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1485:". However, Śmigły-Rydz left Hungary on 25 October 1941, and travelling through Slovakia reached Poland. On 30 October, in strict secrecy, he came back to Warsaw to participate in the resistance movement as a common underground soldier, thus voluntarily suspending his rank as Marshal of Poland. He managed to contact Grot-Rowecki, but remained incognito. He died suddenly of heart failure at the age of 55, on 2 December 1941, only five weeks after his arrival in Warsaw. He was buried in Warsaw under his
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an extremely able commander on smaller fronts in earlier wars, but was not an experienced strategist in a great conflict. Indeed, in 1922, in an evaluation of Polish generals, Piłsudski had written about him: "in operational work he displays healthy common sense and a lot of stubborn energy. I could recommend him to everybody as a commander of an army, I am however not sure if he possesses sufficient abilities to function as commander-in-chief in a war between two states."
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1107:, he emphasized that on accepting the ministerial post he was to be seen as a deputy of Piłsudski. It was at this time that he began using the dual surname Śmigły-Rydz. On 11 November 1918 the government relinquished power to Piłsudski, who became Provisional Head of State. After some hesitation, Piłsudski (though displeased at Śmigły-Rydz having worked with the socialists) confirmed his rank of brigadier general in the Polish army.
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1226:, Rydz took the Marshal's side and sent troops from Wilno to reinforce anti-government troops in Warsaw. Piłsudski never forgot this fidelity, and in 1929, Rydz was appointed the Marshal's deputy on all matters concerning the East. On 13 May 1935, following Piłsudski's death, Rydz was nominated by the president and government of Poland to serve in the capacity of the
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1371:, and Śmigły-Rydz was named Commander-in-Chief of all Polish forces. On 7 September, along with most of the government, he evacuated Warsaw as it came under attack. Soon afterwards, Polish coordination began to suffer from issues with their communication equipment, which impaired Rydz's ability to command his forces effectively. In
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1300:, as manifested by the creation of the Ozon movement. However, Ozon never achieved its goal of developing popular mass appeal and transforming Rydz into "Poland's second great leader" (after Piłsudski himself). Several of Poland's most prominent politicians, including Mościcki and the foreign minister
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From 1935, Rydz saw himself rapidly elevated in rank and position. On 15 July 1936, he was officially awarded the title of "Second Man in the State after the
President" by the Polish prime minister. On 10 November, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of Poland. Rydz's image as Piłsudski's anointed
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Miron, closely guarded by a special unit of
Romanian police. I managed to get to his villa after bribing a Romanian officer, with the help of Rydz's physician, Dr. Cianciara (...) The Marshal spoke with a charming smile, but there was no spark in this smile. He said that after Piłsudski's death, the
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wrote after Śmigły-Rydz and Beck were interned in
Romania that "They ought, one might say, to have been interned somewhere else before". As the Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces, Śmigły-Rydz took complete responsibility for Poland's military defeat in September 1939. Rydz had proven himself
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against Nazi
Germany, though Rydz's flight sparked some controversy because of his position as supreme commander of the Polish armed forces. Large numbers of Polish soldiers and airmen managed to escape into southern Europe through Hungary and Romania and later regrouped in France. After the French
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were bitterly divided after his death in 1935. The ruling regime was divided between the Mościcki faction (known as the "president's men" or the "castle group"), made up mainly of civilians, and Rydz's group, known as the "marshal's men", mostly old comrades of Piłsudski and professional officers.
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When war loomed, political differences fell away and defense became the national priority. Consequently, Rydz's stature eclipsed even that of the president. The shock of the Polish defeat made objective evaluations of his legacy during and after the war difficult; his reputation, very much tied to
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In 2016 a large and detailed oil painting was discovered amongst the archives of The
Sikorski Museum in London. It had been folded into four and hidden in a briefcase by an unknown person and smuggled to Britain to avoid being taken by the Nazi occupation forces. After quite a feat of restoration
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told me that we only had 180 million (...) We began partial mobilization in the spring 1939. The nation hated it, more than 1,000 Silesians deserted to
Germany. We were unable to keep Poland mobilized for so long, we could not afford it (...) They say that I am a coward. I had three options: to
1272:("Camp of National Unity") movement, or "Ozon" movement, but it alienated many of Piłsudski's supporters, who were offended by what they saw as Rydz's acts of self-promotion. The period of Rydz's rule, 1935–39, has often been referred to as "a dictatorship without a dictator". Rydz lacked the
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condition of the army was catastrophic: "The cost of the construction of modest fortifications along our western border was equivalent to an 18-month budget of Poland, and at the same time, we were working on fortifications in the East. A modest armament plan was up to 5 billion
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On 18 September 1939, after avoiding capture by Soviet and then German troops, Śmigły-Rydz escaped to
Romania and was interned. The crossing of the Polish government into Romania prevented Poland from having to officially surrender and allowed Polish soldiers to
993:, Tomasz Rydz, and his wife Maria Babiak. Rydz grew up in rather humble circumstances and was orphaned at the age of 13. He was then raised by his maternal grandparents and, after their deaths, by the family of a Dr. Uranowicz, the town physician at Brzeżany.
