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and the weights of its gases. His work on the atomic weight of oxygen covered a period of eleven years. Much time was spent in the calibration of instruments and improving the measurement accuracy to the highest possible degree (ca. 1 part per 10,000). In 1895 he introduced a new value for the atomic
747:
in various directions, and at different times of the year, as the Earth revolved in its orbit around the Sun. These careful measurements were created to measure the differences in the speed of light in different directions. Michelson and Morley always found that the speed of light did not vary at all
699:
During his residence in
Cleveland, Morley assembled one of the best private collections of chemical periodicals in the United States. He even included Russian journals and learned enough of the Russian language to use them. After his retirement from teaching, the university purchased his library and
675:
Upon advice of his parents, Morley entered
Andover Theological Seminary in 1861, finishing in 1864. It was here, probably, that he acquired a good working knowledge of Hebrew. From 1866 to 1868 he was a teacher in a private school and later, in 1868, he was called to preach in a small country parish
938:
in addition to a monetary honorarium. The purpose of this annual award by the
Cleveland-ACS is to recognize contributions to chemistry through outstanding achievements in research, teaching, research administration, engineering, and public service. The contributions for which the award is given
821:
At
Western Reserve College, Morley was required to teach, not only chemistry, but also geology and botany, leaving him little time for research. Nevertheless, he found time during the first ten years at Hudson to publish five articles, mostly on the accuracy of measurements.
660:, his father's alma mater. He received his A.B. in 1860 and his master's degree in 1863. Around 1860 he gradually shifted his attention from chemistry, which fascinated him since he was child, to optics and astronomy. In 1860–61 he mounted a transit instrument, constructed a
1017:
Edgar F. Smith; W. R. Dunstan; B. A. Keen; Frank
Wigglesworth Clarke (1923). "Obituary notices: Charles Baskerville, 1870–1922; Alexander Crum Brown, 1838–1922; Charles Mann Luxmoore, 1857–1922; Edward Williams Morley, 1838–1923; William Thomson, 1851–1923".
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weight ratio of oxygen to hydrogen, providing the most precise determination of the atomic weight of oxygen at the time. His research on the atomic weight of oxygen was recognized as a
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645:, to Anna Clarissa Treat and the Reverend Sardis Brewster Morley. Both parents were of early colonial ancestry and of purely British origin. He grew up in
692:), where he remained until his retirement in 1906. This appointment was the turning point in his career. In 1873 he also became professor of chemistry in
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Morley was a prolific author; he published 55 articles. He outlived his wife by only a few months and, following a surgical operation, died in the
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625:(January 29, 1838 – February 24, 1923) was an American scientist known for his precise and accurate measurement of the atomic weight of
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649:. During his childhood, he suffered much from ill health and was therefore educated by his father at home until the age of nineteen.
696:, but resigned this chair in 1888 to have more time for research. Just before moving to Hudson he married Miss Imbella A. Birdsall.
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should have been made within about 250 miles of
Cleveland, the research home of Edward W. Morley. Notable early awardees include
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of the college observatory. This determination was the subject of his first published paper, which was read before the
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for several years around 1887. They set up, executed, and improved their techniques many times in what we call the
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Neither he nor
Michelson ever considered that these null results disproved the hypothesis of the existence of "
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depending on the direction of measurement, or the position of the Earth in its orbit, deducing what we call a "
680:. At about the same time, he was appointed professor of chemistry in Western Reserve College (then situated at
934:(Cleveland-ACS) annually sponsors a regional award named in honor of Edward W. Morley, which consists of the
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on positive aether experiments after his work with
Michelson. Morley himself made measurements of the
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919:, was also named for him, as was the Morley Scientific Laboratory on the Williams College campus.
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In chemistry, his original field, Morley had worked on determining accurate values for the
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of physical objects in the direction of their movement in inertial frames of reference.
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943:(1969) (known for Newman projections in organic chemistry), and Nobel Prize laureate
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relocated to the chemical laboratory named after him. In 1906, he moved to
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were thought to be propagated. Their null results led the Irish physicist
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did not exist. The results of the
Michelson–Morley experiments supported
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in 1970. A list of all previous awardees to date is maintained by the
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743:. This involved making more and more accurate measurements of the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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However, other scientists did come to the conclusion that the
1056:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1050:
Sokal, Michael M. (1999). "Morley, Edward
Williams".
