687:
184:
1370:(AETR) claims that ETS is violating its non-profit status through excessive profits, executive compensation, and governing board member pay (which the IRS specifically advises against). AETR further claims that ETS is acting unethically by selling test preparation materials, directly lobbying legislators and government officials, and refusing to acknowledge test-taker rights. It also criticises ETS for forcing GRE test-takers to participate in research experiments during the actual exam.
795:. ETS was formed in 1947 to take over the testing activities of its founders (whose organizations were not well suited to running operational assessment programs), and to pursue research intended to advance educational measurement and education. Among other things, ACE gave to the new organization the Cooperative Test Service and the National Teachers Examination; Carnegie gave the GRE; and the College Board turned over to ETS the operation (but not ownership) of the
645:
1297:
1276:, which had encountered significant and repeated problems in carrying out the marking and processing contract. As was the case for Edexcel, The first year of ETS Global's operation was struck by a number of problems, including the late arrival of scripts to examiners, a database of student entries being unavailable, and countrywide reports of problems with the marking of the papers. The opposition
695:
1030:, 2022; Irwin Kirsch, 2022); (the APA Distinguished Contributions to Knowledge Award (Norman Frederiksen, 1984), the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (Frederic Lord, 1988; Howard Wainer, 2009); the AERA E.F. Lindquist Award (William Turnbull, 1981; Frederic Lord, 1988; Samuel Messick, 1994; Paul Holland, 2000; Wendy Yen, 2008; Howard Wainer, 2015; Charles Lewis, 2018;
1034:, 2020); the NCME Career Contributions to Educational Measurement Award (Frederic Lord, 1990; Paul Holland, 2004; Howard Wainer, 2007; Neil Dorans, 2010; Linda Cook, 2017; Shelby Haberman, 2019); The Psychometric Society's Lifetime Achievement Award (Howard Wainer, 2013), and the Jean Piaget Society's Lifetime Achievement Award (Irving Sigel, 2002); among many other awards.
2784:
703:
634:
27:
1364:, achieved unexpectedly high exam results on the ETS Advanced Placement Exam. ETS implied that the students may have cheated to obtain such results based on common mistakes across different exams. The students were required to prove their abilities and innocence by taking a second exam, which they did successfully.
1202:
To help support its nonprofit educational mission, ETS, like many other nonprofits, conducts business activities that are unrelated to that mission (e.g., employment testing). Under US tax law, these activities may be conducted (within limits) by the nonprofit itself, or by for-profit subsidiaries.
1284:
was terminated in August 2008, with an agreement to pay back £19.5m and cancel invoices worth £4.6m. Subsequently, the contract for
National Curriculum assessment marking and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. Like the two prior contracts, the Edexcel contract has encountered significant
1308:
ETS has been criticized for being a "highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution". Due to its legal status as a non-profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many, but not all, of its operations. It
1344:) might not be able to publish the 2008 league tables of school performance. However, the contract was ended by "mutual consent". The UK government asked Lord Sutherland to conduct an inquiry into the failure of the 2008 tests. The report included in its main findings:
768:(graduate) institutions, but it also develops K–12 statewide assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers 50 million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.
1381:
has suspended
English language tests run by ETS after a BBC investigation uncovered systematic fraud in the student visa system. Secret filming of government-approved English exams needed for a visa showed entire rooms of candidates having the tests faked for them.
1336:, where a financial penalty was called for. Complaints included papers not being marked properly, or not being marked at all and papers being sent to the wrong schools or lost completely. It has even been suggested that the quality of service is so poor that the
1232:
In addition to the contract work that ETS undertakes for nonprofit and government entities like the
College Board, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state education departments, the organization offers its own tests. These tests include the
1229:. NAEP is the only nationally representative and continuing assessment of what US students know and can do. ETS is responsible for coordination among the nine NAEP Alliance contractors, for item development, and for design, data analysis, and reporting.
