1025:, who would not gain these rights until 1661. The clerical estate was marginalised in Parliament by the Reformation, with the laymen who had acquired the monasteries sitting as "abbots" and "priors". Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567, but a small number of Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate. James VI attempted to revive the role of the bishops from about 1600. A further group appeared in the Parliament from the minority of James VI in the 1560s, with members of the Privy Council representing the king's interests, until they were excluded in 1641. James VI continued to manage parliament through the Lords of the Articles, who deliberated legislation before it reached the full parliament. He controlled the committee by filling it with royal officers as non-elected members, but was forced to limit this to eight from 1617.
807:
assembly to be confirmed. In the past, historians have been particularly critical of this body, claiming that it quickly came to be dominated by royal nominees, thus undermining the power of the full assembly. Recent research suggests that this was far from always being the case. Indeed, in March 1482, the committee was taken over by men shortly to be involved in a coup d'état against the King and his government. On other occasions the committee was so large that it could hardly have been easier to control than the full assembly. More generally, the committee was a pragmatic means to delegate the complicated drafting of acts to those members of parliament skilled in law and letters – not unlike a modern
1273:
then onwards all of the benches to the right of the throne were occupied by the more junior earls and lords of parliament, with the end section of these benches that was farthest from the throne occupied by the non-voting eldest sons and heirs of the nobles, where they could observe business with an eye to their future responsibilities. On the benches to the left of the throne sat the dukes, marquesses, senior earls, viscounts, and senior lords of parliament. On the benches facing the throne sat the burgh commissioners to the right and the shire commissioners to the left. In the middle of the chamber were three tables: on the table nearest the throne were placed the
54:
3794:
1306:
1021:, who were predominantly Protestant, and who claimed a right to sit in the Parliament under the provision of a failed shire election act of 1428. Their position in the parliament remained uncertain and their presence fluctuated until the 1428 act was revived in 1587 and provision made for the annual election of two commissioners from each shire (except Kinross and Clackmannan, which had one each). The property qualification for voters was for freeholders who held land from the crown of the value of 40s of auld extent. This excluded the growing class of
577:. After the reformation in 1559, ecclesiastical representation continued in parliament, with the archbishop of St Andrews and the bishops of Dunblane and Dunkeld providing a Catholic clerical presence until April 1567, alongside the Protestant bishops of Galloway, Orkney and Moray. Thereafter, only Protestant archbishops and bishops were allowed to sit in parliament, alongside those representing abbeys and priories. The clerical estate was abolished between 1639 and 1662, and then again from 1689 when bishops themselves were removed from the
836:, but in the 17th century, even after the Restoration, parliament was able to remove the clergy's right to attend in 1689 and abolish the Lords of the Articles in 1690, thereby limiting royal power. Parliament's strength was such that the Crown turned to corruption and political management to undermine its autonomy in the latter period. Nonetheless, the period from 1690 to 1707 was one in which political "parties" and alliances were formed within parliament in a maturing atmosphere of rigorous debate. The disputes over the English
210:
998:
1239:
1053:
the lairds of each shire the right to send two commissioners to every parliament. These shire commissioners attended from 1592 onwards, although they shared one vote until 1638 when they secured a vote each. The number of burghs with the right to send commissioners to parliament increased quite markedly in the late 16th and early 17th centuries until, in the 1640s, they often constituted the largest single estate in
Parliament.
1318:
the ceremony was held wherever
Parliament met and involved a largely equestrian procession of the members of the Parliament, the officers of state, the Honours of Scotland, and the monarch (or the Lord High Commissioner) from the royal palace or castle to the Parliament’s place of assembly. From the beginning of the 16th-century the Riding of Parliament was usually held in
925:
862:
1365:, gathered on the forecourt of the Palace to wait upon the Lord High Commissioner. The nobles were all dressed in scarlet robes. Any member of the Parliament who failed to attend the Riding without a good reason for their absence were fined or even lost their voting rights in Parliament. Security was assured by the guards of the
828:, parliament was able to prevent him pursuing his policy of a union of the crowns with England, while the 15th-century Stewart monarchs were consistently influenced by a prolonged period of parliamentary strength. Reverses to this situation have been argued to have occurred in the late 16th and early 17th centuries under
1246:
The layout of the parliamentary chamber varied over the history of the parliament, due to the venue in which parliament met, the number of estates present and the total number of members in attendance. The arrangements became more settled following the opening of
Parliament House in 1639. The chamber
1052:
or not. This resulted in pressure from the Kirk to reform ecclesiastical representation in
Parliament. Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 but Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate until their abolition in 1638 when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly. An act of 1587 granted
1317:
The Riding of
Parliament was an elaborate ceremonial event which formally marked the beginning and ending of a term of the Parliament of Scotland. A Riding was not held at the start of each session, but only at the downsitting (beginning) and rising (end) of Parliament. Dating from the 15th-century,
972:
on the condition that it be kept in a locked chest under the keepership of figures deeply out of favour with the King. In 1436, there was even an attempt made to arrest the King "in the name of the three estates". Between
October 1479 and March 1482, Parliament was conclusively out of the control of
781:
in
England. An act of 1428 which created a "common speaker" proved abortive, and the Lord Chancellor remained the presiding officer. Until 1603 the Lord Chancellor presided in the presence of the monarch, and their role was largely procedural, with debate conducted through him. In the absence of the
1446:. The members rode up the Royal Mile two by two, with each member attended by a certain number of servants (one for every burgh commissioner, two for shire commissioners, three for every lord and viscount, four for every earl, six with every marquess, and eight for each duke). Each noble also had a
1417:
riding either side of him. When the Lord High
Commissioner was ready, the Riding would begin, with the Lord Clerk Register holding the roll of Parliament and the Lord Lyon King of Arms calling the names of each member in the order in which they were to ride. The procession was headed by soldiers of
1272:
at the southern end of
Parliament Hall, below which, on chairs, sat the Lord Chancellor (the presiding officer) and the officers of state. On the benches to the right of the throne, at the end closest to the throne, sat the archbishops and bishops until the abolition of the episcopacy in 1689. From
823:
At various points in its history, the
Scottish Parliament was able to exert considerable influence over the Crown. This should not be viewed as a slow rise from parliamentary weakness in 1235 to strength in the 17th century, but rather a situation where in particular decades or sessions between the
806:
From the early 1450s until 1690, a great deal of the legislative business of the Scottish Parliament was usually carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the "Lords of the Articles". This was a committee chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full
1028:
In the second half of the sixteenth century, Parliament began to legislate on more and more matters and there was a marked increase in the amount of legislation it produced. During the reign of James VI, the Lords of the Articles came more under the influence of the crown. By 1612, they sometimes
981:, despite a royal siege of the Duke's castle, tried to prevent the King leading his army against the English (a powerful indication of the estates' lack of faith in their monarch), and appointed men to the Lords of the Articles and important offices who were shortly to remove the King from power.
663:
from the King's Council. It is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a "colloquium" and already with a political and judicial role. In 1296 we have the first mention of burgh representatives taking part in decision making. By the early 14th century, the attendance of
684:
and burgh commissioners – sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also had a strong
1016:
Parliament played a major part in the Reformation crisis of the mid-sixteenth century. It had been used by James V to uphold Catholic orthodoxy and asserted its right to determine the nature of religion in the country, disregarding royal authority in 1560. The 1560 parliament included 100
1008:
Like many continental assemblies, the Scottish Parliament was being called less frequently by the early sixteenth century and might have been dispensed with by the crown had it not been for the series of minorities and regencies that dominated from 1513. The crown was also able to call a
1260:
maintained order within the chamber, and their authority extended from the outer bar to the inner bar, at the foot of the throne. The Constable had a small corps of guards, and the Marischal was attended by four macers who kept order on the floor of the chamber and guarded the Honours.
