722:
first and second halfrings each had three pairs of segments. Below each lower end of the second halfring a side spike was present, a separate triangular osteoderm pointing obliquely forward. In the third halfring over the shoulders, the two pairs of central segments are bordered on each side by a very large forward-pointing spike that is bifurcated, featuring a secondary point above the main one. A third large spike behind it points more sideways; a smaller fourth one, often connected to the third at the base, is directed obliquely to behind. The row of side spikes is continued to the rear but there the osteoderms are much lower, curving strongly to behind, with the point overhanging the rear edge. Gilmore had trouble believing that the shoulder spikes really pointed to the front as this would have greatly hampered the animal while moving through vegetation. He suggested that the points had shifted during the burial of the carcass. However, Carpenter and G.S. Paul, trying to reposition the spikes, found that it was impossible to rotate them without losing conformity with the remainder of the armour. The side spikes have solid, not hollow, bases. The spikes differ in size between
3593:
908:
604:
3588:
144:
1404:
692:
743:
3616:
478:
424:
700:
547:
122:
1649:
733:
Behind the third halfring the back and hip are covered by numerous transverse rows of much smaller oval keeled osteoderms. These are not ordered in longitudinal rows. The front rows have plates oriented along the length of the body, but to the rear the long axis of these osteoderms gradually rotates
650:
contains about eight neck vertebrae, about twelve "free" back vertebrae, a "sacral rod" of four fused rear dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, two caudosacrals and at least twenty, but probably about forty, tail vertebrae. In the neck the first two vertebrae, the atlas and axis, are fused. In
570:
tooth rows, each containing fourteen to seventeen small teeth. In each dentary of the lower jaws, eighteen to twenty-one teeth were present. In the sides of the snout large depressions were present, "nasal vestibules", that each possessed two smaller openings. The top of these was a horizontal oval
721:
is relatively well known, much of it having been discovered in articulation. The neck and shoulder region was protected by three cervical halfrings, each consisting of fused rounded rectangular, asymmetrically keeled, bone plates. These halfrings did not have a continuous underlying bone band. The
1411:
The large spikes were probably used between males in contests of strength to defend territory or gain mates. The spikes would also have been useful for intimidating predators or rival males, passive protection, or for active self-defense. The large forward pointing shoulder spikes could have been
529:
in lacking sideways projecting osteoderms behind the eye sockets; having tooth rows that are less divergent; possessing a more narrow palate; having a sacrum that is wider than long and more robust; and in having shorter spikes at the sides. Also, an ossified cheek plate, known from
1493:
Studies of the jaw anatomy and mechanics of these dinosaurs suggests they probably all occupied slightly different ecological niches in order to avoid direct competition for food in such a crowded eco-space. The only large predators known from the same levels of the formation as
579:
in 2006 proved for the first time the presence of multiple openings in a nodosaurid; such structures had already been well established in ankylosaurids. The air tracts are however, much simpler than in the typical ankylosaurid condition, and are not convoluted while lacking bony
734:
sideways, their keels ultimately running transversely. Rosettes are lacking. The configuration of the tail armour is unknown. The larger plates of all body parts were connected by small ossicles. Such small round scutes also covered the throat.
1694:"Edmontonia." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B.
1436:
show evidence of strong seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature; this may hold an explanation for why so many specimens have been found with their armor plating and spikes in the same position they were in life. The
575:, the normal air passage. The more rounded second opening below and obliquely in front, was the entrance to a "paranasal" tract, running along the outer side of the nasal cavity, in a somewhat lower position. A study by
2484:
Larson, Derek W.; Brinkman, Donald B.; Bell, Phil R. (2010). "Faunal assemblages from the upper
Horseshoe Canyon Formation, an early Maastrichtian cool-climate assemblage from Alberta, with special reference to the
2457:
Mallon, J. C., Evans, D. C., Ryan, M. J., & Anderson, J. S. (2012). Megaherbivorous dinosaur turnover in the
Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
460:
had small, oval ridged bony plates on its back and head and many sharp spikes along its sides. The four largest spikes jutted out from the shoulders on each side, the second of which was split into subspines in
1047:
for which the genus was named. The specific name honours Lee E. Schlessman, whose
Schlessman Family Foundation sponsored the museum. Bakker described the skull as being much wider at the rear than
623:, are smooth. Details differ between the various specimens but all share a large central nasal tile on the snout, bend large "loreal" tiles at the rear snout edges and a large central
3753:
1420:, older individuals having longer spikes, as the specimen was relatively large. Traditionally it had been assumed that to protect themselves from predators, nodosaurids like
2110:
Currie P.J., Russell D.A., 2005, "The geographic and stratigraphic distribution of articulated and associated dinosaur remains", In: Currie P.J., Koppelhus E.B., (editors).
592:, which are keeled, the keel featuring a pendulum-shaped appendage. Another similarity with Ankylosauridae is the presence of a secondary bone palate, a possible case of
2199:
Burns, ME. Intraspecific
Variation in Late Cretaceous Nodosaurids (Ankylosauria: Dinosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts, 2015, 99–100. (
3803:
3763:
3694:
683:. The hand very likely was tetradactyl, having four fingers. The exact number of phalanges is unknown but the formula was by W.P. Coombs suggested to be 2-3-3-4-?.