1203:
Most of the "off-mission" work conducted by ETS is carried out by wholly owned, for-profit subsidiaries, including ETS Global BV, which contains much of the international operations of the company, ETS China, ETS India and ETS Canada.
1320:
In response to growing criticism of its monopolistic power, New York state passed the
Educational Testing Act, a disclosure law which required ETS to make available certain test questions and graded answer sheets to students.
843:. This broad-based research program attracted many individuals who distinguished themselves in their fields, often while at ETS but also in subsequent professorial positions. Among the more influential scientists have been
1068:, including the idea that validity was a unitary concept and that the evaluation of score meaning requires consideration of the consequences of test use as those consequences may imply functional problems with the test;
1037:
ETS has produced both new knowledge and methodology, especially in measurement and statistics, much of which has been taken up by assessment organizations around the world. Among the key scientific contributions were:
417:
2308:
802:
In 2024 the company established massive layoffs. In June, the company "offered voluntary buyouts to every U.S. employee with more than two years of service." It was the fifth round of layoffs in five years.
1790:
Dempster, A.P.; Laird, N.M.; Rubin, D.B. (1977). "Maximum
Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 39(1), Series B (Methodological). pp. 1–38.
3439:
622:
226:
1441:
531:
1285:
quality problems and the tests themselves, the focus of longstanding controversy in the
English education community and among the public, have been subjected to a massive boycott by schools.
1836:
Holland, P.W.; Thayer, D.T. (1988). "Differential item performance and the Mantel-Haenszel procedure". In H. Wainer & H.I. Braun (Eds.), Test
Validity. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
1352:• ETS's capacity to deliver the contract proved to be insufficient. A lack of comprehensive planning and testing by ETS of its systems and processes was a key factor in the delivery failure;
3419:
2878:
230:
788:
1210:, a private, nonprofit membership association of universities, colleges, school districts, and secondary schools. The most popular and well-known of the College Board's tests is the
1474:
1357:
504:
302:
1341:
1199:(ETS Canada). Not including its for-profit subsidiaries, ETS employs about 2,700 individuals, including 240 with doctorates and an additional 350 others with "higher degrees."
2748:
580:
526:
388:
3361:
570:
235:
1847:
Coffman, W.E.. (1971). "Essay
Examinations". In R.L. Thorndike (Ed.), Educational Measurement (2nd Ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education. pp. 271–302.
971:(the effects of poverty on infant, child, and adolescent development); Robert J. Mislevy (Evidence-Centered Design); and Anthony Carnevale (education and the workforce).
3424:
479:
3429:
998:
558:
2763:
1719:
McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A.; Shafrir, U.; Johnson, J.; Renninger, K. (2008). "Remembering Irving Sigel". Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(4). p. 253.
2725:
1242:
673:
511:
407:
396:
1985:
2829:
604:
1337:
1924:
2946:
2883:
1128:
718:
412:
336:
3232:
1455:
469:
459:
402:
3444:
3434:
3400:
437:
346:
1763:"LISREL: A General Computer Program for Estimating a Linear Structural Equation System Involving Multiple Indicators of Unmeasured Variables (RB-72-56)"
1280:(Tory) criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous problems with ETS's service. The ETS contract with the
1614:
979:
516:
494:
356:
240:
1226:
1225:
Since 1983, ETS has conducted the
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), known as the "Nation's Report Card", under contract to the US
1214:, taken by more than 3 million students annually. ETS also supports The College Board's Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (
612:
563:
1281:
553:
499:
341:
197:
3341:
3272:
3007:
760:
Series—in more than 180 countries, and at over 9,000 locations worldwide. Many of the assessments it develops are associated with entry to US
608:
536:
319:
3140:
2863:
2006:
1870:
1825:
Frederiksen, N.; Saunders, D.R.; Wand, B. (1957). "The In-Basket Test". Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 71(9). pp. 86–88.
