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of it, because it is very difficult to traverse it. Its atmosphere is foggy, its waves are very strong, its dangers are perilous, its beasts are terrible, and its winds are full of tempests. There are many islands, some of which are inhabited, others are submerged. No navigator traverses them but bypasses them remaining near their coast. And it was from the town of Lisbon that the adventurers set out known under the name of
Mughamarin , penetrated the ocean of fogs and wanted to know what it contained and where it ended. After sailing for twelve more days they perceived an island that seemed to be inhabited, and there were cultivated fields. They sailed that way to see what it contained. But soon
1104:
1072:
1036:
824:(also translated as "the adventurers") moved back and first reached an uninhabited island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep the meat of which was bitter and uneatable" and, then, "continued southward" and reached the above reported island where they were soon surrounded by barques and brought to "a village whose inhabitants were often fair-haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty". Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.
1088:
1163:
356:
1048:
421:
249:
1148:
445:
635:
552:. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by
1186:
1200:
811:
encircled them and made them prisoners, and transported them to a miserable hamlet situated on the coast. There they landed. The navigators saw there people with red skin; there was not much hair on their body, the hair of their head was straight, and they were of high stature. Their women were of an
564:
of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter, and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other-divided for convenience into segments-the bodies of land and water, with the respective situations of the
806:
The
Commander of the Muslims Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar, better known under the name of Raqsh al-Auzz to attack a certain island in the Atlantic, but he died before doing that. Beyond this ocean of fogs it is not known what exists there. Nobody has the sure knowledge
711:(one of Korea's historical Dynasties, and a major trade partner to China at the time), and was one of the first Arabs to do so. Al-Idrisi's References to Silla led other Arab merchants to seek Silla and its trade, and contribute to many Arab's perception of Silla as the ideal East-Asian country.
875:
tribe. This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some sporadic contacts had been maintained between the Canary
Islands and Morocco) and why they were quickly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Yet, the story reported by Idrisi is an indisputable account of a
1023:
2054:
949:
Jewish informants. At the end of the section on medicinal herbs which are described under each letter of the alphabet, he gives an index of their entries. One of the books of herbal medicine frequently cited by al-Idrisi is
734:
The translated title of this work (in the "pleasure of him ..." form) attracted favourable comment from the team selecting lists of names for features expected to be discovered by the New
Horizons probe reconnoitring the
1119:
1135:
454:
exist worldwide today. Of these ten, six contain at the start of the work a circular map of the world which is not mentioned in the text of al-Idris". The original text dates to 1154. South is at the top of the
490:
and explorers and recorded on
Islamic maps with the information brought by the Norman voyagers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times, which served as a concrete illustration of his
1958:
Geographia nubiensis: id est accuratissima totius orbis in septem climata divisi descriptio, continens praesertim exactam vniuersae Asiae, & Africae, rerumq in ijs hactenus incognitarum explicationem
308:. He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain and Portugal of the times) and seems to have acquired detailed information on both regions. He visited
1047:
1071:
2529:
2169:
2663:
1103:
560:
more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same. The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition. The celestial and terrestrial
1035:
522:, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, with legends written in Arabic, while showing the
2633:
2177:
799:
385:
1272:
1162:
1087:
786:. More recently sections of the text have been translated for particular regions. Beginning in 1970 a critical edition of the complete Arabic text was published.
1637:
Al-Idrisi, Compendium of the properties of diverse plants and various kinds of simple drugs: kitab al-Jami' li-sifat ashtat al-nabat wa-durub anwa' al-mufradat
2673:
2545:
2160:
1995:
1772:
Kitâb al-Jâmi' li- sifât ashtât al-nabât wa-durûb anwâ' al-mufradât / Compendium of the
Properties of Diverse Plants and Various Kinds of Simple Drugs
448:
Al-Idrisi's world map from 'Alî ibn Hasan al-Hûfî al-Qâsimî's 1456 copy. According to the French
National Library, "Ten copies of the Kitab Rujar or
2537:
50:
2128:"Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa: Containing a Description of the Several Nations for the Space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia"
1003:
In 2019, Factum
Foundation created an interpretation of Al-Idrisi's world map, a silver disk 2m in diameter based on the maps contained in the
1942:
1741:
1338:
1311:
1572:
782:. Not until the middle of the 19th century was a complete translation of the Arabic text published. This was a translation into French by
2100:
778:
Gabriel
Sionita and Joannes Hesronita translated an abridged version of the text which was published in Paris in 1619 with the title of
656:
1833:; Käs, Fabian (2016). "Arabic Pharmacognostic Literature and Its Jewish Antecedents: Marwān ibn Ǧanāḥ (Rabbi Jonah), Kitāb al-Talḫīṣ".