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in 1905 that the speed of light is a constant in all
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Morley's most-significant work came in the field of
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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1080:"Edward W. Morley and the Atomic Weight of Oxygen"
932:Cleveland Section of the American Chemical Society
732:. In this, he collaborated with and assisted the
2208:Members of the American Philosophical Society
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8:
1156:. American Chemical Society Chicago Section
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1062:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301177
911:on the near side was named for him. The
862:in 1899. In 1903, he was elected to the
858:in 1895 and he was the president of the
752:" for their speed-of-light experiments.
2203:Case Western Reserve University faculty
1109:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
994:
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137: 1888; died 1922)
2193:Case Western Reserve University alumni
2173:People from West Hartford, Connecticut
870:, named for the great British chemist
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854:in 1892. He was the president of the
852:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
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878:of London in 1907. He also won the
836:National Historic Chemical Landmark
19:For the Australian politician, see
767:to postulate what we now call the
16:19/20th-century American scientist
14:
2178:American experimental physicists
959:
805:when it passes through a strong
577:
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690:Case Western Reserve University
134:
894:of the Chicago Section of the
864:American Philosophical Society
797:Morley also collaborated with
769:FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction
1:
1198:National Academy of Sciences
973:(1923). "Obituary notices".
923:in West Hartford was made a
792:Special Theory of Relativity
788:inertial frames of reference
2183:American optical physicists
1053:American National Biography
741:Michelson–Morley experiment
658:Williamstown, Massachusetts
631:Michelson–Morley experiment
311:Relativistic Doppler effect
249:Inertial frame of reference
109:Michelson–Morley experiment
2224:
2198:American physical chemists
925:National Historic Landmark
917:West Hartford, Connecticut
850:Morley was elected to the
702:West Hartford, Connecticut
647:West Hartford, Connecticut
306:Relativity of simultaneity
181:Western Reserve University
80:West Hartford, Connecticut
21:Edward Morley (politician)
18:
1303:Charles Anthony Goessmann
1235:American Chemical Society
896:American Chemical Society
860:American Chemical Society
840:American Chemical Society
765:George Francis FitzGerald
694:Cleveland Medical College
186:
165:
35:
2143:, President Elect (2025)
1105:"Edward Williams Morley"
913:Morley Elementary School
326:Bell's spaceship paradox
2188:Williams College alumni
1183:Encyclopædia Britannica
1068:(subscription required)
652:In 1857 Morley entered
440:Galilean transformation
301:Mass–energy equivalence
214:Principle of relativity
177:Western Reserve College
2021:William F. Carroll Jr.
1881:Warren D. Niederhauser
1714:Clifford F. Rassweiler
1261:Samuel William Johnson
1179:Edward Williams Morley
809:. He also studied the
623:Edward Williams Morley
264:Lorentz transformation
2105:Bonnie A. Charpentier
2063:Bassam Z. Shakhashiri
1863:Albert C. Zettlemoyer
1768:Charles G. Overberger
1517:George D. Rosengarten
1416:William F. Hillebrand
1154:"Willard Gibbs Award"
949:ACS-Cleveland Section
880:Elliott Cresson Medal
866:. He was awarded the
761:electromagnetic waves
244:Einstein's postulates
149:Elliott Cresson Medal
2027:Elizabeth Ann Nalley
1452:Theodore W. Richards
1193:Biographical Memoirs
1134:search.amphilsoc.org
1130:"APS Member History"
1032:10.1039/CT9232303421
1020:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
987:10.1039/CT9232303421
975:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
813:of solid materials.
720:Optics and astronomy
219:Theory of relativity
2141:Dorothy J. Phillips
2093:Allison A. Campbell
1810:Bernard S. Friedman
1637:W. Albert Noyes Jr.
1601:William Lloyd Evans
1446:Arthur Dehon Little
1315:Charles F. Chandler
1279:Charles F. Chandler
892:Willard Gibbs Award
757:luminiferous aether
737:Albert A. Michelson
684:and later moved to
641:Morley was born in
435:Galilean relativity
355:Minkowski spacetime
259:Maxwell's equations
159:Willard Gibbs Award
124:Imbella A. Birdsall
2081:Diane Grob Schmidt
1923:S. Allen Heininger
1893:George C. Pimentel
1750:Maurice H. Arveson
1720:John C. Bailar Jr.