1655:
1238:
616:
464:
366:
265:
255:
1672:
521:
454:
383:
329:
307:
297:
2653:
Weinstein, David, "ETS to Create Standardized English Test for Chinese Government", Associated Press State & Local Wire, July 9, 2002.
1889:
1348:• primary responsibility for this summer's delivery failure rests with ETS Global BV, which won the public contract to deliver the tests;
3351:
3104:
2908:
2718:
666:
541:
324:
287:
2623:
Nowlin, Sanford, "Standardized Test Giants Lock Horns in Court over Allegedly-Stolen Secrets", San Antonio Express-News, April 8, 2001.
2523:
1288:
In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, Inc to "simplify the entire letter of recommendation process".
2824:
2361:
1814:
Holland, P. (1986). "Statistics and Causal Inference". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396). pp. 945–960–103.
992:
983:
442:
351:
292:
2633:
Sidener, Jonathan, "Educational Testing Service of Princeton, N.J., Develops New Grading System", Arizona Republic, February 1, 1999.
1729:
Lord, F.M. (1980). "Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems" Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
1510:
2992:
2773:
1565:
1403:
1428:
1324:
Problems administering England's national tests in 2008 by ETS Europe were the subject of thousands of complaints recorded by the
3449:
3277:
2798:
1435:
1333:
575:
260:
250:
2243:
3345:
2956:
2768:
1046:, an integrated framework for asking and answering a variety of practical problems related to the design and analysis of tests;
312:
245:
1367:
3356:
3336:
3247:
3186:
3002:
2914:
2803:
2711:
1265:
659:
206:
1779:
Messick, S. (1989). "Validity". In R.L. Linn (Ed.), Educational Measurement (3rd Ed.). New York: MacMillan. pp. 13–103.
1167:. Overseas office locations, all of which are associated with for-profit subsidiaries that are wholly owned by ETS, include
1858:
Elliot, N. (2005). "On a Scale: A Social History of Writing Assessment in America". New York: Peter Lang. pp. 160–165.
717:), founded in 1947, is the world's largest private educational testing and assessment organization. It is headquartered in
2858:
1093:
1019:
928:
916:
880:
784:
282:
3377:
3155:
2941:
1391:
1361:
1325:
1234:
1054:
1050:
974:
Members of the ETS staff have been among the presidents of the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME); the
936:
912:
908:
104:
2591:
Brennan, Lisa, "ETS, Kaplan in Legal Skirmish over Test Security", New Jersey Law Journal, January 23, 1995, p. 3.
3227:
2997:
2682:
753:
2643:"Testing Company Claims State's Bidding Process Is Unfair", Associated Press State & Local Wire, January 6, 2003.
2607:
Kladko, Brian, "Computer Technology Passes Judgment on Students' Essays", Record (Bergen County, N.J.), July 9, 2001.
2334:
2113:
811:
In keeping with the purposes for which it was established, ETS developed a program of research that covered not only
1932:
3316:
3043:
3033:
3028:
2987:
2588:
Bickerstaffe, George, "Students Without IT Need Not Apply", Financial Times (London), October 26, 1998, p. 17.
1136:
1708:
Landis, D.; Tzeng, O.C.S. (2002). "Samuel J. Messick (1931-1998)". American Psychologist, 57(2). pp. 132–133.
686:
3257:
3119:
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2919:
2888:
2758:
2271:
1301:
1132:
546:
378:
3310:
3145:
2951:
2924:
2873:
2837:
2819:
832:
2594:
Celis, William, III, "Computer Admissions Test Found to Be Ripe for Abuse" New York Times, December 16, 1994.
2388:
2339:
1092:
development of methods for detecting test unfairness, including invention of the Standardization approach to
3282:
3267:
3196:
2982:
2853:
2687:
1277:
904:
780:
2620:
Nissimov, Ron, "SAT Officials to Stop Flagging Disabled Students' Tests", Houston Chronicle, July 22, 2002.