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1065:. He did not forget his art, however, and exhibited his work at a gallery in Kraków around that time. In 1917, after their refusal to swear an oath to the Austrian and German authorities, the Legions were disbanded, their soldiers
212:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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met Beck, also in internment, and he managed to talk to him for a few hours. This is what Wańkowicz wrote about this meeting: "It was completely impossible to get to Rydz, as he was kept in wild mountains, in the summer villa of
1242:. Mościcki in the end would conclude a power-sharing agreement with Śmigły-Rydz, which saw Slawek marginalised as a serious political player by the end of the year. As a result of this agreement, Śmigły-Rydz was to become the
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in 1920, for the political repression of far-left elements under his military government of the late 1930s, and for his key role in the Polish defeat of 1939. In the West, due to the influence of anti-Piłsudski circles (with
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originating from officers who were loyal to the memory of Piłsudski. Still in
Romania, on 27 October, he relinquished his function as the Commander-in-Chief and Inspector-General of the Armed Forces. This role was assumed by
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as their foremost representative), he was seen as having fled the battlefield in 1939, and little recognition was given to the actual and impossible circumstances of Poland's invasion and defeat by the
Germans and Soviets.
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At the conclusion of the Polish-Soviet war, Rydz was appointed
Inspector General of the Polish Army in the Wilno district and later in Warsaw. In November 1924, he informally headed the so-called
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Rydz finished his military education with distinction and was offered a commission in the Imperial Army, which he declined. In 1912 he became a founder of the Polish paramilitary group, the
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surrender, to kill myself, and to be captured. It was impossible to fight, as I had only half a company of soldiers with me. To kill myself meant failure. To fly to Warsaw?"
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Born in 1886, he grew up in small beginnings and was raised by his maternal grandparents after he became an orphan at age 13. He graduated with distinctions from the local
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Besides these two major groups, there were also supporters of Sławek and other disgruntled Piłsudskite groups, which were marginalized after the Rydz-Mościcki pact.
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Illustrations to Piłsudski's book 22 January 1863, Lwów 1920; Contributions to Art Exhibitions in Kraków (1916) and Warsaw (1917). Most of his paintings are lost.
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Seidner, Stanley S., "The Camp of National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation," The Polish Review vol. xx, nos. 2–3, 1975, pp. 231–236.
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Seidner,Stanley S., "Reflections from Rumania and Beyond: Marshal Śmigły-Rydz Rydz in Exile," The Polish Review vol. xxii, no. 2, 1977, pp. 29–51.
1022:. In 1910–1911 he attended the reserve officers' academy in Vienna and received military training at the renowned Austrian 4th Infantry Regiment, the "
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bore this assumed name until 1991. A new tombstone inscribed with the Marshal's full name was placed over his grave by the people of Warsaw in 1994.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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were to become two redoubt-citadels in central Poland to fight on for as long as possible while the bulk of the Polish forces were to defend the
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Byście o sile nie zapomnieli - Rozkazy, Artykuły, Mowy (Do not forget the Might – Orders, Articles and Speeches), Warsaw 1936;
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fortress. By Piłsudski's appointment, Rydz (who was released from prison on grounds of ill health) became commander of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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in Poland as a sabotage of its work in the country. The Marshal must as soon as possible move to some country of the
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leader of Poland until the outbreak of the war, whereas Mościcki remained influential by continuing as president.
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and await the counterattack promised by Poland's allies – the French and British. Unknown to Śmigły-Rydz, the
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as Piłsudski's successor, those supporting Rydz, and those supporting Prime Minister
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Edward Śmigły-Rydz's reputation after World War II was generally negative. In the
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the critical early months of World War II, remains tendentious and controversial.