1210:" and bribery certainly played a prominent role. However, it was also driven by the same trends the Scots attempted to manage in the 1640s, worsened by the events of the 1690s; this was a time of economic hardship and famine in many parts of Europe, known in Scotland as the
1394:, from which he would rise and salute the members of the Parliament as they arrived in Parliament Square. The Earl Marischal, also wearing his robes and seated at the head of his guards at the door of Parliament House, received the members as they entered Parliament House.
697:. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament. The Scottish parliament met in a number of different locations throughout its history. In addition to
904:" (a phrase that replaced "community of the realm" at this time) in Parliament were certainly able to oppose the King when necessary. Most notably, Parliament repeatedly prevented David from accepting an English succession to the throne. During the reigns of
1529:, as colonel of the Life Guard, riding at the rear of the procession. The Lord High Commissioner was received at the door of Parliament House by the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal, both of whom led the Commissioner to the throne, followed by the
1173:, which effectively annulled all Parliamentary legislation since 1633. It generally supported Charles and initially did the same when James succeeded in 1685; when it refused to pass his measures, James suspended it and resorted to rule by decree.
1047:
Following the Reformation, laymen acquired the monasteries and those sitting as "abbots" and "priors" were now, effectively, part of the estate of nobles. The bishops continued to sit in Parliament regardless of whether they conformed to
1690:
1251:
in the kingdom, a court bar – the inner bar – was located before the throne for accused to present themselves. There was also an outer bar beyond which only members or invited individuals could pass onto the floor of the chamber. The
1192:, placed important limitations on royal power, including the abolition of the Lords of the Articles. It has been argued that unlike its English counterpart, the Scottish parliament never became a true centre of national identity. The
1281:, sceptre and sword of state), the presence of the Honours signifying crown acceptance of the power of Parliament. The Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal were seated on either side of this table. At the middle table sat the
985:(1488–1513) realised that Parliament could often create more problems than it solved, and avoided meetings after 1509. This was a trend seen in other European nations as monarchical power grew stronger – for instance England under
1389:
lined both sides from the Netherbow Port to the Palace. Having carried out a thorough inspection of the Parliament House, the Lord High Constable, wearing his robes, was seated next to his guards on a chair at the Lady Steps of
935:
By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls into a "colloquium" with a political and judicial role. The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and
912:, Parliament appears to have been held less often, and royal power in that period also declined, but the institution returned to prominence, and arguably enjoyed its greatest period of power over the Crown after the return of
1013:, which was quicker to assemble and could issue laws like parliament, making them invaluable in a crisis, but they could only deal with a specific issue and were more resistant to the giving of taxation rights to the crown.
881:, Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of
876:
Between 1235 and 1286, little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the century. With the death of
955:
After 1424, Parliament was often willing to defy the King – it was far from being simply a "rubber stamp" of royal decisions. During the 15th century, Parliament was called far more often than, for instance, the
616:) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be "the Three Estates".
944:. It acquired significant powers over particular issues, including consent for taxation, but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and other legislation, whether political,
1256:
was responsible for the outer security of Parliament House, including the doors and the keys to the chamber, and their authority extended to the outer bar before the actual floor of the chamber. The
4429:
3117:
Tanner, R. J. (2000). Thornton, T. (ed.). "I Arest You, Sir, in the Name of the Three Astattes in Perlement': the Scottish Parliament and Resistance to the Crown in the 15th century".
1032:
During the 16th century, the composition of Parliament underwent a number of significant changes and it found itself sharing the stage with new national bodies. The emergence of the
1405:
of the Parliament), along with the other officers of state who were noblemen, would ride up from the Palace to Parliament House, with the Lord High Chancellor having his purse and
4896:
815:– while the right to confirm the act remained with the full assembly of three estates. The Lords of the Articles were abolished in 1690 as part of the revolutionary settlement.
3211:, The complete acts and proceedings of the Scottish Parliament, General Council and much other parliamentary material from 1235 to 1707. The publication arose from the work of
1265:
787:
613:
4911:
1465:
The earls were followed by four trumpeters, four pursuivants, six heralds and the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Following them were the Honours of Scotland, accompanied by the
1864:
The "fourth estate" argument is primarily favoured by Julian Goodare, and disputed by Keith Brown. A summary of the most recent research can be found in Brown and Mann,
5482:
5186:
3384:
2405:
1120:
824:
thirteenth and 17th century, parliament became particularly able to influence the Crown, while at other points that ability was more limited. As early as the reign of
778:
1029:
seem to have been appointed by the Crown rather than Parliament, and as a result the independence of parliament was perceived by contemporaries to have been eroded.
5076:
4190:
4140:
3328:
5285:
4468:
4422:
1293:(the senior clerk of parliament), along with the six clerks of Session and Parliament. At the third table, nearest to the burgh and shire commissioners, sat the
893:
after 1309. During his reign some of the most important documents made by the King and community of the realm were made in Parliament—for instance the 1309–1310
4991:
4212:
4681:
5398:
3233:
5290:
5206:
5181:
5096:
5021:
4566:
4298:
3613:
3374:
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However, the Scots were increasingly concerned at their loss of political and economic power since 1603. In an effort to mitigate this, during the 1642–1645
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4185:
3894:
3743:
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1685:
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The final form of the Riding was determined by the Parliament in May 1703. The Riding began with the transportation of the Honours of Scotland from
1286:
762:
321:
193:
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4876:
4951:
4591:
4195:
3956:
3914:
3212:
1710:
1502:
1498:
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1092:
and Parliament. Control of the executive was taken from the Crown, many of the constitutional changes being copied by the English Parliament.
4916:
4831:
4671:
4338:
4252:
4165:
4007:
2954:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2945:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2936:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2927:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2918:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2909:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2900:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2882:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2864:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2846:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2828:
The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007–2022), A1703/5/1. Date accessed: 15 December 2022.
2626:
2308:
2084:
1675:
1494:
978:
337:
3033:
MacDonald, Alan R. (1999). "Ecclesiastical Representation in Parliament in Post-Reformation Scotland: The Two Kingdoms Theory in Practice".
948:, social or economic. Much of the legislative business of the Scottish parliament was carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the
4841:
4458:
1414:
794:
replaced the Lord Chancellor with a President of the Parliament chosen by the members. After the Restoration, the Lord Chancellor was made
1247:
was arranged in a square, non-confrontational layout where all the members looked in upon the throne. As parliament was also the highest
1222:
to achieve her great-grandfather's ambition of a unitary state. Parliament was dissolved, 45 Scots being added to the 513 members of the
5315:
5300:
5295:
5176:
4886:
4796:
4626:
4232:
4217:
4149:
4133:
4022:
3971:
3531:
3321:
1486:
1207:
340:, which could both carry out much business dealt with by parliament, but lacked the powers and ultimate authority of a full parliament.