1684:
2082:
1902:
Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la
Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols)
2688:
2678:
2668:
1783:
768:
De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq
682:
407:
1753:
De Geographia Universali: Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq
2243:
1477:
758:; and states that he has cross-checked oral reports from different informers to see if geographical coordinates were consistent.
617:
tend to understate distances, the only location this reference is thought to have possibly pointed to, must likely have been in
440:. Modern consolidation, created from al-Idrisi's 70 double-page spreads, shown upside-down as the original had South at the top.
2683:
2153:
1869:
Ferrer-Gallardo, X. and Kramsch, O. T. (2016), Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The EU and the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago Frontier.
1147:
2448:
2335:
2258:
1814:
1587:
Idrisi, Nuzhatul Mushtaq – "La première géographie de l'Occident", comments by Henri Bresc and Annliese Nef, Paris, 1999
660:
487:
2443:
921:
and merchants in his day. The list is unique, as it includes the names of drugs in as many as 12 languages (among which are
2658:
1729:
774:. This was one of the first Arabic books ever printed. The first translation from the original Arabic was into Latin. The
31:
2304:
368:
2494:
1640:, Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University: Frankfurt am Main 1995
1897:
906:
Among the lesser known works of al-Idrisi is a medical dictionary that he compiled in which he brings down a list of
783:
645:
378:
372:
364:
2638:
2146:
1718:
843:
yet one thousand miles away from the American mainland. Then while coming back, they may have landed either on the
1709:
India and the neighbouring territories in the "Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq" of al-Sharif al-Idrisi
755:
664:
649:
2693:
2643:
613:
to that of Great Ireland," the sailing time was "one day." Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the
389:
2402:
747:
2345:
570:
827:
Apart from the marvellous and fanciful reports of this history, the most probable interpretation is that the
820:
is however questionable, since it reports, after having reached an area of "sticky and stinking waters", the
1984:
2561:
2138:
2058:
1734:
The History of Cartography Vol. 2 Book 1: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
1358:
1228:
582:
772:
Recreation of the desirer in the account of cities, regions, countries, islands, towns, and distant lands
2653:
2091:
313:
2648:
2592:
2376:
2283:
557:
541:
252:
Reproduction of al-Idrisi's planisphere (as a globe) by the Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization (
2609:
2580:
2568:
2197:
2110:
1763:
Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (9 Fascicles)
1273:"RE-CREATING THE LOST SILVER MAP OF AL-IDRISI – Entertainment for he who longs to travel the world"
817:
2078:"Al-Idrīsī, Abū, 'Abd Allāh Muḥ̣ammad Ibn Muḥ̣ammad Ibn 'Abd Allāh Ibn Idrīs, Al-Sharīf Al-Idrīsī"
2417:
2314:
2238:
2029:
2021:
1874:
1858:
1850:
1818:
1570:
1457:
Ducène, Jean-Charles (2011). "Les coordonnées géographiques de la carte manuscrite d'al-Idrisi".
1238:
1058:
549:
519:
433:
214:
2499:
2453:
1801:; Serri, Yaron (2005). "Traces of Hebrew Language Traditions in al-Idrīsī's Medical Dictionary"
859:(because of the sheep). Last, the story with the inhabited island might have occurred either on
719:
As well as the maps, al-Idrisi produced a compendium of geographical information with the title
297:
2484:
2207:
1938:
1885:
1787:
1779:
1737:
1725:
1614:
1597:
1334:
1328:
1307:
1233:
1126:
983:
891:) in the first half of that century and navigated in the seaweed rich seas beyond the Azores.
420:
290:
230:
100:
81:
2113:. Konrad Miller's 1927 consolidation and transliteration, with high-resolution zoom browser.
