2758:
74:
31:
3494:
1126:
Scholars have attempted to localize individual poems by studying the geography, flora, and fauna to which they refer. This approach usually does not yield firm results. For example, there are no wolves in
Iceland, but we can be sure that Icelandic poets were familiar with the species. Similarly, the
957:
poems, passed orally from singer to singer and from poet to poet for centuries. None of the poems are attributed to a particular author, though many of them show strong individual characteristics and are likely to have been the work of individual poets. While scholars have speculated on hypothetical
3497:
1041:
in other old
Germanic languages, has been shown to occur more frequently in Skaldic poems of earlier date. Applying this criterion to Eddic poetry, Bjarne Fidjestøl found large variation, indicating that some of the poems were much older than others.
1142:
1118:
The problem of dating the poems is linked with the problem of determining where they were composed. Iceland was not settled until approximately 870, so anything composed before that time would necessarily have been elsewhere, most likely in
1216:
English translators are not consistent on the translations of the names of the Eddic poems or on how the Old Norse forms should be rendered in
English. Up to three translated titles are given below, taken from the translations of
1986:
Opinions differ on the best way to translate the text, on the use or rejection of archaic language, and the rendering of terms lacking a clear
English analogue. Still, Cottle's 1797 translation is now considered very inaccurate.
966:
Accurate dating of the poems has long been a source of scholarly debate. Firm conclusions are difficult to reach; lines from the Eddic poems sometimes appear in poems by known poets. For example,
897:, but in 1971 it was returned to Iceland. Because air travel at the time was not entirely trustworthy with such precious cargo, it was transported by ship, accompanied by a naval escort.
755:, not only through its stories, but also through the visionary force and the dramatic quality of many of the poems. It has also been an inspiration for later innovations in
3080:
655:
1022:
and seems so by some internal evidence. If so, it must have been composed no earlier than about 985, since there were no
Scandinavians in Greenland until that time.
1074:
679:
3104:
3066:
3533:
3326:
3246:
3154:
2576:
2524:
2486:
2450:
2412:
2360:
2322:
2286:
2248:
2212:
2174:
2137:
2099:
2046:
1966:
3212:
Das Füllwort of-um im
Altwestnordischen. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der germanischen Präfixe: Ein Beitrag zur altgermanischen Metrik.
235:
3195:
2710:
672:
3760:
1623:
3458:
3422:
3404:
3355:
3299:
1218:
1100:
In some cases, old poems may have been interpolated with younger verses or merged with other poems. For example, stanzas 9–16 of
3185:
1841:, but editors and translators generally omit the Greenland reference as a probable error from confusion with the following poem.
1133:
have been taken as evidence that the poet who composed it had seen a volcanic eruption in
Iceland – but this is hardly certain.
3097:
168:
2612:, though he may well have had access to other compilations that contained the poems and there is no evidence that he used the
806:
was written during the 13th century, but nothing was known of its whereabouts until 1643, when it came into the possession of
3834:
2643:
1742:
4077:
4062:
3767:
2692:
1635:
665:
3241:(second ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America. p. 68.
3753:
2981:
1607:
3785:
4087:
4067:
1107:
3820:
1718:
1645:
The Second Lay of Helgi
Hundingsbane, The Second Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, A Second Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani
1025:
More certain than such circumstantial evidence are linguistic dating criteria. These can be arrived at by looking at
1617:
The First Lay of Helgi
Hundingsbane, The First Lay of Helgi the Hunding-Slayer, The First Poem of Helgi Hundingsbani
842:
was discovered, it seemed that the speculation had proved correct, but modern scholarly research has shown that the
3090:
2963:
2586:† The prose translation lacks line breaks, inserted here to match those in the Norse verse given in the same work.
1845:
3862:
1797:
3526:
1573:. These are, respectively, Scandinavian, German, and Gothic in origin. As far as historicity can be ascertained,
894:
539:
3855:
3583:
2665:
and scholar of Old Norse who was familiar with the Eddas, utilized concepts from them in his 1937 fantasy novel
1778:
1658:
1279:
1078:
1478:, actually covers two separate poems. These poems are late works and not included in most editions after 1950:
941:
are often employed, though they do not arise as frequently, nor are they as complex, as those found in typical
449:
257:
188:
3827:
3678:
1730:
967:
3604:
1315:
3717:
2988:
1508:
1449:
807:
752:
469:
1971:, though some short sections had been translated as early as the 1670s. Some early translators relied on a
3350:, Chicago: S.C. Griggs and company; London: Trubner & Co., Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific,
1933:
1586:
1546:
853:, a larger-than-life 12th century Icelandic priest. Modern scholars reject that attribution, but the name
748:
116:
103:
587:
4072:
2863:
2835:
3901:
3841:
1864:
1754:
1520:
3519:
3011:
2993:
2882:
764:
4082:
2920:
1900:
contain poetry in the Eddic style. Their age and importance is often difficult to evaluate but the
1629:
The Lay of Helgi the Son of Hjörvard, The Lay of Helgi Hjörvardsson, The Poem of Helgi Hjörvardsson
3930:
3869:
3701:
3632:
3266:
1911:
1809:
1494:
1367:
933:
4041:
3052:
3039:
2905:
2741:
1558:
1005:
999:
912:
768:
707:
459:
181:
133:
4020:
3813:
1706:
1199:
are sometimes called the "eddic appendix". Other Eddic-like poems not usually published in the
3485:
3418:
3400:
3351:
3322:
3295:
3242:
3191:
3150:
3026:
2802:
2789:
1980:
1413:
792:
780:
514:
220:
143:
128:
57:
47:
3144:
4036:
3937:
3848:
3314:
3118:
3057:
3021:
2899:
2716:
2658:
2625:
is a prose version of much of the
Niflung cycle of poems. Due to several missing pages (see
2605:
1766:
1457:) - This poem, sometimes presented separately, is often included as an interpolation within
1222:
1179:
831:
784:
760:
717:
703:
634:
564:
242:
148:
123:
3671:
3625:
3597:
3590:
2684:
1437:
1355:
1303:
1291:
972:
319:
158:
4026:
3988:
3123:
3016:
2848:
2675:
1897:
1204:
776:
744:
419:
297:
3981:
3908:
3806:
3792:
3639:
2722:
1876:
1694:
1670:
1379:
1174:
927:
917:
1851:
The Greenland Ballad of Atli, The Greenlandish Lay of Atli, The Greenlandic Poem of Atli
3710:
3687:
3664:
3657:
2927:
2853:
2795:
2771:
1466:
1401:
942:
922:
846:
was likely written first and that the two were, at most, connected by a common source.
