498:
1523:, and usually there are few or no teeth in the front of the mouth and the rear teeth all look alike. As a result, it is impossible to define Xenarthra as having incisors, canines, premolars, or molars. Since most mammals are classified by their teeth, it has been difficult to determine their relationships to other mammals. Xenarthrans may have evolved from ancestors that had already lost basic mammalian dental features like tooth enamel and a crown with cusps; reduced, highly simplified teeth are usually found in mammals that feed by licking up social insects. Several groups of xenarthrans did evolve
4792:
632:
4798:
4805:
133:
1003:
4785:
1033:
257:
536:). The morphology of xenarthrans generally suggests that the anteaters and sloths are more closely related to each other than either is to the armadillos, glyptodonts, and pampatheres; this idea is upheld by molecular studies. Since its conception, Xenarthra has increasingly come to be considered to be of a higher rank than 'order'; some authorities consider it to be a
993:
1467:
1023:
1013:
120:
5300:
440:
of the spine. Xenarthran limb bones are typically robust, with large processes for muscle attachment. Relative to their body size, living xenarthrans are extremely strong. Their limb bone structures are unusual. They have single-color vision. The teeth of xenarthrans are unique. Xenarthrans are also
1548:
The name
Xenarthra, which means "strange joints", was chosen because the vertebral joints of members of the group have extra articulations of a type unlike any other mammals. This trait is referred to as "xenarthry". (Tree sloths lost these articulations to increase the flexibility of their spines,
1622:
fauna suggests far more large herbivorous mammals were present than similar contemporary environments can support. As most large Lujan herbivores were xenarthrans, low metabolic rate may be a feature of the entire clade, allowing relatively low-resource scrublands to support large numbers of huge
1627:
South
American faunas than would be expected based on current faunas in similar environments. This suggests other factors than predation controlled the numbers of xenarthrans. South America had no placental predatory mammals until the Pleistocene, and xenarthran large-mammal faunas may have been
1490:
first suggested in 1931 that their combination of unique characteristics shows the group evolved from highly specialized early ancestors that lived underground or were nocturnal and dug with their forelimbs to feed on social insects like ants or termites. Most researchers since then have agreed.
2276:
O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Xijun (2013-02-08). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals".
1531:
created grinding surfaces. Dentine is less resistant to wear than the enamel-cusped teeth of other mammals, and xenarthrans developed open-rooted teeth that grow continuously. Currently, no living or extinct xenarthrans have been found to have the standard mammalian
1553:, an adaptation developed in different ways in various groups of mammals that dig for food. Xenarthrans also tend to have different numbers of vertebrae than other mammals; sloths have a reduced number of lumbar vertebrae with either more or fewer
2394:
Slater, G., Cui, P., Forasiepi, A. M., Lenz, D., Tsangaras, K., Voirin, B., ... & Greenwood, A. D. (2016). Evolutionary relationships among extinct and extant sloths: the evidence of mitogenomes and retroviruses. Genome
Biology and Evolution,
1485:
Xenarthrans share several characteristics not present in other mammals. Authorities have tended to agree they are a primitive group of placental mammals not very closely related to other orders, without agreeing on how to classify them.
1617:
and others) in caves are particularly common in colder parts of their range, suggesting ground sloths may have used burrows and caves to help regulate their body temperature. Analysis of the fossil South
American
618:
Afrotheria, or 3) a trichotomy (three-way split): Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and everything else (i.e. Boreoeutheria). Among studies that use physical characteristics rather than DNA to look at relationships, a large
1628:
vulnerable to many factors including a rise in numbers of mammalian predators, resource use by spreading North
American herbivores with faster metabolisms and higher food requirements, and climate change.
1589:, pointing to a subterranean ancestry; the ancestors of Xenarthra had the reduced eyesight characteristic of vertebrates that live underground. Some authorities state that xenarthrans lack a functional
404:
Xenarthrans share several characteristics that are not present in other placental mammals, which suggest that xenarthrans descend from subterranean diggers. The name
Xenarthra derives from the two
2404:
Delsuc, F., Gibb, G. C., Kuch, M., Billet, G., Hautier, L., Southon, J., ... & Poinar, H. N. (2016). The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current
Biology, 26(4), R155-R156.
1680:
O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals".
623:
analysis of living and fossil mammals suggests placental mammals evolved shortly after the end of the
Cretaceous, and first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria (all other placentals).
1507:
The teeth of xenarthrans differ from all other mammals. The dentition of most species is either significantly reduced and highly modified, or absent. With the single exception of
635:
Phylogenetic position of xenarthrans (in orange) among placentals in a genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509
643:
Below is a recent simplified phylogeny of the xenarthran families based on Slater et al. (2016) and Delsuc et al. (2016). The dagger symbol, "†", denotes extinct groups.
594:(Afrotheria+Boreoeutheria, i.e. as a sister group to all other placental mammals). A comprehensive phylogeny by Goloboff et al. includes xenarthrans as a sister clade of
614:(carnivores+ungulates and cetaceans), while studies using nuclear DNA have identified them as 1) a sister clade to Afrotheria, 2) a sister clade to all placentals
5402:
5453:
264:
Red: anteater, yellow: armadillo, blue: sloth, orange: both anteater and armadillo, green: both armadillo and sloth, purple: anteater, armadillo and sloth
1851:"The evolution of armadillos, anteaters and sloths depicted by nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies: implications for the status of the enigmatic fossil
5458:
441:
often considered to be among the most primitive of placental mammals. Females show no clear distinction between the uterus and vagina, and males have
524:(meaning toothless, because the members do not have incisors and lack, or have poorly developed, molars). Subsequently, Edentata was found to be a
5389:
2466:
Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2009). "The teeth of the "toothless": novelties and key innovations in the evolution of xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra)".
2217:
Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Marcos
Mirande, J.; Szumik, Claudia A.; Salvador Arias, J.; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009).