1696:Joel H. Hildebrand
1684:Farrington Daniels
1655:Ernest H. Volwiler
1619:Thomas Midgley Jr.
1577:Edward R. Weidlein
1547:Lawrence V. Redman
1500:James Flack Norris
1488:Edward C. Franklin
1470:William H. Nichols
1434:Wilder D. Bancroft
1410:Francis P. Venable
1333:George C. Caldwell
1297:Albert B. Prescott
1273:Frederick A. Genth
1233:Presidents of the
884:Franklin Institute
643:Newark, New Jersey
570:Physics portal
291:Length contraction
196:Special relativity
62:Newark, New Jersey
2150:
2149:
2033:Catherine T. Hunt
1997:Attila E. Pavlath
1911:Clayton F. Callis
1816:William J. Bailey
1762:William J. Sparks
1708:Roger J. Williams
1643:Charles A. Thomas
1583:Frank C. Whitmore
1535:William McPherson
1428:Willis R. Whitney
1422:Marston T. Bogert
1404:Arthur Amos Noyes
1369:William McMurtrie
1357:Charles E. Munroe
1351:Charles B. Dudley
1255:J. Lawrence Smith
882:, awarded by the
811:thermal expansion
709:Hartford Hospital
620:
619:
360:Spacetime diagram
331:Ehrenfest paradox
321:Relativistic disk
316:Thomas precession
296:Relativistic mass
190:
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167:Scientific career
72:February 24, 1923
2215:
2123:Angela K. Wilson
2099:Peter K. Dorhout
2075:Thomas J. Barton
2057:Nancy B. Jackson
2051:Joseph Francisco
2039:Bruce E. Bursten
2015:Charles P. Casey
1965:Paul H.L. Walter
1959:Paul S. Anderson
1947:Brian M. Rushton
1905:Gordon L. Nelson
1857:James D. D'Ianni
1851:Gardner W. Stacy
1845:Anna J. Harrison
1833:Glenn T. Seaborg
1780:Wallace R. Brode
1774:Robert W. Cairns
1756:Charles C. Price
1678:Edgar C. Britton
1672:N. Howell Funnan
1589:Charles A. Kraus
1559:Charles L. Reese
1494:Leo H. Baekeland
1482:Edgar Fahs Smith
1476:William A. Noyes
1464:Julius Stieglitz
1458:Charles H. Herty
1363:Edward W. Morley
1345:Edgar Fahs Smith
1327:George F. Barker
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1887:Ellis K. Fields
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1690:Harry L. Fisher
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1086:on 2012-07-20
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1026:: 3421–3441.
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966:public domain
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799:Dayton Miller
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404:Four-momentum
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39:
34:
27:
22:
1988:
1899:Mary L. Good
1786:Byron Riegel
1744:Henry Eyring
1738:Karl Folkers
1398:John H. Long
1362:
1191:
1158:. Retrieved
1148:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1111:. 2023-02-09
1108:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1074:
1051:
1023:
1019:
981:: 3421–344.
978:
974:
958:
936:Morley Medal
929:
900:
888:Pennsylvania
849:
824:
820:
796:
773:
759:", in which
754:
723:
706:
698:
688:and renamed
682:Hudson, Ohio
674:
651:
640:
622:
621:
482:
278:Consequences
224:Formulations
173:Institutions
166:
74:(1923-02-24)
2168:1923 deaths
2163:1838 births
1875:Fred Basolo
1798:Max Tishler
1565:Roger Adams
971:F.W. Clarke
827:composition
750:null result
662:chronograph
399:Proper mass
394:Proper time
236:Foundations
87:Nationality
2157:Categories
2117:H.N. Cheng
1392:Ira Remsen
1139:2024-02-02
1115:2024-02-02
1090:2012-04-27
955:References
868:Davy Medal
831:atmosphere
782:'s strong
488:FitzGerald
473:Sommerfeld
425:Precursors
370:Light cone
365:World line
154:Davy Medal
54:1838-01-29
1826:1976–2000
1665:1951–1975
1510:1926–1950
1379:1901–1925
1242:1876–1900
1181:from the
927:in 1975.
