36:
585:, when vegetation spreads rather than losing to competitors. Different species are suited either to the edges or to central sections of the habitat, resulting in a varied distribution. Edges also vary with orientation: edges on the north or south receive less or more sun than the opposite side (depending on hemisphere and convex or concave relief), producing varying vegetation patterns.
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294:. Some animals travel between habitats, while edge species are restricted to edges. Larger patches have increased native species biodiversity compared to smaller patches. The width of the patch also influences diversity: an edge patch must be more pronounced than just a stark border in order to develop gradients of edge effects.
572:
have damaged natural ecosystems. Beneficially, the open spots and edges provide places for species that thrive where there is more light and vegetation that is close to the ground. Deer and elk benefit particularly as their principal diet is that of grass and shrubs which are found only on the edges
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is the phenomenon in which the number of secondary and/or backscattered electrons that escape the sample and reach the detector is higher at an edge than at a surface. The interaction volume spreads far below the surface, but secondary electrons can only escape when close to the surface (generally
312:
and biotic conditions which diminish natural variation and threaten the original ecosystem. Detrimental edge effects are also seen in physical and chemical conditions of border species. For instance, fertilizer from an agricultural field could invade a bordering forest and contaminate the habitat.
612:
about 10 nm, although this depends on the material). However, when the electron beam impacts an area close to the edge, electrons that are generated below an impact point that is close to an edge but that is far below the surface may be able to escape through the vertical surface instead.
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area modified by edge effects exceeded the area that had been cleared. "In studies of Amazon forest fragments, micro-climate effects were evident up to 100m (330ft.) into the forest interior." The smaller the fragment, the more susceptible it is to fires spreading from nearby cultivated fields.
465:
provides fuel that allows pasture fires to spread into the forests. Increased fire frequency since the 1990s is among the edge effects that are slowly transforming
Amazonian forests. The changes in temperature, humidity and light levels promote invasion of non-forest species, including
411:
ecosystem and the area outside the boundary is a disturbed or unnatural system, the natural ecosystem can be seriously affected for some distance in from the edge. In 1971, Odum wrote, 'The tendency for increased variety and diversity at community junctions is known as the
416:... It is common knowledge that the density of songbirds is greater on estates, campuses and similar settings...as compared with tracts of uniform forest.'. In a forest where the adjacent land has been cut, creating an open/forest boundary,
1022:
240:) – A large distance separates the borders of two clearly and purely definable habitats based upon their physical conditions and vegetation, and in between there exists a large transition region.
533:, but have more trouble than mosquitoes surviving around the edges of human habitation. Thus, trails and hiking areas near human settlements often have more mosquitoes than do deep forest habitats.
308:
In the case of wide and/or overgrown borders, some species can become restricted to one side of the border despite having the ability to inhabit the other. Sometimes, the edge effects result in
301:. As more light reaches the plants, greater numbers and sizes can thrive. Increased primary production can increase numbers of herbivorous insects, followed by nesting birds and so on up the
355:
Human activity creates edges through development and agriculture. Often, the changes are detrimental to both the size of the habitat and to species. Examples of human impacts include:
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Animals traveling between communities can create travel lanes along borders, which in turn increases light reaching plants along the lanes and promotes
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exhibit especially pronounced edge effects that may extend throughout the range. As the edge effects increase, the boundary habitat allows for greater
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Valentine, E.C.; Apol, C.A.; Proppe, D.S. (2019). "Predation on artificial avian nests is higher in forests bordering small anthropogenic openings".
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Induced – Transient natural disturbances (e.g., fire or flood) or human related activities, subject borders to successional changes over time.
809:"Impact of landscape composition and configuration on forest specialist and generalist bird species in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico"
2284:
2012:
1136:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The atrium, Southern Fate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 266â267.
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597:) is also called the edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental conditions or ecological niches.
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Carrara, Emilia; Arroyo-RodrĂguez, VĂctor; Vega-Rivera, Jorge H.; Schondube, Jorge E.; de
Freitas, Sandra M.; Fahrig, Lenore (April 2015).
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Skole, D. L.; C. Tucker (1994). "Tropical deforestation and habitat loss fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978-1988".
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Forest fires are more common close to edges due to increased light availability that leads to increased desiccation and increased
1235:"Vegetation Responses along Edge-to-Interior Gradients in the Mixed Hardwood Forests of the Roanoke River Basin, North Carolina"
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refer to artifacts in data that are caused by the position of the wells on a screening plate rather than a biological effect.
