391:. The artillery battle between the rebels and the Manchus in Fuzhou began on November 9, 1911, and ended with a rebel victory. Rebel brigands also took control of the area just 25 miles south of Shaowu, where the missionaries now feared an impending outbreak. Bliss noted a "peculiar air of excitement" in the city, as if before a storm. The people of Shaowu were taking precautions, closing down and shuttering shops, as well as placing barricades in the streets. The imperial troops had left the city and there was now an almost complete breakdown of law enforcement. Bliss and the other missionaries began to take their own precautions, instituting a nightly watch. Then, on November 16, 1911, the Shaowu prefect declared the city's alignment with the Revolution and business returned to normal in the city. While Bliss believed there was no danger for the mission in Shaowu, the United States consul insisted that all Americans in the interior Fujian province retreat to Fuzhou.
443:. Southern Communist Revolutionary forces captured both Bliss and his colleague Judd at separate times. In both cases, the men were released because the local people, who knew the men and their work, interceded on their behalf. By 1928 however the situation in Shaowu appeared relatively safe, as Jiang and the Nationalists had gained control of the province. However, within the next two years, Jieshi's control diminished as the Communist party gained power and set up their own state in Jiangxi. There were rumors that the communists would attack Fujian next so the women and children of the Shaowu mission were evacuated to Fuzhou. The Communist army finally invaded Shaowu in 1932, and would later set up a short lived
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a day. Several months after his arrival, Bliss opened a small dispensary, equipped with medicine cabinets and a small operating table. He also planned to build a modern hospital as, at the time, the closest hospital was 150 miles away. Even then, Bliss had few patients, sometimes only one and at most five or six, in an entire morning. Finally, after breaking up a dogfight in the street using a long pole with a rag doused in ammonia on the end, Bliss received more patients. By April 1894, he was seeing 50 patients a day. This new workload created a need for a newer, larger dispensary, for which he requested funds from the
American Board. The appeal was denied due to an American economic depression following the
306:, who found that if the bile from a rinderpest gall bladder were diluted with an equal amount of pure glycerin, it would lose its virulence and would be safe to inject after 10 days. This would provide immunity lasting several months. Bliss then deducted that if a cow was injected with a small quantity of rinderpest blood ten days after being injected with the bile, it would have immunity. He tested this and found he was correct. Bliss also discovered that the calves of immune cows had a temporary immunity that decreased as they aged. He found that if they were injected with a small amount of rinderpest blood within their first month of life, they would have immunity.
209:. While teaching at Granby, Bliss discovered that teaching, like preaching, was not his passion. He then remembered the adventure stories he read when he was younger and concluded that he wanted to work abroad as a missionary. He said, "As soon as it was settled in my mind to become a missionary, I asked myself in what way I could best serve. The answer I thought was to become a doctor." Before Bliss could attend medical school, however, he wanted to repay a debt he had to his father. He took a new teaching position in
275:. He persuaded several Chinese Christians to form an association and buy a plot of land to use for agriculture. However, this project failed due to political instability in the region in the early 1900s and the resulting uncertainty of potential investors. Furthermore, many who had already invested demanded their money back because they were unsatisfied with the progress of the project. Although Bliss argued that it was long-term project, the investors persisted and the project was ended.
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who was usually unlicensed and gained his position through heredity. Rather than coming to the hospital at Shaowu for
Western medical care, many Chinese still sought medical attention from such practitioners. Bliss witnessed practitioners who treated cancer by puncturing the skin with gold and silver needles, eyesores with bile from bear gallbladders, malarial fever with uncooked pears, rheumatism with snake meat, and many ailments with ginseng root.
384:. The impact of this movement was felt even in the Fujian province. Starting on October 31, 1911, and continuing until November 8, 1911, there was a widespread evacuation from Fuzhou. Women in children of the mission board in Fuzhou were evacuated to a foreign settlement outside of the city, near the United States consulate. Men remained in Fuzhou with protection from soldiers from the
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However, over time, hostility decreased and the people of Shaowu became more open to
Western medicine and Christianity. In fact, Bliss stated in a letter home, "You must remember that Shaowu people are different from many of the Chinese in their attitude toward foreigners. Never since I came here have I seen any indication that the people don't wish us here."