1303:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
2554:
2515:
2233:
2228:
2013:
1930:
1842:
1301:
1205:
1191:
1004:
951:
926:
922:
910:
751:
740:
596:
509:
437:
427:
345:
294:
266:
242:
236:
158:
114:
248:
2371:
1576:
945:
terms transliterated into Arabic and which are thought to have been passed down to him by
942:
581:
but his work was unknown in Western Europe and had little influence on the development of
282:
194:
1330:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
444:
2386:
2223:
1078:
1054:
994:
934:
894:
Idrisi describes an island of cormorants with which has been tentatively identified as
852:
531:
202:
2077:
1989:
1854:
537:
For Roger it was inscribed on a massive disc of solid silver, two metres in diameter.
2627:
2586:
2407:
2366:
2278:
2122:
2033:
1919:
1911:
1862:
1268:
1169:
895:
707:'s silk as the best. In his records of Chinese trade, al-Idrisi also wrote about the
606:
515:
468:
2412:
2381:
2273:
2268:
2192:
2130:
features English translations of work by al-Idrisi. The manuscript dates from 1738.
1619:
1602:
1387:
918:
864:
832:
574:
553:
527:
479:
270:
137:
2117:
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
2116:
1562:
Mohammed Hamidullah (Winter 1968). "Muslim Discovery of America before Columbus",
329:
2042:
1636:
766:
An abridged version of the Arabic text was published in Rome in 1592 with title:
699:
carried leather, swords, iron and silk. He mentions the glassware of the city of
2422:
1915:
1907:
1775:
1631:
1223:
1062:
696:
634:
578:
561:
464:
210:
2361:
2263:
2202:
2017:
1798:
1658:
1218:
1181:
987:
959:
946:
914:
460:
274:
133:
2133:
1830:
1807:
Lĕšonénu: A Journal for the Study of the Hebrew Language and Cognate Subjects
1670:
907:
2489:
2299:
2248:
2106:
1968:
Egyptology: The Missing Millennium Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings
972:
856:
618:
1889:
1846:
1791:
1564:
Journal of the Muslim Students' Association of the United States and Canada
731:. It has been preserved in nine manuscripts, seven of which contain maps.
293:, where his great-grandfather had been forced to settle after the fall of
2458:
2309:
2253:
2096:
1213:
938:
872:
860:
775:
704:
700:
614:
483:
321:
317:
309:
278:
1822:
2468:
2463:
2319:
1154:
1110:
1094:
848:
840:
836:
610:
523:
472:
325:
305:
218:
2119:
High resolution images of works by al-Idrisi in .jpg and .tiff format.
2025:
876:
certain knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean by Andalusians and Moroccans.
17:
2427:
884:
844:
808:
802:. In this text, al-Idrisi wrote the following on the Atlantic Ocean:
301:
222:
1598:
The journal: account of the first voyage and discovery of the Indies
569:
Al-Idrisi's work influenced a number of Islamic scholars including
2574:
930:
736:
708:
419:
286:
247:
226:
96:
77:
56:
2127:
2004:
Beeston, A.F.L. (1950), "Idrisi's Account of the British Isles",
1948:. First published in 1981. Section on the Maghrib and Sudan from
333:
2142:
1875:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tesg.12177/abstract
958:, who in turn had been influenced by the Andalusian physician
628:
349:
253:
185:
179:
1988:
1685:"In a Novel, Mystical Maps and Intertwined Journeys in Syria"
150:
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti
501:
A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places
2047:, translated by R. Dozy; M.J. de Goeje, Leiden: E.J. Brill
1736:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 156–174,
743:
is a geographical feature in that system named after him.
316:. His travels took him to many parts of Europe including
167:
161:
1761:
Al-Idrisi (1970–1984), Bombaci, A.; et al. (eds.),
1375:
Delizia! The Epic History of the Italians and their Food
746:
In the introduction, al-Idrisi mentions two sources for
2170:
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
1937:, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, pp. 104–131,
312:
when he was barely 16. He studied in the university in
2006:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1803:שקיעים של מסורת לשון עברית במילון התרופות של אלאדריסי
1765:(in Arabic), Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale
182:
1388:"The medieval mapmaker remembered for the wrong map"
478:
Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the
176:
173:
164:
2602:
2528:
2508:
2477:
2436:
2395:
2354:
2328:
2292:
2216:
2185:
2176:
729:
The pleasure of him who longs to cross the horizons
170:
129:
108:
89:
63:
41:
1300:Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont (1 January 1975).
879:Furthermore, al-Idrisi writes an account of eight
800:pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories
530:of the African continent and lacks details of the
2063:(2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 1032–1035
1999:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 289–290.