1424:
might have crouched down on the ground to minimize the possibility of attack to their defenseless underbelly, trying to prevent being flipped over by a predator.
2307:
Richard S. Thompson; Jolyon C. Parish; Susannah C. R. Maidment; Paul M. Barrett (2011). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
2123:
Hunt, A.P. and Lucas, S.G., 1992, "Stratigraphy, Paleontology and age of the
Fruitland and Kirkland Formations (Upper Cretaceous), San Juan Basin, New Mexico",
1077:
was named by Tracy Lee Ford in 2000 on the basis of cervical scutes, the holotype NMMNH P-25063, a pair of medial keeled neck osteoderms from the
Maastrichtian
2020:
Ford, T.L. (2000). A review of ankylosaur osteoderms from New Mexico and a preliminary review of ankylosaur armor. In: Lucas, S.G., and
Heckert, A.B. (eds.).
3788:
2232:
562:, up to half a metre long, is somewhat elongated with a protruding truncated snout. The snout carried a horny upper beak and the front snout bones, the
1832:-plated dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of South Dakota, the last survivor of the nodosaurians, with comments on Stegosaur-Nodosaur relationships.
2350:
Rivera-Sylva, Héctor E.; Frey, Eberhard; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; Carbot-Chanona, Gerardo; Sanchez-Uribe, Iván E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, José Rubén (2018).
3793:
3681:
780:
species in cooperation with Brown but their article was never published. Matthew also referred specimen AMNH 5665, the front of a skeleton found by
2201:
3592:
3758:
2547:
1412:
used to run through attacking theropods. Carpenter suggested that the larger spikes of AMNH 5665 indicated this was a male specimen, a case of
3778:
2095:
2067:
707:
2050:
Vickaryous, M.K.; Maryańska, T. & Weishampel, D.B. (2004). "Ankylosauria". In
Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P. & Osmólska, H. (eds.).
1040:
755:
3783:
1703:
3773:
1196:
analysis has not confirmed these hypotheses however, and the concepts of
Edmontoniinae and Edmontoniidae are not in modern use.
3768:
3609:
1662:
866:, consisting of a skull, right lower jaw and much of the postcranial skeleton, including the armour. It was discovered near
3798:
3587:
469:-like shape when viewed from above. Its neck and shoulders were protected by three halfrings made of large keeled plates.
1524:
of the
Horseshoe Canyon Formation is well-known, as vertebrate fossils, including those of dinosaurs, are quite common.
972:
1585:. Dinosaurs dominate the fauna, especially hadrosaurs, which make up half of all dinosaurs known, including the genera
907:
968:
143:
2540:
1517:
1441:
could have died due to drought, dried up, and then rapidly became covered in sediment when the rainy season began.
888:
407:
981:
material; ROM 5340, paired medial plates; ROM 1215, a skeleton; RTMP 91.36.507, a skull; RTMP 98.74.1, a possible
1067:, nicknamed "Tank". It has the inventory number BHI 127327. New research indicates that it is closely related to
1451:, about 76.5–75 million years ago. It lived alongside numerous other giant herbivores, such as the hadrosaurids
2638:
1796:
994:
899:
boundary, has since been recalibrated to an age of about 72 million years. Isolated bones and shed teeth from
1559:
has been found in marine sediments in the Horseshoe Canyon, while freshwater environments were populated by
1448:
960:
801:
785:
659:. Two sternal plates are present, connected to sternal ribs. The forelimb is robust but relatively long. In
603:
498:. In top view, the snout has more parallel sides. The skull armour has a smooth surface. In the palate, the
1121:
respectively. The latter species, which due to its much more complete material has determined the image of
1103:
985:
skull; RTMP 98.71.1, a skeleton; RTMP 98.98.01, a skull and right lower jaw; and RTMP 2001.12.158, a skull.
3636:
797:
767:
816:
492:
established some diagnostic traits for the genus as a whole, mainly comparing it with its close relative
3720:
2665:
2533:
2208:
1060:
776:
in a popular-science article, not indicating any particular species. It had been intended to name a new
576:
639:
specimens are known that possess a "cheek plate" above the lower jaw. Contrary to that discovered with
1210:
phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues shown below; limited to the relationships within
944:
3748:
3668:
3619:
2498:
2363:
2316:
2260:
2154:
1984:
1500:
1207:
843:
758:
obtained the nearly complete, articulated front half of an armoured dinosaur, found the same year by
298:
1615:, all of these animals would have been prey for a diverse array of carnivorous theropods, including
1129:, and during the 1970s and 1980s was shown as "Panoplosaurus" until newer research revived the name
781:
3025:
2922:
1847:
668:
521:
Carpenter also indicated in which way the main species differed from each other. The type species,
2247:
Burns, Michael E. (2008). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms:
1607:
were also very common, together making up another third of the known fauna. Along with much rarer
1051:
specimens. However, later workers explained this by its being crushed, and considered the taxon a
2761:
2389:
2332:
2276:
2000:
1800:
1078:
1006:
593:
354:
138:
2352:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
514:. The sacrum proper consists of three sacral vertebrae. In the shoulder girdle, the scapula and
3725:
2059:
3707:
3699:
3518:
2782:
2440:
2407:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
2381:
2226:
2182:
2091:
2086:
Carpenter K (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
2063:
1699:
1413:
489:
3712:
891:(Unit 2) which used to be dated to 71.5-71 million years ago. This unit, which straddles the
2983:
2930:
2768:
2506:
2430:
2420:
2371:
2324:
2268:
2172:
2162:
2051:
1992:
1897:
1888:
Gilmore, C.W. (1930). "On dinosaurian reptiles from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana".