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nesting in forest near the forest boundary. Another example of a species benefiting from the proliferation of forest edge is
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Abiotic effectâChanges in the environmental conditions that result from the proximity to a structurally dissimilar matrix
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ones, have been seen to benefit from this landscape change whilst specialist species are suffering. For example, the
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278:. Animals that colonize tend to be those that require two or more habitats, such as white-tailed and
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470:. The overall effect of these fragment processes is that all forest fragments tend to lose native
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depending on fragment size and shape, isolation from other forest areas, and the forest matrix.
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The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community junction (
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Environmental conditions enable certain species of plants and animals to colonize habitat
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Narrow – One habitat abruptly ends and another begins (e.g., an agricultural field.)
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941:"Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators"
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1177:"Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds"
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Indirect biological effects which involve changes in species interactions such as
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883:"Vegetation Analysis of North and South Edges in a Mature Oak-Hickory Forest"
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Howell, Christine A.; Dijak, William D.; Thompson, Frank R. (2007-02-01).
767:"Edge effects of an invasive species across a natural ecological boundary"
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Edges arise where two or more habitat types come into contact as here in
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In the case of developed lands juxtaposed to wild lands, problems with
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and distribution caused directly by physical conditions near the edge
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penetrate to a much greater extent, drying out the interior of the
1134:
Tropical Rain
Forests an Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison
1023:"Edge effects in fragmented forests:implications for conservation"
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275:
849:
Smith, T.M.; Smith, R.L. (2009). "Elements of
Ecology": 391â411.
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Perforated – The border has gaps that host other habitats.
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Inherent – Natural features stabilize the border location.
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498:. Some species have benefited from this fact, for example, the
701:"EdgeâEffect Interactions in Fragmented and Patchy Landscapes"
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landscapes and thus increase the edge effect. This change in
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Companion animals (pets) acting as predators and competitors
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close to the edge and encouraging growth of opportunistic
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The three factors affecting edges can be summarized:
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structures that occur at the boundary of two or more
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PORENSKY, LAUREN M.; YOUNG, TRUMAN P. (2013-03-26).
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250:Height can create borders between patches as well.
218:, Mexico, is decreasing as edge effects increase.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1132:Corlett, Richard, T; Richard B. Primack (2011).
262:. Plants that colonize forest edges tend to be
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243:Convoluted – The border is non-linear.
1160:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2275:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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2047:
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1314:
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1287:Reducing Edge Effects in biological assays
486:is orders of magnitude greater now in the
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2173:Predatorâprey (LotkaâVolterra) equations
1812:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
148:And edge between an open parkland and a
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131:
2205:Random generalized LotkaâVolterra model
658:
452:One study estimated that the amount of
2013:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
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674:. Princeton University Press. p.
366:Higher severity and frequency of fires
320:Direct biological effectsâChanges in
7:
2028:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2478:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1251:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030822.x
442:photosynthetically active radiation
2231:Ecological effects of biodiversity
765:Holway, David A. (February 2005).
202:is proving to have consequences.
194:is causing humans to continuously
25:
1567:Generalist and specialist species
2290:Occupancyâabundance relationship
440:, light intensity and levels of
266:. These plants also tend to be
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2310:Relative abundance distribution
2023:Plant defense against herbivory
1890:Competitive exclusion principle
1602:Mesopredator release hypothesis
1215:from the original on 2023-07-31
1056:from the original on 2023-07-31
921:from the original on 2023-02-14
831:from the original on 2022-06-19
789:from the original on 2022-01-20
747:from the original on 2023-07-31
45:needs additional citations for
1895:Consumerâresource interactions
670:The Princeton Guide to Ecology
560:often result. Species such as
1:
2741:Biological data visualization
2568:Environmental niche modelling
2295:Population viability analysis
1090:10.1126/science.260.5116.1905
1042:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6
957:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00394-6
945:Forest Ecology and Management
553:all thrive in edge habitats.
461:growth. Increased understory
2226:Density-dependent inhibition
939:Noss, Reed F. (1999-03-22).
825:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.014
783:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.005
609:scanning electron microscopy
214:of edge-intolerant birds in
2695:Liebig's law of the minimum
2530:Resource selection function
1421:Metabolic theory of ecology
581:Edge effects also apply to
444:(PAR) all change at edges.
2912:
2595:Niche apportionment models
2315:Relative species abundance
1519:Primary nutritional groups
1416:List of feeding behaviours
268:tolerant of dry conditions
2886:Environmental terminology
2844:
2776:Ecosystem based fisheries
2388:Interspecific competition
2280:Minimum viable population
2138:Maximum sustainable yield
2123:Intraspecific competition
2118:Effective population size
1998:Anti-predator adaptations
1509:Photosynthetic efficiency
1193:10.1007/s10980-006-9022-1
432:there. Air temperature,
2766:Ecological stoichiometry
2731:Alternative stable state
1156:: CS1 maint: location (
881:Wales, Bruce A. (1972).