2093:
1656:
4791:
1850:
1605:. Paleoburrows have been discovered which are up to 1.5m wide and 40m long, with claw marks from excavation referred to the ground sloths
532:. Aardvarks and pangolins are now placed in individual orders, and the new order Xenarthra was erected to group the remaining families (
2825:
2647:
1799:
639:. The other major clades are colored: Marsupials (magenta), afrotherians (red), laurasiatherians (green), and Euarchontoglires (blue).
4840:
2657:
2529:
1928:
497:
1172:
1944:
Kleisner, K; Ivell, R; Flegr, J (2010). "The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum".
568:("leaf-eaters"), the sloths (both tree sloths and the extinct ground sloths). Folivora is also called Tardigrada or Phyllophaga.
1581:(single color vision), common in nocturnal, aquatic and subterranean mammals. Further losses led to rod monochromacy in a stem
1309:
1163:
1100:
1082:
1318:
1109:
1091:
5394:
4797:
432:), meaning "joint", and refers to their vertebral joints, which have extra articulations that are unlike other mammals. The
1224:
1375:
996:
2348:"OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes"
422:
5448:
4804:
1233:
389:
1366:
5290:
1624:
1251:
1242:
574:
Their relationship to other placental mammals is obscure. Xenarthrans have been defined as most closely related to
381:
132:
2591:"Genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for Xenarthra"
631:
5407:
1574:
1118:
2166:
Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006).
2727:
Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006).
1491:
These extreme characteristics led to their confusion with unrelated groups that had similar specializations (
410:
2416:"Vertebral bending mechanics and xenarthrous morphology in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)"
1557:
than most mammals, while cingulates have neck vertebrae fused into a cervical tube, with glyptodonts fusing
1064:
5316:
3680:
2818:
1990:
Elgar, M. A.; Harvey, P. H. (1987). "Basal
Metabolic Rates in Mammals: Allometry, Phylogeny and Ecology".
1487:
1327:
1300:
1215:
1136:
313:
5415:
4833:
3421:
1849:
Delsuc, Frédéric; Catzteflis, François M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (August 2001).
1549:
but their fossil ancestors had xenarthrous joints.) Additional points of articulation between vertebrae
1206:
1016:
4784:
4524:
3710:
5443:
5376:
5363:
3934:
3623:
2740:
2475:
2286:
1999:
1689:
1577:
analysis determined that a mutation in a stem xenarthran led to long-wavelength sensitive-cone (LWS)
1550:
1145:
1073:
1006:
528:
grouping whose New World and Old World taxa are unrelated, and it was split up to reflect their true
501:
446:
4679:
4103:
3964:
3835:
3758:
3614:
3245:
3210:
3062:
4733:
4672:
4664:
4431:
4417:
3992:
3985:
3793:
3689:
3565:
3521:
3393:
3356:
3156:
2928:
1743:"The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens"
1127:
460:
Armadillos: Mostly small and some larger omnivores and insectivores with flexible banded body armor
445:
inside the body, which are located between the bladder and the rectum. Xenarthrans have the lowest
199:
4648:
4583:
4538:
4403:
4361:
4265:
4256:
4124:
3593:
3528:
3478:
3363:
3199:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4576:
4545:
4503:
4496:
4389:
4368:
4245:
4180:
4159:
4075:
4054:
4020:
3883:
3869:
3862:
3821:
3807:
3779:
3744:
3721:
3600:
3535:
3514:
3464:
3335:
3274:
3135:
3114:
2901:
2758:
2706:
2690:
2499:
2448:
2415:
2414:
Oliver, Jillian D.; Katrina E. Jones; Lionel Hautier; W. J. Loughry; Stephanie E. Pierce (2016).
2328:
2258:
2066:
2050:
2015:
1969:
1723:
1554:
1537:
127:
4701:
4510:
4489:
4466:
4410:
4396:
4382:
4238:
4166:
4117:
4096:
4047:
3950:
3925:
3911:
3897:
3828:
3814:
3751:
3730:
3586:
3572:
3507:
3500:
3428:
3414:
3328:
3281:
3072:
550:(Latin, "the ones with belts/armor"), the armadillos and the extinct glyptodonts and pampatheres
5420:
4708:
4686:
4517:
4445:
4333:
4145:
4131:
4110:
4089:
4040:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3957:
3800:
3737:
3542:
3471:
3407:
3342:
3288:
1895:
309:
5201:
4641:
4568:
4452:
4375:
4347:
4173:
3943:
3890:
3876:
3765:
3703:
3493:
3400:
2955:
2811:
2776:
2698:
2653:
2628:
2610:
2568:
2525:
2491:
2440:
2377:
2320:
2312:
2250:
2199:
2148:
2099:
2089:
2058:
1961:
1924:
1887:
1805:
1795:
1772:
1715:
1662:
1652:
1445:
1436:
1260:
587:
537:
4354:
3435:
5222:
4963:
4900:
4826:
4626:
4480:
4068:
3236:
2766:
2748:
2682:
2618:
2602:
2558:
2483:
2430:
2367:
2359:
2302:
2294:
2240:
2230:
2189:
2179:
2138:
2130:
2042:
2007:
1953:
1919:
Webb, S. David (2001). "Chapter 10: Mammalia 2: Xenarthrans". In Hulbert, Richard C. (ed.).
1877:
1869:
1762:
1754:
1705:
1697:
607:
595:
276:
4138:
610:). Overall, studies using mitochondrial DNA have tended to group them as a sister clade to
5115:
5016:
4984:
4292:
4276:
3653:
3319:
2346:
Scornavacca C, Belkhir K, Lopez J, Dernat R, Delsuc F, Douzery EJ, Ranwez V (April 2019).