1829:
1792:
1654:
1612:
1403:
1095:
1021:
932:
691:
647:
395:
3448:
3412:
3352:
3318:
3311:
3204:
3145:
3017:
2914:
2830:
2790:
2623:
2035:
A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia
1968:
1581:
1465:
1177:
1024:
867:
439:
41:
1938:
Sternberg, C.M. (1928). "A new armored dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta".
2502:
2367:
2320:
2264:
2158:
1988:
1783:
Gilmore, a Late Cretaceous nodosaurid dinosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta".
1637:
in this environment, with intermediate niches possibly filled by juvenile albertosaurs.
3511:
3497:
3483:
3391:
3364:
3260:
3241:
3156:
3102:
2967:
2937:
2907:
2870:
2846:
2435:
2408:
2177:
2138:
1555:
1546:
1506:
1221:
1211:
1052:
742:
584:. The nasal cavity is separated into two halves along the midline by a bone wall. This
581:
382:
278:
963:, dating from about 76.5-75 million years ago. Many later finds have been referred to
951:
honours Charles, "Chas", M. Sternberg. This subgenus or genus name is rarely applied.
3742:
3474:
3384:
3377:
3329:
3273:
3220:
3186:
3087:
3033:
3008:
2990:
2893:
2839:
2812:
2804:
2393:
2280:
2052:
1971:; Burns, M. E.; Sissons, R. L. (2009). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur
1865:
Matthew, W. D. (1922). "A superdreadnaught of the animal world—the armoured dinosaur
1804:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1599:
1587:
1565:
1459:
1259:
1173:
1112:
1018:
1010:
896:
793:
772:
494:
79:
2336:
2004:
17:
3504:
3490:
3419:
3303:
3227:
3172:
3123:
3095:
3080:
3067:
3040:
2959:
2944:
2900:
2880:
2747:
2729:
2707:
2677:
2650:
2598:
2556:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1575:
1489:
1477:
1471:
1317:
1192:
which he assumed not be ankylosaurians but the last surviving stegosaurians. Exact
1189:
1185:
1181:
1161:
1090:
1028:
884:
831:
759:
572:
507:
477:
403:
399:
385:
307:
262:
249:
236:
204:
1901:
1520:, from the middle unit, which was dated to 71.5-71 million years ago in 2009. The
870:
in 1924 by George Paterson, the teamster of the expedition led by C.M. Sternberg.
2328:
2167:
2143:(Dinosauria: Ankylosauria) and the Origin and Evolution of the Ankylosaur Pelvis"
3539:
3456:
3405:
3345:
3296:
3138:
3116:
3048:
2997:
2797:
2775:
2607:
2272:
1593:
1483:
1453:
1283:
503:
220:
54:
699:
546:
423:
3532:
3525:
3463:
3338:
3289:
3281:
3234:
3165:
3131:
3109:
2975:
2819:
2754:
2376:
2351:
1850:(1990). "Ankylosauria". In Weishampel, D. P.; Dodson, P.; Osmólka, H. (eds.).
1644:
1616:
1570:
1551:
1235:
1082:
977:
676:
563:
392:
121:
99:
64:
3659:
2385:
3546:
3426:
3213:
3193:
3055:
2952:
2854:
1300:
1193:
956:
892:
714:
155:
104:
48:
2470:
Eberth, D.A., 1997, "Edmonton group". In: Currie, P.J., Padian, K. (Eds.),
2444:
2186:
1824:
Bakker, R.T. (1988). Review of the Late Cretaceous nodosauroid Dinosauria:
943:
and its earlier time period. It was given its full generic name in 1991 by
1779:
Vickaryous, Matthew K. (2006). "New information on the cranial anatomy of
1760:(Ankylosauria: Nodosauridae)", In: Carpenter, K. & Currie, P.J. (eds)
438:-like. Its length has been estimated at 6.6 m (22 ft). In 2010,
3653:
3553:
2589:
2580:
1996:
1919:(Gilmore), an armoured dinosaur from the Belly River Series of Alberta".
1533:
1529:
1417:
1089:
NMMNH P-27450, a right middle neck plate. Although later considered to a
1086:
1044:
1032:
928:
859:
851:
652:
515:
388:
188:
175:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
2425:
566:, were toothless. The cutting edge of the upper beak continued into the
3686:
3441:
3433:
1975:
Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus".
1039:
is in the collections of the Denver Museum of Natural History (now the
763:
672:
567:
109:
84:
655:
has a rectangular profile, in contrast to the more rounded shape with
2574:
2024:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 17:157-176.