147:
885:(1292–96), Parliament was well established, and Balliol attempted to use it as a means to withstand the encroachments of his overlord,
5330:
5239:
5151:
5071:
4581:
4463:
4202:
4175:
4017:
3636:
2510:
2389:
1670:
5211:
4996:
4596:
4556:
4501:
4180:
3966:
3924:
3773:
3581:
3511:
3399:
3245:
3183:
2436:
2262:
1804:
1526:
1294:
1223:
808:
694:
5457:
5234:
5131:
5081:
5031:
4881:
4771:
4756:
4616:
4247:
3783:
3778:
3631:
3591:
3486:
3404:
3220:
3070:"An Introduction to the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland" (Based on a paper to Staff Development Conference for History Teachers,
1530:
376:
5437:
5361:
5141:
4866:
4726:
4651:
4323:
4313:
4207:
3941:
3909:
3736:
1654:
1366:
1253:
1177:
394:
kings. Parliament provided counsel and aid to successive monarchs, while also successfully opposing unpopular royal policies.
5384:
5379:
5264:
5086:
4931:
4891:
4561:
4526:
4257:
4237:
4126:
3931:
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3314:
2157:
1335:
1159:
957:
5447:
5305:
5146:
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4971:
4901:
4846:
4806:
4706:
4691:
4611:
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4546:
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4012:
3228:
1660:
5442:
5106:
5061:
4976:
4961:
4736:
4721:
4716:
4606:
4551:
4541:
4170:
4107:
3997:
3976:
3389:
1533:, while, amid the blowing of trumpets, the Honours of Scotland were laid on the table in the centre of Parliament Hall.
1522:
1378:
1219:
328:
and played an important role in the administration of justice, foreign policy, war, and the passing of a broad range of
5280:
5254:
5036:
5026:
4946:
4921:
4856:
4696:
4631:
4621:
4521:
3752:
3646:
3556:
3516:
3444:
3359:
3285:
3071:
2462:
1700:
1680:
1398:
1331:
1305:
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690:
364:
333:
217:
140:
126:
53:
1311:
Atlas Historique, ou Nouvelle Introduction à l'Histoire à la Chronologie & à la Géographie Ancienne & Moderne
589:. When no members of the First Estate remained, the Second Estate was then split, to retain the division into three.
1165:
An independent Parliament was restored in 1661, sometimes known as the "Drunken Parliament". The term was coined by
5191:
4936:
4926:
4871:
4776:
4731:
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4676:
4516:
3981:
3961:
3946:
3793:
3729:
3551:
3379:
1151:
1104:
1100:
1033:
872:
emerged as a favoured meeting place of the early colloquia and councils in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
952:, chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed.
5166:
5156:
4906:
4851:
4816:
4741:
4536:
4511:
4396:
4091:
3828:
3596:
3546:
3541:
3501:
3354:
3075:
1470:
1419:
1410:
1081:
1061:
894:
889:. With his deposition in 1296, Parliament temporarily became less prominent, but it was again held frequently by
878:
770:
558:
344:
181:
1044:(1560) meant that rival representative assemblies could bring pressure to bear on parliament in specific areas.
798:
president of the parliament, his functions including the formulation of questions and putting them to the vote.
639:
or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same
5249:
5196:
4981:
4826:
4786:
4761:
4571:
4478:
3899:
3506:
3476:
3466:
1777:
1635:
1116:
882:
510:
360:
290:
262:
5091:
3147:— (October 2000). "Outside the Acts: Perceptions of the Scottish Parliament in Literary Sources before 1500".
960:– on average over once a year – a fact that both reflected and augmented its influence. It repeatedly opposed
689:, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by
2301:
Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History
968:(1460–1488) in the 1470s and early 1480s. In 1431, Parliament granted a tax to James I for a campaign in the
4956:
4941:
4376:
4283:
4076:
4029:
1853:
Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity 1689–1830
1327:
1147:
1143:
1096:
383:
1525:
appointing the Lord High Commissioner. The Commissioner was followed by the dukes and marquesses, with the
19:
This article is about the pre-1707 legislature. For the devolved legislative body established in 1999, see
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58:
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4656:
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4506:
4227:
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3951:
3868:
3536:
3496:
3429:
3419:
3349:
1705:
1695:
1518:
1139:
1010:
974:
965:
949:
905:
632:
514:
386:
for royal decisions, modern research has found that the Parliament of Scotland played an active role in
372:
209:
848:
showed that both sides were prepared to take considered yet considerable risks in their relationships.
5111:
5006:
5001:
4381:
4273:
4081:
3853:
3679:
3561:
3526:
1423:
1382:
1373:, who were lined up from the door of Parliament House to the Royal Mile. Citizens of Edinburgh, with
1041:
986:
982:
890:
833:
825:
685:
influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political,
627:
403:
387:
301:
390:. In the 15th and early 16th centuries Parliament was a powerful counter-weight to the power of the
5320:
5121:
5066:
5046:
4836:
4791:
4666:
4661:
4586:
4328:
4002:
3873:
3710:
3601:
3491:
3439:
3394:
3364:
3294:
3254:
2350:
1715:
1482:
1474:
1346:
1290:
1274:
1170:
1065:
961:
913:
886:
783:
621:
605:
597:
582:
574:
546:
530:
274:
187:
20:
1422:, followed by two trumpeters and two pursuivants. Parliament then proceeded in an agreed order by
997:
964:(1424–1437) requests for taxation to pay an English ransom in the 1420s and was openly hostile to
5126:
4821:
4641:
4350:
3813:
3684:
3461:
3050:
3013:
2399:
1569:
1427:
1402:
1193:
1185:
1180:
ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown. The
1142:
as king in 1649 but their attempt to put him on the English throne was defeated in the 1649–1651
1089:
969:
774:
754:
738:
578:
542:
534:
518:
494:
476:
368:
356:
317:
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to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. The members of the Parliament, their servants and horses, the
1278:
1022:
538:
526:
278:
5259:
4386:
4355:
4303:
4288:
4050:
3843:
3566:
3135:
3042:
2362:
2124:
1342:
1238:
1215:
1077:
665:
554:
522:
391:
171:
5356:
5136:
4333:
4293:
3808:
3694:
3224:
3105:
3025:
1641:
1545:
1466:
1406:
1211:
1200:, which sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without interruption.
1155:
1128:
1108:
1107:, a union of English and Scottish parliamentary leaders; opposed by English Royalists and
841:
777:, the office never developed into a parliamentary office similar in nature to that of the
702:
681:
550:
483:
352:
5011:
4531:
3823:
3586:
2351:"Debating Britain in 17th century Scotland: Multiple Monarchy and Scottish Sovereignty"
1793:
1514:
1506:
1370:
1257:
1227:
1132:
945:
845:
829:
758:
686:
644:
413:
277:
from c. 1235 until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the
254:
4118:
3217:
1759:
Mann, Alastair, "A Brief History of an Ancient Institution: The Scottish Parliament",
5431:
5351:
5161:
4493:
4439:
4343:
3054:
1795:
Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man
1665:
1282:
1049:
941:
901:
812:
77:
786:
in 1603, Parliament was presided over by the Lord Chancellor in the presence of the
5346:
5201:
5116:
4407:
4278:
1455:
1203:
928:
498:
348:
3833:
3306:
2164:
2163:. The Scottish Parliament History Workshop at Stirling University. Archived from
363:
on 1 May 1707, the parliaments of Scotland and England were succeeded by the new
4442:
3263:
3158:
The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488
1593:
1563:
1447:
1386:
1085:
865:
791:
722:
660:
332:. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, such as
329:
313:
289:, with the first identifiable parliament being held in 1235 during the reign of
270:
177:
115:
1426:, with the most senior riding last – burgh commissioners, shire commissioners,
924:
5101:
4450:
4371:
4055:
3721:
3674:
3454:
3139:
3046:
2464:
The Free Church of Scotland : her ancestry, her claims, and her conflicts
2128:
1557:
1358:
1323:
718:
710:
570:
437:
297:
5413:
5400:
1691:
List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union
4636:
4601:
3434:
3414:
3409:
2324:
2042:
1629:
1362:
1319:
869:
734:
698:
221:
3126:— (October 2000). "The Lords of the Articles before 1540: a reassessment".