827:
439:
364:
354:
339:
279:
138:
79:
1210:
Eddica minora: Dichtungen eddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsögur und anderen Prosawerken
970:
composed in the latter half of the 10th century, and he uses a couple of lines in his
30:
4056:
4013:
3611:
3044:
2783:
2621:
1939:
1925:
1902:
1327:
1209:
1094:
1026:
629:
409:
392:
379:
284:
3576:
3569:
2701:
1992:
1267:
1255:
1191:, but usually only in bits and pieces. What poems are included in an edition of the
1129:
1102:
978:
937:("song form"). The language of the poems is usually clear and relatively unadorned.
820:
were known in Iceland, but scholars speculated that there once was another Edda, an
3963:
3958:
3560:
2626:
1475:
1163:
1154:
756:
732:
592:
544:
3876:
3799:
1821:
1682:
1425:
931:("speech form") is a common variation. The rest, about a quarter, are composed in
329:
3225:
The dating of Eddic poetry: A historical survey and methodological investigation.
1106:, the "Dvergatal" or "Roster of Dwarfs", is considered by some scholars to be an
870:
Bishop Brynjólfur sent the manuscript as a present to the Danish king, hence the
771:
and strongly concentrated imagery. Poets who have acknowledged their debt to the
3974:
3694:
3465:
3392:
3287:
2817:
2807:
2714:
is a verse retelling or reconstruction of the Nibelung poems from the Edda (see
1772:
The Slaying of The Niflungs, The Fall of the Niflungs, The Death of the Niflungs
1482:
1226:
1168:
1141:
1120:
982:. It is possible that he was quoting a known poem, but it is also possible that
811:
596:
554:
454:
434:
334:
98:
73:
3481:
The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson
1960:
has been translated numerous times, the earliest printed edition being that by
4006:
3968:
3883:
2952:
2667:
2600:
1550:
1542:
1183:
1014:
816:
796:
788:
728:
712:
624:
369:
359:
344:
324:
153:
3455:
The Poetic Edda: Translated from the Icelandic with an Introduction and Notes
1455:
The short Völuspá, The Short Seeress' Prophecy, Short Prophecy of the Seeress
3618:
2875:
2870:
2778:
2749:
2662:
2637:
is the oldest complete source for the Norse version of much of the story of
1836:
1582:
1578:
1566:
1339:
1225:, and Larrington with proper names in the normalized English forms found in
1019:
699:
644:
601:
559:
534:
489:
424:
309:
247:
43:
993:
The few demonstrably historical characters mentioned in the poems, such as
549:
225:
205:
17:
1261:
Wise-woman's prophecy, The Prophecy of the Seeress, The Seeress's Prophecy
1003:
of sorts. The dating of the manuscripts themselves provides a more useful
3503:
3454:
1562:
954:
524:
509:
482:
429:
404:
374:
349:
272:
65:
1285:
The Ballad of Vafthrúdnir, The Lay of Vafthrúdnir, Vafthrúdnir's Sayings
1123:. More recent poems, on the other hand, are likely Icelandic in origin.
3446:
3034:
1346:
1273:
The Ballad of the High One, The Sayings of Hár, Sayings of the High One
987:
938:
850:
725:
529:
399:
314:
215:
193:
163:
3480:
2651:, plus four stanzas from the missing section which are quoted in the
2638:
1760:
Brynhild's Hell-Ride, Brynhild's Ride to Hel, Brynhild's Ride to Hell
1574:
994:
569:
504:
304:
252:
210:
3265:
Larrington, Carolyne (2007), Clark, David; Phelpstead, Carl (eds.),
767:-based metrical schemes that lack final rhymes, instead focusing on
262:
751:. Since the early 19th century, it has had a powerful influence on
4031:
3511:
3397:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
2841:
1972:
1570:
1140:
1012:
Individual poems have individual clues to their age. For example,
871:
464:
444:
267:
198:
29:
2937:
2912:
1990:
A comparison of the second and third verses (lines 5–12) of the
958:
authors, firm and accepted conclusions have never been reached.