1560:
1537:
1002:
999:
585:
165:
3630:
2510:
1168:
was generally shown to be a derived nodosaurid, closely related to
3398:
2112:
Dinosaur Provincial Park: A spectacular ancient ecosystem revealed
1525:
1521:
1402:
1014:
906:
805:
741:
698:
690:
602:
589:
545:
499:
476:
422:
635:, combined with a more narrow, pointed snout in the former. Some
3673:
3560:
903:
are also known from the upper Judith River Formation in Montana.
627:
on the skull roof. The tiles behind the upper eye socket rim in
466:
435:
3634:
2567:
2529:
2525:
571:
and represented the bony external nostril, the entrance to the
1541:
1156:
C.M. Sternberg originally did not provide a classification of
1031:, specimen DMNH 468 found by Philip Reinheimer in 1922. This
615:
by Matthew in 1922), showing the position of the dermal armour
2127:, 43rd Field Conference, San Juan Basin, volume 4, p. 217-240
2058:(Second ed.). University of California Press. pp.
643:, it is "free-floating", not fused with the lower jaw bone.
2137:
Carpenter, K.; DiCroce, T.; Kinneer, B.; Simon, R. (2013).
1752:
Carpenter, K. 1990. "Ankylosaur systematics: example using
967:, among them CMN 8879, the top of a skull found in 1937 by
454:, to be equally long at six metres and weigh three tonnes.
2409:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1797:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1011:niotca]2.0.co;2
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1176:. In 1988 Bakker proposed that the Edmontoniinae with the
1102:
The naming history was further complicated in 1971, when
717:, skin ossifications. The configuration of the armour of
887:, known from a complete skull, is known from the middle
1432:
Rings in the petrified wood of trees contemporary with
713:
Apart from the head armour, the body was covered with
939:
and is based on differences in skull proportion from
2297:, Dissertation Columbia University, New York, 487 pp
1764:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 281-298
1063:
has referred a skeleton from the Lance Formation to
406:. It is named after the Edmonton Formation (now the
337:
314:
3643:
3473:
3363:
3328:
3259:
3203:
3155:
3066:
3007:
2879:
2868:
2829:
2727:
2676:
2649:
2622:
2114:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp 537–569
1854:. University of California Press. pp. 456–483.
1164:, which has been confirmed by subsequent analyses.
1017:was erected by Bakker in 1988 for a skull from the
1762:Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives
410:in Canada), the unit of rock where it was found.
1890:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
1774:
1772:
1770:
1160:. In 1930, L.S. Russell placed the genus in the
1144:and the latter was again the direct ancestor of
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
2090:. Indiana University Press. pp. 455–484.
2541:
2466:
2464:
1921:University of Toronto Studies, Geology Series
1125:, until 1940 thus appeared under the name of
923:. This species has been given its own genus,
854:or the Edmonton Formation. The specific name
8:
1407:Close up of the shoulder spikes of AMNH 5665
1940:Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
1698:. Publications International, LTD. p. 141.
1206:in phylogenetic analysis, including in the
1093:, it is now considered a junior synonym of
3754:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
3631:
3369:
3265:
3072:
2885:
2876:
2739:
2735:
2724:
2655:
2628:
2619:
2564:
2548:
2534:
2526:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1416:. However, he admitted the possibility of
750:from 1922, based on the 1915 AMNH specimen
120:
31:
2434:
2424:
2375:
2176:
2166:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
3804:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
3764:Taxa named by Charles Mortram Sternberg
2474:. Academic Press, New York, pp. 199–204
2125:New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook
2081:
2079:
2016:
2014:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1674:
937:Edmontonia (Chassternbergia) rugosidens
2231:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2224:
2045:
2043:
1724:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
1550:made up the fish fauna. The saltwater
1202:has been found as a close relative of
770:referred this specimen, AMNH 5381, to
708:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
7:
1447:existed in the upper section of the
2309:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1726:, Princeton University Press p. 238
1275:
1251:
1227:
1217:
1172:. Russell in 1940 named a separate
1041:Denver Museum of Nature and Science
971:; ROM 433, a forked spine found by
534:specimens, has not been found with
2491:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2253:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1977:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1785:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1136:In 2010, G.S. Paul suggested that
858:means "long-headed" in Latin. Its
756:American Museum of Natural History
25:
3789:Campanian genus first appearances
3615:
3614:
3591:
3586:
2037:, Mesozoic Meanderings 2, 268 pp
1647:
819:referred all three specimens to
796:USNM 11868, a skeleton found by
142:
3794:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
1663:Timeline of ankylosaur research
730:holotype are relatively small.
631:do not stick out as much as in
2356:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
679:is robust compared to that of
596:. This has been shown too for
1:
3759:Fossil taxa described in 1928
1902:10.5479/si.00963801.77-2839.1
588:is continued to below by the
3779:Paleontology in South Dakota
2329:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
2168:10.1371/journal.pone.0079887
792:. This species was based on
554:skeleton without back armour
2273:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102
1188:of the Nodosauridae within
1140:was the direct ancestor of
969:Harold D'acre Robinson Lowe
788:referred both specimens to
465:specimens. Its skull had a
3820:
2251:Ford, 2000: a test case".