1421:
1353:
1154:
1036:
919:
779:
373:
5354:
5233:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
5212:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)
2744:
2479:
2290:
2003:
1693:
543:
Whatever the rank, Xenarthra is now generally considered to be divided into two orders:
5304:
5161:
5107:
5008:
4992:
4531:
3853:
3104:
3040:
2771:
2728:
2623:
2590:
2372:
2347:
2194:
2167:
2143:
2118:
1882:
1767:
1742:
1619:
1533:
1427:
1409:
1360:
1339:
1272:
1191:
1059:
1055:
1026:
862:
711:
696:
603:
345:
39:
1519:. They have a single set of teeth through their lives; these teeth have no functional
1002:
5437:
5152:
5024:
4761:
4031:
3786:
3556:
3450:
3266:
3188:
3177:
2332:
2235:
2218:
1727:
1346:
936:
845:
636:
599:
583:
579:
479:
Ground sloths: Medium to very large ground-living herbivores (and possibly omnivores)
405:
377:
357:
77:
2503:
2452:
2262:
1973:
5169:
5099:
5000:
4955:
4693:
4633:
4424:
4231:
4222:
4211:
4152:
3904:
3696:
3662:
3630:
3384:
3370:
3296:
3145:
2710:
2168:"Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals"
2070:
1590:
1578:
1520:
1403:
1387:
1294:
902:
822:
764:
525:
484:
349:
5368:
2673:
Lovegrove, Barry G. (2000). "The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate".
2117:
Murphy, W. J.; Pringle, T. H.; Crider, T. A.; Springer, M. S.; Miller, W. (2007).
2033:
Lovegrove, Barry G. (2000). "The Zoogeography of Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate".
2184:
5348:
5209:
5131:
5049:
4745:
4559:
4438:
4324:
4198:
4061:
3579:
3349:
3304:
3221:
3083:
1524:
1396:
1200:
673:
611:
559:
393:
321:
238:
184:
52:
2487:
5238:
5091:
4934:
4891:
4875:
4754:
4722:
4299:
4082:
3644:
3457:
3094:
3051:
1957:
1758:
1516:
1478:
1032:
575:
341:
256:
97:
62:
5339:
2614:
2572:
2563:
2546:
2495:
2316:
1809:
1666:
466:
Pampatheres: Large herbivores (and possibly omnivores) with banded body armor
5246:
5193:
5070:
4942:
4908:
4598:
4590:
4306:
4285:
3971:
3772:
3485:
2886:
2788:
2753:
2363:
2298:
2103:
1701:
1582:
1527:
to chew plants, but since they lacked enamel, patterns of harder and softer
1472:
1049:
660:
620:
591:
547:
533:
529:
385:
353:
337:
216:
144:
102:
46:
5265:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)
2780:
2702:
2632:
2606:
2444:
2381:
2324:
2254:
2219:"Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups"
2203:
2152:
2062:
1965:
1891:
1873:
1776:
1719:
2119:"Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny"
992:
5333:
5185:
5041:
4869:
4656:
4459:
4340:
3978:
3669:
3443:
3259:
3166:
3023:
3001:
2967:
2913:
2858:
2834:
1496:
1492:
1287:
751:
565:
517:
513:
473:
442:
365:
361:
329:
325:
232:
164:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
2762:
1466:
1022:
1012:
356:
about 60 million years ago. They evolved and diversified extensively in
17:
5262:
5139:
4971:
4881:
4818:
3252:
2729:"Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis"
2694:
2435:
2245:
2134:
2054:
2019:
433:
369:
107:
82:
2307:
1710:
119:
5254:
5230:
5078:
4925:
4863:
4850:
3124:
2940:
2870:
2864:
2852:
1985:
1983:
1623:
animals. Faunal analysis also shows far fewer large predators in pre-
1602:
1586:
1562:
1558:
1528:
1281:
741:
553:
450:
437:
427:
415:
222:
174:
154:
5310:
2011:
360:
during the continent's long period of isolation in the early to mid
2686:
2046:
1824:
5299:
5123:
1465:
1181:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
800:
630:
496:
463:
Glyptodonts: Large herbivores with a rigid semi-spherical carapace
333:
317:
2547:"Paleogene Xenarthra and the evolution of South American mammals"
27:
Superorder of mammals including anteaters, sloths, and armadillos
5381:
5314:
4822:
2845:
2807:
2520:
Farina, Richard A; Sergio F. Vizcaino; Gerry de Iuliis (2013).
469:
Anteaters: Small to large specialized feeders on social insects
5177:
1573:
Xenarthrans have been determined to have single-color vision.
294:
291:
2803:
488:, a medium-sized herbivore, is the only known aquatic sloth
300:
282:
2589:
Emerling, Christopher A.; Springer, Mark S. (2015-02-07).
352:. Xenarthrans originated in South America during the late
1601:
Living xenarthrans have the lowest metabolic rates among
1593:; pineal activity is related to the perception of light.
1499:), and obscures their relationships with other mammals.
556:(Latin, "the ones with fur"), which is subdivided into:
2595:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
5288:
512:
Xenarthrans were previously classified alongside the
288:
279:
4719:
4556:
4477:
4321:
4195:
3922:
3850:
3641:
3611:
3553:
3381:
3316:
3233:
3217:
3206:
3195:
3184:
3173:
3162:
3152:
3141:
3131:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3090:
3079:
3068:
3058:
3047:
3036:
2522:
Megafauna; Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America
297:
5323:
5221:
5160:
5151:
5090:
5061:
5040:
4983:
4954:
4933:
4924:
4899:
4890:
4744:
4718:
4555:
4476:
4320:
4275:
4255:
4221:
4194:
4030:
3933:
3921:
3849:
3720:
3679:
3652:
3640:
3610:
3552:
3380:
3315:
3232:
3021:
2966:
2939:
2912:
2885:
2088:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 93.
372:and, starting about 3 million years ago, spread to
285:
5204:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
2545:Gaudin, Timothy J.; Croft, Darin A. (2015-06-24).
1647:Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Loughry, W. J., eds. (2008).