3109:
2366:
1541:
Other than Edinburgh, Parliament was also held at the following locations:
1036:
as the "parliament" of Scotland's trading towns and the development of the
382:
Long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a
4861:
3848:
3818:
3521:
1599:
1587:
1551:
1439:
1431:
1112:
730:
706:
636:
472:
464:
456:
325:
309:
4966:
4711:
4701:
3838:
3689:
3571:
3449:
1623:
1605:
1510:
1334:. The final Riding of Parliament was held on 6 May 1703, following the
726:
677:
433:
300:
institution, for most of its existence the Parliament consisted of the
861:
4766:
4746:
3606:
3481:
3471:
3238:
The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates
1611:
1581:
1451:
1374:
1354:
1269:
1018:
714:
441:
305:
282:
3093:
The Scottish Parliament in the 15th and 16th Centuries (Unpublished)
3167:
The Scottish Parliament: its constitution and procedure, 1603–1707
3119:
Social Attitudes and Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century
1459:
1304:
1248:
937:
669:
562:
480:
445:
3074:, 25 May 2000 by Dr. Alastair Mann, Scottish Parliament Project,
1309:
The Riding of Parliament c. 1685, from Nicholas de Gueudeville's
2115:
Tanner, R. J. (2000). "The Lords of the Articles before 1540'".
1443:
1435:
1056:
The first printed edition of the legislation of the Parliament,
931:, Edinburgh. Usual meeting place of Parliament from 1438 to 1560
468:
460:
286:
4411:
4122:
3725:
3310:
1617:
1115:
Charles to the English throne; their failure in the 1648–1649
757:
of the Parliament of Scotland, as was the case in the English
2972:. Vol. 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560. Edinburgh.
1169:
and he was put in trial for it. The restored body passed the
2043:"Housing the Estates: Parliamentary Locations and Buildings"
2997:
Parliament and Society in Scotland, 1560–1603 (Unpublished)
2981:. Vol. 3: Parliament in Context, 1235–1707. Edinburgh.
293:, when it already possessed a political and judicial role.
2986:
Duncan, A. A. M. (1966). "Early Parliaments in Scotland".
1242:
Parliament Hall, the chamber of Parliament from 1639–1707.
2212:
2210:
1297:
who, though unable to vote, could provide legal advice.
3208:
1982:
R. Tanner, "The Lords of the Articles before 1542", in
1773:
1004:, common meeting place of Parliament from 1563 to 1639.
2621:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 91.
2257:(Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1974),
36:
2576:
2574:
1501:, the hereditary bearer of the Crown. Then came the
1060:, was published in Edinburgh in 1542 by the printer
614:
Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
5339:
5273:
5225:
5045:
4492:
4449:
4364:
4266:
4158:
4100:
4069:
4038:
3990:
3887:
3801:
3761:
3703:
3660:
3622:
3342:
2380:Mitchison, Rosalind, Fry, Peter Fry, Fiona (2002).
2077:
The Burghs and Parliament in Scotland, c. 1550–1651
1997:
Scotland's relations with England: a survey to 1707
1206:
famously claimed Union was brought about by Scots "
227:
202:
169:
164:
156:
138:
133:
121:
111:
103:
90:
85:
71:
66:
30:
2420:
1792:
1146:. As a result, Scotland was incorporated into the
664:knights and freeholders had become important, and
16:Legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland (1235–1707)
408:The members were collectively referred to as the
2891:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2873:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2855:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2837:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2819:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2810:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
2801:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
1912:Brown and Tanner, passim; Brown and Mann, passim
1774:"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707"
1088:to power, with bishops being expelled from both
761:. As the Lord Chancellor was also the principal
3176:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
2255:Robert Baillie and the Second Scots Reformation
1111:, it was suspended in 1645. In 1647, the Scots
672:commissioners to his Parliament. Consisting of
2467:. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 48–52
2384:(2015 ed.). Routledge. pp. 223–224.
1799:(2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman,
316:. By the 1690s it comprised the nobility, the
4423:
4134:
3737:
3322:
2110:
2108:
324:. Parliament gave consent for the raising of
8:
2404:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
625:was the closest equivalent of the office of
2501:Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015).
2099:
2062:
1450:, and the noble’s servants wore over their
1322:, with the procession travelling along the
1138:Following the execution the Scots accepted
659:The Scottish parliament evolved during the
42:
4430:
4416:
4408:
4141:
4127:
4119:
3744:
3730:
3722:
3329:
3315:
3307:
3250:
3062:Macdougall, N. A. T. (1989). "Chapter 7".
3004:Jackson, C. (1999). Burgess, Glenn (ed.).
2505:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 144–159.
2303:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
1686:List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland
1397:Half an hour before the Riding began, the
1377:, lined both sides of the Royal Mile from
27:
2202:Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745
977:. It refused to forfeit his brother, the
600:: this has been argued to have created a
2325:"Records of the Parliaments of Scotland"
1999:Saltire Society; New edition (1994) p173
1876:
1874:
1855:Cambridge University Press (2003) p. 133
1791:Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976),
1237:
996:
923:
860:
420:), or "three communities of the realm" (
5483:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain
2503:The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy
2274:
2228:
2216:
2188:
2158:"WORKSHOP FIVE: "Images of Parliament""
1732:
1578:(1399, 1404, 1545, 1585, 1593 and 1596)
371:, the parliaments of Great Britain and
3209:The Records of the Scottish Parliament
3021:
3011:
2979:The History of the Scottish Parliament
2970:The History of the Scottish Parliament
2397:
2355:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
1711:Records of the Parliaments of Scotland
1103:. One outcome was the creation of the
940:commissioners joined them to form the
643:, in contrast to the separate English
2242:The Government of Scotland, 1560–1625
1676:Convention of the Estates of Scotland
604:. During the 17th century, after the
233:Reflecting Parliament as it stood on
7:
3240:, Dr Roland Tanner, Tuckwell Press,
3082:Nicholson, R. (1974). "Chapter 15".
3006:Restoration to Revolution: 1660–1690
2977:Brown, K. M.; Tanner, R. J. (2012).
2968:Brown, K. M.; Tanner, R. J. (2004).
2286:
1970:
596:was reorganised by the selection of
4151:Scotland in the early modern period
2532:Economic History Association EH.net
1411:Lord President of the Privy Council
1214:. Combined with the failure of the
561:and, at different periods, various
5478:1707 disestablishments in Scotland
5331:South African Republic (1857–1902)
2604:History of the Scottish Parliament
2079:. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 14.