1871:Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie
1615:Land to the West: St. Brendan's Voyage to America
548:The compilation of al-Idrisi marks an era in the
30:"Edrisi" redirects here. For places in Iran, see
1882:Origins of Pharmacy and Therapy in the Near East
1526:
1360:History of the Moorish Empire in Europe (Vol. 3)
725:The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands
377:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
285:. Al-Idrisi was believed to be born the city of
199:أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي
1441:
913:and plants and their curative effects, used by
804:
546:
1935:Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa
1550:
2154:
1956:Sionita, Gabriel; Hesronita, Joannes (1619),
1077:Al-Idrisi's map of the northern shoreline of
8:
2664:Travel writers of the medieval Islamic world
1538:
1437:
1435:
1363:, Philadelphia: Lippincott, pp. 461–462
609:). According to him, "from the extremity of
2083:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
883:all from the same family who set sail from
721:Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq
663:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
594:
507:
471:had overthrown Arabs formerly loyal to the
449:
425:
234:
112:
2182:
2161:
2147:
2139:
1271:, Daniel Crouch Rare Books and Adam Lowe.
526:continent in its entirety, only shows the
209:; 1100–1165), was a Muslim geographer and
49:
38:
2634:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world
1514:
1452:
1450:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1141:Al-Idrisi's map of the Iberian Peninsula.
683:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:Learn how and when to remove this message
2044:Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne
1841:(1). Indiana University Press: 145–229.
1767:. A critical edition of the Arabic text.
463:al-Idrisi joined contemporaries such as
443:
1873:, 107: 162–176. doi:10.1111/tesg.12177
1352:
1350:
1255:
1019:
993:Al-Idrisi is a supporting character in
589:Description of islands in the North Sea
540:On the geographical work of al-Idrisi,
514:was drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 for the
459:Because of conflict and instability in
289:in 1100, at the time controlled by the
1950:Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq
1924:Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
1502:
1427:
7:
1719:"Cartography of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī"
1711:, translated by Ahmad, Leiden: Brill
1041:Al-Idrisi's map of the Indian Ocean.
971:Al-Idrisi was the main character in
661:adding citations to reliable sources
2674:Writers under the Almoravid dynasty
1933:; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000),
1673:& Käs (2016), p. 213 (note 146)
1482:Pluto Name Bank Proposal 2015-07-07
1306:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 7–.
723:. The title has been translated as
198:
982:Al-Idrisi is a major character in
798:, is often cited by proponents of
436:in 1154, one of the most advanced
25:
835:, a part of the ocean covered by
754:and "an astronomer" that must be
695:Al-Idrisi mentioned that Chinese
565:various countries, were engraved.
225:. Muhammad al-Idrisi was born in
2244:Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani
2101:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1198:
1184:
1161:
1146:
1134:
1118:
1102:
1086:
1070:
1046:
1034:
1029:Another version, huge resolution
1022:
633:
354:
213:who served in the court of King
157:
2060:Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 3
1884:. Tokyo: The Naito Foundation.
1634:& Eckhard Neubauer (eds.),
1373:Title as given by John Dickie,
1327:Helaine Selin (16 April 2008).
794:Al-Idrisi's geographical text,
2259:Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad
2134:Original Nuzhatul Mushtaq text
1880:Hamarneh, Sami Khalaf (1973).
1815:Academy of the Hebrew Language
1707:Ahmad, S. Maqbul, ed. (1960),
1683:Joinson, Suzanne (June 2018).
1053:Al-Idrisi's map of North West
871:presumably met members of the
816:This translation by Professor
1:
324:, the French Atlantic coast,
27:Muslim geographer (1100–1165)
1904:, Paris: L'imprimerie Royale
1527:Sionita & Hesronita 1619
756:Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al-Zayyat
625:Description of Chinese trade
265:Al-Idrisi was born into the
93:1165 (aged 64–65)
2495:Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi
1960:, Paris: Hieronymi Blageart
1442:Levtzion & Hopkins 2000
1333:. Springer. pp. 128–.
1153:Al-Idrisi's description of
851:or even on the westernmost
790:Andalusian-American contact
762:Publication and translation
499:), which may be translated
241:, one of the most advanced
2710:
2547:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
2539:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
2076:Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2008) ,
1922:. Complete translation of
1661:& Serri (2005), p. 193
770:which in English would be
343:
29:
2018:10.1017/S0041977X00083464
1717:Ahmad, S. Maqbul (1992),
999:The Map of Salt and Stars
839:, which is very close to
450:
432:, drawn by al-Idrisi for
143:
122:
48:
2689:12th-century geographers
2679:12th-century Arab people
2669:Kingdom of Sicily people
2444:Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī
1985:Beazley, Charles Raymond
1966:El Daly, Okasha (2016).
