1708:
1606:
1116:
1109:
1096:
819:
794:
771:
640:
615:
541:
516:
311:
282:
266:
207:
63:
442:
1937:
1900:
1811:
946:
236:
221:
1832:
1806:
1650:
1598:
1271:
1247:
1217:
1194:
1063:
1053:
217:
136:
242:
SA node dysfunction (1st degree block) which can cause the rate of impulse to slow
838:
1767:
1665:
1455:
1372:
1354:
1180:
1153:
1104:
1045:
810:
298:
144:
140:
1795:
1345:
402:
79:
17:
366:
349:
203:
828:
779:
649:
600:
591:
574:
550:
532:
410:
375:
50:
704:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. pp. 125–28.
692:
690:
673:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. pp. 116–18.
450:
1721:
878:
735:(4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. pp. 96–98.
213:
199:
723:
721:
631:
274:
120:
515:
Maupoil, V; Bronquard, C; Freslon, J-L; Cosnay, P; Findlay, I (2007).
1801:
1781:
936:
278:
224:(high concentration of potassium/calcium), causing random excitation.
124:
494:(7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 588.
842:
294:
466:"Atrial Fibrillation – information, symptoms and treatment"
424:
422:
420:
228:
They can also occur within unhealthy hearts, caused by:
245:
SA node blockage so that impulses never leave the atria
261:
An ectopic pacemaker can reside within a part of the
733:
ECG Interpretation: An
Incredibly Easy! Pocket Guide
702:
ECG Interpretation: An
Incredibly Easy! Pocket Guide
671:
ECG Interpretation: An
Incredibly Easy! Pocket Guide
1888:
1831:
1740:
1707:
1679:
1637:
1596:
1573:
1547:
1515:
1473:
1454:
1353:
1339:
1239:
1193:
1179:
1095:
1044:
1037:
974:
929:
886:
877:
661:
659:
85:
69:
40:
35:
492:Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
115:, is an excitable group of cells that causes a
252:) prevents normal conduction across ventricles
854:
8:
1470:
1350:
1190:
1171:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1041:
883:
861:
847:
839:
343:
341:
339:
337:
49:
32:
818:
639:
590:
540:
365:
322:Electrical conduction system of the heart
263:electrical conduction system of the heart
333:
905:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
799:AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology
58:An illustration of ectopic foci near
7:
1229:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
265:, or within the muscle cells of the
198:Overstimulation from drugs such as
1525:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
772:10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2007.04.003
431:The American Journal of Physiology
317:Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
25:
443:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.5.H1507
119:outside the normally functioning
464:Abbott, Louise (December 2012).
180:or triggered activity, such as:
1210:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
521:British Journal of Pharmacology
186:parasympathetic nervous system
1:
1727:Pulseless electrical activity
1656:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
1530:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
113:ectopic focus or ectopic foci
759:Journal of Electrocardiology
490:Port, Carol Mattson (2005).
811:10.1152/ajpheart.01321.2007
44:Ectopic focus, ectopic foci
1960:
1671:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1218:non-infective endocarditis
1159:Endocardial fibroelastosis
698:"Junctional escape rhythm"
193:sympathetic nervous system
1749:hexaxial reference system
1694:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
1224:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
403:10.1016/j.mbs.2008.04.001
285:and thoracic vein walls.
57:
48:
1629:Ventricular fibrillation
900:Coronary artery aneurysm
391:Mathematical Biosciences
149:ventricular fibrillation
1906:Diastolic heart failure
1880:Athletic heart syndrome
1841:Ventricular hypertrophy
1575:Pre-excitation syndrome
1429:Left posterior fascicle
954:Acute coronary syndrome
894:Coronary artery disease
620:Genes & Development
367:10.1161/01.CIR.28.5.949
1424:Left anterior fascicle
1204:infective endocarditis
989:Hibernating myocardium
870:Cardiovascular disease
592:10.1161/01.CIR.38.1.73
533:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707177
468:. Bupa. Archived from
93:Isolated ectopic beats
1588:Wolff–Parkinson–White
1548:Premature contraction
1446:Adams–Stokes syndrome
1149:Loeffler endocarditis
959:Myocardial infarction
667:"Wandering pacemaker"
1755:Right axis deviation
1717:Sudden cardiac death
1075:Pericardial effusion
1018:Ventricular aneurysm
729:"Atrial tachycardia"
437:(5 Pt 2): H1507–14.