2010:History of the Scottish Parliament
1866:History of the Scottish Parliament
1748:History of the Scottish Parliament
1671:Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)
1295:senators of the College of Justice
1160:Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union
1099:, the Covenanters agreed the 1643
14:
5463:Institutions of medieval Scotland
5316:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
3195:The Scottish Parliament 1639–1661
3035:Journal of Ecclesiastical History
2596:Bought and Sold for English Gold?
2144:Late Medieval Scottish Parliament
1584:(1341, 1347, 1350, 1359 and 1597)
1517:bearing the purse containing the
1226:and 16 to the 190 members of the
5468:Early modern history of Scotland
5250:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4897:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3792:
1531:Gentleman Usher of the White Rod
1208:bought and sold for English gold
1058:The New Actis and Constitutionis
916:from English captivity in 1424.
377:Parliament of the United Kingdom
208:
52:
5473:1235 establishments in Scotland
5453:Defunct unicameral legislatures
5375:National bicameral legislatures
5362:List of legislatures by country
3337:National legislatures in Europe
3213:The Scottish Parliament Project
3084:Scotland, the Later Middle Ages
2999:(Thesis). Edinburgh University.
2606:. Vol. ii. p. passim.
1655:List of parliaments of Scotland
989:, as well as France and Spain.
900:By the reign of David II, the "
779:Speaker of the House of Commons
769:, the presiding officer of the
497:(representatives chosen by the
343:The Parliament of Scotland was
5286:Confederate States (1861–1862)
4469:Federated States of Micronesia
3234:Scotland's powerful parliament
3178:. Edinburgh University Press.
2461:McCrie, Charles Greig (1893).
1454:velvet coats with the noble’s
198:election with limited suffrage
1:
5306:Orange Free State (1854–1902)
3273:
3229:National Archives of Scotland
3095:(Thesis). Glasgow University.
1763:, Vol. I, No. 1 (June, 2013)
1761:Scottish Parliamentary Review
1661:A Satire of the Three Estates
1415:Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
1076:Victory the same year in the
509:comprised the archbishops of
94:
4299:Seventeenth-century religion
4108:History of the British Isles
1505:, attended by his servants,
1409:carried before him, and the
4351:Union with England Act 1707
3754:Scotland in the Middle Ages
3286:Parliament of Great Britain
3218:Scottish Parliament records
3102:The Parliaments of Scotland
3072:National Museum of Scotland
2075:MacDonald, Alan R. (2007).
1701:Parliament of Great Britain
1681:General Council of Scotland
1198:Parliament of Great Britain
1184:which offered the crown to
1178:deposition of James in 1689
592:From the 16th century, the
448:, and other senior clerics)
424:), until 1690 composed of:
365:Parliament of Great Britain
359:. With the creation of the
243:67 commissioners for burghs
241:83 commissioners for shires
127:Parliament of Great Britain
5501:
5296:Irish Republic (1919–1922)
5291:Czechoslovakia (1948–1969)
4309:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3128:Scottish Historical Review
3008:. London. pp. 92–114.
2988:Scottish Historical Review
2117:Scottish Historical Review
1984:Scottish Historical Review
1469:of the Parliament and the
1105:Committee of Both Kingdoms
1101:Solemn League and Covenant
1034:Convention of Royal Burghs
612:of officers of state (see
401:
320:, the burghs, and various
18:
5370:
5187:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3790:
3281:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3140:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.189
3076:University of St. Andrews
3047:10.1017/S0022046998008458
2528:"The Glorious Revolution"
2419:Woolrych, Austin (2002).
2129:10.3366/shr.2000.79.2.189
2100:Brown & Tanner (2004)
2063:Brown & Tanner (2004)
1882:Parliament: The Biography
1082:War of the Three Kingdoms
895:Declaration of the Clergy
232:
216:
207:
51:
5207:Turks and Caicos Islands
4567:Central African Republic
3100:Rait, Robert S. (1924).
2486:Mackie; Lenman; Parker.
2299:Macinnes, A. I. (2007).
2008:Brown, Mann and Tanner,
1778:University of St Andrews
1117:Second English Civil War
767:Keeper of the Great Seal
701:, meetings were held in
668:began regularly calling
361:Kingdom of Great Britain
5458:Historical legislatures
5022:Holy See (Vatican City)
3270:Parliament of Scotland
3091:O'Brien, I. E. (1980).
2995:Goodare, J. M. (1989).
2619:The Scots and the Union
1328:Palace of Holyroodhouse
1152:Cromwell's Act of Grace
1097:First English Civil War
1038:Kirk's General Assembly
417:
258:
43:
5438:Parliament of Scotland
5077:British Virgin Islands
3385:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2367:10.3366/jshs.2015.0138
1513:, and preceded by the
1503:Lord High Commissioner
1351:Lord Lyon King of Arms
1314:
1268:sat upon the elevated
1266:Lord High Commissioner
1243:
1064:under commission from
1005:
932:
873:
838:Act of Settlement 1701
788:Lord High Commissioner
693:and thereafter by the
635:of the time, namely a
347:in 1707 following the
338:Conventions of Estates
266:
251:Parliament of Scotland
59:Royal Arms of Scotland
37:
32:Parliament of Scotland
5385:National upper houses
5380:National lower houses
4912:São Tomé and Príncipe
4474:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4061:Scandinavian Scotland
4046:Lordship of the Isles
3193:Young, J. R. (1997).
3165:Terry, C. S. (1905).
2582:A History of Scotland
2566:A History of Scotland
2553:A History of Scotland
2488:A History of Scotland
2423:Britain in Revolution
2382:A History of Scotland
2349:Mason, Roger (2013).
2027:History of Parliament
1884:Volume 1, chapter 10
1706:Parliament of Ireland
1696:Parliament of England
1590:(1302, 1342 and 1362)
1462:embroidered on them.
1308:
1241:
1011:Convention of Estates
1000:
950:Lords of the Articles
927:
864:
802:Lords of the Articles
773:, and a judge of the
695:Convention of Estates
633:Parliament of England
585:and the accession of
581:, as a result of the
402:Further information:
375:merged to become the
355:between Scotland and
259:Pairlament o Scotland
44:Pairlament o Scotland
5448:Scottish parliaments
5414:55.94917°N 3.19056°W
4479:United Arab Emirates
4013:Wars of Independence
3223:9 April 2008 at the
3174:Wormald, J. (1991).
2617:Whatley, C. (2006).
1399:Lord High Chancellor
1301:Riding of Parliament
1218:in 1698, it allowed
1131:and officers of the
628:Member of Parliament
404:Estates of the realm
148:The Earl of Seafield
141:Lord High Chancellor
5443:Kingdom of Scotland
5410: /
5281:Artsakh (1991–2023)
5212:U.S. Virgin Islands
4329:Massacre of Glencoe
4324:Glorious Revolution
4003:Davidian Revolution
3623:States with limited
3295:Scottish Parliament
3255:Scottish Parliament
2490:. pp. 231–234.