1802:
1400:Ahmad, 1992, pp. 170-173
941:), including some sixty
748:geographical coordinates
593:Al-Idrisi in his famous
363:This section includes a
229:, then belonging to the
1996:Encyclopædia Britannica
1970:. Taylor & Francis.
1575:20 October 2013 at the
1377:(New York, 2008) p. 17.
1172:according to al-Idrisi.
1125:Al-Idrisi's map of the
1109:Al-Idrisi's map of the
1093:Al-Idrisi's map of the
583:Renaissance cartography
493:Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq
392:more precise citations.
55:Statue of al-Idrisi in
2684:12th-century travelers
2562:Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar
2449:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
1855:10.2979/aleph.16.1.145
1847:10.2979/aleph.16.1.145
1649:Hamarneh (1973), p. 92
1229:History of cartography
814:
595:
567:
508:
456:
441:
426:
257:
235:
206:
113:
2346:Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi
898:but on weak grounds.
812:extraordinary beauty.
784:Pierre Amédée Jaubert
571:Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi
467:in Sicily, where the
447:
423:
251:
136:, writer, scientist,
2659:Holy Land travellers
2377:Ibn Said al-Maghribi
2123:IDRISI GIS home page
1357:Scott, S.P. (1904),
1280:factumfoundation.org
780:Geographia nubiensis
657:improve this section
534:and Southeast Asia.
2581:The Meadows of Gold
2198:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
2111:Library of Congress
1551:Al-Idrisi 1970–1984
1409:Dunn, 2009, p. 452.
1057:what is modern day
818:Muhammad Hamidullah
603:Irlandah-al-Kabirah
438:medieval world maps
243:medieval world maps
103:(present-day Spain)
84:(present-day Spain)
2418:Hamdallah Mustawfi
2341:Muhammad al-Idrisi
2315:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2239:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
2107:Idrisi's world map
2086:, Encyclopedia.com
1898:Jaubert, P. Amédée
1770:Al-Idrîsî (1995),
1751:Al-Idrisi (1592),
1689:The New York Times
1630:Al-Idrîsî (1995);
1418:Ashe, 1971, p. 48.
1239:List of scientists
1059:Iranian Azerbaijan
977:A Sultan in Palrmo
966:In popular culture
902:Medical dictionary
550:history of science
520:Roger II of Sicily
457:
442:
434:Roger II of Sicily
365:list of references
277:. A descendent of
258:
43:Muhammad al-Idrisi
2639:People from Ceuta
2621:
2620:
2524:
2523:
2485:Sulaiman Al Mahri
2305:Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī
2284:Qudama ibn Ja'far
2208:Sulaiman al-Tajir
2097:Online exhibition
2053:Oman, G. (1971),
1944:978-1-55876-241-1
1931:Levtzion, Nehemia
1914:; Volume 2:
1906:. Volume 1:
1743:978-0-226-31635-2
1539:Jaubert 1836–1840
1390:. 24 August 2023.
1340:978-1-4020-4559-2
1313:978-90-6186-037-2
1234:Islamic geography
1127:Iberian Peninsula
1009:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
984:Karol Szymanowski
975:'s book entitled
796:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
715:Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
693:
692:
685:
497:Opus Geographicum
488:Islamic merchants
418:
417:
410:
281:via the powerful
233:. He created the
231:Almoravid dynasty
147:
146:
124:Scientific career
101:Almohad Caliphate
82:Almoravid dynasty
16:(Redirected from
2701:
2694:Arab geographers
2644:Hammudid dynasty
2569:Mu'jam Al-Buldan
2555:Tabula Rogeriana
2549:(ibn Khordadbeh)
2234:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
2229:Ahmad ibn Rustah
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752:Claudius Ptolemy
741:Al-Idrisi Montes
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1978:Further reading
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2012:(2): 265–280,
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2509:17th century
2478:16th century
2437:15th century
2413:Ibn al-Wardi
2396:14th century
2382:Ibn al-Nafis
2355:13th century
2340:
2329:12th century
2293:11th century
2274:Al-Muqaddasi
2269:Ibn al-Faqih
2217:10th century
2193:Al-Khwarizmi
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2009:
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1926:into French.
