219:. This was enforced by the School Attendance Committee, while the boards busied themselves with building to fill the gaps in provision. This resulted in a major programme that created large numbers of grand, purpose-built schools. Overall administration was in the hands of the Scotch (later Scottish) Education Department in London. Demand for places was high and for a generation after the act there was overcrowding in many classrooms, with up to 70 children being taught in one room. The emphasis on a set number of passes at exams also led to much learning by rote and the system of inspection led to even the weakest children being drilled with certain facts.
34:
174:, to look into the schooling system. It found that of 500,000 children in need of education 200,000 were receiving it under efficient conditions, 200,000 in schools of doubtful merit, without any inspection and 90,000 were receiving no education at all. Although this compared favourably with the situation in England, with 14% more children in education and with relatively low illiteracy rates of between 10 and 20%, similar to those in the best-educated nations such as those in
231:, with pupils being punished for speaking the language. Pupils were physically punished if caught speaking in Gaelic and beaten again if they did not reveal the names of other students speaking Gaelic. The effect of the education act upon the Gaelic language has been described as "disastrous" and by denying the value of Gaelic culture and language, contributed to destroying the self-respect of Gaelic communities. It was a continuation of a general policy (by both
214:
were established and, unlike in
England where they merely attempted to fill gaps in provision, immediately took over the schools of the old and new kirks and were able to begin to enforce attendance, rather than after the decade necessary in England. Some ragged and industrial schools requested to be
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215:
taken over by the boards, while others continued as Sunday schools. All children aged from 5 to 13 years were to attend. Poverty was not accepted as an excuse and some help was supplied under the
919:
154:
c. 75) in
England. It created popularly elected school boards which undertook a significant building programme. The Scottish Act remains controversial because it caused substantial harm to the
158:
language. At the time it was criticised because it did not deal with secondary education and because it did too little to safeguard the tradition of the parish schools in
Scotland.
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As a result of facing punishment and humiliation for speaking Gaelic, many parents decided not to pass on the language to their children, resulting in
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190:, the report was used as support for widespread reform. The result was the 1872 Education (Scotland) Act, based on that passed for
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was not established until the 1980s, and the impact of the Act is still being felt in Gaelic communities today.
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673:"The European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages: Some Reflections from a Scottish Gaelic Perspective"
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Patterson, L. (2001). "Schools and schooling: 3. Mass education 1872–present". In Lynch, Michael (ed.).
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The
Education (Scotland) Act 1872 effectively put an end to non-English medium education and repressed
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An Act to amend and extend the provisions of the Law of
Scotland on the subject of Education.
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The Act achieved a more thorough transfer of existing schools to a public system than the
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People and
Society in Scotland, II, 1830-1914, "An Exploration into Scottish Education"
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Specific devices for punishing children using the "wrong" language in schools:
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United
Kingdom, from
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577:"Gaelic Language Erosion and Revitalization on the Isle of Skye, Scotland"
424:
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74:
703:
640:
On the Other Side of Sorrow: Nature and People in the
Scottish Highlands
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for all children between the ages of 5 and 13 mandatory in
Scotland.
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Acts of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
166:
In 1866 the government established the Argyll Commission, under
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707:
448:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 107–111.
398:"1872 Education Act's impact on Gaelic to be explored"
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c. 75), but providing a more comprehensive solution.
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426:Gaelic: the Gaelic language in education in the UK
677:Minority and Group Rights in the New Millennium
480:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 112–13.
446:Education and Opportunity in Victorian Scotland
675:. In Fottrell, Deirdre; Bowring, Bill (eds.).
300:
294:
992:
719:
8:
679:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 117.
476:Checkland, Olive; Checkland, Sydney (1989).
346:. Edinburgh: John Donald. pp. 291–298.
280:
21:
853:Scottish Children's Reporter Administration
606:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 568.
603:The Edinburgh history of the Scots language
575:Smakman, Dick; Smith-Christmas, Cassandra.
530:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 181.
505:. Oxford University Press. pp. 566–9.