1716:Scottish Parliament
1497:, on behalf of the
1428:lords of parliament
1420:Troop of Life Guard
1392:St Giles' Cathedral
1367:Lord High Constable
1347:Lord Clerk Register
1291:Lord Clerk Register
1275:Honours of Scotland
1264:The monarch or the
1254:Lord High Constable
1196:created a combined
1171:1661 Rescissory Act
1002:St Giles' Cathedral
887:Edward I of England
784:Union of the Crowns
606:Union of the Crowns
598:Shire Commissioners
583:Glorious Revolution
495:burgh commissioners
477:lords of parliament
275:Kingdom of Scotland
267:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba
239:2 officers of state
38:Pàrlamaid na h-Alba
21:Scottish Parliament
5419:55.94917; -3.19056
5326:Sikkim (1953–1975)
2785:Brown and Tanner,
2769:Brown and Tanner,
2753:Brown and Tanner,
2737:Brown and Tanner,
2721:Brown and Tanner,
2705:Brown and Tanner,
2689:Brown and Tanner,
2673:Brown and Tanner,
2657:Brown and Tanner,
2641:Brown and Tanner,
2146:. pp. passim.
2025:Brown and Tanner,
1995:Ferguson, William
1835:Brown and Tanner,
1819:Brown and Tanner,
1746:Brown and Tanner,
1570:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1315:
1287:Secretary of State
1244:
1194:1707 Acts of Union
1006:
958:English Parliament
933:
874:
844:, and the English
782:monarch after the
775:College of Justice
739:Berwick-upon-Tweed
622:Shire Commissioner
579:Church of Scotland
369:Acts of Union 1800
192:appointment as an
5393:
5392:
5217:Wallis and Futuna
5049:other territories
4405:
4404:
4116:
4115:
3774:Early Middle Ages
3719:
3718:
3305:
3304:
3282:Succeeded by
2628:978-0-7486-1685-5
2598:. p. passim.
2310:978-0-521-85079-7
2086:978-0-7546-5328-8
1973:, p. op. cit
1750:, i, Introduction
1576:Linlithgow Palace
1527:Marquess of Lorne
1403:presiding officer
1379:Parliament Square
1313:(Amsterdam, 1720)
1113:agreed to restore
1080:of the 1639–1652
891:King Robert Bruce
755:presiding officer
674:The Three Estates
517:, the bishops of
422:tres communitates
322:officers of state
247:
246:
186:inheritance of a
122:Succeeded by
5490:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5172:Saint Barthélemy
5167:Pitcairn Islands
5107:French Polynesia
5097:Falkland Islands
4877:Papua New Guinea
4797:Marshall Islands
4432:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4356:Jacobite risings
4289:Marian civil war
4152:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4101:Related articles
3998:Christianisation
3796:
3784:Late Middle Ages
3779:High Middle Ages
3755:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3661:Dependencies and
3597:Northern Ireland
3343:Sovereign states
3331:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3275:
3261:Preceded by
3251:
3198:
3189:
3170:
3161:
3152:
3149:Scottish Archive
3143:
3122:
3113:
3096:
3087:
3067:
3058:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2526:Quinn, Stephen.
2523:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2426:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2170:on 12 March 2017
2169:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2065:, pp. 1–28.
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
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1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1487:Earl of Crawford
1343:Edinburgh Castle
1336:election of 1702
1332:Parliament House
1224:House of Commons
1188:and her husband
809:select committee
763:Officer of State
682:tenants-in-chief
666:Robert the Bruce
649:House of Commons
484:tenants-in-chief
388:Scottish affairs
334:General Councils
218:Parliament House
212:
194:officer of state
129:
112:Preceded by
99:
96:
56:
46:
40:
28:
5500:
5499:
5493:
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5489:
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5409:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5389:
5366:
5357:Multicameralism
5335:
5269:
5245:Northern Cyprus
5221:
5048:
5041:
4952:Solomon Islands
4857:North Macedonia
4488:
4445:
4436:
4406:
4401:
4360:
4334:Seven ill years
4294:Union of Crowns
4262:
4154:
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4096:
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3624:
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3338:
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1642:Falkland Palace
1596:(1296 and 1596)
1539:
1499:Duke of Douglas
1303:
1236:
1212:Seven ill years
1156:Tender of Union
1144:Anglo-Scots War
1129:Rump Parliament
1127:by the English
1109:Oliver Cromwell
1074:
1062:Thomas Davidson
995:
922:
859:
854:
842:Act of Security
840:, the Scottish
821:
804:
751:Lord Chancellor
747:
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691:General Council
657:
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353:Treaty of Union
263:Scottish Gaelic
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3711:European Union
3707:
3705:
3704:Other entities
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
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3672:
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3663:other entities
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3592:United Kingdom
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3457:
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3447:
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3427:
3422:
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3412:
3407:
3405:Czech Republic
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3283:
3280:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3236:, abstract of
3231:
3215:
3204:
3203:External links
3201:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3171:
3162:
3160:. East Linton.
3153:
3144:
3134:(2): 189–212.
3123:
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3030:
3001:
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2803:
2794:
2778:
2762:
2746:
2730:
2714:
2698:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2634:
2627:
2609:
2586:
2570:
2557:
2544:
2518:
2512:978-1783270446
2511:
2493:
2478:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2411:
2391:978-1138174146
2390:
2372:
2341:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2279:
2277:, p. 158.
2275:Wormald (1991)
2267:
2246:
2233:
2229:Wormald (1991)
2221:
2219:, p. 157.
2217:Wormald (1991)
2206:
2193:
2189:Wormald (1991)
2181:
2149:
2142:Tanner, R. J.
2134:
2104:
2092:
2085:
2067:
2055:
2034:
2018:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1946:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1889:
1880:Bryant, Chris
1870:
1857:
1844:
1828:
1812:
1805:
1783:
1765:
1752:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1725:
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1657:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
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1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1515:Earl of Morton
1495:Earl of Forfar
1475:Sword of State
1383:Netherbow Port
1371:Earl Marischal
1302:
1299:
1258:Earl Marischal
1235:
1234:Chamber layout
1232:
1228:House of Lords
1182:Claim of Right
1158:) and a brief
1133:New Model Army
1073:
1070:
994:
991:
979:Duke of Albany
946:ecclesiastical
921:
918:
858:
855:
853:
850:
846:Alien Act 1705
820:
817:
803:
800:
790:. In 1638 the
759:House of Lords
746:
743:
687:ecclesiastical
656:
653:
645:House of Lords
503:
502:
487:
449:
418:Thrie Estaitis
399:
396:
279:king's council
245:
244:
235:25 March 1707;
230:
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49:
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35:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5496:
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5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5426:
5423:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Tricameralism
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:South Ossetia
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5227:Non-UN states
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:New Caledonia
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Faroe Islands
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Åland Islands
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5047:Dependent and
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4762:Liechtenstein
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Guinea-Bissau
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4397:Privy Council
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4344:Darien scheme
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Bishops' Wars
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:Privy Council
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:The Old North
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Faroe Islands
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:South Ossetia
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Liechtenstein
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3287:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3246:1-86232-174-4
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3185:0-7486-0276-3
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2602:Brown; Mann.
2597:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2438:9780198200819
2434:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2330:
2329:www.rps.ac.uk
2326:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:0-520-02447-8
2260:
2256:
2253:F. N. McCoy,
2250:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2231:, p. 22.
2230:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:, p. 21.
2190:
2185:
2182:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:, p. 50.
2101:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:Ane Auld Sang
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1806:0-582-12069-1
1802:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:David Lyndsay
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:borne by the
1492:
1488:
1485:borne by the
1484:
1480:
1477:borne by the
1476:
1472:
1471:Privy Council
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Lord Advocate
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Darién scheme
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:(1653–1659).