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WWII. Although it is common practice nowadays to view missionaries as agents of western imperialism, Bliss comes across well in his son's account—compassionate without being paternalistic, and instructive without being domineering … an exemplary man whose faith and devotion provide a refreshing tonic against the ambivalence and cynicism of later ages."
197:. Bliss took a variety of courses ranging from Latin and Greek to physics and chemistry. He was involved in the Pundits, a Yale literary society, and also enjoyed attending baseball and football games as often as he could. Bliss graduated from Yale in 1887 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Latin and Greek.
140:. He was the second child of Charles Henry Bliss, a wholesale dealer for Schleicher and Sohne needles, and Emily Lydston Bliss. One of seven children, Edward Bliss had three sisters — Clara, Marian and Mary — and three brothers — George, Charles and Will. The Blisses were a religious family that attended a
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In this time period, anti-foreign feeling increased. British economic interests were heavily criticised and the United States perceived ambivalence toward
Japanese attempts to gain Chinese territory were also flash points. Christianity again became a topic of protest. Two women working near Shaowu at
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Bliss's religious upbringing influenced his early ambitions. He sought to become a minister and, in his early childhood, Bliss showed signs of this ambition. As early as age four he was found standing upon a tree stump, preaching the words, "Will 'ou, oh will 'ou be dood." At age six he signed a card
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Bliss remained in Fuzhou for over seven months. In this time period, the Qing dynasty ended and the
Nationalist Party founded a new government, the Republic of China. Thousands of young men joined the defense of this government. In fact 300 boys quit the Shaowu middle school in order to join. Two of
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In the early years of the Shaowu mission, foreign hostility was common. The first doctor who arrived, Dr. Philip Osgood, was stabbed in the foot by a spear. Another early missionary was shot in the shoulder. Furthermore, the
Chinese would not sell the missionaries any land to build on for two years.
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When Bliss arrived he immediately began studying the native dialect under the instruction of a teacher named Shi
Xiansheng. Because many of the Chinese still utilized traditional medical practices, he did not have very many patients at first and he often studied the language for six and a half hours
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province, more than 200 missionaries were killed. While, the Fujian province experienced less conflict than many other regions, there was still a significant impact and Bliss received notice that the Shaowu mission had undergone some damages. He returned to China in 1900 to find his house empty and
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After completing a year of teaching work at the
Harvard School for Boys, Bliss returned to Yale and began medical school. While there he worked as an assistant to Dr. Herbert Smith, studying water quality in New Haven. Bliss completed the three-year course of study in two years and graduated second
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praised it as "a rousing account of a New
England missionary doctor who worked for 40 years in China. … His exploits are chronicled from the last days of Imperial China through the various republics that arose in the wake of the 1911 revolution to the appearance of the Communists and the coming of
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In his early years in Shaowu, Bliss considered one of his biggest difficulties to be competition with native medical practitioners. Traditional
Chinese medicine in the early 1900s consisted of purely superstitious practices, such as charms and magic, or medicine practiced by the Chinese physician,
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In summer 1894, China and Japan went to war over control of Korea. A peace treating was signed on April 17, 1895, which required China to surrender the island of Formosa, present day Taiwan, and a section of Manchuria, the Liaodong Peninsula. There was then European interference, ending with new
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Bliss's work in Shaowu consisted of general medicine. He treated conditions such as leg ulcers, scabies, erysipelas, consumption and malaria, but was unable to perform major surgery. Furthermore, the size of the mission and his workload both increased over time. By 1920, the mission has expanded
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at Sunday school, reading, "I, the undersigned, hope I have found Jesus to be my precious Saviour, and I promise with his help to live as His loving child and faithful servant all my life." Throughout his childhood and young adulthood Bliss remained active in the ministry. He spoke frequently at
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Bliss met Minnie May Bortz on January 26, 1901. Bortz was employed in a teaching position at Pagoda Anchorage, 10 to 12 miles from Fuzhou. Bliss proposed on July 23, 1902. The couple married on September 22, 1902, and remained together until Bliss's death. They had three children together — two
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stripped of all doors and window frames. The hospital was damaged, as well. Its doors and window frames were also stolen and the waiting rooms were destroyed. All of the medicines and Bliss's microscope were stolen from the dispensary. The missionaries rebuilt the damaged buildings that year.