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Dążąc do końca swoich dróg (Toward My Path's End), Paris, 1947; London, 1989.
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Melchior Wańkowicz, Po klęsce. Prószyński i Spółka, Warsaw 2009, pp. 614–616
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of 1919–21, Rydz commanded Polish armies in several offensives against the
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During his internment in Romania, Śmigły-Rydz initiated the creation of a
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that were unfavorable to former legionnaires. In 1926, during Piłsudski's
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Rydz was Honorary Doctor of the Universities of Warsaw and (then-Polish)
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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W sprawie polskiej doktryny (Poland's Military Doctrine), Warsaw 1924;
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in Warsaw, established after World War II on the eastern side of the
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Wódz Naczelny i Marszałek Polski Edward Śmigły-Rydz, Życie i Czyny,
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Kawaleria w osłonie (Cavalry in protection of troops), Warsaw 1925;
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surrender, they re-assembled once more, but this time in the UK.
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Następca komendanta. Edward Śmigły-Rydz. Materiały do biografii
934:'s death in 1935. Rydz served in this capacity at the start of
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Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima
1862:"Edward Śmigły-Rydz : A Political and Military Biography"
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Wojna polsko-niemiecka (The Polish-German War), Budapest 1941.
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and fought in World War I in the famous Polish 1st Brigade of
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Philip Bujak with the restored painting of Edward Śmigły-Rydz
1445:. What was I supposed to do? I am not an economist, minister
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Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
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Military personnel of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland,
1088:("Swift", "Deft"), which he later officially added to his
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and rose quickly in rank. By 1916, he was already a full
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of Poland's armed forces, as well as a painter and poet.
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Early 20th-century Polish politician and military leader
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Edward Śmigły-Rydz: działalność wojskowa i polityczna,
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states, he was denounced for his participation in the
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Politicians from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
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Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
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Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords
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Ostatnie lata Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej (1935–1939),
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a machine-translated version of the Polish article.
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1428:in France (and after 1940 in the United Kingdom).
1387:had no such plan and expected Poland to fall (see
2562:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
2537:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
996:After graduating with distinction from the local
1927:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. xix.
2592:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
2587:Recipients of the Order of Lāčplēsis, 2nd class
1069:and their leader Józef Piłsudski imprisoned in
2557:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
1167:. Subsequently, he annihilated the Red Army's
230:accompanying your translation by providing an
192:Click for important translation instructions.
179:expand this article with text translated from
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8:
2121:Newspaper clippings about Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2042:Jędruszczak,Hanna, and Tadeusz Jędruszczak.
1809:Walka na bagnety (Bayonet Fight), Lwów 1914;
1336:area while Nazi Germany took control of the
1228:Inspector-General of the Polish Armed Forces
1103:as minister of war. Having been promoted to
1661:Knight of Latvia's highest military award,
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2542:Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
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1951:. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 368.
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2607:Polish people of the Polish–Ukrainian War
2582:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
2547:Recipients of the Cross of Merit (Poland)
2522:Polish military personnel of World War II
2030:Historia polityczna Polski lat 1918–1939.
1431:In the autumn of 1939, Polish journalist
1010:. He then studied to be a painter at the
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2090:Serwatka, Tomasz. "Edward Śmigły-Rydz,"
2065:Wywiad a dyplomacja II Rzeczypospolitej,
1316:The Marshal on a propaganda poster, 1936
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2552:Recipients of the Cross of Independence
2477:Military personnel from Ternopil Oblast
1964:Latvijas Valsts apbalvojumi un Lāčplēši
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1622:Grand Cross of the French Order of the
2602:Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
2567:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
2053:, (The Piłsudskiites), Oświęcim, 1916;
2035:Jabłonowski, Marek,i Stawecki, Piotr.
330:12 May 1935 – 7 November 1939
2152:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
1489:"Adam Zawisza". His tombstone at the
1024:Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights
318:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
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2512:Polish Military Organisation members
969:Edward Rydz was born in the city of
242:{{Translated|pl|Edward Śmigły-Rydz}}
88:adding citations to reliable sources
2572:Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
1504:Rydz was married to Marta Zaleska,
1354:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1119:Śmigły-Rydz receives the Marshal's
1057:Army in the region of the Southern
2527:Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
2507:Camp of National Unity politicians
2108:Historia Dwudziestolecia 1918–1939
1328:, 12 October 1938. Poland annexed
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1780:Winter landscape from Olcza, 1910
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1002:(secondary school), Rydz went to
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1999:. Warsaw: Festina. p. 110.