2610:
Merritt, Jennifer, "Why the Folks at ETS Flunked the Course", Business Week, December 29, 2003, p. 48.
1750:
Lord, F.M.; Novick, M.R. (1968). "Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores". Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3176:
1156:
952:
888:
836:
824:
2218:
939:(infant cognitive, social, and emotional development); Irving Sigel (children's cognitive development);
3212:
3084:
3058:
3053:
2961:
2753:
2734:
2192:
1894:
1591:
Fuess, C.M. (1950). "The College Board: Its first fifty years". New York: The Columbia University Press.
1124:
876:
852:
726:
432:
422:
59:
1536:
1111:
to become a more affordable alternative to multiple-choice questions for large-scale testing programs;
2904:
2868:
1602:
Educational Testing Service (1992). "The Origins of Educational Testing Service". Princeton, NJ: ETS.
1160:
1089:(used throughout the world to assess applicants for managerial jobs in a wide variety of industries);
1043:
975:
932:
884:
860:
828:
765:
649:
484:
474:
427:
150:
2486:
2038:
1114:
development of research-based procedures and standards for occupational licensing and certification.
3367:
2280:
2139:
1246:
987:
964:
449:
2016:
737:
140:
3396:
3382:
3262:
3222:
2313:
1421:
1219:
1108:
1104:
1079:
968:
900:
761:
145:
1958:"What Does It Mean to Be a Nonprofit Educational Measurement Organization in the 21st Century?"
108:
3326:
3160:
2089:
1903:
1651:
1640:
Advancing Human Assessment: The Methodological, Psychological, and Policy Contributions of ETS
1196:
1023:
948:
840:
733:
160:
2275:
3372:
3292:
3191:
3181:
3150:
2530:
2499:
1643:
1642:". Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Open.
1541:
1100:
1031:
1027:
944:
856:
844:
741:
638:
79:
3331:
3114:
1140:
1123:
ETS' international headquarters is located on a 376-acre (1.52 km) campus outside of
1107:, a means of rapidly and reliably judging the quality of essay text, which allowed direct
1444:– replaced by CAASPP (California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress) in 2015.
1264:, a unit of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the
1061:), used throughout the social sciences to test theoretical relationships among variables;
3287:
1296:
1148:
1086:
1072:
960:
896:
872:
864:
183:
3413:
3124:
3079:
3048:
2977:
2247:
2011:
1577:
1207:
1065:
956:
940:
924:
920:
868:
812:
792:
489:
3237:
3217:
3089:
3038:
2469:
2453:
2436:
2420:
2404:
2165:
2100:
2078:
1491:
1144:
892:
1018:. Major citations received while on staff have included elected membership to the
1957:
1762:
3252:
3094:
2366:
1448:
1378:
1273:
757:
155:
116:
1802:
Estimating Causal Effects of Treatments in Randomized and Nonrandomized Studies
1304:
reported in 1974 that ETS is known "around Princeton ... for its extravagance."
694:
3242:
3099:
1647:
1397:
1261:
1215:
1164:
820:
722:
132:
63:
1222:
program, which is widely used in US high schools for advanced course credit.
1143:, which houses its K–12 Assessment Programs division, and smaller offices in
955:(an evaluation researcher who documented the positive educational effects of
1168:
816:
2783:
2659:
Winerip, Michael, "No. 2 Pencil Fades as Graduate Exam Moves to Computer",
702:
600:
26:
3401:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey
2656:
Williams, Dennis A., "Testers V. Cram Courses", Newsweek, August 12, 1985.
633:
2553:
1739:
Lord, F.M. (1952). "A Theory of Test Scores". Psychometric Monographs, 7.
1314:
1268:
on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this role in 2008 from
1152:
2703:
1135:; processing, shipping, customer service and test security is in nearby
1269:
1253:
1188:
783:
created in 1947 by three other nonprofit educational institutions: the
1071:
development of widely used approaches to data analysis when there are
2597:
Elson, John, "The Test That Everyone Fears", Time, November 12, 1990.