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group, which also contains measles, influenza and polio. Bliss's battle against rinderpest began with his desire for milk, which he considered essential for good health. However, the Chinese did not raise cattle for dairy, but rather for plowing. Therefore, far less milk than was needed was
234:, applying to be a medical missionary. Bliss requested commission to China reportedly because he believed in "the probability that, at no distant day, it will occupy the position of supreme influence among nations of the East." He received a post as the physician for the mission in
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threefold and Bliss sometimes saw 100 patients per day. Therefore, Bliss needed assistance and starting in 1915, he requested the appointment of another physician. However, it was not until 1925 that the Missions Board answered his requests and assigned Dr.
254:, contributed $ 180, making the building of a new hospital possible in 1897 as well. Building was completed in 1898. Bliss finally returned home on furlough in 1898. He returned to China in 1900, where he remained except for his furloughs in 1908 and 1916.
431:. The instability associated with China's unification affected Shaowu, where opposing armies invaded, took over, and then withdrew many times. In Fujian province, Bliss and all other missionaries in the region were evacuated to the Fuzhou mission.
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meetings and at adult services. He received overwhelming positive feedback for his preaching and therefore he believed ministry was indeed his calling. However, Bliss eventually realized that preaching was not his passion and he gave it up.
302:, but realized that the serum used for this was unattainable and unaffordable for farmers in regions like Shaowu. Bliss sought to find another method of immunization that was within the means of Shaowu. He built off of the discovery of
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Province began expressing resentment toward foreign missionaries. In 1897 they killed two German missionaries in the province. Anti-foreign sentiments increased and led to killing of foreigners and Chinese Christians. In fact, in the
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available. When there was a rinderpest outbreak, this milk supply was depleted. Bliss raised his own cattle and goats in China and experimented with rinderpest prevention. He found that serums for immunization were available in
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and required care from her husband. When Bliss was 81 years old, the couple moved to his hometown, Newburyport. They lived there until September 1958, when they moved to Boston to live with their oldest daughter, Ruth.
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loans forced on China. This led to growing antiforeign feeling and the massacre of several missionaries in Gutian, just 200 miles from Shaowu. Therefore, Shaowu missionaries, including Bliss, were advised to retreat to
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It was Bliss's belief that in China "much of the disease is attributable to poverty" and that there was "a way to raise the living standards" of the Chinese. The "way" he was referring to was through a
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While Bliss's first goal was to become a minister, during his adolescence he also experienced influences for the missionary work he would eventually take on. In high school, Bliss's neighbor, General
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twice every Sunday. Charles Bliss served as superintendent of the Sunday school, which the children attended each week after morning service, and Emily Bliss worked on the missionary committee.
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After giving up his hopes of preaching, Bliss set his sights on becoming a teacher. After graduating from Yale he took a position as principal, sole teacher and janitor at the high school in
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A malignant tumor was found in Bliss's throat in early 1959. He died in his sleep on January 22, 1960, at the age of 94. His wife, May Bortz Bliss, died seven years later in 1967.
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Prins and Weyerhaeuser, H.H.T. and F. J. (1987). "Epidemics in populations of wild ruminants: Anthrax and impala, rinderpest and buffalo in lake manyara national park, tanzania".