639:
519:
499:
494:
414:
3515:
1664:
Of Sinfjötli's Death, Sinfjötli's Death, The Death of Sinfjötli
90:
in orange. Yellow and green denote related Germanic languages.
3146:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
230:
1906:, in particular, contains interesting poetic interpolations.
1162:. Important manuscripts containing these other poems include
1045:
Other dating criteria include the use of the negative adverb
1029:
whose dates are more firmly known. For instance the particle
3227:
Edited by Odd Einar Haugen. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitals Forlag.
2154:
the glorious Fate Tree that springs 'neath the Earth.
1309:
The Ballad of Skírnir, The Lay of Skírnir, Skírnir's Journey
1297:
The Ballad of Grímnir, The Lay of Grímnir, Grímnir's Sayings
1069:, is seen to alliterate with words beginning in an original
2163:
there was Yawning of Deeps and nowhere grass :
1870:
Gudrún's Inciting, Gudrún's Lament, The Whetting of Gudrún.
1815:
The Lament of Oddrún, The Plaint of Oddrún, Oddrún's Lament
2157:'Twas the earliest of times when Ymir lived ;
1528:). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).
1516:). (A late work not included in most editions after 1900).
1724:
Fragment of a Sigurd Lay, Fragment of a Poem about Sigurd
1585:
actually existed, taking Brynhildr to be partly based on
1443:
The Poem of Hyndla, The Lay of Hyndla, The Song of Hyndla
1385:
The Ballad of Alvís, The Lay of Alvís, All-Wise's Sayings
1203:
are sometimes called Eddica minora and were compiled by
1712:
The Ballad of The Victory-Bringer, The Lay of Sigrdrífa
1321:
The Poem of Hárbard, The Lay of Hárbard, Hárbard's Song
1061:
around the year 1000, but in some Eddic poems the word
3276:, Viking Society for Northern Research, pp. 21–42
34:
The title page of Olive Bray's English translation of
2197:
Sea nor cool waves nor sand there were ;
1589:, but the chronology has been reversed in the poems.
1057:. In western dialects of Old Norse the former became
3461:
1923, New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation
2502:
I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,
2338:
I remember nine worlds, I remember nine giant women,
2161:
nor was Earth found ever, nor Heaven on high,
3998:
3951:
3922:
3893:
3777:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3649:
3559:
3552:
2343:
Young were the years when Ymir made his settlement,
2188:
Who gave me bread in the days gone by ;
2136:
harv error: no target: CITEREFVigfússonPowell1883 (
2435:there was neither sand nor sea, nor cooling waves;
2122:there was neither sand nor sea nor the cold waves,
1748:The Short Lay of Sigurd, A Short Poem about Sigurd
716:, although both works are seminal to the study of
2513:a void of yawning chaos, grass was there nowhere
2428:nine worlds I recall, nine wood-dwelling witches,
2264:Nine worlds I can reckon, nine roots of the Tree.
2195:Of old was the age when Ymir lived ;
1557:, but they consist of three layers: the story of
1018:is claimed by its title to have been composed in
698:is the modern name for an untitled collection of
3239:Old Norse-Icelandic Literature: A Critical Guide
2307:neither sands nor seas nor cooling waves,
2302:under the earth where the Ash Tree rises.
2237:but a gaping nothing, and green things nowhere.
2190:Nine worlds I knew, the nine in the tree
2152:nine worlds I remember, nine in the Tree,
1431:The Song of Ríg, The Lay of Ríg, The List of Ríg
743:is arguably the most important extant source on
2309:Earth was not yet, nor the high heavens,
2285:harv error: no target: CITEREFAudenTaylor1969 (
2148:I remember of yore were born the Jötuns,
2131:
2126:There was a Yawning Chasm , but grass nowhere,
3172:The Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Mythology
2523:harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington2014 (
2473:no sky, earth or grass swaying atop its girth,
2359:harv error: no target: CITEREFLarrington1996 (
2228:of the glorious world-tree the ground beneath.
2159:then was sand nor sea nor cooling wave,
1207:and Wilhelm Ranisch in their 1903 book titled
1195:depends on the editor. Those not found in the
3527:
3450:Poetic Edda in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
3415:Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
3098:
2433:It was early in ages when Ymir made his home,
2311:but a gaping emptiness nowhere green.
2300:I know how nine roots form nine worlds
2247:harv error: no target: CITEREFHollander1962 (
2201:But a yawning gap, and grass nowhere.
1235:Cassell's Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
990:in question, is the younger derivative work.
953:Like most early poetry, the Eddic poems were
673:
8:
3473:, review of all English translations to 2018
3321:, vol. 2, HarperCollins, Appendix III,
2608:makes much use of the works included in the
2575:harv error: no target: CITEREFCrawford2015 (
2430:the famed tree of fate down under the earth.
2298:those who called me one of their kin;
2199:Earth had not been, nor heaven above,
2192:With mighty roots beaneath the mold.