117:premature heart beat
1760:Left axis deviation
1617:Atrial fibrillation
1612:Ventricular flutter
1535:Torsades de pointes
1409:Bundle branch block
1368:Sick sinus syndrome
1154:Cardiac amyloidosis
1139:Tachycardia-induced
994:Myocardial stunning
942:Prinzmetal's angina
911:Coronary thrombosis
348:Phibbs, B. (1963).
1944:Cardiac arrhythmia
1863:Atrial enlargement
1661:Pacemaker syndrome
1583:Lown–Ganong–Levine
1505:Junctional ectopic
1500:AV nodal reentrant
1006:Myocardial rupture
916:Coronary vasospasm
632:10.1101/gad.416007
248:AV node blockage (
239:and atrial defects
155:Signs and symptoms
1931:
1930:
1923:Obstructive shock
1827:
1826:
1774:Short QT syndrome
1741:Other / ungrouped
1732:Sinoatrial arrest
1647:Ectopic pacemaker
1543:
1542:
1363:Sinus bradycardia
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1080:Cardiac tamponade
1033:
1032:
1023:Dressler syndrome
921:Myocardial bridge
742:978-1-58255-701-4
711:978-1-58255-701-4
680:978-1-58255-701-4
501:978-0-7817-4988-6
235:Disease, such as
129:cardiac pacemaker
109:ectopic pacemaker
105:
104:
76:Electrophysiology
60:papillary muscles
36:Ectopic pacemaker
30:Medical condition
27:Cardiac condition
16:(Redirected from
1951:
1896:Cardiac fibrosis
1788:T wave alternans
1681:Long QT syndrome
1475:Supraventricular
1471:
1404:Intraventricular
1351:
1191:
1042:
887:Coronary disease
884:
863:
856:
849:
840:
833:
832:
822:
790:
784:
783:
753:
747:
746:
725:
716:
715:
694:
685:
684:
663:
654:
653:
643:
611:
605:
604:
594:
570:
564:
561:
555:
554:
544:
512:
506:
505:
487:
481:
480:
478:
477:
461:
455:
454:
426:
415:
414:
386:
380:
379:
369:
345:
250:3rd degree block
184:Increased local
111:, also known as
53:
33:
21:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1918:Rheumatic fever
1884:
1823:
1736:
1703:
1675:
1633:
1592:
1569:
1539:
1511:
1458:
1450:
1344:
1327:
1235:
1184:
1175:
1091:
1085:Hemopericardium
1029:
970:
964:Unstable angina
937:Angina pectoris
930:Active ischemia
925:
873:
867:
837:
836:
792:
791:
787:
755:
754:
750:
743:
727:
726:
719:
712:
696:
695:
688:
681:
665:
664:
657:
626:(9): 1098–112.
613:
612:
608:
572:
571:
567:
562:
558:
514:
513:
509:
502:
489:
488:
484:
475:
473:
463:
462:
458:
428:
427:
418:
388:
387:
383:
347:
346:
335:
330:
308:
291:
259:
174:
157:
135:, producing an
127:. It is thus a
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1911:Cardiac asthma
1908:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1819:Strain pattern
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1709:Cardiac arrest
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Andersen–Tawil
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1609:
1607:Atrial flutter
1603:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1117:Cardiomyopathy
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:Chagas disease
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1008:
998:
997:
996:
991:
980:
978:
972:
971:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
951:
950:
949:
944:
933:
931:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
897:
890:
888:
881:
875:
874:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
835:
834:
805:(2): H691–98.
785:
748:
741:
717:
710:
686:
679:
655:
606:
565:
556:
527:(7): 899–905.
507:
500:
482:
456:
416:
381:
332:
331:
329:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
312:Cardiac ectopy
307:
304:
290:
287:
283:pulmonary vein
258:
255:
254:
253:
246:
243:
240:
233:
226:
225:
210:
208:catecholamines
196:
189:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
162:
156:
153:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
94:
89:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
64:left ventricle
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1956:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:Heart failure
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:ST depression
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1439:Trifascicular
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1322:
1321:regurgitation
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:regurgitation
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:regurgitation
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:regurgitation
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
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1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
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1147:
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1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
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1111:
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1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
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1083:
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987:
986:
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982:
981:
979:
977:
973:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
948:
947:Stable angina
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
935:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
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895:
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876:
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845:
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841:
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826:
821:
816:
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796:
789:
786:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:(4): 327.e1.
765:
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738:
734:
730:
724:
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718:
713:
707:
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584:
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543:
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472:on 2009-01-24
471:
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452:
448:
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417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:(2): 141–50.
396:
392:
385:
382:
377:
373:
368:
363:
360:(5): 949–50.
