472:
446:"However reciprocal...may appear the relations of the preyer and the prey, a little reflection on the observed facts suffices to intimate that the relative adaptations of the former only are special, those of latter being comparatively vague and general; indicating that there having been a superabundance which might serve as nutriment, in the first instance, and which, in many cases, was unattainable by ordinary means, particular species have therefore been so organized (that is to say, modified upon some more or less general
1657:
438:"The hypothesis teaches, that every possible variety of being hath, at one time or other, found its way into existence (by what cause or in what manner is not said), and that those which were badly formed, perished; but how or why those which survived should be cast, as we see that plants and animals are cast, into regular classes, the hypothesis does not explain; or rather the hypothesis is inconsistent with this phænomenon."
343:, seeking information on variations in domesticated animals of various countries, wrote to Blyth who was "much gratified to learn that a subject in which I have always felt the deepest interest has been undertaken by one so competent to treat of it in all its bearings" and they corresponded on the subject. Blyth was among the first to recognise the significance of
1646:
33:
222:. In India, Blyth was poorly paid (the Asiatic Society did not expect to find a European curator for the salary that they could offer), with a salary of 300 pounds per year (which was unchanged for twenty years), and a house allowance of 4 pounds per month. He married in 1854, and tried to supplement his income by writing under a pseudonym (
272:
291:
Mr. Blyth, who is rightly called the Father of Indian
Ornithology, was by far the most important contributor to our knowledge of the Birds of India. As the head of the Asiatic Society's Museum, by intercourse and correspondence, formed a large collection for the Society, and enriched the pages of the
380:
claimed that "the leading tenets of Darwin's work – the struggle for existence, variation, natural selection and sexual selection – are all fully expressed in Blyth's paper of 1835". He also cited a number of rare words, similarities of phrasing, and the use of similar examples, which he regarded as
528:
eggs (or more generally foreign eggs) were detected and removed by the hosts by placing eggs of one species in the nests of others. In 1835 he wrote that he had experimentally found chaffinches to remove a foreign egg when placed in their clutch. He also suggested the idea of replacing the original
457:
writes that
Eiseley erred in failing to realize that natural selection was a common idea among biologists of the time, as part of the argument for created permanency of species. It was seen as eliminating the unfit, while some other cause created well-fitted species. Darwin introduced the idea that
385:
has "permitted the refutation of
Eiseley's claims". Eiseley argued that Blyth's influence on Darwin "begins to be discernible in the Darwin Note-book of 1836 with the curious word 'inosculate'. It is a word which has never had a wide circulation, and which is not to be found in Darwin's vocabulary
467:
as if it occurred, "we should seek in vain for those constant and invariable distinctions which are found to obtain". Darwin held the opposite view, and did not read Blyth until after formulating his own theory. In contrast to
Eiseley's claim that Blyth felt that Darwin had plagiarised the idea,
268:, keeper at the British Museum, uncooperative in helping him with his ornithological research far away in India. He complained to the trustees of the museum but it was dismissed with several character references in favour of Gray including Charles Darwin.
529:
clutch with another clutch but with a single foreign egg and suggested based on his own results that either the foreign eggs would be discarded or that the birds would abandon the nest. Blyth also examined the patterns of moult in various bird groups.
420:
In this negative formulation, natural selection only preserves a constant and unchangeable type or essence of created form, by eliminating extreme variations or unfit individuals that deviate too far from this essence. The formulation goes back to the
462:
in giving direction to a process of evolutionary change in which small hereditary changes accumulate. John
Wilkins indicates that Blyth considered that species had "invariable distinctions" establishing their integrity, and so was opposed to
292:
Society's
Journal with the results of his study. Thus he did more for the study of the birds of India than all previous writers. There can be no work on Indian Ornithology without reference to his voluminous contributions. ...
1068:"On the psychological distinctions between man and all other animals; and the consequent diversity of human influence over the inferior ranks of creation, from any mutual and reciprocal influence exercised among the latter"
1049:"On the psychological distinctions between man and all other animals; and the consequent diversity of human influence over the inferior ranks of creation, from any mutual and reciprocal influence exercised among the latter"
1030:"On the psychological distinctions between man and all other animals; and the consequent diversity of human influence over the inferior ranks of creation, from any mutual and reciprocal influence exercised among the latter"
433:
set out a variation on this argument in 1802, to refute (in later pages) a claim that there had been a wide range of initial creations, with less viable forms eliminated by nature to leave the modern range of species:
253:
They intrigue in every way to get rid of me; accuse me of being an
Ornithologist, and that the society did not want an ornithologist...I could astonish you by various statements of what I have to put up with but
416:"What was the work of Blyth?... Blyth attempts to show how can be used to explain, not the change of species (which he was anxious to discredit) but the stability of species in which he ardently believed."