2086:Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
476:specialized for life hanging upside-down in trees
1356:: nothrotheriid ground sloths and aquatic sloths
2733:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2584:
2582:
540:, while others consider it to be a superorder.
4834:
2819:
1536:or crown morphology derived from the ancient
8:
1923:. University Press of Florida. p. 176.
1651:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
5311:
5157:
5058:
4951:
4930:
4896:
4841:
4827:
4819:
4203:
3930:
3649:
3029:
3018:
2945:
2918:
2891:
2882:
2842:
2826:
2812:
2804:
255:
118:
31:
2789:"Armadillos: Biology, Ecology and Images"
2770:
2752:
2622:
2562:
2524:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
2434:
2371:
2306:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2183:
2142:
1881:
1766:
1709:
456:Xenarthran forms and lifestyles include:
5172:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
5295:
2649:The Pineal Gland and its Endocrine Role
1636:
384:. Nearly all of the formerly abundant
2515:
2513:
1511:armadillos and their ancestral genus
7:
1792:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
1642:
1640:
895:
838:
813:
806:
757:
747:
688:
666:
656:
646:
436:of the pelvis is also fused to the
420:), meaning "strange, unusual", and
328:. There are 31 living species: the
5454:Extant Paleocene first appearances
2084:McKenna, M.C.; Bell, S.K. (1997).
340:. Extinct xenarthrans include the
25:
5459:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1921:The Fossil Vertebrates of Florida
5298:
4803:
4796:
4790:
4783:
2236:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x
1825:"Greek-french dictionary online"
1551:strengthen and stiffen the spine
1173:Brazilian three-banded armadillo
275:
131:
2423:Journal of Experimental Biology
2352:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1310:Brown-throated three-toed sloth
1164:Southern three-banded armadillo
1101:Southern naked-tailed armadillo
1083:Northern naked-tailed armadillo
562:("worm-tongues"), the anteaters
316:, árthron, "joint") is a major
1790:Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01).
1747:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1741:Woodburne, Michael O. (2010).
1319:Pale-throated three-toed sloth
1110:Greater naked-tailed armadillo
1092:Chacoan naked-tailed armadillo
1:
2646:Axelrod, J. (December 2013).
1225:Southern long-nosed armadillo
2185:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
1649:The biology of the Xenarthra
1613:. Remains of ground sloths (
1515:, xenarthrans do not have a
1481:related to living armadillos
1378:or southern two-toed sloth,
1342:: megalonychid ground sloths
312:, xénos, "foreign, alien" +
1349:: megatheriid ground sloths
1234:Llanos long-nosed armadillo
5475:
5241:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
5196:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
5102:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
2488:10.1666/0094-8373-35.3.343
1390:: mylodontid ground sloths
1252:Hairy long-nosed armadillo
1243:Great long-nosed armadillo
493:Evolutionary relationships
472:Tree sloths: Medium-sized
421:
409:
382:Great American Interchange
5027:(Kangaroos and relatives)
4858:
4780:
4206:
3032:
3017:
2998:
2948:
2921:
2894:
2881:
2841:
2662:– via Google Books.
1958:10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7
1759:10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8
1376:Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
1209:or long-nosed armadillo,
1123:Chaetophractus vellerosus
1119:Screaming hairy armadillo
997:Hoffmann's two-toed sloth
932:
916:
900:
893:
859:
843:
836:
818:
811:
804:
777:
762:
755:
745:
709:
693:
686:
671:
664:
654:
263:
254:
248:See text for more details
212:
207:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
34:
5019:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
2791:. Armadillo Online. 1995
1367:Hoffman's two-toed sloth
1203:: long-nosed armadillos
364:Era. They spread to the
4911:(Platypus and echidnas)
2754:10.1073/pnas.0511344103
2675:The American Naturalist
2299:10.1126/science.1229237
2035:The American Naturalist
1702:10.1126/science.1229237
1432:Myrmecophaga tridactyla
1132:Chaetophractus villosus
1069:Calyptophractus retusus
1065:Greater fairy armadillo
5142:(Dugongs and manatees)
5081:(Anteaters and sloths)
2607:10.1098/rspb.2014.2192
2564:10.1093/jmammal/gyv073
1946:Journal of Biosciences
1874:10.1098/rspb.2001.1702
1488:George Gaylord Simpson
1482:
1328:Maned three-toed sloth
1301:Pygmy three-toed sloth
1216:Seven-banded armadillo
1141:Chaetophractus nationi
1137:Andean hairy armadillo
1078:Chlamyphorus truncatus
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
999:
640:
509:
506:Chlamyphorus truncatus
5416:Paleobiology Database
5011:(Quolls and dunnarts)
2364:10.1093/molbev/msz015
1862:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
1469:
1450:Tamandua tetradactyla
1220:Dasypus septemcinctus
1207:Nine-banded armadillo
1177:Tolypeutes tricinctus
1150:Euphractus sexcinctus
1148:or yellow armadillo,
1035:
1025:
1017:Nine-banded armadillo
1015:
1005:
995:
634:
534:which are all related
500:
308:; from Ancient Greek
208:Orders and suborders
3681:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
2551:Journal of Mammalogy
2429:(Pt 19): 2991–3002.
1380:Choloepus didactylus
1323:Bradypus tridactylus
1297:: three-toed sloths
1211:Dasypus novemcinctus
1184:or dwarf armadillo,
1146:Six-banded armadillo
1105:Cabassous unicinctus
1096:Cabassous chacoensis
1074:Pink fairy armadillo
1007:Brown-throated sloth
905:(three-toed sloths)
637:coding DNA sequences
502:Pink fairy armadillo
2745:2006PNAS..103.3203W
2480:2009Pbio...35..343V
2291:2013Sci...339..662O
2004:1987FuEco...1...25E
1794:. Paris: Hachette.
1694:2013Sci...339..662O
1565:vertebrae as well.