2150:they who aforetime fostered me :
1965:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCottle1797 (
859:is still sometimes associated with both the
3434:. 7 volumes in 8 parts. Heidelberg: Winter.
2462:in days long gone. If I look back, I recall
2449:harv error: no target: CITEREFOrchard2011 (
2280:
2211:harv error: no target: CITEREFBellows1923 (
878:
710:. It is distinct from the closely related
3742:
3735:
3556:
3534:
3520:
3512:
3267:"Translating the Poetic Edda into English"
3170:Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (2002),
3105:
3091:
2736:
2518:
2504:the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.
2466:that renowned tree of fate below the Earth
2411:harv error: no target: CITEREFDronke1997 (
2354:
2340:the mighty Measuring-Tree below the earth.
2124:nor was earth to be seen nor heaven above.
2098:harv error: no target: CITEREFThorpe1866 (
2045:harv error: no target: CITEREFFinnur1932 (
1158:are also included in many editions of the
724:exist: especially notable is the medieval
680:
666:
52:
46:and a number of its inhabitants (1908) by
3149:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–.
2509:there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;
2485:harv error: no target: CITEREFDodds2014 (
2345:there was no sand nor sea nor cool waves;
2321:harv error: no target: CITEREFTerry1990 (
2305:Nothing was there when time began,
2273:Nowhere was there earth nor heaven above.
2242:
2235:neither earth was there nor upper heaven,
2186:I remember yet the giants of yore,
1676:Grípir's Prophecy, The Prophecy of Grípir
1472:The Ballad of Svipdag, The Lay of Svipdag
2570:
2475:only the cavern of chaos's gaping gulf.
2173:harv error: no target: CITEREFBray1908 (
1998:
1474:) – This title, originally suggested by
849:Brynjólfur attributed the manuscript to
3237:Harris, Joseph (2005). "Eddic Poetry".
3135:
2748:
2507:Early in time Ymir made his settlement,
2471:No land, sand or sea folding on itself,
2444:
2437:no earth to be found, nor heaven above:
2349:chaos yawned, grass was there nowhere.
2266:The wonderful Ash, way under the ground
2206:
1882:The Ballad of Hamdir, The Lay of Hamdir
1700:The Ballad of Fáfnir, The Lay of Fáfnir
1500:Ballad of Fjölsvid, The Lay of Fjölsvid
1178:. Many of the poems are also quoted in
64:
3260:
3258:
3214:Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
2439:a gulf beguiling, nor grass anywhere.
2406:
2334:I, born of giants, remember very early
2296:I remember giants of ages past,
2275:But a grinning gap and grass nowhere.
2260:I tell of Giants from times forgotten.
2093:
2040:
1961:
1514:Odins's Raven Song, Odin's Raven Chant
3294:, Houghton Mifflin, Ch. 3 pp. 70–71,
3081:WikiProject Norse history and culture
2480:
2424:I recall those giants, born early on,
2316:
2271:Was no sand or sea, no surging waves.
2233:was nor sea nor land nor salty waves,
1688:The Ballad of Regin, The Lay of Regin
893:. For centuries it was stored in the
656:WikiProject Norse history and culture
7:
2511:earth was nowhere nor the sky above,
2498:I remember giants born early in time
2347:earth was nowhere nor the sky above,
2168:
2115:I remember nine Worlds, nine Sibyls,
1921:The Battle of the Goths and the Huns
1152:Poems similar to those found in the
3399:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
3383:Magnússson, Ásgeir Blöndal (1989),
3348:Norse Mythology: Myths of the Eddas
2671:, and in other works. For example:
2226:Nine worlds I know, the nine abodes
2117:a glorious Judge beneath the earth.
2111:I remember the Giants born of yore,
1419:The Mill's Song, The Song of Grotti
2460:I remember being reared by Jotuns,
2120:In the beginning, when naught was,
1537:After the mythological poems, the
25:
3432:Kommentar zu den Liedern der Edda
3190:. Coach House Books. p. 12.
2469:Ymir struck camp when time began.
1553:are to be seen as a whole in the
1545:about mortal heroes, examples of
3492:
2756:
2399:a gulf was there of gaping voids
2262:Those who fed me in former days:
2231:In earliest times did Ymir live:
2224:which long ago did give me life.
1829:). The full manuscript title is
1145:The cover of Lee M. Hollander's
72:
2464:nine worlds, nine wood-witches,
2222:I call to mind the kin of etins
1488:Gróa's Spell, The Spell of Gróa
1073:. This was observed already by
814:. At the time, versions of the
2382:glorious tree of good measure,
1361:The Lay of Thrym, Thrym's Poem
1333:The Lay of Hymir, Hymir's Poem
1:
3365:Björnsson, Árni, ed. (1975),
3317:(2007), "Return to Bag-End",
2551:It was at the very beginning,
1075:Olaf ‘White Skald’ Thordarson
27:Collection of Old Norse poems
3489:(plain text, HTML and other)
3430:von See, Klaus (1997–2019).
3346:Anderson, Rasmus B. (1876),
2548:from which Yggdrasil sprang.