1572:"On the reconciliation of certain apparent discrepancies observable in the mode in which the seasonal and progressive changes of colour are effected in the fur of mammalians and feathers of birds 300–311"
984:"An attempt to classify the "varieties" of animals, with observations on the marked seasonal and other changes which naturally take place in various British species, and which do not constitute varieties"
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245:, often ignoring the rest of his work. In 1847, his employers were unhappy at his failure to produce a catalogue of the museum. Some Asiatic Society factions opposed Blyth, and he complained to
524:
Although Blyth spent most of his time in the museum in India, he was aware and interested in the study of birds in life. Prior to moving to India, he conducted some experiments to examine if
394:
of classification had been popular for a time after its first publication in 1819–1820. In a mystical scheme this grouped separately created genera in "osculating" (kissing) circles.
409:"Blyth's theory was clearly one of elimination rather than selection. His principal concern is the maintenance of the perfection of the type. Blyth's thinking is decidedly that of a
390:"never imagined such an inosculating creature". The letter preceded Blyth's publication, and indicates that both Darwin and Blyth had independently taken the term from Macleay whose
359: ? Good! Upon the whole! ... Wallace has, I think, put the matter well; and according to his theory, the various domestic races of animals have been fairly developed into
302:
He married a widow, Mrs. Hodges (born Sutton) who had moved to India, in 1854. She however died in
December 1857, a shock which led to his health deteriorating from then on.
199:, at the suggestion of Dr. Fennell, in London under Dr. Keating at St. Paul's Churchyard. He did not find the teaching satisfactory and began to work as a pharmacist in
230:
and traded live animals between India and
Britain to wealthy collectors in both countries. In this venture he sought the collaboration of eminent people such as
488:
Blyth returned to London on 9 March 1863 to recover from ill health. He was to get a full year's pay for this sick leave. He however had to borrow money from
512:. He later took to drinking and was once held for assaulting a cab driver. He died of heart disease on 27 December 1873 and is buried in a family grave in
1752:
508:. He was a corresponding member of the Zoological Society and was elected an extraordinary member of the British Ornithological Union, nominated by
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442:
The way Blyth himself argued about the modification of species can be illustrated by an extract concerning the adaptations of carnivorous mammals:
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he wrote "Mr. Blyth, whose opinion, from his large and varied stores of knowledge, I should value more than that of almost any one, ..."
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In 1911, H.M. Vickers considered Blyth's writings as an early understanding of natural selection which was noted in a 1959 paper, where
195:. He took an interest in reading, but was often to be found spending time in the woods nearby. Leaving school in 1825, he went to study
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347:'s paper "On the Law which has regulated the introduction of Species" and brought it to the notice of Darwin in a letter written in
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203:, but quit in 1837 to try his luck as an author and editor. In 1836, he produced an annotated edition of Gilbert White's
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Sealy, Spencer G. (2009). "Cuckoos and their fosterers: uncovering details of Edward Blyth's field experiments".
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211:
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in 1849. He was prevented from doing much fieldwork himself, but received and described bird specimens from
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808:"Edward Blyth, Charles Darwin, and the animal trade in Nineteenth-Century India and Britain"
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published in 1840, inserting many observations, corrections, and references of his own. His
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410:
402:
391:
1137:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1670 – Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R., 21 Apr 1855"
468:
Blyth remained a valued correspondent and friend of Darwin's after the idea was published.
1183:"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1792 – Blyth, Edward to Darwin, C. R., 8 Dec 1855"
215:
153:
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before this time." This was incorrect: an 1832 letter written by Darwin commented that
340:
231:
188:
172:
168:
532:
Blyth edited the section on "Mammalia, Birds, and
Reptiles" in the English edition of
1706:
1315:
Eiseley L. (1959). "Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and The ory of natural selection".