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1730:Woodward, D.
1726:Harley, J.B.
1708:
1700:Bibliography
1688:
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1645:
1635:
1626:
1620:Google Books
1613:
1609:
1603:Google Books
1596:
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1486:. Retrieved
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919:apothecaries
905:
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888:
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878:
868:
867:, where the
865:Gran Canaria
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831:reached the
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536:
505:
500:
496:
492:
486:gathered by
480:Indian Ocean
477:
458:
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395:
384:Please help
376:
271:North Africa
264:
211:cartographer
153:
152:, or simply
149:
148:
138:cartographer
123:
36:
32:Edrisi, Iran
2649:1100 births
2423:Ibn Battuta
2403:Al-Dimashqi
2186:9th century
2178:Geographers
2055:"Al-Idrīsī"
1831:Bos, Gerrit
1817:: 179–194.
1776:Fuat Sezgin
1632:Fuat Sezgin
1224:Abu al-Salt
1168:Map of the
1063:Caspian Sea
881:Mugharrarin
869:Mugharrarin
829:Mugharrarin
822:Mugharrarin
703:and labels
579:Ibn Khaldun
562:planisphere
465:Abu al-Salt
390:introducing
2628:Categories
2603:Influences
2541:(al-Bakrī)
2408:Abu'l-Fida
2362:Ibn Jubayr
2264:Ibn Hawqal
2092:Britannica
1792:1096433042
1503:Ahmad 1960
1465:: 271–285.
1428:Ahmad 1992
1285:29 January
1250:References
1219:Ibn Jubayr
988:King Roger
960:Ibn Juljul
947:Andalusian
915:physicians
601:mentioned
542:S.P. Scott
495:, (Latin:
461:Al-Andalus
291:Almoravids
275:Al-Andalus
261:Early life
134:Geographer
2613:(Ptolemy)
2611:Geography
2500:Amīn Rāzī
2490:Piri Reis
2300:Al-Biruni
2249:Al-Masudi
2034:162817057
1863:171046217
1569:(2): 7–9
1459:Der Islam
997:'s novel
973:Tariq Ali
857:El Hierro
776:Maronites
644:does not
619:Greenland
154:al-Idrisi
2459:Zheng He
2336:al-Zuhri
2310:Al-Bakri
2254:Istakhri
2103:(French)
1987:(1911).
1823:24331467
1799:Amar, Z.
1732:(eds.),
1573:Archived
1488:5 August
1214:Al-Bakri
1178:See also
1061:and the
939:Sanskrit
889:Lashbuna
861:Tenerife
847:, or on
705:Quanzhou
701:Hangzhou
524:Eurasian
484:Far East
482:and the
473:Fatimids
398:May 2023
322:Pyrenees
318:Portugal
310:Anatolia
295:Hammudid
279:Muhammad
215:Roger II
2469:Fei Xin
2464:Ma Huan
2320:Domiyat
2203:Ya'qubi
1916:Gallica
1908:Gallica
1890:1104696
1155:Finland
1111:Balkans
1095:Balkans
1016:Gallery
923:Spanish
873:Guanche
849:Madeira
841:Bermuda
837:seaweed
809:barques
665:removed
650:sources
611:Iceland
558:Stanley
469:Normans
386:improve
326:Hungary
314:Córdoba
306:Granada
300:to the
219:Palermo
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2032:
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1055:Persia
943:Hebrew
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885:Lisbon
863:or on
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330:Jórvík
328:, and
320:, the
302:Zirids
298:Málaga
223:Sicily
207:Dreses
195:Arabic
130:Fields
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2530:Works
2030:S2CID
2022:JSTOR
1859:S2CID
1851:JSTOR
1835:Aleph
1819:JSTOR
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1724:, in
1722:(PDF)
1276:(PDF)
1245:Notes
935:Greek
931:Latin
911:drugs
737:Pluto
697:junks
615:Norse
554:Baker
518:King
371:, or
287:Ceuta
227:Ceuta
203:Latin
97:Ceuta
78:Ceuta
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1939:ISBN
1886:OCLC
1788:OCLC
1780:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1659:Amar
1490:2015
1335:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1287:2024
937:and
648:any
646:cite
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455:map.
424:The
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