359:
355:
351:
344:
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327:
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315:
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268:
264:
256:
251:
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241:
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237:sinus venosus
234:
231:
230:
229:
223:
222:hypercalcemic
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
182:
181:
179:
171:
167:Feeling faint
166:
163:
159:
158:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
98:
96:Feeling faint
95:
92:
91:
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88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
18:Ectopic focus
1833:Cardiomegaly
1807:ST elevation
1794:
1780:
1766:
1747:
1651:Ectopic beat
1646:
1599:fibrillation
1434:Bifascicular
1308:
1289:
1270:
1246:
1216:
1202:
1195:Endocarditis
1134:Hypertrophic
1068:Constrictive
1054:Pericarditis
1012:
1000:
983:
802:
798:
788:
763:
757:
751:
732:
701:
670:
623:
619:
609:
585:(1): 73–81.
582:
578:
568:
559:
524:
520:
510:
491:
485:
474:. Retrieved
470:the original
459:
434:
430:
394:
390:
384:
357:
353:
292:
260:
227:
218:hyperkalemic
178:automaticity
175:
164:Palpitations
137:ectopic beat
112:
108:
106:
99:Palpitations
1699:Romano–Ward
1666:Parasystole
1565:Ventricular
1517:Ventricular
1456:Tachycardia
1373:Heart block
1355:Bradycardia
1181:Endocardium
1144:Restrictive
1105:Myocarditis
1046:Pericardium
579:Circulation
354:Circulation
299:QRS complex
145:bradycardia
141:tachycardia
41:Other names
1597:Flutter /
1560:Junctional
1495:Junctional
1488:Multifocal
1461:paroxysmal
1377:Sinoatrial
1346:arrhythmia
1341:Conduction
1097:Myocardium
476:2009-02-04
328:References
271:ventricles
257:Physiology
80:Cardiology
1856:Pulmonary
1639:Pacemaker
1310:pulmonary
1291:tricuspid
1127:Alcoholic
289:Diagnosis
232:Infection
204:digitalis
191:Elevated
71:Specialty
1938:Category
1722:Asystole
1622:Familial
1316:stenosis
1297:stenosis
1278:stenosis
1259:stenosis
1254:prolapse
976:Sequelae
879:Ischemia
829:18539751
780:17599474
650:17473172
601:11712295
551:17325650
411:18539188
376:14079200
306:See also
277:and the
214:Ischemia
212:Cardiac
200:caffeine
188:activity
131:that is
87:Symptoms
1122:Dilated
1064:Chronic
872:(heart)
820:2519231
641:1855235
542:2013875
451:2035673
275:AV node
133:ectopic
123:of the
121:SA node
62:in the
1802:J wave
1555:Atrial
1483:Atrial
1272:aortic
1248:mitral
1240:Valves
1186:valves
1038:Layers
907:(SCAD)
827:
817:
778:
739:
708:
677:
648:
638:
599:
549:
539:
498:
449:
409:
374:
297:, the
293:On an
279:septum
206:, and
195:output
1889:Other
1873:Right
1851:Right
1465:sinus
1414:Right
1164:Viral
1059:Acute
1013:weeks
984:hours
896:(CAD)
267:atria
172:Cause
161:beat.
125:heart
1868:Left
1846:Left
1463:and
1419:Left
1001:days
825:PMID
776:PMID
737:ISBN
706:ISBN
675:ISBN
646:PMID
597:PMID
547:PMID
496:ISBN
447:PMID
407:PMID
372:PMID
815:PMC
807:doi
803:295
768:doi
636:PMC
628:doi
587:doi
537:PMC
529:doi
525:150
439:doi
435:260
399:doi
395:213
362:doi
295:ECG
269:or
220:or
147:or
107:An
1940::
1796:ST
1768:QT
1649:/
1397:3°
1392:2°
1387:1°
1382:AV
1375::
1066:/
823:.
813:.
801:.
797:.
774:.
764:40
762:.
731:.
720:^
700:.
689:^
669:.
658:^
644:.
634:.
624:21
622:.
618:.
595:.
583:38
581:.
577:.
545:.
535:.
523:.
519:.
445:.
433:.
419:^
405:.
393:.
370:.
358:28
356:.
352:.
336:^
202:,
143:,
78:,
1782:T
1467:)
1459:(
1343:/
1183:/
862:e
855:t
848:v
831:.
809::
782:.
770::
745:.
714:.
683:.
652:.
630::
603:.
589::
553:.
531::
504:.
479:.
453:.
441::
413:.
401::
378:.
364::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