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1050:Protestantism
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:Three Estates
939:
930:
926:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:three estates
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:Alexander III
871:
867:
863:
856:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
818:
816:
814:
813:UK Parliament
810:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
771:Privy Council
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:fourth estate
599:
595:
594:second estate
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:second estate
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Three Estates
405:
398:Three Estates
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:three estates
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
231:
226:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
203:Meeting place
201:
195:
189:
183:
179:
176:
173:
172:Voting system
168:
163:
159:
155:
149:
145:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
93:
89:
84:
79:
74:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
29:
26:
22:
5395:
5347:Bicameralism
5310:
5265:Transnistria
5192:Sint Maarten
5182:Saint Martin
5177:Saint Helena
5087:Cook Islands
4937:Sierra Leone
4917:Saudi Arabia
4557:Burkina Faso
4443:legislatures
4391:
4365:Institutions
4339:Colonisation
4314:Commonwealth
4279:Rough Wooing
4253:Witch trials
4166:Architecture
4086:
4070:Institutions
3895:Architecture
3802:Early Realms
3652:Transnistria
3614:Vatican City
3299:1999–present
3269:
3237:
3197:. Edinburgh.
3194:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3101:
3092:
3086:. Edinburgh.
3083:
3066:. Edinburgh.
3063:
3041:(1): 38–61.
3038:
3034:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2962:Bibliography
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2618:
2612:
2603:
2595:
2594:Whatley, C.
2589:
2581:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2521:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2463:
2456:
2447:
2422:
2414:
2381:
2375:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2300:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2224:
2201:
2196:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2152:
2143:
2137:
2120:
2116:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2037:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1969:Typified by
1965:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1851:Kidd, Colin
1847:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1794:
1786:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1659:
1540:
1464:
1456:coat of arms
1396:
1340:
1316:
1310:
1263:
1245:
1204:Robert Burns
1202:
1181:
1175:
1164:
1148:Protectorate
1137:
1094:
1084:brought the
1078:early stages
1075:
1072:17th century
1057:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1015:
1007:
993:16th century
954:
934:
929:Old Tolbooth
920:15th century
899:
883:John Balliol
875:
822:
805:
795:
748:
673:
658:
626:
620:
618:
610:fifth estate
609:
601:
593:
591:
507:first estate
506:
504:
499:royal burghs
491:third estate
490:
452:
430:first estate
429:
421:
409:
407:
384:rubber stamp
381:
367:. Under the
349:ratification
342:
295:
291:Alexander II
250:
248:
61:(until 1603)
25:
5417: /
4842:New Zealand
4727:South Korea
4722:North Korea
4627:El Salvador
4502:Afghanistan
4319:Restoration
4284:Reformation
4274:Renaissance
4191:agriculture
4030:Renaissance
4008:Great Cause
3920:Agriculture
3879:Strathclyde
3690:Isle of Man
3625:recognition
3577:Switzerland
3512:Netherlands
3277: 1235
3264:Curia regis
3104:. Glasgow.
3022:|work=
2580:Mitchison,
2564:Mitchison,
2551:Mitchison,
2361:(1): 9–10.
2287:Rait (1924)
2200:Mitchison,
2123:: 189–212.
1594:Dunfermline
1564:Scone Abbey
1479:Earl of Mar
1473:, with the
1448:trainbearer
1387:foot guards
1359:pursuivants
1119:led to his
1086:Covenanters
1042:Reformation
857:Before 1400
792:Covenanters
723:Dunfermline
661:Middle Ages
571:archdeacons
438:archbishops
330:legislation
271:legislature
178:ennoblement
151:since 1705
116:Curia regis
98: 1235
91:Established
5432:Categories
5402:55°56′57″N
5274:Historical
5152:Montserrat
4932:Seychelles
4907:San Marino
4832:Mozambique
4827:Montenegro
4802:Mauritania
4772:Luxembourg
4737:Kyrgyzstan
4617:East Timor
4582:Costa Rica
4562:Cape Verde
4532:Bangladesh
4527:Azerbaijan
4440:unicameral
4392:Parliament
4233:Literature
4218:Government
4181:Demography
4087:Parliament
3957:Literature
3942:Government
3910:Demography
3547:San Marino
3507:Montenegro
3487:Luxembourg
3467:Kazakhstan
3370:Azerbaijan
3169:. Glasgow.
3156:— (2001).
2787:Parliament
2771:Parliament
2755:Parliament
2739:Parliament
2723:Parliament
2707:Parliament
2691:Parliament
2675:Parliament
2659:Parliament
2643:Parliament
2537:5 November
2451:Mason, p.8
1955:Parliament
1939:Parliament
1923:Parliament
1898:Parliament
1837:Parliament
1821:Parliament
1722:References
1636:Haddington
1558:St Andrews
1523:Queen Anne
1519:commission
1489:, and the
1440:marquesses
1385:, and the
1363:trumpeters
1353:, and the
1324:Royal Mile
1289:, and the
1167:John Welsh
1140:Charles II
1040:after the
910:Robert III
796:ex-officio
719:Linlithgow
711:St Andrews
587:William II
511:St Andrews
465:marquesses
312:, and the
298:unicameral
269:) was the
134:Leadership
107:1 May 1707
78:Unicameral
5405:3°11′26″W
5132:Hong Kong
5117:Greenland
5112:Gibraltar
4957:Sri Lanka
4942:Singapore
4867:Palestine
4847:Nicaragua
4807:Mauritius
4767:Lithuania
4672:Guatemala
4484:Venezuela
4438:National
4213:Geography
4203:Education
4176:Childhood
3937:Geography
3932:Education
3905:Childhood
3834:Dál Riata
3769:Sub-Roman
3680:Gibraltar
3482:Lithuania
3291:1707–1800
3121:. Sutton.
3055:162809645
3024:ignored (
3014:cite book
2584:, p. 314.
2568:, p. 128.
2555:, p. 253.
2471:17 August
2400:cite book
2240:Goodare,
2012:, i, ii,
1971:Rait 1924
1810:pp. 67–97
1630:Inverness
1572:, various
1566:, various
1560:, various
1554:, various
1548:, various
1537:Locations
1432:viscounts
1326:from the
1320:Edinburgh
1125:execution
987:Henry VII
975:James III
970:Highlands
966:James III
962:James I's
906:Robert II
870:Moot hill
834:Charles I
735:Inverness
699:Edinburgh
531:Caithness
473:viscounts
345:dissolved
237:75 nobles
228:Footnotes
222:Edinburgh
165:Elections
104:Disbanded
5311:Scotland
5235:Abkhazia
5127:Guernsey
5062:Anguilla
4977:Tanzania
4962:Suriname
4947:Slovakia
4887:Portugal
4822:Mongolia
4782:Maldives
4717:Kiribati
4692:Honduras
4612:Dominica
4607:Djibouti
4552:Bulgaria
4542:Botswana
4228:Language
4223:Identity
3967:Religion
3952:Language
3947:Identity
3874:Scotland
3849:Gododdin
3844:Galloway
3819:Bernicia
3814:Bamburgh
3685:Guernsey
3632:Abkhazia
3602:Scotland
3562:Slovenia
3557:Slovakia
3532:Portugal
3390:Bulgaria
3221:Archived
3110:6673448M
3064:James IV
2244:, p. 46.
2204:, p. 15.