509:
430:
377:
1504:
1237:"An Apparently hitherto Unnoticed "Anticipation" of the Theory of Natural Selection"
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968:
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241:
Although a curator of a museum with many responsibilities, he contributed mainly to
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There can be no doubt of Darwin's regard for Edward Blyth: in the first chapter of
246:
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and describing the process in nature as restoring organisms in the wild to their
1067:
1048:
1029:
548:
242:
1571:
1548:
1085:
Schwartz, Joel S. (1974). "Charles Darwin's Debt to Malthus and Edward Blyth".
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983:
1533:
920:
907:
Brandon-Jones, Christine (1996). "Charles Darwin and the repugnant curators".
826:
660:
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426:
398:
235:
1007:"On the psychological distinctions between man and all other animals 131–141"
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Natural theology; or, Evidences of the existence and attributes of the Deity
877:
321:
196:
149:
1114:
893:
649:
Christine Brandon-Jones (23 September 2004). "Blyth, Edward (1810–1873)".
271:
1645:
316:
Edward Blyth wrote three articles on variation, discussing the effects of
552:
381:
evidence of Darwin's debt to Blyth. However, the subsequent discovery of
348:
219:
152:
who worked for most of his life in India as a curator of zoology at the
32:
1159:
In Darwin's shadow : the life and science of Alfred Russel Wallace
1106:
1098:
947:
Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1959). "Blyth, Darwin, and natural selection".
551:, from 1853 through 1863, he described over three dozen new species of
325:
200:
1260:
862:. By the late E. Blyth. Asiatic Society of Bengal. pp. iii–xvii.
778:
525:
405:
interpret Blyth's view of natural selection as maintaining the type:
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753:
960:
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270:
191:, died in 1820 and his mother sent him to Dr. Fennell's school in
492:
and continued his animal trade. Around 1865, he began to help
363:. ... A trump of a fact for friend Wallace to have hit upon!"
187:
On 23 December 1810, Blyth was born in London. His father, a
1667:
Archives of Charles Darwin and his correspondence with Blyth
1625:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
1424:. Harvard University Press. pp. 137–141. Archived from
279:
Blyth's work on ornithology led him to be recognized as the
210:
He was offered the position of curator at the museum of the
159:
He set about updating the museum's catalogues, publishing a
1452:"Darwin's precursors and influences: 4. Natural selection"
450:
or plan of structure,) to avail themselves of the supply."
1605:"Amphibian Species of the World 6.2, an Online Reference"
615:. Reptilian species and a genus bearing his name include
214:
in 1841. He was so poor that he needed an advance of 100
1621:
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
878:"Ojciec indyjskiej ornitologii Edward Blyth (1810-1873)"
700:
Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art
1677:
Catalogue of birds in the museum Asiatic Society (1849)
148:(23 December 1810 – 27 December 1873) was an English
1214:(1 ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 18.
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39:
23:
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935:The avifauna of British India and its dependencies
754:"Edward Blyth and the Theory of Natural Selection"
1317:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
312:Natural selection § Historical development
289:
275:Dedication page of Hume's "My Scrapbook" (1869)
251:
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1698:. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1672:Catalogue of mammal and birds of Burma (1875)
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328:). However, he never actually used the term "
161:Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Society
90:Catalogue of the Birds of the Asiatic Society
8:
542:Catalogue of the mammals and birds of Burma
1376:. London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, John Murray
692:""Cranes and Pheasants" (with a review of
355:"What think you of Wallace's paper in the
31:
20:
1373:Darwin and Henslow. The growth of an idea
777:
741:. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. 1858.
1408:
1406:
1482:. Gregg International. pp. 65–66.
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1443:
1418:"Natural Selection as a Creative Force"
860:Catalogue of mammals and birds of Burma
846:
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652:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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567:Avian species bearing his name include
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713:
238:, both of whom declined these offers.
7:
1422:The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
1345:. Harvard University Press. p.
882:Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki
720:Blyth, Edward (1810–1873), zoologist
544:was published posthumously in 1875.
332:". These articles were published in
179:was published posthumously in 1881.
547:Working in the scientific field of
14:
1623:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
1087:Journal of the History of Biology
815:Journal of the History of Biology
806:Brandon-Jones, Christine (1997).
694:The Natural History of the Cranes
677:The natural history of the cranes
264:He also found the ornithologist
94:The natural history of the Cranes
1695:Dictionary of National Biography
1644:
1399:. Blackwell, Oxford. p. 34.
1341:The growth of biological thought
724:Dictionary of National Biography
504:and had to be kept in a private
475:Family grave of Edward Blyth in
16:English zoologist and pharmacist
1753:19th-century British zoologists
1682:Bettany, George Thomas (1886).