1962:Priedītis, Ērichs Ēriks (1996).
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1690:Warsaw University of Technology
1296:The regime became increasingly
1191:to be interned by the Germans.
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2417:Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski
1806:On military tactics and theory
1508:Thomas; they had no children.
1500:The Marshal's grave in Warsaw.
240:You may also add the template
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1629:Grand Officer of the Finnish
1424:, who was serving in the new
1292:featuring Marshal Śmigły-Rydz
2642:Honorary Citizen of Ternopil
2617:20th-century Polish painters
2492:20th-century Polish nobility
1654:Grand Cross of the Japanese
1610:Order of the Star of Romania
1269:Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego
1095:In October 1918 Rydz joined
1075:Polish Military Organization
965:during the Polish-Soviet War
2612:Burials at Powązki Cemetery
2125:20th Century Press Archives
1966:(in Latvian). Riga: Junda.
1617:Order of the Crown of Italy
1594:(Złoty Krzyż Zasługi), and
1099:'s socialist government in
761:Battle of Laski and Anielin
253:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
2658:
2092:Gazeta:Historia mało znana
2049:Kaden-Bandrowski,Juliusz.
1902:, or informally the plant
1869:Digital.lib.washington.edu
1581:Order of Polonia Restituta
1426:Polish government-in-exile
973:(now Berezhany in western
823:Battle of the Niemen River
204:Machine translation, like
2627:20th-century Polish poets
2517:Polish resistance members
2443:
2382:
2369:General Inspectors of the
2324:
2216:
2207:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2136:
1995:Jabłoński, Rafał (2002).
1947:Acović, Dragomir (2012).
1367:On 1 September 1939, the
1195:"Second Man" in the State
916:Polish–Soviet War in 1920
845:
368:
323:
312:
300:
181:the corresponding article
1703:is a large tree-covered
1649:Hungarian Order of Merit
1638:Order of the White Eagle
1573:Commander and Knight of
1569:Order of the White Eagle
1522:Polish People's Republic
1177:Battle of Warsaw of 1920
1014:in Kraków, and later in
987:non-commissioned officer
594:(1910–1911), (1914–1917)
2597:Polish military writers
1997:Warsaw and surroundings
1894:" can denote an edible
1667:Order of the Bearslayer
1656:Order of the Rising Sun
1631:Order of the White Rose
1008:Jagiellonian University
893:Jagiellonian University
876:politician, statesman,
818:Battle of Warsaw (1920)
781:Battle of Kostiuchnówka
700:(Austro-Hungarian Army)
664:(Austro-Hungarian Army)
251:For more guidance, see
2432:Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko
2407:Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
1546:
1501:
1462:
1369:Germans invaded Poland
1341:
1317:
1293:
1276:of Piłsudski, and the
1262:
1216:strike of the generals
1211:
1132:
1031:Riflemen's Association
966:
606:Second Polish Republic
2305:Konstanty Rokossowski
2296:Michał Rola-Żymierski
2099:Stachiewicz, Wacław.
1596:Cross of Independence
1592:Golden Cross of Merit
1544:
1499:
1456:
1447:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
1323:
1315:
1287:
1261:, Warsaw, August 1936
1252:
1202:
1118:
1041:Early Military Career
991:Austro-Hungarian Army
957:
808:Kiev offensive (1920)
656:Years of service
627:Austro-Hungarian Army
224:copyright attribution
2632:Polish male painters
2402:Kazimierz Sosnkowski
2083:Seidner, Stanley S.
1766:, oil painting, 1910
1404:Last years and death
1253:General Śmigły-Rydz
1012:Academy of Fine Arts
803:Battle of Daugavpils
788:Polish-Ukrainian War
436:Marta Thomas-Zaleska
99:"Edward Rydz-Śmigły"
84:improve this article
2056:Mirowicz, Ryszard.
1838:Coat of arms of Ryc
1794:Self-portrait, 1935
1734:Self-portrait, 1906
1672:Pulaski Medal (USA)
1647:Grand Cross of the
1642:Order of Saint Sava
1636:Grand Cross of the
1615:Grand Cross of the
1608:Grand Cross of the
1603:Foreign decorations
1558:Awards and tributes
1471:Stefan Grot-Rowecki
1381:Romanian bridgehead
1257:and French General
1208:Carol II of Romania
1131:, 10 November 1936.