1414:Cyclopes didactylus
1371:Choloepus hoffmanni
1314:Bradypus variegatus
1128:Big hairy armadillo
1087:Cabassous centralis
5449:Mammal superorders
4995:(Monito del monte)
2601:(1800): 20142192.
2436:10.1242/jeb.142331
2135:10.1101/gr.5918807
1992:Functional Ecology
1555:cervical vertebrae
1483:
1406:: silky anteaters
1363:: two-toed sloths
1332:Bradypus torquatus
1238:Dasypus sabanicola
1168:Tolypeutes matacus
1159:Priodontes maximus
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
848:(two-toed sloths)
641:
510:
392:at the end of the
5431:
5430:
5317:Taxon identifiers
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5242:
5234:
5213:
5205:
5197:
5189:
5181:
5173:
5143:
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5110:(Elephant shrews)
5103:
5082:
5074:
5055:
5036:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5012:
5004:
5003:(Marsupial moles)
5001:Notoryctemorphia
4996:
4975:
4967:
4964:Paucituberculata
4948:
4920:
4919:
4912:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4778:
4777:
4525:Prozalambdalestes
4316:
4315:
4190:
4189:
3845:
3844:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2285:(6120): 662–667.
2095:978-0-231-11013-6
1868:(1476): 1605–15.
1829:www.tabularium.be
1823:Bailly, Anatole.
1688:(6120): 662–667.
1658:978-0-8130-3718-9
1446:Southern tamandua
1441:Tamandua mexicana
1437:Northern tamandua
1305:Bradypus pygmaeus
1114:Cabassous tatouay
1058:: armadillos and
984:
983:
975:
974:
966:
965:
957:
956:
948:
947:
882:
881:
873:
872:
790:
789:
731:
730:
722:
721:
588:Exafroplacentalia
322:placental mammals
268:
267:
203:
16:(Redirected from
5466:
5424:
5423:
5411:
5410:
5398:
5397:
5385:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5232:
5223:Euarchontoglires
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5158:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5101:
5080:
5072:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5045:
5026:
5018:
5017:Peramelemorphia
5010:
5002:
4994:
4973:
4972:Didelphimorphia
4966:(Shrew opossums)
4965:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4910:
4901:Australosphenida
4897:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4721:
4627:Kharmerungulatum
4558:
4481:Zalambdalestidae
4479:
4323:
4204:
4197:
3931:
3924:
3852:
3711:Pseudorhyncocyon
3650:
3643:
3613:
3555:
3383:
3318:
3237:Adapisoriculidae
3235:
3219:
3208:
3197:
3186:
3175:
3164:
3154:
3143:
3133:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3030:
3019:
2946:
2919:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2843:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2784:
2774:
2756:
2739:(9): 3203–3208.
2715:
2714:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2438:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2310:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2248:
2238:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1894:. Archived from
1885:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1644:
1247:Dasypus kappleri
1229:Dasypus hybridus
896:
839:
814:
807:
758:
748:
689:
667:
657:
647:
608:Euarchontoglires
596:Euarchontoglires
482:Aquatic sloths:
431:
425:
419:
413:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
259:
198:
136:
135:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5419:
5414:
5406:
5401:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5367:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5319:
5309:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5270:
5217:
5202:Perissodactyla
5147:
5086:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5032:
5009:Dasyuromorphia
4993:Microbiotheria
4985:Australidelphia
4979:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4916:
4886:
4854:
4847:
4817:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4774:
4740:
4714:
4551:
4472:
4312:
4293:Psittacotherium
4277:Stylinodontidae
4271:
4251:
4217:
4186:
4026:
3935:Paroxyclaenidae
3917:
3841:
3716:
3675:
3654:Gypsonictopidae
3636:
3624:Ferrequitherium
3606:
3548:
3376:
3320:Asioryctitheria
3311:
3228:
3026:
3005:
2982:
2962:
2935:
2908:
2877:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2123:Genome Research
2116:
2115:
2111:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2012:10.2307/2389354
1989:
1988:
1981:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1659:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1599:
1571:
1546:
1505:
1464:
1462:Characteristics
1422:Myrmecophagidae
1354:Nothrotheriidae
1256:Dasypus pilosus
1155:Giant armadillo
1037:Giant armadillo
990:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
920:Nothrotheriidae
883:
874:
791:
780:Myrmecophagidae
732:
723:
629:
495:
447:metabolic rates
402:
400:Characteristics
380:as part of the
278:
274:
246:
197:
130:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
42: –Recent,
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5412:
5399:
5386:
5373:
5360:
5345:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5175:
5166:
5164:
5162:Laurasiatheria
5155:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5116:Tubulidentata
5113:
5108:Macroscelidea
5105:
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:Diprotodontia
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4905:
4903:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4727:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4683:
4680:Sheikhdzheilia
4676:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4532:Zalambdalestes
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4257:Onychodectidae
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4104:Cryptopithecus
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3965:Kiinkerishella
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3856:
3854:Palaeoryctidae
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3615:Horolodectidae
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3246:Adapisoriculus
3241:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3211:Prokennalestes
3204:
3193:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3150:
3139:
3129:
3118:
3108:
3105:Durlstotherium
3098:
3088:
3077:
3066:
3063:Bayshinoryctes
3056:
3045:
3041:Acristatherium
3033:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2785:
2722:
2721:External links
2719:
2717:
2716:
2687:10.1086/303383
2681:(2): 201–219.
2665:
2658:
2638:
2578:
2557:(4): 622–634.
2537:
2530:
2509:
2474:(3): 343–366.
2458:
2406:
2397:
2387:
2358:(4): 861–862.
2338:
2268:
2209:
2158:
2109:
2094:
2076:
2047:10.1086/303383
2025:
1979:
1936:
1929:
1911:
1841:
1815:
1801:978-2010035289
1800:
1782:
1753:(4): 245–264.