2389:when Ymir made his dwelling:
1127:apocalyptic descriptions of
3502:public domain audiobook at
3374:Briem, Ólafur, ed. (1985),
2711:Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún
2500:those nurtured me long ago;
2426:who long ago brought me up;
2336:those who nurtured me then;
2132:Vigfússon & Powell 1883
1919:, also known in English as
1049:'not', and alliteration of
895:Royal Library in Copenhagen
736:, which contains 31 poems.
4104:
3768:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
2964:First Grammatical Treatise
2720:), composed in the Eddaic
2555:there was no sand, no sea,
2391:There was not sand nor sea
2074:There was in times of old,
1636:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
1079:Third Grammatical Treatise
720:. Several versions of the
3761:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
3754:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
3319:The History of The Hobbit
3223:Fidjestøl, Bjarne. 1999.
2641:. Only 22 stanzas of the
2585:
2395:Earth was not to be found
2387:It was early in the ages
1624:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
1608:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
763:, with its use of terse,
540:Medieval Scandinavian law
3835:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
3292:The Road to Middle-earth
2593:Allusions and quotations
2269:When Ymir lived long ago
2113:who bred me up long ago.
2051:(unchanged orthography)
1831:Atlakviða hin grœnlenzka
1784:The Second Lay of Gudrún
1743:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
450:Early Germanic calendars
258:Hel (mythological being)
2542:I remember nine worlds,
2378:Nine worlds I remember,
2281:Auden & Taylor 1969
2080:nor gelid waves ;
2069:the great central tree,
2065:I nine worlds remember,
2027:né svalar unnir ;
1846:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
1803:The Third Lay of Gudrún
1788:Guðrúnarkviða hin forna
1736:The First Lay of Gudrún
1666:) (A short prose text.)
1349:of Loki, Loki's Quarrel
1015:Atlamál hin groenlenzku
976:that are also found in
753:Scandinavian literature
749:Germanic heroic legends
470:Death in Norse paganism
236:Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar
3413:Orchard, Andy (1997),
3184:Dodds, Jeramy (2014).
2086:'twas a chaotic chasm,
1934:The Waking of Angantýr
1641:Völsungakviða in forna
1587:Brunhilda of Austrasia
1547:Germanic heroic legend
1345:Loki's Wrangling, The
1233:and in Andy Orchard's
1149:
1093:; 'the ancient use of
867:using it as a source.
826:, which contained the
50:
3821:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
3378:, Reykjavík: Skálholt
2538:in those ancient days
2534:I remember the giants
2057:The Jötuns I remember
1791:The Old Lay of Gudrún
1719:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
1144:
968:Eyvindr skáldaspillir
33:
4078:Icelandic literature
4063:Old Norse literature
3470:www.mimisbrunnr.info
3143:John Lindow (2002).
2598:As noted above, the
2397:nor above it heaven:
2031:né upphiminn ;
1948:English translations
1858:The Jörmunrekkr Lays
1077:, the author of the
863:and versions of the
808:Brynjólfur Sveinsson
769:alliterative devices
3786:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
3417:, London: Cassell,
3385:Íslensk orðsifjabók
2982:Proto-Indo-European
2616:or even knew of it.
2553:it was Ymir's time,
2401:and grass nowhere,
2380:nine wood-ogresses,
2372:born early in time,
2088:and grass nowhere,
2061:those who me of old
1975:translation of the
1659:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
1565:, and the story of
1561:, the story of the
1526:The Poem of Gullkár
1033:, corresponding to
851:Sæmundr the Learned
393:Rituals and worship
42:depicting the tree
4088:Nibelung tradition
4068:Germanic mythology
4042:Icelandic language
3842:Helreið Brynhildar
3679:Völuspá hin skamma
3553:Mythological poems
3466:"Eddic to English"
3369:, Reykjavík. Iðunn
3315:Ratecliff, John D.
3274:Old Norse Made New
3210:Kuhn, Hans. 1929.
3027:Greenlandic Norse
2906:alliterative verse
2565:just Ginnungagap.
2082:earth existed not,
2071:beneath the earth.
2025:vasa sandr né sær,
2010:fœdda hǫfðu ;
1923:), extracted from
1755:Helreið Brynhildar
1559:Helgi Hundingsbani
1241:Mythological poems
1150:
1081:, who termed this
1006:terminus ante quem
1000:terminus post quem
986:, or at least the
913:alliterative verse
759:, particularly in
708:alliterative verse
460:Seeress (Germanic)
182:Old Norse religion
134:Pre-Roman Iron Age
51:
4050:
4049:
3947:
3946:
3918:
3917:
3863:Guðrúnarkviða III
3727:
3726:
3718:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
3486:Project Gutenberg
3361:, Reprinted 2003
3328:978-0-00-725066-0
3248:978-0-8020-3823-4
3156:978-0-19-983969-8
3115:
3114:
2790:Greenlandic Norse
2691:The names of his
2590:
2589:
2557:no cooling waves,
2536:born so long ago;
2384:under the ground.