928:Polish Armed Forces
918:. He was appointed
766:Battle of Łowczówek
743:Polish Armed Forces
307:Śmigły-Rydz in 1937
2497:Marshals of Poland
2427:Stanisław Kopański
2397:Władysław Sikorski
2392:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2287:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2201:Marshals of Poland
2162:Władysław Sikorski
2063:Pepłoński,Andrzej
2021:Cepnik, Kazimierz
1860:Ryszard Mirowicz.
1663:Order of Lāčplēsis
1563:Polish Decorations
1547:
1535:Władysław Sikorski
1502:
1463:
1433:Melchior Wańkowicz
1422:Władysław Sikorski
1417:Polish underground
1397:continue the fight
1352:into the occupied
1342:
1318:
1294:
1263:
1220:Franciszek Latinik
1212:
1153:Commander-in-Chief
1133:
1081:) and adopted the
1035:Związek Strzelecki
967:
940:invasion of Poland
930:following Marshal
920:Commander-in-Chief
882:Commander-in-Chief
870:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
853:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
835:Invasion of Poland
813:Battle of Boryspil
710:Lieutenant colonel
363:Władysław Sikorski
295:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
232:interlanguage link
2454:
2453:
2335:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2314:Marian Spychalski
2168:
2167:
2159:Succeeded by
2137:Military offices
2070:Piłsudski,Józef.
1888:The Polish word "
1844:Sources and notes
1709:Polish parliament
1530:Polish-Soviet War
1137:Polish-Soviet War
1111:Military triumphs
1105:brigadier general
958:Śmigły-Rydz with
924:Inspector General
878:Marshal of Poland
849:
848:
793:Polish-Soviet War
723:Marshal of Poland
610:
595:
408:
291:Marshal of Poland
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2412:Władysław Anders
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2171:
2142:Preceded by
2134:
2106:Zaremba, Paweł.
2094:,(January) 2007,
2009:
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1744:
1730:
1624:Legion of Honour
1575:Virtuti Militari
1491:Powązki Cemetery
1473:, leader of the
1389:Western betrayal
1206:Śmigły-Rydz and
1097:Ignacy Daszyński
1055:Imperial Russian
914:and the ensuing
867:
866:
865:
858:
776:Battle of Tarłów
771:Battle of Konary
727:
721:
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713:(Polish Legions)
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670:(Polish Legions)
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2378:
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2147:
2145:Józef Piłsudski
2117:
2087:New York, 1978.
2072:Pisma zbiorowe,
2028:Eckert,Marian.
2018:
2016:Further reading
2013:
2012:
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1680:Honorary Titles
1588:Cross of Valour
1560:
1514:
1461:, 6 August 1939
1406:
1377:Modlin Fortress
1358:satellite state
1344:In March 1939,
1324:Śmigły-Rydz in
1310:
1274:moral authority
1259:Maurice Gamelin
1236:Ignacy Mościcki
1197:
1185:Gayk Bzhishkyan
1125:Ignacy Mościcki
1123:from President
1113:
1051:Józef Piłsudski
1043:
983:Austria-Hungary
963:Józef Piłsudski
952:
932:Józef Piłsudski
900:interwar period
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401:Ternopil Oblast
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1874:18 November
1705:public park
1586:Four times
1338:Sudetenland
1326:Český Těšín
1181:15th Armies
1135:During the
938:during the
912:World War I
898:During the
756:World War I
647:Polish Army
609:(1918–1939)
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2461:Categories
2156:1935–1939
1711:building.
1550:funded by
1334:Trans-Olza
1302:Józef Beck
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384:1886-03-11
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1438:Patriarch
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548:Signature
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326:In office
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1982:38884671
1921:(1940).
1896:mushroom
1832:See also
1801:Writings
1764:Zakopane
1696:Tributes
1688:and the
1362:Slovakia
1288:Pre-war
1244:de facto
1224:May Coup
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1459:Kraków
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1346:Hitler
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1016:Vienna
1004:Kraków
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206:DeepL
131:JSTOR
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2001:OCLC
1978:OCLC
1968:ISBN
1891:rydz
1876:2017
1640:and
1356:and
1308:WWII
1173:Kiev
1018:and
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685:Rank
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