1733:
1672:
1657:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1611:Scelidotherium
1598:
1595:
1570:
1567:
1545:
1542:
1534:dental formula
1517:milk dentition
1504:
1501:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1428:Giant anteater
1418:
1417:
1416:
1410:Silky anteater
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1373:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1340:Megalonychidae
1336:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:Pampatheriidae
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:Dasypus yepesi
1261:Yepes's mulita
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:Glyptodontinae
1188:
1186:Zaedyus pichiy
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1056:Chlamyphoridae
1027:Giant anteater
989:
988:Classification
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
960:
959:
955:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
941:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
915:
912:
911:
908:
907:
899:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
880:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:Megalonychidae
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
761:
756:
754:
746:
744:
738:
737:
734:
733:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
716:
715:
712:Chlamyphoridae
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:Pampatheriidae
692:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
670:
665:
663:
655:
653:
645:
628:
625:
604:Laurasiatheria
586:(in the group
578:(in the group
572:
571:
570:
569:
563:
551:
494:
491:
490:
489:
480:
477:
470:
467:
464:
461:
401:
398:
390:became extinct
324:native to the
266:
265:
261:
260:
252:
251:
244:
243:
242:
241:
235:
226:
225:
219:
210:
209:
205:
204:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
40:Late Paleocene
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5471:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5210:Artiodactyla
5208:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5170:Eulipotyphla
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:Boreoeutheria
5150:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5100:Afrosoricida
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:Boreoeutheria
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:Parazhelestes
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:Paranyctoides
4662:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:Plesiesthonyx
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:Megalesthonyx
4415:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4032:Pantolestidae
4029:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:Paroxyclaenus
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:Paraspaniella
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3794:Myrmecoboides
3791:
3789:
3788:
3787:Megaleptictis
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:Diaphyodectes
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3566:Archaeoryctes
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3557:Didymoconidae
3551:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:Protentomodon
3519:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:Chacopterygus
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:Aboletylestes
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:Sasayamamylos
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:Deccanolestes
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:Montanalestes
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:Microtherulum
3172:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:Indoclemensia
3151:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2659:9781475714517
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2531:9780253002303
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2229:(3): 211–30.
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:(4): 413–21.
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:(2): 201–19.
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1930:0-8130-1822-6
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1901:on 2016-03-04
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Glossotherium
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:Choloepodidae
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:Megatheriidae
1344:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1275:: pampatheres
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:: glyptodonts
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
987:
980:
979:
971:
970:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:Megatheriidae
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
914:
913:
910:
909:
906:
904:
898:
897:
891:
890:
887:
886:
878:
877:
869:
868:
865:
864:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
847:
846:Choloepodidae
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
824:
816:
815:
809:
808:
802:
799:
798:
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786:
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669:
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652:
649:
648:
644:
638:
633:
626:
624:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Boreoeutheria
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:Boreoeutheria
581:
580:Atlantogenata
577:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
520:in the order
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
492:
487:
486:
481:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
430:
424:
418:
412:
407:
406:ancient Greek
399:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:North America
375:
371:
368:by the early
367:
363:
359:
358:South America
355:
351:
350:ground sloths
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
305:
272:
262:
258:
253:
250:
249:
240:
236:
234:
230:
229:
228:
227:
224:
220:
218:
214:
213:
211:
206:
201:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
5324:
5249:(Treeshrews)
5132:Proboscidea
5073:(Armadillos)
5062:
4956:Ameridelphia
4909:Monotremata
4789:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4707:
4700:
4694:Valentinella
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4649:Mistralestes
4647:
4640:
4634:Khuduklestes
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4589:
4584:Avitotherium
4582:
4575:
4567:
4544:
4539:Zhangolestes
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4425:Meiostylodon
4423:
4416:
4409:
4404:Kuanchuanius
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4362:Chungchienia
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4266:Onychodectes
4264:
4244:
4237:
4232:Conoryctella
4230:
4223:Conoryctidae
4212:Schowalteria
4210:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4153:Palaeosinopa
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4125:Gobipithecus
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3910:
3905:Palaeoryctes
3903:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3709:
3702:
3697:Leptictidium
3695:
3688:
3668:
3663:Gypsonictops
3661:
3631:Horolodectes
3629:
3622:
3599:
3594:Kennatherium
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3541:
3534:
3529:Puercolestes
3527:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3479:Ilerdoryctes
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:Cimolestidae
3371:Ukhaatherium
3369:
3364:Uchkudukodon
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3303:
3297:Sahnitherium
3295:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3220:
3209:
3200:Murtoilestes
3198:
3187:
3176:
3165:
3155:
3146:Hyotheridium
3144:
3134:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3082:
3071:
3061:
3050:
3039:
3000:
2793:. Retrieved
2736:
2732:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2652:. Springer.
2648:
2641:
2598:
2594:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2521:
2471:
2468:Paleobiology
2467:
2461:
2426:
2422:
2409:
2400:
2390:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2175:
2172:PLOS Biology
2171:
2161:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2085:
2079:
2038:
2034:
2028:
1998:(1): 25–36.
1995:
1991:
1952:(1): 27–37.