666:Levin, Simon A. (2009).
2610:Ontogenetic niche shift
2473:Ideal free distribution
2383:Ecological facilitation
2133:Malthusian growth model
2103:Consumer-resource model
1960:Paradox of the plankton
1925:Energy systems language
1645:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1612:Optimal foraging theory
1587:Heterotrophic nutrition
813:Biological Conservation
771:Biological Conservation
2756:Ecological forecasting
2700:Marginal value theorem
2498:Landscape epidemiology
2433:Cross-boundary subsidy
2368:Biological interaction
1718:Microbial intelligence
1406:Green world hypothesis
1233:Fraver, Shawn (1994).
862:Cite journal requires
434:vapor pressure deficit
407:When edges divide any
157:
141:
2871:Ecological succession
2761:Ecological humanities
2660:Ecological energetics
2605:Niche differentiation
2468:Habitat fragmentation
2236:Ecological extinction
2183:Small population size
1935:Feed conversion ratio
1915:Ecological succession
1847:San Francisco Estuary
1761:Ecological efficiency
1703:Microbial cooperation
887:Ecological Monographs
627:Habitat fragmentation
577:Effects on succession
494:first began settling
391:Habitat fragmentation
147:
135:
2786:Evolutionary ecology
2751:Ecological footprint
2746:Ecological economics
2670:Ecological threshold
2665:Ecological indicator
2535:Sourceâsink dynamics
2488:Land change modeling
2483:Insular biogeography
2335:Species distribution
2074:Modelling ecosystems
1733:Microbial metabolism
1572:Intraguild predation
1361:Biogeochemical cycle
1327:Modelling ecosystems
1239:Conservation Biology
705:Conservation Biology
566:Japanese honeysuckle
500:brown-headed cowbird
387:of foraging habitats
216:Lacandona rainforest
206:species, especially
54:improve this article
2881:Ecology terminology
2836:Theoretical ecology
2811:Natural environment
2675:Ecosystem diversity
2645:Ecological collapse
2635:Bateman's principle
2590:Limiting similarity
2503:Landscape limnology
2325:Species homogeneity
2163:Population modeling
2158:Population dynamics
1975:Trophic state index
1084:(5116): 1905â1910.
1021:Murcia, C. (1995).
607:The edge effect in
573:of forested areas.
398:and land use change
180:. Areas with small
2847:Outline of ecology
2796:Industrial ecology
2791:Functional ecology
2655:Ecological deficit
2600:Niche construction
2563:Ecosystem engineer
2340:Speciesâarea curve
2261:Introduced species
2076:: Other components
2008:Deimatic behaviour
1910:Ecological network
1842:North Pacific Gyre
1827:hydrothermal vents
1766:Ecological pyramid
1713:Microbial food web
1524:Primary production
1469:Foundation species
717:10.1111/cobi.12042
549:trees such as the
543:flowering currants
299:primary production
288:cottontail rabbits
158:
142:
27:Ecological concept
2866:Landscape ecology
2853:
2852:
2736:Balance of nature
2493:Landscape ecology
2378:Community ecology
2320:Species diversity
2256:Indicator species
2251:Gradient analysis
2128:Logistic function
2036:
2035:
1993:Animal coloration
1970:Trophic mutualism
1708:Microbial ecology
1499:Photoheterotrophs
1484:Myco-heterotrophy
1396:Ecosystem ecology
1381:Carrying capacity
1346:Abiotic component
1181:Landscape Ecology
1143:978-1-4443-3254-4
1000:10.1111/ibi.12662
632:Landscape ecology
602:biological assays
448:Amazon rainforest
322:species abundance
290:, blue jays, and
200:landscape ecology
182:habitat fragments
130:
129:
122:
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16:(Redirected from
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2553:Ecological niche
2525:selection theory
2345:Umbrella species
2330:Species richness
2266:Invasive species
2246:Flagship species
2153:Population cycle
2148:Overexploitation
2113:Ecological yield
2063:
2056:
2049:
2040:
1945:Mesotrophic soil
1885:Climax community
1817:Marine food webs
1756:Biomagnification
1557:Chemoorganotroph
1411:Keystone species
1371:Biotic component
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1261:. Archived from
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600:Edge effects in
558:invasive exotics
547:shade-intolerant
468:invasive species
359:Introduction of
333:brood parasitism
264:shade-intolerant
140:, United States.