2370:I remember giants
2084:nor heaven above,
2078:nor sand nor sea,
2076:where Ymir dwelt,
2033:gap vas ginnunga,
2023:þars Ymir byggði,
1937:, extracted from
1798:Guðrúnarkviða III
1652:The Niflung Cycle
1509:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
1450:Völuspá in skamma
1373:The Lay of Völund
810:, then Bishop of
793:Jorge Luis Borges
781:August Strindberg
690:
689:
515:Germanic kingship
221:Wayland the Smith
144:Germanic Iron Age
129:Nordic Bronze Age
48:W. G. Collingwood
16:(Redirected from
4095:
4037:Old Norse poetry
3923:Non-Codex Regius
3894:Jörmunrekkr Lays
3856:Guðrúnarkviða II
3743:
3736:
3650:Non-Codex Regius
3557:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3513:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3472:
3427:
3409:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3360:
3332:
3331:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3140:
3119:Old Norse poetry
3107:
3100:
3093:
3069:Old Norse origin
3067:English words of
3048:
3030:
2909:
2760:
2759:
2737:
2695:derive from the
2678:derive from the
2659:J. R. R. Tolkien
2606:Snorri Sturluson
2580:
2544:nine giantesses,
2528:
2490:
2454:
2416:
2393:nor chill waves.
2364:
2326:
2290:
2252:
2216:
2178:
2141:
2103:
2050:
2035:ęn gras hvęrgi.
1999:
1996:is given below:
1970:
1779:Guðrúnarkviða II
911:are composed in
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
785:J. R. R. Tolkien
761:Nordic languages
718:Old Norse poetry
682:
675:
668:
243:Dwarf (folklore)
169:Christianization
149:Migration Period
124:Nordic Stone Age
76:
53:
21:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4027:Norse mythology
3994:
3989:Codex Wormianus
3943:
3914:
3889:
3828:Guðrúnarkviða I
3773:
3723:
3645:
3548:
3540:
3509:
3493:
3478:
3464:
3442:
3437:
3425:
3412:
3407:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3345:
3341:
3339:Further reading
3336:
3335:
3329:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3187:The Poetic Edda
3183:
3182:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3124:Norse mythology
3111:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3046:
3028:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2977:
2969:
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2960:
2959:
2935:
2934:
2910:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2860:
2859:
2849:Younger Futhark
2831:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2793:
2788:
2768:
2757:
2735:
2676:Misty Mountains
2647:survive in the
2595:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2540:they raised me.
2539:
2537:
2535:
2522:
2519:Larrington 2014
2515:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2503:
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2358:
2355:Larrington 1996
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2024:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2018:fyr mold neðan.
2017:
2015:
2013:
2012:níu mank hęima,
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1964:
1950:
1898:legendary sagas
1896:Several of the
1894:
1827:The Lay of Atli
1731:Guðrúnarkviða I
1598:
1541:continues with
1535:
1397:
1251:
1243:
1231:Norse Mythology
1205:Andreas Heusler
1139:
1116:
1091:vindandin forna
1065:, younger form
964:
951:
903:
890:
887:
884:
881:
777:Vilhelm Ekelund
745:Norse mythology
704:narrative poems
686:
650:
649:
615:
607:
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583:
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574:
485:
475:
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420:Walpurgis Night
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119:
91:
28:
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15:
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4075:
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4055:
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4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:Skaldic poetry
4029:
4024:
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3721:
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3698:
3684:
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3682:
3668:
3661:
3658:Baldrs draumar
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
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3629:
3622:
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3608:
3601:
3594:
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3563:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3499:The Elder Edda
3490:
3476:
3474:
3462:
3451:
3441:
3440:External links
3438:
3436:
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3423:
3410:
3405:
3389:
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3342:
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3333:
3327:
3306:
3300:
3279:
3254:
3247:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3197:978-1770563858
3196:
3176:
3162:
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3134:
3133:
3131:
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3113:
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3024:
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2997:
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2989:Proto-Germanic
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2842:Runic alphabet
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2796:Old East Norse
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2772:Old West Norse
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2243:Hollander 1962
2220:
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2180:
2146:
2144:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2055:
2053:
2029:jǫrð fansk æva
2008:þás forðum mik
2002:
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1945:
1944:
1930:
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1601:The Helgi Lays
1597:
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1569:, king of the
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1529:
1517:
1505:
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1503:
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1407:Baldr's Dreams
1402:Baldrs draumar
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943:skaldic poetry
915:. Most are in
902:
899:
834:quotes in his
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588:Æsir–Vanir War
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80:Norse language
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4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:Eddica minora
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
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4001:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3986:
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3938:Hervararkviða
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3870:Oddrúnargrátr
3867:
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3849:Dráp Niflunga
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3778:Niflung Cycle
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3702:Fjölsvinnsmál
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3633:Völundarkviða
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3584:Vafþrúðnismál
3581:
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3463:
3460:
3459:H. A. Bellows
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:0-304-36385-5
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3406:0-19-515382-0
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3357:1-4102-0528-2
3353:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3301:0-618-25760-8
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:of Icelanders
2917:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2784:Old Norwegian
2782:
2780:
2779:Old Icelandic
2776:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:Völsunga saga
2713:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:Völsunga saga
2650:
2646:
2645:
2644:Sigurðarkviða
2640:
2636:
2635:Völsunga saga
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:Völsunga saga
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:Crawford 2015
2566:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2376:had reared me
2367:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2016:mjǫtvið mæran
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:Hervarar saga
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:Hervarar saga
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:Hervarar saga
1899:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1810:Oddrúnargrátr
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:Dráp Niflunga
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:Völsungakviða
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1495:Fjölsvinnsmál
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:Völundarkviða
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1280:Vafþrúðnismál
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:interpolation
1105:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Skaldic poems
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
980:
975:
974:
969:
961:
959:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
935:
930:
929:
924:
920:
919:
914:
910:
909:
900:
898:
896:
877:
876:Codex Regius,
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
857:
856:Sæmundar Edda
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
734:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
661:
660:
657:
654:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Völsung Cycle
633:
631:
630:Tyrfing Cycle
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
610:
603:
600:
598:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Norse funeral
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
294:
293:
286:
285:Ask and Embla
283:
281:
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
118:
113:
112:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
88:Eastern Norse
85:
84:Western Norse
81:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4073:Eddic poetry
4019:
4012:
4005:
3987:
3982:Flateyjarbók
3980:
3973:
3964:AM 748 I 4to
3959:Codex Regius
3936:
3929:
3907:
3902:Guðrúnarhvöt
3900:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3814:Sigrdrífumál
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3739:Codex Regius
3716:
3709:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3605:Hárbarðsljóð
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:Codex Regius
3544:
3543:
3508:
3498:
3479:
3469:
3453:
3445:
3431:
3414:
3396:
3393:Lindow, John
3384:
3375:
3366:
3347:
3318:
3309:
3291:
3288:Shippey, Tom
3282:
3273:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3145:
3138:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2926:
2919:
2723:fornyrðislag
2721:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2652:
2649:Codex Regius
2648:
2642:
2634:
2631:Codex Regius
2630:
2627:Great Lacuna
2620:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2568:
2546:and the seed
2533:
2516:
2497:
2478:
2459:
2445:Orchard 2011
2442:
2423:
2404:
2374:who long ago
2369:
2352:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2278:
2259:
2240:
2221:
2207:Bellows 1923
2204:
2185:
2166:
2147:
2129:
2110:
2091:
2063:have reared.
2056:
2038:
2006:ár of borna,
2004:Ek man jǫtna
2003:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:, including
1976:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1891:Codex Regius
1890:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1865:Guðrúnarhvöt
1863:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1707:Sigrdrífumál
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1595:Codex Regius
1594:
1554:
1539:Codex Regius
1538:
1536:
1525:
1521:Gullkársljóð
1519:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:Codex Regius
1393:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1316:Hárbarðsljóð
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:Codex Regius
1247:
1234:
1230:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1197:Codex Regius
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1175:Flateyjarbók
1173:
1167:
1164:AM 748 I 4to
1159:
1155:Codex Regius
1153:
1151:
1146:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1004:
998:
997:, provide a
992:
983:
977:
971:
965:
952:
932:
926:
921:("old story
918:fornyrðislag
916:
907:
906:
904:
875:
869:
864:
861:Codex Regius
860:
855:
854:
848:
843:
840:Codex Regius
839:
835:
822:
821:
815:
804:Codex Regius
803:
801:
773:Codex Regius
772:
757:poetic meter
741:Codex Regius
740:
738:
733:Codex Regius
731:
721:
711:
694:
693:
691:
619:
593:Fimbulwinter
545:Nithing pole
87:
83:
39:
36:Codex Regius
35:
3952:Manuscripts
3732:Heroic Lays
3711:Gróttasöngr
3688:Svipdagsmál
3545:Poetic Edda
3387:, Reykjavík
3367:Snorra-Edda
3012:Dalecarlian
3006:Descendants
2994:Proto-Norse
2946:Poetic Edda
2836:Orthography
2818:Old Gutnish
2808:Old Swedish
2663:philologist
2614:Poetic Edda
2610:Poetic Edda
2407:Dronke 1997
2094:Thorpe 1866
2067:nine trees,
2059:early born,
2041:Finnur 1932
2021:Ár vas alda
1962:Cottle 1797
1958:Poetic Edda
1917:Lay of Hlöd
1889:Not in the
1839:Lay of Atli
1833:, that is,
1579:Jörmunrekkr
1567:Jörmunrekkr
1551:heroic lays
1543:heroic lays
1533:Heroic lays
1467:Svipdagsmál
1459:Hyndluljóð.