1949:
1945:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1865:
1861:
1853:Eurotamandua
1852:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1818:
1791:
1785:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1648:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1591:pineal gland
1579:monochromacy
1572:
1547:
1538:tribosphenic
1512:
1508:
1506:
1484:
1471:
1470:Skeleton of
1449:
1440:
1431:
1424:: anteaters
1413:
1404:Cyclopedidae
1399:: anteaters
1388:Mylodontidae
1379:
1370:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:Bradypodidae
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1042:
1041:
935:
933:
917:
903:Bradypodidae
901:
860:
844:
823:Mylodontidae
821:
819:
778:
765:Cyclopedidae
763:
710:
694:
672:
650:
642:
615:
612:Ferrungulata
573:
542:
526:polyphyletic
521:
511:
505:
485:Thalassocnus
483:
455:
428:
416:
403:
388:xenarthrans
270:
269:
247:
245:
194:
191:Superorder:
181:Infraclass:
29:
5444:Xenarthrans
5349:Wikispecies
5255:Dermoptera
5247:Scandentia
5239:Lagomorpha
5188:(Pangolins)
5178:Chiroptera
5134:(Elephants)
5124:Hyracoidea
5118:(Aardvarks)
4880:(unranked)
4746:Placentalia
4620:Gallolestes
4613:Eozhelestes
4606:Eoungulatum
4577:Aspanlestes
4560:Zhelestidae
4546:Zofialestes
4504:Barunlestes
4497:Anchilestes
4439:Plethorodon
4390:Higotherium
4369:Dysnoetodon
4325:Tillodontia
4246:Huerfanodon
4199:Taeniodonta
4181:Todralestes
4160:Pantolestes
4076:Bouffinomus
4062:Bisonalveus
4055:Bessoecetor
4021:Vulpavoides
3884:Lainoryctes
3870:Aceroryctes
3863:Aaptoryctes
3822:Prodiacodon
3808:Palaeictops
3780:Leptonysson
3745:Gallolestes
3722:Leptictidae
3601:Zeuctherium
3580:Didymoconus
3536:Scollardius
3515:Procerberus
3465:Didelphodus
3350:Kennalestes
3336:Bulaklestes
3305:Wyonycteris
3275:Garatherium
3222:Sinodelphys
3136:Hovurlestes
3115:Endotherium
3084:Cokotherium
2795:19 December
2246:11336/78055
1585:and a stem
1525:cheek teeth
1477:an extinct
1397:Vermilingua
1201:Dasypodidae
1190:Subfamily †
1060:glyptodonts
752:Vermilingua
674:Dasypodidae
560:Vermilingua
394:Pleistocene
346:pampatheres
342:glyptodonts
239:Vermilingua
185:Placentalia
35:Xenarthrans
5438:Categories
5194:Carnivora
5186:Pholidota
5092:Afrotheria
5071:Cingulata
5052:inclusive)
4974:(Opossums)
4945:inclusive)
4935:Metatheria
4892:Yinotheria
4876:Vertebrata
4874:Subphylum
4755:Afrotheria
4734:Pantodonta
4723:Pantodonta
4702:Zhalmousia
4511:Beleutinus
4490:Alymlestes
4467:Yuesthonyx
4411:Lofochaius
4397:Interogale
4383:Franchaius
4300:Stylinodon
4239:Conoryctes
4167:Pentacodon
4118:Galethylax
4097:Coriphagus
4083:Buxolestes
4048:Aphronorus
3951:Euhookeria
3926:Pantolesta
3912:Pinoryctes
3898:Ottoryctes
3829:Protictops
3815:Praolestes
3752:Ictopidium
3731:Amphigyion
3645:Leptictida
3587:Hunanictis
3573:Ardynictis
3508:Pararyctes
3501:Paleotomus
3458:Cimolestes
3429:Bagalestes
3415:Ambilestes
3329:Asioryctes
3282:Namibiodon
3095:Durlstodon
3073:Bobolestes
3052:Ambolestes
2977:see below↓
2929:Cynodontia
2914:Cynodontia
2869:Subclass:
2308:11336/7302
2223:Cladistics
2178:(4): e91.
1905:2013-01-04
1711:11336/7302
1632:References
1597:Metabolism
1513:Propraopus
1479:glyptodont
576:Afrotheria
386:megafaunal
338:armadillos
45:60–0
5369:Xenarthra
5355:Xenarthra
5325:Xenarthra
5263:Primates
5257:(Colugos)
5231:Rodentia
5126:(Hyraxes)
5063:Xenarthra
5050:Placental
4943:Marsupial
4769:Xenarthra
4709:Zhelestes
4687:Sorlestes
4599:Borisodon
4591:Azilestes
4518:Kulbeckia
4446:Simplodon
4334:Adapidium
4307:Wortmania
4286:Ectoganus
4146:Pagonomus
4132:Kochictis
4111:Dyspterna
4090:Chadronia
4041:Amaramnis
4014:Spaniella
4007:Sororodon
4000:Pugiodens
3972:Kopidodon
3958:Fratrodon
3801:Ongghonia
3773:Leptictis
3738:Blacktops
3543:Tsaganius
3486:Maelestes
3472:Gelastops
3422:Avunculus
3408:Alveugena
3343:Daulestes
3289:Remiculus
2902:Synapsida
2887:Synapsida
2851:Kingdom:
2615:0962-8452
2573:0022-2372
2496:0094-8373
2333:206544776
2317:1095-9203
1810:461974285
1728:206544776
1667:741613153
1583:cingulate
1540:pattern.