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2826:Systems ecology
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2685:Extinction debt
2650:Ecological debt
2640:Bioluminescence
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2583:marine habitats
2558:Ecological trap
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2305:Rapoport's rule
2300:Priority effect
2241:Endemic species
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2168:Population size
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1985:
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1965:Trophic cascade
1875:Bioaccumulation
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1265:on 2021-01-31
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539:huckleberries
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502:, which is a
501:
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496:North America
493:
489:
488:United States
485:
478:North America
477:
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438:soil moisture
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396:Deforestation
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351:Human effects
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150:riparian zone
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110:November 2010
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2816:Regime shift
2801:Macroecology
2522:
2518:
2458:Edge effects
2457:
2428:Biogeography
2373:Commensalism
2221:Biodiversity
2098:Allee effect
1837:kelp forests
1790:Example webs
1655:Detritivores
1494:Organotrophs
1474:Kinetotrophs
1426:Productivity
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1242:
1238:
1228:
1217:. Retrieved
1184:
1180:
1170:
1133:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1036:(2): 58â62.
1033:
1029:
1016:
991:
987:
981:
948:
944:
934:
923:. Retrieved
890:
886:
876:
855:cite journal
844:
833:. Retrieved
816:
812:
802:
791:. Retrieved
774:
770:
760:
749:. Retrieved
708:
704:
694:
669:
661:
606:
599:
592:
580:
555:
525:Conversely,
524:
481:
472:biodiversity
454:Amazon Basin
451:
413:
406:
354:
307:
296:
257:
254:Biodiversity
249:
192:Urbanization
190:
186:biodiversity
166:edge effects
165:
159:
156:, Australia.
138:Pennsylvania
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2453:Disturbance
2356:interaction
2178:Recruitment
2108:Depensation
1900:Copiotrophs
1771:Energy flow
1693:Lithotrophy
1637:Decomposers
1617:Planktivore
1592:Insectivore
1582:Heterotroph
1547:Bacterivore
1514:Phototrophs
1464:Chemotrophs
1436:Restoration
1386:Competition
819:: 117â126.
589:Other usage
551:Douglas-fir
527:Dragonflies
484:forest edge
414:edge effect
341:pollination
18:Edge effect
2860:Categories
2821:Sexecology
2398:Parasitism
2363:Antibiosis
2198:Resistance
2193:Resilience
2083:Population
2003:Camouflage
1955:Oligotroph
1870:Ascendency
1832:intertidal
1822:cold seeps
1776:Food chain
1577:Herbivores
1552:Carnivores
1479:Mixotrophs
1454:Autotrophs
1333:components
1269:2021-01-27
1219:2023-02-14
1099:10535/3304
1060:2011-12-06
925:2023-02-14
835:2022-04-01
793:2022-04-01
751:2022-04-01
653:References
583:succession
531:mosquitoes
520:poison ivy
459:understory
270:, such as
204:Generalist
170:population
80:newspapers
2726:Allometry
2680:Emergence
2408:Symbiosis
2393:Mutualism
2188:Stability
2093:Abundance
1905:Dominance
1863:Processes
1852:tide pool
1748:Food webs
1622:Predation
1607:Omnivores
1534:Consumers
1489:Mycotroph
1446:Producers
1391:Ecosystem
1356:Behaviour
1259:1523-1739
1201:1572-9761
1152:cite book
965:0378-1127
907:0012-9615
725:0888-8892
516:songbirds
492:Europeans
376:Pollution
361:invasives
337:herbivory
329:predation
280:mule deer
174:community
2876:Habitats
2781:Endolith
2710:Xerosere
2622:networks
2438:Ecocline
1984:Defense,
1660:Detritus
1562:Foraging
1431:Resource
1213:Archived
1116:12853752
1108:17836720
1054:Archived
1050:21236953
1008:91309233
919:Archived
829:Archived
787:Archived
745:Archived
741:13546312
733:23531018
616:See also
418:sunlight
403:Examples
363:/exotics
208:invasive
196:fragment
178:habitats
2891:Habitat
2771:Ecopath
2578:Habitat
2448:Ecotype
2443:Ecotone
2420:ecology
2418:Spatial
2354:Species
2214:Species
2085:ecology
2070:Ecology
2018:Mimicry
1986:counter
1930:f-ratio
1678:Archaea
1366:Biomass
1339:General
1331:Trophic
1323:Ecology
1209:2775157
1077:Science
973:8683460
915:1942167
622:Ecotone
595:ecotone
535:Grasses
510:in the
463:biomass
430:species
409:natural
380:erosion
310:abiotic
260:borders
238:ecotone
162:ecology
94:scholar
1802:Rivers
1698:Marine
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292:robins
272:shrubs
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2719:Other
2620:Other
2573:Guild
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1797:Lakes
1205:S2CID
1112:S2CID
1026:(PDF)
1004:S2CID
969:S2CID
911:JSTOR
737:S2CID
562:kudzu
512:nests
276:vines
222:Types
101:JSTOR
87:books
1807:Soil
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508:eggs
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