1973:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
1518:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
1504:and an unnamed species of
992:was a renaming in 1992 of
889:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
846:in 1928. The generic name
726:individuals; those of the
675:is gradually rounded. The
619:The head armour tiles, or
611:, 1915 (first referred to
607:The AMNH 5381 specimen of
510:are shorter than those of
408:Horseshoe Canyon Formation
27:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
3604:
3584:
3372:
3268:
3075:
2888:
2742:
2738:
2723:
2704:
2658:
2631:
2618:
2563:
2487:Albertosaurus sarcophagus
2472:Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
2377:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
1348:
1331:
1314:
1297:
1280:
1273:
1256:
1249:
1232:
1225:
844:Charles Mortram Sternberg
651:the shoulder girdle, the
360:
353:
334:
329:
313:
306:
139:Scientific classification
137:
128:
119:
34:
3784:Paleontology in Colorado
2293:Coombs, W.P. Jr., 1971,
2022:Dinosaurs of New Mexico.
1826:Denversaurus schlessmani
1119:Panoplosaurus rugosidens
995:Denversaurus schlessmani
790:Palaeoscincus rugosidens
746:Life restoration of two
525:, is distinguished from
3774:Paleontology in Alberta
1915:Russell, L.S. (1940). "
1498:are the tyrannosaurids
1449:Dinosaur Park Formation
961:Dinosaur Park Formation
786:Charles Whitney Gilmore
3769:Horseshoe Canyon fauna
2249:Glyptodontopelta mimus
1408:
1399:Function of the armour
1180:should be joined into
990:Edmontonia schlessmani
916:
798:George Fryer Sternberg
768:William Diller Matthew
751:
710:
696:
616:
555:
485:
428:
419:Size and general build
3721:Paleobiology Database
2088:The Armored Dinosaurs
1917:Edmontonia rugosidens
1781:Edmontonia rugosidens
1445:Edmontonia rugosidens
1406:
1352:Edmontonia rugosidens
1104:Walter Preston Coombs
1061:Black Hills Institute
910:
825:Edmontonia rugosidens
745:
738:Discovery and species
702:
694:
606:
549:
480:
473:Distinguishing traits
442:considered both main
434:was bulky, broad and
426:
133:, specimen AMNH 5665
3799:Ornithischian genera
2033:G. Olshevsky, 1991,
1997:10.1671/039.029.0405
1696:The Age of Dinosaurs
1514:Edmontonia longiceps
1501:Gorgosaurus libratus
1481:, and ankylosaurids
1335:Edmontonia longiceps
1142:Edmontonia longiceps
1075:Edmontonia australis
1057:Edmontonia longiceps
933:Robert Thomas Bakker
927:, first coined as a
842:, had been named by
840:Edmontonia longiceps
815:, "tooth". In 1940,
695:Skull and neck armor
661:Edmontonia longiceps
629:Edmontonia longiceps
536:Edmontonia longiceps
523:Edmontonia longiceps
398:. It is part of the
319:Edmontonia longiceps
129:Mounted skeleton of
18:Edmontonia longiceps
2503:2010CaJES..47.1159L
2426:10.7717/peerj.12362
2368:2018SwJP..137...83R
2321:2012JSPal..10..301T
2265:2008JVPal..28.1102B
2159:2013PLoSO...879887C
1989:2009JVPal..29.1117A
1846:Coombs, W. P. Jr.;
1603:. Ceratopsians and
817:Loris Shano Russell
766:, Canada. In 1922,
669:deltopectoral crest
1722:Paul, G.S., 2010,
1516:is known from the
1469:, the ceratopsids
1409:
1079:Kirtland Formation
1019:Late Maastrichtian
917:
915:specimen AMNH 5665
800:in June 1928. The
752:
711:
706:reconstruction in
697:
617:
594:parallel evolution
577:Matthew Vickaryous
556:
486:
429:
402:, a family within
3736:
3735:
3708:Open Tree of Life
3637:Taxon identifiers
3628:
3627:
3600:
3599:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3519:Nodocephalosaurus
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
2864:
2863:
2783:Serendipaceratops
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2097:978-0-253-33964-5
2069:978-0-520-24209-8
1836:1(3):1-23.(1988).
1613:pachycephalosaurs
1544:and the gar-like
1414:sexual dimorphism
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
876:species include:
784:in 1917. In 1930
490:Kenneth Carpenter
374:
373:
368:
347:
302:
16:(Redirected from
3811:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3632:
3618:
3617:
3595:
3590:
3370:
3266:
3073:
2984:Propanoplosaurus
2931:Glyptodontopelta
2886:
2877:
2769:Priodontognathus
2740:
2736:
2725:
2656:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2612:
2565:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2497:(9): 1159–1181.
2481:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2304:
2298:
2295:The Ankylosauria
2291:
2285:
2284:
2259:(4): 1102–1109.
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2207:. Archived from
2206:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2008:
1983:(4): 1117–1135.
1965:
1948:
1947:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1791:(4): 1011–1013.