1414:Gróttasöngr
1392:Not in the
1227:John Lindow
1201:Poetic Edda
1193:Poetic Edda
1160:Poetic Edda
1147:Poetic Edda
1121:Scandinavia
908:Eddic poems
901:Composition
865:Poetic Edda
830:poems that
722:Poetic Edda
695:Poetic Edda
620:Poetic Edda
555:Norse clans
455:Runic magic
440:Vé (shrine)
435:Heathen hof
365:Urðarbrunnr
355:Mímisbrunnr
335:Ginnungagap
280:Jörmungandr
159:Norse–Gaels
99:Scandinavia
86:in red and
82:in CE 900:
40:Poetic Edda
18:Eddic poems
4083:Epic poems
4057:Categories
4007:Prose Edda
3969:AM 738 4to
3931:Hlöðskviða
3746:Helgi Lays
3672:Hyndluljóð
3626:Þrymskviða
3612:Hymiskviða
3598:Skírnismál
3591:Grímnismál
3130:References
2953:Prose Edda
2895:Literature
2883:Morphology
2803:Old Danish
2685:Skírnismál
2680:úrig fiöll
2668:The Hobbit
2601:Prose Edda
2481:Dodds 2014
2317:Terry 1990
2014:níu ívíði,
1912:Hlöðskviða
1438:Hyndluljóð
1356:Þrymskviða
1328:Hymiskviða
1304:Skírnismál
1292:Grímnismál
973:Hákonarmál
949:Authorship
934:ljóðaháttr
925:"), while
888:Royal Book
844:Prose Edda
836:Prose Edda
823:Elder Edda
817:Prose Edda
797:Karin Boye
789:Ezra Pound
729:manuscript
713:Prose Edda
702:anonymous
645:Runestones
625:Prose Edda
380:Jötunheimr
370:Yggdrasill
360:Hvergelmir
345:Muspelheim
154:Viking Age
78:Extent of
4021:Sólarljóð
3909:Hamðismál
3877:Atlakviða
3807:Fáfnismál
3800:Reginsmál
3793:Grípisspá
3640:Alvíssmál
3619:Lokasenna
3447:Eddukvæði
3376:Eddukvæði
3053:Norwegian
3047:(extinct)
3040:Icelandic
3029:(extinct)
2976:Ancestors
2928:Legendary
2876:Phonology
2750:Old Norse
2697:Dvergatal
2629:) in the
2563:no grass,
2559:no earth,
2169:Bray 1908
1877:Hamðismál
1837:Greenland
1822:Atlakviða
1695:Fáfnismál
1683:Reginsmál
1671:Grípisspá
1583:Brynhildr
1563:Nibelungs
1380:Alvíssmál
1340:Lokasenna
1223:Hollander
1020:Greenland
928:málaháttr
726:Icelandic
700:Old Norse
602:Wild Hunt
560:Old Norse
535:Mead hall
490:Berserker
425:Midsummer
330:Fólkvangr
310:Vanaheimr
298:Cosmology
248:Einherjar
44:Yggdrasil
38:entitled
3999:See also
3975:Hauksbók
3695:Grógaldr
3665:Rígsþula
3504:LibriVox
3395:(2001),
3290:(2003),
2854:Medieval
2767:Dialects
2742:a series
2740:Part of
2733:See also
1483:Grógaldr
1426:Rígsþula
1169:Hauksbók
1137:Contents
1114:Location
955:minstrel
939:Kennings
812:Skálholt
775:include
597:Ragnarök
525:Holmgang
375:Valhalla
350:Niflheim
273:Valkyrie
66:Norsemen
58:a series
56:Part of
3884:Atlamál
3577:Hávamál
3570:Völuspá
3058:Swedish
3035:Gutnish
3022:Faroese
2871:Grammar
2702:Vǫluspá
2699:in the
2693:Dwarves
2682:in the
2561:no sky,
1993:Vǫluspá
1593:In the
1347:Flyting
1268:Hávamál
1256:Völuspá
1246:In the
1219:Bellows
1130:Völuspá
1103:Völuspá
1085:before
988:strophe
984:Hávamál
979:Hávamál
882:
838:. When
614:Sources
530:Leidang
483:Society
325:Bifröst
320:Vígríðr
315:Midgard
216:Sigmund
164:Normans
117:History
104:History
3421:
3403:
3354:
3325:
3298:
3245:
3194:
3153:
3017:Danish
2900:Poetry
2726:metre.
2639:Sigurð
2633:, the
1981:Cottle
1581:, and
1575:Attila
1549:. The
1180:Snorri
1172:, and
1063:vreiðr
995:Attila
832:Snorri
795:, and
765:stress
582:Events
570:Thrall
505:Erilaz
305:Asgard
253:Fenrir
226:Vættir
211:Sigurd
206:Jötunn
60:on the
3270:(PDF)
3045:Norn
2913:Sagas
1973:Latin
1954:Elder
1571:Goths
1476:Bugge
1185:Prose
1067:reiðr
1053:with
923:metre
874:name
872:Latin
828:pagan
565:Thing
510:Félag
465:Galdr
445:Gothi
430:Hörgr
405:Seiðr
268:Norns
199:Vanir
3542:The
3419:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3296:ISBN
3243:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3151:ISBN
2938:Edda
2708:His
2674:The
2661:, a
2619:The
2577:help
2525:help
2487:help
2451:help
2413:help
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2323:help
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2249:help
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2175:help
2138:help
2100:help
2047:help
1977:Edda
1967:help
1952:The
1835:The
1555:Edda
1188:Edda
1095:vend
1089:the
1047:eigi
962:Date
905:The
879:lit.
802:The
747:and
739:The
692:The
640:Saga
520:Hird
500:Ergi
495:Earl
415:Yule
400:Blót
194:Æsir
189:Gods
3484:at
2830:Use
2604:of
1956:or
1786:or
1639:or
1611:or
1229:'s
1182:'s
1097:'.
1051:vr-
1039:ge-
1037:or
1035:ga-
706:in
550:Nīþ
263:Dís
231:Elf
4059::
3468:,
3272:,
3257:^
2744:on
2142:†
1983:.
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1071:v-
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