1953:Tanner,
1937:Tanner,
1921:Tanner,
1896:Tanner,
1649:See also
1600:Roxburgh
1588:Aberdeen
1552:Stirling
1452:liveries
1413:and the
1369:and the
983:James IV
868:and its
830:James VI
826:David II
753:was the
731:Aberdeen
707:Stirling
637:commoner
543:Galloway
535:Dunblane
519:Aberdeen
457:nobility
434:prelates
326:taxation
310:nobility
5340:Related
5202:Tokelau
5142:Madeira
5092:Curaçao
5027:Vietnam
5017:Vanuatu
5012:Ukraine
4992:Tunisia
4922:Senegal
4812:Moldova
4752:Lebanon
4702:Iceland
4697:Hungary
4657:Georgia
4647:Finland
4637:Estonia
4632:Eritrea
4622:Ecuador
4602:Denmark
4587:Croatia
4522:Armenia
4512:Andorra
4507:Albania
4494:Unitary
4459:Comoros
4451:Federal
4248:Warfare
4243:Society
4186:Economy
4051:Marches
3977:Warfare
3972:Society
3915:Economy
3839:Fortriu
3587:Ukraine
3537:Romania
3497:Moldova
3455:Ireland
3450:Iceland
3445:Hungary
3435:Germany
3430:Georgia
3420:Finland
3415:Estonia
3410:Denmark
3395:Croatia
3380:Belgium
3375:Belarus
3365:Austria
3360:Armenia
3355:Andorra
3350:Albania
2174:9 March
2048:6 March
1624:Glasgow
1606:Birgham
1511:footmen
1483:Sceptre
1381:to the
1355:heralds
1330:to the
1190:William
1066:James V
914:James I
852:History
811:of the
727:Glasgow
678:clerics
655:Origins
641:chamber
631:in the
539:Dunkeld
527:Brechin
515:Glasgow
455:of the
442:bishops
392:Stewart
373:Ireland
357:England
351:of the
283:bishops
273:of the
188:peerage
182:monarch
180:by the
86:History
5321:Sicily
5260:Taiwan
5240:Kosovo
5197:Tobago
5137:Jersey
5072:Azores
5037:Zambia
5007:Uganda
5002:Tuvalu
4997:Turkey
4967:Sweden
4927:Serbia
4872:Panama
4862:Norway
4817:Monaco
4777:Malawi
4747:Latvia
4732:Kuwait
4712:Israel
4687:Guyana
4677:Guinea
4667:Greece
4652:Gambia
4597:Cyprus
4547:Brunei
4517:Angola
4267:Events
4208:Family
4159:Topics
4039:Places
4023:Second
3991:Events
3888:Topics
3869:Rhinns
3864:Orkney
3695:Jersey
3637:Kosovo
3582:Turkey
3572:Sweden
3552:Serbia
3542:Russia
3527:Poland
3522:Norway
3502:Monaco
3472:Latvia
3440:Greece
3425:France
3400:Cyprus
3279:–1707
3244:
3182:
3108:
3053:
2791:passim
2775:passim
2759:passim
2743:passim
2727:passim
2711:passim
2695:passim
2679:passim
2663:passim
2647:passim
2625:
2509:
2435:
2388:
2334:7 July
2307:
2261:
2083:
2031:passim
2014:passim
1986:(2000)
1959:passim
1943:passim
1927:passim
1902:passim
1841:passim
1825:passim
1803:
1644:, 1599
1638:, 1548
1632:, 1428
1626:, 1384
1620:, 1315
1614:, 1294
1612:Lanark
1608:, 1290
1602:, 1255
1582:Dundee
1509:, and
1481:, the
1467:macers
1442:, and
1424:estate
1361:, and
1349:, the
1285:, the
1270:throne
1023:feuars
1019:lairds
765:, the
715:Dundee
680:, lay
573:, and
567:priors
563:abbots
555:Orkney
523:Argyll
446:abbots
318:shires
314:burghs
306:clergy
5147:Macau
5067:Aruba
5032:Yemen
4987:Tonga
4972:Syria
4902:Samoa
4892:Qatar
4852:Niger
4837:Nauru
4792:Malta
4757:Libya
4662:Ghana
4577:China
4537:Benin
4377:Court
4258:Women
4238:Music
4196:trade
4077:Court
4018:First
3982:Women
3962:Music
3925:Trade
3859:Moray
3854:Isles
3670:Åland
3607:Wales
3567:Spain
3492:Malta
3462:Italy
3132:LXXIX
3051:S2CID
2990:(45).
2168:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2029:, i,
1868:, ii.
1727:Notes
1664:, by
1546:Perth
1521:from
1507:pages
1491:Crown
1460:motto
1444:dukes
1436:earls
1401:(the
1279:Crown
1277:(the
1249:court
1150:(see
1121:trial
938:burgh
866:Scone
819:Crown
703:Perth
676:– of
670:burgh
575:deans
551:Moray
547:Isles
469:earls
461:dukes
414:Scots
287:earls
255:Scots
157:Seats
5162:Niue
5122:Guam
4982:Togo
4882:Peru
4787:Mali
4742:Laos
4707:Iran
4642:Fiji
4592:Cuba
4572:Chad
4464:Iraq
4387:Navy
4372:Army
3809:Alba
3762:Eras
3242:ISBN
3180:ISBN
3026:help
2623:ISBN
2539:2017
2507:ISBN
2473:2018
2433:ISBN
2406:link
2386:ISBN
2336:2021
2305:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2176:2017
2081:ISBN
2050:2017
1801:ISBN
1458:and
1418:the
1407:mace
1375:arms
1220:Anne
1186:Mary
1176:The
1154:and
1123:and
1090:kirk
908:and
832:and
749:The
737:and
647:and
608:, a
559:Ross
557:and
513:and
505:The
489:the
479:and
451:the
428:the
285:and
249:The
196:, or
72:Type
67:Type
4382:Law
4171:Art
4082:Law
3900:Art
3824:Cat
3136:doi
3043:doi
2429:223
2363:doi
2125:doi
1618:Ayr
493:of
481:lay
432:of
336:or
304:of
281:of
160:227
5434::
3829:Cé
3274:c.
3227:,
3130:.
3106:OL
3078:).
3049:.
3039:50
3037:.
3018::
3016:}}
3012:{{
2789:,
2773:,
2757:,
2741:,
2725:,
2709:,
2693:,
2677:,
2661:,
2645:,
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2573:^
2530:.
2431:.
2402:}}
2398:{{
2359:35
2357:.
2353:.
2327:.
2209:^
2121:79
2119:.
2107:^
1957:,
1941:,
1925:,
1900:,
1873:^
1839:,
1823:,
1776:.
1735:^
1438:,
1434:,
1430:,
1357:,
1338:.
1230:.
1135:.
1068:.
897:.
741:.
733:,
729:,
725:,
721:,
717:,
713:,
709:,
705:,
651:.
619:A
569:,
565:,
553:,
549:,
545:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
529:,
525:,
521:,
475:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
444:,
440:,
416::
379:.
308:,
296:A
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261:;
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220:,
95:c.
4431:e
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4417:v
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3745:e
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3330:e
3323:t
3316:v
3188:.
3151:.
3142:.
3138::
3112:.
3057:.
3045::
3028:)
2631:.
2541:.
2515:.
2475:.
2441:.
2408:)
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2365::
2338:.
2313:.
2289:.
2178:.
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2089:.
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