1184:
1172:
1058:
777:
40:
2646:
Vickers, Marcia, "Hate Exams? Here's a Chance to Profit from Them",
2566:
2524:"America's Corporate Guinea Pigs - How ETS Exploits GRE Test-Takers"
1804:, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 66, No.5, (1974), pp. 689.
1511:"Company Overview of Apollo Education Group, Inc.: Robert S. Murley"
2600:
Honan, William, "Computer Admissions Test to Be Given Less Often",
982:(AERA); the Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics Division of the
1415:
1409:
1295:
1257:
1192:
1180:
1176:
749:
745:
701:
693:
690:
ETS' welcome sign, as seen from Rosedale Road in Lawrence Township
685:
100:
96:
2636:
Tabor, Mary B.W., "Disabled to Get an Extra Chance for S.A.T.s",
1697:
Gulliksen, H. (1950). "Theory of Mental Tests". New York: Wiley.
2707:
1486:
1374:
1310:
1211:
1206:
About 25% of the work carried out by ETS is contracted by the
796:
2694:
Educational Testing Service in Europe, Middle-East and Africa
1871:"Benjamin Shimberg, 85, Expert on Testing in the Professions"
1237:(GRE) (for graduate and professional school admissions), the
3344:(formerly located on Witherspoon Street, now in neighboring
2693:
1951:
1949:
1442:
California Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program
744:, and it also administers international tests including the
2498:
United States Internal Revenue Service (February 7, 2007).
2309:"Testing Giant Exceeds Roots, Drawing Business Rivals' Ire"
967:, which challenged the validity of psychiatric diagnosis);
887:(test analysis, including inventing the "Angoff Method" of
1398:
Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test
986:(APA); the APA Developmental Psychology Division; and the
2879:
Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science
2628:
None of the Above: Behind the Myth of Scholastic Aptitude
112:
2522:
Americans for Educational Testing Reform (10 May 2009).
2675:
2500:"Good Governance Practices for 501(c)(3) Organizations"
2307:
Nordheimer, Jon; Frantz, Douglas (September 30, 1997).
1309:
annually reports detailed financial information to the
789:
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
174:
2698:
2554:
Student visa system fraud exposed in BBC investigation
1475:
Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration
2615:
The Reign of ETS: The Corporation That Makes Up Minds
127:
Testing, assessments and research for educational use
3440:
Educational organizations based in the United States
1245:(TOEIC) (for use by business and industry), and the
1096:(DIF) and application of the Mantel-Haenszel method;
990:. They have been among the executive editors of the
3301:
3205:
3169:
3133:
3067:
3021:
2970:
2934:
2897:
2846:
2812:
2791:
2741:
1468:
1300:Pond with fountains behind Messick and Lord Halls.
752:(Test of English for International Communication),
169:
131:
123:
92:
70:
54:
46:
36:
2090:Call for a GCSE shake-up as pass mark sinks to 16%
1561:
1559:
931:, Testlet Response Theory, statistical graphics);
2193:"Hundreds of Sats examiners wrongly disqualified"
2059:
2037:National Center for Education Statistics (2023).
1026:, 1975; Gregory Anrig, 1981; Paul Holland, 2005;
978:; the Measurement and Evaluation Division of the
3420:Educational testing and assessment organizations
2362:"Educational Testing Service - Hoover's profile"
1673:"Harold Gulliksen, 93, Pioneer in Testing, Dies"
1416:Test of English for International Communications
999:Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics
2699:Americans for Educational Testing Reform (AETR)
1638:Bennett, R.E.; van Davier, M. (Eds.). (2017). "
1243:Test of English for International Communication
16:Educational testing and assessment organization
2830:Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children
2650:, Business Section, October 5, 1997, p. 4
2719:
1768:. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
1338:Department for Children, Schools and Families
1328:. Their operations were also described as a "
1241:(TOEFL) (for post-secondary admissions), the
935:(language testing and cognitive psychology);
667:
8:
2947:Princeton Community Japanese Language School
875:(known for testing and educational policy);
19:
1456:National Assessment of Educational Progress
1249:(for teacher licensure and certification).