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After returning to the United States, Bliss and his wife lived in Oberlin, Ohio, a town with long-standing connections to the China mission movement. May Bortz Bliss developed
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Bliss's students became medical officers in the Revolutionary Army. Instability persisted as changes in political power, including the change of the leader from
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from 1892 to 1932. Coming from a religious family, Bliss originally sought to become a minister. After giving up these aspirations, he attended
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Bliss considered some of his most important work in China to be his medical training of many young men. He usually taught them
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virus. He remained in China throughout many significant political conflicts throughout the early 1900s before returning to the
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Bliss attended Yale University for his undergraduate education. While in school, he studied under famed professors such as
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and became a teacher. He then went to medical school and began his career as a physician in China. During his time in
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on September 27, 1892. On February 8, 1893, four months after departing the United States, Bliss reached Shaowu.
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and anatomy for about two years. After this, most became "druggists" who ran their own dispensaries, or "
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an Anglican mission were kidnapped for ransom and then executed. Beginning in 1927 with the onset of the
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had just occurred. The conflict began as early as the late 19th century, when a rebel group in the
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Lutz, Jessie G. (July 1976). "Chinese Nationalism and the Anti-Christian Campaigns of the 1920s".
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447:. Bliss was forced to evacuate as the army reached city gates of Shaowu. He returned to America.
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Bliss spent much of his time in China focusing on the immunization of cattle against
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Beyond the Stone Arches: An American Missionary Doctor in China, 1892-1932
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Beyond the Stone Arches: An American Missionary Doctor in China, 1892–1932
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Beyond the Stone Arches: An American Missionary Doctor in China, 1892–1932
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While on furlough in 1900, Bliss received news of war in China. The
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or the Revolution of 1911 was a nationalistic movement against the
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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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at the Harvard School for Boys, where he stayed for one year.
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List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807–1953)
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Cadbury, W. (1912). "Medicine as practiced by the Chinese".
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From 1916 to 1928 instability existed in the newly founded
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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Edward Lydston Bliss was born December 10, 1865, in
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708:, 1900–1949. (2nd ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
501:Bliss's legacy was also preserved through a book,
1453:Journal of the West China Border Research Society
91:, December 10, 1865 – January 22, 1960) was a
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119:(2001) — was written by his son, journalist
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1492:People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
860:Protestant missions in China 1807–1953
230:On April 23, 1891, Bliss wrote to the
93:medical missionary who worked in China
456:daughters, Ruth and Beth, and a son,
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1281:Reformed Church in the United States
1119:American Methodist Episcopal Mission
423:of 1927, setting up a government in
1276:Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association
1154:Protestant Episcopal Church Mission
762:, December 15, 2000. Archived from
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1446:The Christian Occupation of China
505:, written by his son, journalist
1517:Protestant missionaries in China
1507:Christian missionaries in Fujian
1497:American Protestant missionaries
427:led by the Nationalist Party or
115:in 1932. A biography of Bliss —
1297:Bible translations into Chinese
287:. Rinderpest is a virus of the
1502:Christian medical missionaries
1460:The West China Missionary News
1:
1512:American expatriates in China
1266:English Presbyterian Mission
1247:Peking Union Medical College
810:Protestant missions to China
1242:West China Union University
1222:Fukien Christian University
222:in his class in June 1891.
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1312:Chinese Christian colleges
1254:Methodist Episcopal Church
1144:National Christian Council
1124:Canadian Methodist Mission
445:Fujian People's Government
310:Impact of Chinese medicine
226:Missionary work, 1892–1932
138:Newburyport, Massachusetts
43:Newburyport, Massachusetts
1302:Medical missions in China
1139:London Missionary Society
756:"Beyond the Stone Arches"
734:10.1017/S0026749X00013044
651:. New York : Wiley.
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1410:Second Sino-Japanese War
1271:Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui
1232:College of Yale-in-China
1076:Elwood Gardner Tewksbury
828:Protestantism in Sichuan
458:Edward Lydston Bliss Jr.
262:, a surgeon, to Shaowu.
1149:US Presbyterian Mission
706:China in transformation
441:Chinese Communist Party
333:First Sino-Japanese War
1432:The Chinese Repository
1182:University of Shanghai
1134:Church Mission Society
1041:Issachar Jacox Roberts
823:Protestantism in China
704:Mackerras, C. (2008).