921:His house
898:in 1917.
874:, by the
842:in 1995.
817:Chemistry
784:postulate
734:physicist
711:in 1923.
686:Cleveland
672:in 1866.
637:Biography
538:Ehrenfest
508:Minkowski
478:Michelson
346:Spacetime
1190:—
790:for his
715:Research
666:latitude
583:Category
533:von Laue
503:Poincaré
493:Herglotz
468:Einstein
385:Dynamics
90:American
1989:present
1196:of the
1160:7 April
838:by the
829:of the
726:physics
518:Abraham
498:Lorentz
421:History
139:
131:
127:
2137:(2024)
2131:(2023)
2125:(2022)
2119:(2021)
2113:(2020)
2107:(2019)
2101:(2018)
2095:(2017)
2089:(2016)
2083:(2015)
2077:(2014)
2071:(2013)
2065:(2012)
2059:(2011)
2053:(2010)
2047:(2009)
2041:(2008)
2035:(2007)
2029:(2006)
2023:(2005)
2017:(2004)
2011:(2003)
2005:(2002)
1999:(2001)
1979:(2000)
1973:(1999)
1967:(1998)
1961:(1997)
1955:(1996)
1949:(1995)
1943:(1994)
1937:(1993)
1931:(1992)
1925:(1991)
1919:(1990)
1913:(1989)
1907:(1988)
1901:(1987)
1895:(1986)
1889:(1985)
1883:(1984)
1877:(1983)
1871:(1982)
1865:(1981)
1859:(1980)
1853:(1979)
1847:(1978)
1841:(1977)
1835:(1976)
1818:(1975)
1812:(1974)
1806:(1973)
1800:(1972)
1794:(1971)
1788:(1970)
1782:(1969)
1776:(1968)
1770:(1967)
1764:(1966)
1758:(1965)
1752:(1964)
1746:(1963)
1740:(1962)
1734:(1961)
1728:(1960)
1722:(1959)
1716:(1958)
1710:(1957)
1704:(1956)
1698:(1955)
1692:(1954)
1686:(1953)
1680:(1952)
1674:(1951)
1657:(1950)
1651:(1949)
1645:(1948)
1639:(1947)
1633:(1946)
1627:(1945)
1621:(1944)
1615:(1943)
1609:(1942)
1603:(1941)
1597:(1940)
1591:(1939)
1585:(1938)
1579:(1937)
1573:(1936)
1567:(1935)
1561:(1934)
1555:(1933)
1549:(1932)
1543:(1931)
1537:(1930)
1531:(1929)
1525:(1928)
1519:(1927)
1502:(1925)
1496:(1924)
1490:(1923)
1484:(1921)
1478:(1920)
1472:(1918)
1466:(1917)
1460:(1915)
1454:(1914)
1448:(1912)
1442:(1911)
1436:(1910)
1430:(1909)
1424:(1907)
1418:(1906)
1412:(1905)
1406:(1904)
1400:(1903)
1394:(1902)
1388:(1901)
1371:(1900)
1365:(1899)
1359:(1898)
1353:(1896)
1347:(1895)
1341:(1893)
1335:(1892)
1329:(1891)
1323:(1890)
1317:(1889)
1311:(1888)
1305:(1887)
1299:(1886)
1293:(1883)
1287:(1882)
1281:(1881)
1275:(1880)
1269:(1879)
1263:(1878)
1257:(1877)
1251:(1876)
1066:
968::
909:Morley
906:crater
846:Honors
776:aether
730:optics
627:oxygen
581:
543:Tolman
528:Planck
513:Fizeau
483:Morley
459:People
161:(1917)
156:(1907)
151:(1912)
145:Awards
119:Spouse
1987:2001–
903:lunar
548:Dirac
133:(
129:
1162:2015
930:The
901:The
728:and
678:Ohio
523:Born
69:Died
48:Born
1058:doi
1028:doi
1024:123
983:doi
979:123
915:in
886:of
676:in
656:at
2159::
1132:.
1107:.
1040:^
1022:.
997:^
977:.
951:.
794:.
633:.
135:m.
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1164:.
1142:.
1118:.
1093:.
1064:.
1060::
1034:.
1030::
989:.
985::
611:e
604:t
597:v
56:)
52:(
23:.
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