210:Under the act approximately 1,000 regional
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712:
704:
595:
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20:
632:
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119:Text of the Education (Scotland) Act 1872
528:Ourselves and Others: Scotland 1832–1914
503:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
838:Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education
478:Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832–1914
317:
1248:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1872
1156:Highland and Island Emigration Society
848:General Teaching Council for Scotland
392:
390:
388:
371:. London: Macmillan. pp. 65–66.
268:Canadian Gaelic § Reasons for decline
7:
172:George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll
1009:Scotland in the nineteenth century
868:Student Awards Agency for Scotland
671:Dunbar, Robert (27 October 1999).
369:Scotland in the Nineteenth Century
14:
863:Scottish Qualifications Authority
1223:History of education in Scotland
256:Scottish Gaelic medium education
229:Scottish Gaelic medium education
39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
32:
1120:Visit of George IV to Scotland
843:Learning and Teaching Scotland
1:
1233:United Kingdom Education Acts
1187:History of the United Kingdom
925:Private (independent) schools
637:Hunter, James (3 July 2014).
557:National Archives of Scotland
328:was conferred on this Act by
196:Elementary Education Act 1870
148:Elementary Education Act 1870
133:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
105:Elementary Education Act 1870
22:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
243:governments) which aimed at
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915:Further education colleges
18:United Kingdom legislation
1238:Scottish Gaelic education
295:
31:
26:
858:Scottish Funding Council
444:Anderson, R. D. (1983).
423:Robertson, Boyd (2001).
367:McCaffrey, John (1998).
70:Territorial extent
1243:Celtic medium education
1115:Great Disruption (1843)
600:Jones, Charles (1997).
526:Morton, Graeme (2012).
560:, 2006, archived from
281:
1110:Catholic emancipation
920:Gaelic-medium schools
873:Universities Scotland
736:Education in Scotland
433:: Mercator-Education.
1228:Language legislation
1161:Highland Land League
584:University of Leiden
342:Corr, Helen (1990).
141:elementary education
1100:Evangelical revival
1090:Highland Clearances
552:"Education records"
23:
1095:Lowland Clearances
833:Education Scotland
776:Nineteenth century
771:Eighteenth century
123:legislation.gov.uk
1213:1872 in education
1200:
1199:
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781:Twentieth century
564:on 31 August 2011
200:33 & 34 Vict.
192:England and Wales
152:33 & 34 Vict.
137:35 & 36 Vict.
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96:Other legislation
62:35 & 36 Vict.
27:Act of Parliament
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404:. August 2012
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1024:Architecture
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910:Art colleges
817:Universities
790:Institutions
766:Early modern
756:Universities
690:. Retrieved
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654:. Retrieved
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617:. Retrieved
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406:. Retrieved
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332:of this Act.
320:
291:Dialect card
249:
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209:
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139:c. 62) made
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87:Royal assent
15:
1136:Romanticism
1105:Radical War
643:. Birlinn.
619:22 November
353:0-859762114
326:short title
235:and, after
188:Scandinavia
184:Switzerland
180:Netherlands
1207:Categories
1064:Literature
1034:Demography
692:13 January
686:9041110135
656:15 January
487:0748601023
455:085224617X
431:Leeuwarden
408:13 January
378:0333587537
330:section 80
312:References
305:) in Japan
302:hōgen fuda
162:Background
101:Relates to
47:Long title
1129:Movements
1044:Education
287:in France
276:Welsh Not
217:Poor laws
1141:Tartanry
1074:Religion
1054:Language
1049:Identity
826:Agencies
761:Medieval
751:Overview
402:BBC News
262:See also
233:Scottish
170:grandee
75:Scotland
57:Citation
1039:Economy
951:England
894:English
812:Schools
744:History
283:Symbole
241:British
206:The Act
194:as the
176:Germany
110:E&W
1083:Events
1017:Topics
889:Gaelic
683:
647:
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375:
350:
178:, the
1069:Music
966:Wales
903:Lists
807:Music
580:(PDF)
324:This
81:Dates
64:c. 62
694:2017
681:ISBN
658:2017
645:ISBN
621:2011
608:ISBN
532:ISBN
507:ISBN
482:ISBN
450:ISBN
410:2017
373:ISBN
348:ISBN
237:1707
186:and
168:Whig
131:The
1059:Law
1029:Art
802:Law
797:Art
296:方言札
1209::
961:UK
629:^
592:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.