645:Bliss, Edward (2001).
252:Waterbury, Connecticut
1212:St. John's University
1197:University of Nanking
961:Elizabeth G. K. Hewat
845:Christianity in China
324:Early anti-foreignism
207:Granby, Massachusetts
195:William Graham Sumner
191:Edward Salisbury Dana
142:Congregational church
1129:China Inland Mission
1071:John Leighton Stuart
1061:Vincent John Stanton
1031:Karl Ludvig Reichelt
1001:Robert Samuel Maclay
721:Modern Asian Studies
167:Henry Morton Stanley
81:Edward Lydston Bliss
23:Edward Lydston Bliss
1237:Huachung University
1217:Hangchow University
1207:Yenching University
1096:(more missionaries)
1066:John and Betty Stam
976:Carl C. Jeremiassen
956:Laura Askew Haygood
911:William Jones Boone
876:David Howard Adeney
421:Northern Expedition
1332:Foochow Roman Type
1322:Chinese Roman Type
1307:Manchurian revival
1227:Lingnan University
1202:Soochow University
1187:Cheeloo University
171:Daniel Livingstone
155:Christian Endeavor
73:Medical missionary
16:Medical missionary
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1415:People's Republic
1405:Chinese Civil War
1360:Taiping Rebellion
1327:Minnan Roman Type
971:Robert A. Jaffray
881:Mary Ann Aldersey
840:Missions timeline
658:978-0-471-39759-5
469:pernicious anemia
437:Chinese Civil War
413:Republic of China
374:Xinhai Revolution
368:Xinhai Revolution
319:Political context
103:, located in the
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39:December 10, 1865
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1390:Kucheng Massacre
1385:Tianjin Massacre
1370:Second Opium War
1337:Anti-footbinding
1091:William C. White
966:Jennie V. Hughes
941:Frederick Graves
936:Jonathan Goforth
891:Thomas J. Arnold
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1192:Ginling College
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1051:Cambridge Seven
1036:Timothy Richard
1011:Robert Morrison
926:Thomas Cochrane
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766:on June 6, 2014
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1424:Publications
1395:Boxer Crisis
1177:United Board
1170:universities
1168:Colleges and
1056:George Smith
1016:George Moule
996:Eric Liddell
901:Joseph Beech
886:Roland Allen
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
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169:'s story of
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55:(1960-01-22)
1487:1960 deaths
1482:1865 births
1026:David Paton
1006:Lottie Moon
991:James Legge
986:Walter Judd
921:John Burdon
509:, in 2001.
401:Yuan Shikai
397:Sun Yat-sen
304:Robert Koch
273:cooperative
266:Cooperative
260:Walter Judd
187:Noah Porter
1476:Categories
1342:Anti-opium
1105:Missionary
1021:Gideon Nye
906:John Birch
850:Nestorians
816:Background
770:2014-06-05
518:References
429:Kuomintang
419:) led the
388:Bainbridge
285:rinderpest
201:Early work
127:Early life
109:rinderpest
69:Occupation
35:1865-12-10
742:0026-749X
181:Education
148:Ambitions
1107:agencies
356:Shandong
300:Shanghai
121:Ed Bliss
1351:Pivotal
855:Jesuits
425:Nanking
211:Chicago
85:Chinese
1353:events
1290:Impact
869:People
740:
655:
484:Legacy
378:Manchu
361:Shanxi
340:Fuzhou
236:Shaowu
175:Africa
132:Family
105:Fujian
101:Shaowu
87::
61:Boston
673:Oikos
476:Death
240:China
738:ISSN
653:ISBN
386:USS
372:The
193:and
50:Died
29:Born
730:doi
399:to
380:or
173:in
89:福益华
1478::
758:.
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693:^
525:^
189:,
177:.
123:.
803:e
796:t
789:v
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732::
661:.
83:(
37:)
33:(
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