1776:
1765:
1750:
1727:
1720:
1707:
1692:
1657:
1655:Dinosaurs portal
1652:
1651:
1650:
1276:
1252:
1228:
1218:
1106:Jr renamed both
1096:Glyptodontopelta
1022:Upper Cretaceous
955:is found in the
945:George Olshevsky
804:is derived from
648:vertebral column
366:
346:(Gilmore, 1930 )
345:
339:
316:
297:
290:
277:
261:
248:
235:
219:
203:
147:
146:
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3596:
3566:
3469:
3449:Tianzhenosaurus
3413:Minotaurasaurus
3359:
3353:Zhongyuansaurus
3324:
3319:Zhejiangosaurus
3312:Liaoningosaurus
3247:
3205:Struthiosaurini
3199:
3151:
3146:Tatankacephalus
3062:
3018:Gargoyleosaurus
3003:
2915:Gargoyleosaurus
2873:
2860:
2831:Parankylosauria
2825:
2791:Sinankylosaurus
2732:
2711:
2692:
2672:
2645:
2639:Avemetatarsalia
2624:Avemetatarsalia
2614:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2511:10.1139/e10-005
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:"Archived copy"
2200:
2198:
2194:
2141:Gargoyleosaurus
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2012:
1967:
1966:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1871:Natural History
1864:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1823:
1812:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1751:
1730:
1721:
1710:
1693:
1676:
1671:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1582:Stangerochampsa
1466:Parasaurolophus
1430:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1184:, the presumed
1178:Panoplosaurinae
1154:
1025:Lance Formation
998:("Schlessman's
949:Chassternbergia
925:Chassternbergia
830:Meanwhile, the
811:, "rough", and
740:
689:
582:turbinate bones
544:
518:are not fused.
502:is keeled. The
481:Restoration of
475:
440:Gregory S. Paul
427:Size comparison
421:
416:
364:Chassternbergia
325:
324:Sternberg, 1928
322:
296:
288:
275:
259:
246:
233:
217:
201:
141:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
42:Late Cretaceous
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3512:Euoplocephalus
3508:
3501:
3498:Anodontosaurus
3494:
3487:
3484:Akainacephalus
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3392:Crichtonsaurus
3388:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3365:Ankylosaurinae
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3261:Ankylosauridae
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3242:Struthiosaurus
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3157:Panoplosaurini
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3103:Niobrarasaurus
3099:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3030:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2968:Polacanthoides
2964:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2938:Horshamosaurus
2934:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2908:Dongyangopelta
2904:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2871:Euankylosauria
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2847:Kunbarrasaurus
2843:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2522:External links
2520:
2517:
2516:
2476:
2460:
2458:Palaeoecology.
2450:
2399:
2342:
2315:(2): 301–312.
2299:
2286:
2239:
2192:
2153:(11): e79887.
2129:
2116:
2103:
2096:
2075:
2068:
2054:The Dinosauria
2039:
2026:
2010:
1949:
1930:
1907:
1880:
1857:
1852:The Dinosauria
1838:
1810:
1766:
1728:
1708:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1621:dromaeosaurids
1609:ankylosaurians
1556:Leurospondylus
1547:Aspidorhynchus
1507:Daspletosaurus
1429:
1426:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:Panoplosaurini
1216:
1212:Panoplosaurini
1153:
1150:
1146:E. schlessmani
1110:species, into
1053:junior synonym
987:
986:
975:in 1986 among
905:
904:
782:Levi Sternberg
739:
736:
688:
685:
543:
540:
474:
471:
420:
417:
415:
412:
391:from the Late
381:is a genus of
372:
371:
370:
369:
358:
357:
351:
350:
349:
348:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
311:
310:
304:
303:
286:
282:
281:
279:Panoplosaurini
273:
266:
265:
257:
253:
252:
244:
240:
239:
231:
224:
223:
215:
208:
207:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3816:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3594:
3589:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3475:Ankylosaurini
3472:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:Crichtonpelta
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:Bissektipelta
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3330:Shamosaurinae
3327:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:Ahshislepelta
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:Hungarosaurus
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:Panoplosaurus
3184:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:Ahshislepelta
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:Hoplitosaurus
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:Polacanthinae
3006:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:Rhadinosaurus
2988:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:Acanthopholis
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:Antarctopelta
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:Tianchisaurus
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:Stegosaurides
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
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2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
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2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
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2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2214:on 2015-11-06
2210:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:Palaeoscincus
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1848:Maryańska, T.