1012:Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology
2726:
2712:
2704:
1925:"Board: New SAT to produce better writers"
1566:History of the Educational Testing Service
1004:Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
674:
660:
191:
182:
25:
18:
1463:Examen de Admisión a Estudios de Posgrado
1049:creation of an approach and software for
980:American Educational Research Association
756:(GRE) General and Subject Tests, and The
748:(Test of English as a Foreign Language),
241:History of education in the United States
3425:Companies based in Princeton, New Jersey
2266:
2264:
2114:"Headteachers angry at Sats 'nightmare'"
1368:Americans for Educational Testing Reform
1227:National Center for Education Statistics
1175:(ETS Global BV), Seoul (ETS Global BV),
3430:Standardized tests in the United States
2335:"Teacher Watch: ETS Monopoly Continues"
2276:"The Secrecy Behind the College Boards"
2219:"Hundreds of primaries to boycott Sats"
1761:Joreskog, K.G.; Van Thillo, M. (1972).
1502:
1080:causal modeling from observational data
901:causal modeling from observational data
591:
365:
273:
218:
205:
3342:Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center
793:The College Entrance Examination Board
2864:Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart
2390:Chaos casts doubt over tests deadline
1410:Test of English as a Foreign Language
1239:Test of English as a Foreign Language
799:for graduating high school students.
266:History of education in New York City
256:History of education in Massachusetts
7:
2683:ETS Signs New College Board Contract
2244:"ETS My Credentials VaultSM Service"
1615:"More Downsizing at Beleaguered ETS"
3352:Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
2470:"Sats marking contract is scrapped"
2166:"Sats marking contract is scrapped"
1342:Department for Education and Skills
736:primarily in the United States for
1139:. ETS also has a major office in
993:Journal of Educational Measurement
984:American Psychological Association
14:
3445:1947 establishments in New Jersey
3435:Organizations established in 1947
2630:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
2455:League tables 'might be scrapped'
2422:More questions about Sats results
2101:Admin staff 'marking GCSE papers'
1671:Burkhart, F. (November 3, 1996).
1535:Jaschik, Scott (March 29, 2022).
1404:College Level Examination Program
1008:Journal of Educational Psychology
2782:
2690:– lists ETS' executives' incomes
2406:MPs criticise testing 'shambles'
2112:Lipsett, Anthea (May 15, 2008).
2079:Examiners knew about maths error
2007:"A Syllabus Way Beyond The SATs"
1436:California High School Exit Exam
698:Messick Hall at ETS headquarters
643:
632:
261:History of education in Missouri
251:History of education in Kentucky
2957:Princeton University Art Museum
2393:. Times Educational Supplement.
2387:Warwick Mansell (4 July 2008).
2005:Jennifer Merritt (2004-04-26).
1317:, which is publicly available.
1266:National Curriculum assessments
827:, and psychology, particularly
819:but also such related areas as
246:History of education in Chicago
3357:Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
3302:Princeton addressed landmarks
3187:Princeton Community Television
2915:Princeton Theological Seminary
2617:, New York: Ralph Nader, 1980.
2438:Schools hunting missing papers
2138:Curtis, Polly (19 July 2008).
1429:Test de français international
1171:(ETS Global BV headquarters),
581:Full-service community schools
85:Amit Sevak (president and CEO)
1:
1956:Randy Elliot Bennett (2005).
1888:Alan Stoskopf (Spring 2000).