738:The natural history of Selborne
334:The Magazine of Natural History
154:Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
121:Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
1658:Works by or about Edward Blyth
1286:Darwin and the Mysterious Mr X
726:online (accessed 21 July 2008)
722:by Christine Brandon-Jones in
1:
1743:Proto-evolutionary biologists
283:a title later transferred to
259:quoted in Brandon-Jones, 1997
207:which was reprinted in 1858.
177:Natural History of the Cranes
129:Author abbrev. (zoology)
1733:Burials at Highgate Cemetery
1549:"Observations on the cuckoo"
1290:. Dutton, New York. p.
706:(1342): 81–82. 16 July 1881.
281:father of Indian ornithology
1576:Magazine of Natural History
1553:Magazine of Natural History
1522:Archives of Natural History
1503:Blyth, E., ed. (1840). "".
1161:. Oxford University Press.
1072:Magazine of Natural History
1053:Magazine of Natural History
1034:Magazine of Natural History
1011:Magazine of Natural History
988:Magazine of Natural History
655:. Oxford University Press.
555:and several new species of
205:Natural History of Selborne
1769:
1509:. London: Orr. p. 67.
1370:Barlow, Nora, ed. (1967).
1074:. 1 (new series): 131–141.
309:
1534:10.3366/E0260954108000685
1397:Darwin's place in history
1157:Shermer, Michael (2002).
921:10.1080/00033799600200351
324:(rather than forming new
212:Asiatic Society of Bengal
139:
100:
30:
1395:Darlington C.D. (1959).
1211:On the Origin of Species
1208:Darwin, Charles (1859).
1055:. 1 (new series): 77–84.
465:transmutation of species
370:On the Origin of Species
1506:Cuvier's Animal Kingdom
1476:Paley, William (1802).
1235:Vickers, H. M. (1911).
949:The American Naturalist
933:Murray, James A. 1888.
827:10.1023/A:1004209901090
336:between 1835 and 1837.
228:Indian Sporting Review,
1748:Scientists from London
1738:English ornithologists
1570:Blyth, Edward (1837).
1547:Blyth, Edward (1835).
1066:Blyth, Edward (1837).
1047:Blyth, Edward (1837).
1036:. 1 (new series): 1–9.
1028:Blyth, Edward (1837).
1005:Blyth, Edward (1837).
982:Blyth, Edward (1835).
752:Martin, E. A. (1911).
674:Blyth, Edward (1881).
601:Blyth's shrike-babbler
496:in the writing of the
480:
458:natural selection was
300:
276:
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1685:"Blyth, Edward"
1653:at Wikimedia Commons
1450:John Wilkins (2003).
661:10.1093/ref:odnb/2725
474:
429:, and the theologian
388:William Sharp Macleay
345:Alfred Russel Wallace
310:Further information:
274:
1593:The Reptile Database
1337:Mayr, Ernst (1984).
1282:Eiseley, L. (1979).
937:. Truebner. Volume 1
593:Blyth's reed warbler
581:Blyth's olive bulbul
573:Blyth's leaf warbler
351:on 8 December 1855:
318:artificial selection
306:On natural selection
218:to make the trip to
1713:English naturalists
1633:. ("Blyth", p. 28).
1456:TalkOrigins Archive
1253:1911Natur..85..510V
770:1911Natur..86...45M
285:Allan Octavian Hume
183:Early life and work
1718:English zoologists
1428:on 25 October 2016
1414:Gould, Stephen Jay
1099:10.1007/bf00351207
624:Eumeces blythianus
618:Blythia reticulata
613:Blyth's kingfisher
577:Blyth's hawk-eagle
481:
411:natural theologian
383:Darwin's notebooks
277:
266:George Robert Gray
175:among others. His
1649:Media related to
1631:978-1-4214-0135-5
1609:research.amnh.org
1247:(2155): 510–511.
1189:on 21 August 2009
909:Annals of Science
876:Malec, G (2014).
630:Rhinophis blythii
597:Blyth's rosefinch
589:Blyth's frogmouth
514:Highgate Cemetery
490:John Henry Gurney
484:Return from India
477:Highgate Cemetery
455:Stephen Jay Gould
339:In February 1855
330:natural selection
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102:Scientific career
79:Highgate Cemetery
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1662:Internet Archive
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821:(2): 145–178.