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:Panoplosaurus
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:0-7853-0443-6
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1635:apex predator
1632:
1631:
1630:Albertosaurus
1626:
1625:caenagnathids
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:ornithomimids
1602:
1601:
1600:Hypacrosaurus
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1588:Edmontosaurus
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1566:Champsosaurus
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:Corythosaurus
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:Panoplosaurus
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:Panoplosaurus
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:Nodosauroidea
1187:
1183:
1182:Edmontoniidae
1179:
1175:
1174:Edmontoniinae
1171:
1170:Panoplosaurus
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:E. rugosidens
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:Palaeoscincus
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:Panoplosaurus
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:Panoplosaurus
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:type specimen
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Spencer Lucas
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:E. rugosidens
962:
958:
954:
953:E. rugosidens
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:E. rugosidens
919:
918:
914:
913:E. rugosidens
911:Left side of
909:
902:
898:
897:Maastrichtian
894:
890:
886:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
803:
802:specific name
799:
795:
794:type specimen
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Palaeoscincus
775:
774:
773:Palaeoscincus
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:In 1915, the
749:
748:E. rugosidens
744:
737:
735:
731:
729:
725:
724:E. rugosidens
720:
716:
709:
705:
701:
693:
686:
684:
682:
681:Panoplosaurus
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:E. rugosidens
662:
658:
657:Panoplosaurus
654:
649:
644:
642:
641:Panoplosaurus
638:
637:E. rugosidens
634:
633:E. rugosidens
630:
626:
622:
614:
613:Palaeoscincus
610:
609:E. rugosidens
605:
601:
599:
598:Panoplosaurus
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
558:The skull of
553:
552:E. rugosidens
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
532:E. rugosidens
528:
527:E. rugosidens
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:Panoplosaurus
509:
508:neural spines
505:
504:neural arches
501:
497:
496:
495:Panoplosaurus
491:
484:
483:E. rugosidens
479:
472:
470:
468:
464:
463:E. rugosidens
459:
455:
453:
452:E. rugosidens
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
418:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
387:
384:
383:panoplosaurin
380:
379:
365:
362:
361:
359:
356:
352:
344:
343:
342:E. rugosidens
336:
335:
333:
328:
321:
320:
312:
309:
305:
300:
295:
294:
287:
284:
283:
280:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
131:E. rugosidens
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:76.5–69
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3644:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3505:Dyoplosaurus
3503:
3496:
3491:Ankylosaurus
3489:
3482:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3420:Pinacosaurus
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3310:
3304:Hylaeosaurus
3302:
3295:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3240:
3233:
3228:Pawpawsaurus
3226:
3219:
3212:
3192:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3173:Denversaurus
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3124:Peloroplites
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3096:Borealopelta
3094:
3086:
3081:Acantholipan
3079:
3068:Nodosaurinae
3054:
3047:
3041:Peloroplites
3039:
3032:
3024:
3016:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2960:Mymoorapelta
2958:
2951:
2945:Hylaeosaurus
2943:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2906:
2901:Anoplosaurus
2899:
2892:
2881:Nodosauridae
2853:
2845:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2748:Cryptosaurus
2746:
2730:Ankylosauria
2708:Ankylosauria
2706:
2678:Ankylosauria
2666:Ornithischia
2651:Ornithischia
2603:
2599:Ornithischia
2594:
2585:
2557:Ankylosauria
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2453:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2362:(1): 83–93.
2359:
2355:
2345:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2216:. Retrieved
2209:the original
2195:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2087:
2053:
2034:
2029:
2021:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:Arbour, V.M.
1943:
1942:. Series 3.
1939:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1896:(16): 1–39.
1893:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1723:
1695:
1628:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1576:Leidyosuchus
1574:
1571:crocodilians
1564:
1554:
1545:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1490:Dyoplosaurus
1488:
1482:
1478:Chasmosaurus
1476:
1472:Centrosaurus
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1428:Paleoecology
1421:
1410:
1394:Paleobiology
1351:
1350:
1349:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1318:Denversaurus
1316:
1315:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1281:
1258:
1257:
1234:
1233:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1186:sister group
1169:
1165:
1162:Nodosauridae
1157:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1091:dubious name
1074:
1073:
1068:
1065:Denversaurus
1064:
1056:
1048:
1037:Denversaurus
1036:
1029:South Dakota
993:
989:
988:
982:
976:
964:
952:
948:
941:E. longiceps
940:
936:
935:in 1988, as
924:
920:
912:
901:E. longiceps
900:
881:E. longiceps
880:
873:
872:
863:
862:is specimen
855:
847:
839:
835:
832:type species
829:
824:
820:
812:
808:
789:
777:
771:
760:Barnum Brown
753:
747:
732:
728:E. longiceps
727:
723:
718:
712:
703:
680:
664:
660:
656:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
618:
612:
608:
597:
573:nasal cavity
559:
557:
551:
535:
531:
526:
522:
520:
511:
493:
487:
482:
462:
457:
456:
451:
448:E. longiceps
447:
443:
431:
430:
404:Ankylosauria
400:Nodosauridae
377:
376:
375:
367:Bakker, 1988
363:
341:
340:
318:
317:
308:Type species
292:
291:
269:
263:Nodosaurinae
250:Nodosauridae
237:Ankylosauria
227:
211:
205:Ornithischia
195:
182:
130:
35:
29:
3749:Nodosaurids
3540:Scolosaurus
3457:Tsagantegia
3406:Jinyunpelta
3346:Shamosaurus
3297:Chuanqilong
3139:Silvisaurus
3117:Patagopelta
3049:Polacanthus
2998:Sauroplites
2798:Spicomellus
2776:Sarcolestes
2608:Thyreophora
2139:"Pelvis of
1617:troodontids
1594:Saurolophus
1484:Scolosaurus
1454:Gryposaurus
1284:Patagopelta
1043:), Denver,
1007:Adrian Hunt
973:Jack Horner
947:. The name
621:caputegulae
564:premaxillae
414:Description
256:Subfamily:
221:Thyreophora
3743:Categories
3645:Edmontonia
3608:See also:
3533:Platypelta
3526:Oohkotokia
3464:Zaraapelta
3339:Gobisaurus
3290:Cedarpelta
3282:Aletopelta
3235:Stegopelta
3180:Edmontonia
3166:Animantarx
3132:Sauropelta
3110:Nodosaurus
2976:Priconodon
2820:Vectipelta
2755:Dracopelta
2687:see below↓
2590:Dinosauria
2489:bonebed".