1503:Dentition
1497:pangolins
1493:aardvarks
1473:Glyptodon
1395:Suborder
1290:: sloths
1286:Suborder
1050:Cingulata
1043:XENARTHRA
661:Cingulata
651:Xenarthra
627:Phylogeny
592:Epitheria
590:), or to
582:), or to
548:Cingulata
530:phylogeny
518:aardvarks
514:pangolins
474:folivores
443:testicles
354:Paleocene
330:anteaters
271:Xenarthra
237:Suborder
231:Suborder
217:Cingulata
195:Xenarthra
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
5334:Wikidata
5140:Sirenia
5042:Eutheria
4870:Chordata
4864:Animalia
4862:Kingdom
4657:Oxlestes
4642:Lainodon
4569:Alostera
4460:Trogosus
4453:Tillodon
4376:Esthonyx
4348:Basalina
4341:Azygonyx
4174:Thelysia
3979:Merialus
3944:Dulcidon
3891:Nuryctes
3877:Eoryctes
3766:Lainodon
3704:Phakodon
3670:Sikuomys
3494:Naranius
3444:Betonnia
3401:Acmeodon
3260:Bustylus
3167:Juramaia
3024:Eutheria
3002:Eutheria
2968:Eutheria
2956:Mammalia
2941:Mammalia
2865:Mammalia
2859:Chordata
2857:Phylum:
2853:Animalia
2835:Eutheria
2781:16492730
2763:30048561
2703:10856202
2633:25540280
2504:86798959
2453:12547340
2445:27473436
2382:30698751
2325:23393258
2263:84401375
2255:34879616
2204:16515367
2153:17322288
2104:37345734
2063:10856202
1974:11962872
1966:20413907
1892:11487408
1777:21125025
1720:23393258
1603:therians
1559:thoracic
1386:Family †
1352:Family †
1345:Family †
1338:Family †
1288:Folivora
1271:Family †
801:Folivora
621:phenomic
566:Folivora
522:Edentata
451:therians
366:Antilles
362:Cenozoic
326:Americas
233:Folivora
175:Mammalia
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
18:Edentata
5382:1308046
5340:Q173612
5305:Mammals
5079:Pilosa
4882:Amniota
4868:Phylum
4849:Extant
4355:Benaius
3436:Batodon
3253:Afrodon
2863:Class:
2772:1413940
2741:Bibcode
2711:4436119
2695:3079219
2624:4298209
2476:Bibcode
2395:evw023.
2373:6445298
2287:Bibcode
2279:Science
2195:1395351
2144:1832088
2071:4436119
2055:3079219
2020:2389354
2000:Bibcode
1883:1088784
1768:2987556
1690:Bibcode
1682:Science
1615:Mylodon
1587:pilosan
1529:dentine
1509:Dasypus
1420:Family
1402:Family
1359:Family
1293:Family
1199:Family
1054:Family
598:within
434:ischium
429:árthron
374:Central
370:Miocene
332:, tree
171:Class:
5395:552289
5291:Portal
5180:(Bats)
4926:Theria
4853:orders
4851:mammal
4069:Bogdia
3125:Eomaia
2871:Theria
2779:
2769:
2761:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2656:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2571:
2528:
2502:
2494:
2451:
2443:
2380:
2370:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2261:
2253:
2202:
2192:
2151:
2141:
2102:
2092:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2018:
1972:
1964:
1927:
1890:
1880:
1834:May 2,
1808:
1798:
1775:
1765:
1726:
1718:
1665:
1655:
1569:Vision
1563:lumbar
1521:enamel
1282:Pilosa
1280:Order
1048:Order
742:Pilosa
616:except
554:Pilosa
538:cohort
449:among
438:sacrum
423:ἄρθρον
408:words
336:, and
334:sloths
314:ἄρθρον
223:Pilosa
221:Order
215:Order
202:, 1889
5421:43524
4139:Oboia
3836:Wania
3759:Labes
2759:JSTOR
2707:S2CID
2691:JSTOR
2500:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2419:(PDF)
2329:S2CID
2259:S2CID
2067:S2CID
2051:JSTOR
2016:JSTOR
1970:S2CID
1899:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1724:S2CID
1620:Lujan
1544:Spine
1182:Pichi
417:xénos
411:ξένος
318:clade
310:ξένος
5408:9348
5403:NCBI
5390:ITIS
4732:see
2954:see
2927:see
2900:see
2797:2017
2777:PMID
2699:PMID
2654:ISBN
2629:PMID
2611:ISSN
2569:ISSN
2526:ISBN
2492:ISSN
2441:PMID
2378:PMID
2321:PMID
2313:ISSN
2251:PMID
2200:PMID
2149:PMID
2100:OCLC
2090:ISBN
2059:PMID
1962:PMID
1925:ISBN
1888:PMID
1836:2020
1806:OCLC
1796:ISBN
1773:PMID
1716:PMID
1663:OCLC
1653:ISBN
1625:GABI
1561:and
1495:and
516:and
376:and
348:and
200:Cope
53:PreꞒ
5377:EoL
5364:ADW
2767:PMC
2749:doi
2737:103
2683:doi
2679:156
2619:PMC
2603:doi
2599:282
2559:doi
2484:doi
2431:doi
2427:219
2368:PMC
2360:doi
2303:hdl
2295:doi
2283:339
2241:hdl
2231:doi
2190:PMC
2180:doi
2139:PMC
2131:doi
2043:doi
2039:156
2008:doi
1954:doi
1878:PMC
1870:doi
1866:268
1763:PMC
1755:doi
1706:hdl
1698:doi
1686:339
1609:or
1575:PCR
320:of
292:ɑːr
5440::
5418::
5405::
5392::
5379::
5366::
5351::
5336::
2775:.
2765:.
2757:.
2747:.
2735:.
2731:.
2705:.
2697:.
2689:.
2677:.
2627:.
2617:.
2609:.
2597:.
2593:.
2581:^
2567:.
2555:96
2553:.
2549:.
2512:^
2498:.
2490:.
2482:.
2472:35
2470:.
2447:.
2439:.
2425:.
2421:.
2376:.
2366:.
2356:36
2354:.
2350:.
2327:.
2319:.
2311:.
2301:.
2293:.
2281:.
2257:.
2249:.
2239:.
2227:25
2225:.
2221:.
2198:.
2188:.
2174:.
2170:.
2147:.
2137:.
2127:17
2125:.
2121:.
2098:.
2065:.
2057:.
2049:.
2037:.
2014:.
2006:.
1994:.
1982:^
1968:.
1960:.
1950:35
1948:.
1886:.
1876:.
1864:.
1860:.
1827:.
1804:.
1771:.
1761:.
1751:17
1749:.
1745:.
1722:.
1714:.
1704:.
1696:.
1684:.
1661:.
1639:^
1448:,
1439:,
1430:,
1412:,
1369:,
1330:,
1321:,
1312:,
1303:,
1263:,
1254:,
1245:,
1236:,
1227:,
1218:,
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