793:
744:
728:
709:
683:
666:
640:
638:
635:
564:
563:Eponymous taxa
561:
538:Animal Kingdom
521:
518:
498:Birds of India
485:
482:
452:
451:
440:
439:
418:
417:
414:
365:
364:
341:Charles Darwin
307:
304:
294:
256:
232:Charles Darwin
184:
181:
173:Robert Swinhoe
169:Samuel Tickell
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
119:museum of the
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
98:
97:
87:
86:Known for
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
68:
66:(aged 63)
60:
56:
55:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1489:0-576-29166-8
1485:
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1358:
1356:0-674-36445-7
1352:
1348:
1343:
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1333:
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1327:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1301:0-525-08875-X
1297:
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1287:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1223:
1221:0-8014-1319-2
1217:
1213:
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1188:
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1175:
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1168:0-19-514830-4
1164:
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936:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
900:
895:
891:
888:(1): 109–33.
887:
884:(in Polish).
883:
879:
872:
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857:
853:
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845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
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684:
680:. R H Porter.
679:
678:
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658:
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511:
510:Alfred Newton
507:
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483:
478:
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461:
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445:
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432:
431:William Paley
428:
424:
423:ancient Greek
415:
412:
408:
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404:
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395:
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389:
384:
379:
378:Loren Eiseley
374:
372:
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362:
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357:Ann. M. N. H.
354:
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157:
156:in Calcutta.
155:
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138:
135:
132:
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126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
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103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
77:
75:Resting place
73:
61:
57:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1693:
1651:Edward Blyth
1643:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1430:. Retrieved
1426:the original
1421:
1396:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1372:
1365:
1340:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1277:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1177:
1158:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1131:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1000:
991:
987:
977:
952:
948:
942:
934:
929:
912:
908:
902:
885:
881:
859:
856:Introduction
818:
814:
764:(2158): 45.
761:
757:
747:
737:
731:
703:
699:
693:
686:
676:
669:
650:
644:
628:
622:
616:
566:
546:
541:
537:
531:
523:
497:
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459:
453:
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441:
425:philosopher
419:
396:
375:
368:
366:
360:
356:
338:
333:
315:
301:
297:James Murray
290:
280:
278:
263:
252:
247:Richard Owen
240:
227:
223:
209:
204:
186:
176:
160:
158:
146:Edward Blyth
145:
144:
133:
116:Institutions
101:
93:
89:
64:(1873-12-27)
25:Edward Blyth
18:
1728:1873 deaths
1723:1810 births
549:herpetology
520:Other works
479:(west side)
243:ornithology
81:(west side)
1707:Categories
1559:: 325–340.
637:References
557:amphibians
500:but had a
427:Empedocles
399:Ernst Mayr
236:John Gould
226:) for the
123:, Calcutta
46:1810-12-23
1323:: 94–114.
322:archetype
249:in 1848:
224:Zoophilus
197:chemistry
193:Wimbledon
165:A.O. Hume
150:zoologist
1416:(2002).
1123:44971034
1115:11609303
994:: 40–53.
969:84475036
894:25033527
854:(1875).
852:Grote, A
835:83106898
553:reptiles
460:creative
349:Calcutta
295:—
257:—
254:forbear.
220:Calcutta
189:clothier
92:, 1849;
1692:(ed.).
1660:at the
1380:28 June
1269:3979338
1249:Bibcode
1107:4330617
788:3985857
766:Bibcode
361:species
326:species
201:Tooting
111:Zoology
1629:
1486:
1461:19 May
1432:19 May
1353:
1298:
1267:
1241:Nature
1218:
1193:19 May
1165:
1142:19 May
1121:
1113:
1105:
967:
892:
833:
786:
758:Nature
627:, and
611:, and
534:Cuvier
526:cuckoo
506:asylum
216:pounds
108:Fields
69:London
53:London
1688:. In
1265:S2CID
1119:S2CID
1103:JSTOR
965:S2CID
831:S2CID
811:(PDF)
784:S2CID
397:Both
134:Blyth
1627:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1463:2009
1434:2009
1382:2012
1351:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1195:2009
1163:ISBN
1144:2009
1111:PMID
890:PMID
448:type
413:..."
401:and
234:and
96:1881
59:Died
40:Born
1530:doi
1347:489
1321:103
1257:doi
1095:doi
957:doi
917:doi
823:doi
774:doi
657:doi
536:'s
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48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