2419:: e12362.
2218:2015-10-30
1877:: 333–342.
1758:Edmontonia
1669:References
1552:plesiosaur
1496:Edmontonia
1439:Edmontonia
1434:Edmontonia
1422:Edmontonia
1236:Animantarx
1200:Edmontonia
1166:Edmontonia
1158:Edmontonia
1131:Edmontonia
1123:Edmontonia
1108:Edmontonia
1083:New Mexico
1049:Edmontonia
983:Edmontonia
978:Oohkotokia
874:Edmontonia
850:refers to
848:Edmontonia
836:Edmontonia
821:Edmontonia
719:Edmontonia
715:osteoderms
704:Edmontonia
687:Osteoderms
677:metacarpus
625:caputegula
560:Edmontonia
458:Edmontonia
444:Edmontonia
432:Edmontonia
393:Cretaceous
386:nodosaurid
378:Edmontonia
293:Edmontonia
189:Dinosauria
36:Edmontonia
3547:Talarurus
3427:Saichania
3214:Europelta
3194:Texasetes
3056:Taohelong
2953:Invictarx
2855:Stegouros
2573:Kingdom:
2394:134924657
2386:1664-2384
2281:140672072
1946:: 93–106.
1805:130696265
1534:sturgeons
1301:Texasetes
1194:cladistic
1152:Phylogeny
1115:longiceps
957:Campanian
893:Campanian
856:longiceps
568:maxillary
550:Restored
488:In 1990,
446:species,
299:Sternberg
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
3654:Wikidata
3620:Category
3610:Timeline
3554:Ziapelta
3026:Gastonia
2923:Gastonia
2581:Chordata
2579:Phylum:
2575:Animalia
2445:34966571
2337:86002282
2227:cite web
2187:24244573
2147:PLOS ONE
2005:85665879
1834:Hunteria
1828:, a new
1641:See also
1633:was the
1627:. Adult
1418:ontogeny
1087:paratype
1085:and the
1045:Colorado
929:subgenus
864:NMC 8531
860:holotype
852:Edmonton
823:, as an
653:coracoid
542:Skeleton
516:coracoid
389:dinosaur
355:Synonyms
330:Species
243:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
3713:4946731
3700:1033334
3687:4823206
3674:4530901
3660:Q245262
3442:Tarchia
3434:Shanxia
2499:Bibcode
2436:8667728
2364:Bibcode
2317:Bibcode
2261:Bibcode
2178:3828194
2155:Bibcode
1985:Bibcode
1927:: 3–28.
1561:turtles
1538:bowfins
1013:. This
931:by Dr.
809:rugosus
764:Alberta
673:humerus
671:of the
285:Genus:
2443:
2433:
2392:
2384:
2335:
2279:
2185:
2175:
2094:
2066:
2062:–392.
2003:
1803:
1702:
1623:, and
1569:, and
1526:Sharks
1098:mimus.
1059:. The
1005:") by
1003:lizard
1000:Denver
959:lower
883:, the
868:Morrin
590:vomers
586:septum
396:Period
301:, 1928
3726:63919
3695:IRMNG
3399:Datai
2762:Minmi
2604:Clade
2595:Clade
2586:Clade
2413:PeerJ
2390:S2CID
2333:S2CID
2277:S2CID
2212:(PDF)
2205:(PDF)
2001:S2CID
1830:armor
1801:S2CID
1573:like
1522:fauna
1015:taxon
806:Latin
500:vomer
270:Clade
228:Clade
212:Clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
3682:GBIF
3561:Zuul
2664:see
2637:see
2441:PMID
2382:ISSN
2233:link
2183:PMID
2092:ISBN
2064:ISBN
1756:and
1700:ISBN
1611:and
1597:and
1579:and
1542:gars
1530:rays
1487:and
1475:and
1463:and
1208:2018
1117:and
1009:and
885:type
813:dens
667:the
663:and
646:The
506:and
467:pear
450:and
436:tank
55:PreꞒ
3669:EoL
2507:doi
2431:PMC
2421:doi
2372:doi
2360:137
2325:doi
2269:doi
2173:PMC
2163:doi
2060:363
1993:doi
1898:doi
1869:".
1793:doi
1081:of
1055:of
1035:of
1027:of
834:of
762:in
3745::
3723::
3710::
3697::
3684::
3671::
3656::
2606::
2597::
2588::
2505:.
2495:47
2493:.
2463:^
2439:.
2429:.
2415:.
2411:.
2388:.
2380:.
2370:.
2358:.
2354:.
2331:.
2323:.
2313:10
2311:.
2275:.
2267:.
2257:28
2255:.
2229:}}
2225:{{
2181:.
2171:.
2161:.
2149:.
2145:.
2078:^
2042:^
2013:^
1999:.
1991:.
1981:29
1979:.
1952:^
1944:22
1925:43
1923:.
1894:77
1892:.
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