1358:James A. Garfield High School
1094:Differential Item Functioning
1020:National Academy of Education
945:cognitive and learning styles
929:differential item functioning
917:differential item functioning
785:American Council on Education
706:Lord Hall at ETS headquarters
3156:Princeton Symphony Orchestra
2942:Institute for Advanced Study
2140:"A history of exam failures"
1931:. 2002-06-28. Archived from
1469:British Trade Test Institute
1392:Graduate Record Examinations
1362:East Los Angeles, California
1326:Times Educational Supplement
1235:Graduate Record Examinations
1078:generation of approaches to
1055:confirmatory factor analysis
1051:structural equation modeling
913:confirmatory factor analysis
909:structural equation modeling
3322:Educational Testing Service
3228:Donald Grant Herring Estate
2998:Princeton University Chapel
2749:Princeton Historic District
2487:Stand and Deliver Revisited
2452:Mike Baker (18 July 2008).
2039:"Previous NAEP Contractors"
754:Graduate Record Examination
711:Educational Testing Service
559:For-profit higher education
107:General and Subject Tests,
20:Educational Testing Service
3466:
3268:Princeton Railroad Station
3034:Herrontown Woods Arboretum
3029:Delaware and Raritan Canal
2993:Princeton United Methodist
2780:
2688:2004 Form 990 from the IRS
1869:Esser, B.F.; Kruger, D.H.
1422:Certified English Test One
1145:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
512:School corporal punishment
3391:
3378:Washington Road Elm Allée
3258:Princeton Battle Monument
3120:Princeton Shopping Center
3110:Princeton Record Exchange
3008:Stony Brook Meeting House
2920:Westminster Choir College
2898:Colleges and universities
1648:10.1007/978-3-319-58689-2
1064:seminal contributions to
776:ETS is a U.S.-registered
547:School-to-work transition
24:
3364:(in Plainsboro; defunct)
3311:American Boychoir School
3304:outside the municipality
2952:Princeton Public Library
2925:Evelyn College for Women
2838:Princeton Charter School
2820:Princeton Public Schools
2191:Guardian (4 June 2009).
807:Scientific contributions
650:United States portal
196:This article is part of
31:ETS logo used since 2024
3450:501(c)(3) organizations
3054:Mountain Lakes Preserve
2983:Nassau Christian Center
2340:HorseSense and Nonsense
2217:Guardian (6 May 2010).
781:non-profit organization
368:Education policy issues
337:Environmental education
3177:I Grew Up in Princeton
1537:"A New Leader for ETS"
1451:(successor to the NTE)
1305:
1218:) and administers the
1066:modern validity theory
881:performance assessment
869:modern validity theory
849:Theory of Mental Tests
825:educational evaluation
707:
699:
691:
505:Standards-based reform
480:Gender achievement gap
470:Racial achievement gap
403:Educational attainment
3362:St. Joseph's Seminary
3213:Albert Einstein House
3059:Princeton Battlefield
2962:Witherspoon Institute
2825:Princeton High School
2792:Former municipalities
2735:Princeton, New Jersey
1356:In 1983, students of
1299:
1153:Hato Rey, Puerto Rico
1125:Princeton, New Jersey
853:classical test theory
732:ETS develops various
705:
697:
689:
571:Research universities
438:Student financial aid
433:Graduate unemployment
408:Post-secondary issues
384:Primary and secondary
347:Mathematics education
3397:Princeton University
3022:Parks and recreation
2905:Princeton University
2799:Borough of Princeton
2663:, November 15, 1993.
2441:. BBC. 24 July 2008.
2425:. BBC. 17 July 2008.
1578:"Who is ETS Global?"
1044:item response theory
976:Psychometric Society
923:, causal modeling);
861:item response theory
766:quaternary education
764:(undergraduate) and
639:Education portal
475:Desegregation busing
428:Elite overproduction
357:Vocational education
3368:Sarnoff Corporation
2988:Nassau Presbyterian
2847:Independent schools
2754:Stony Brook Village
2409:. BBC. 20 May 2008.
2274:(October 7, 1974).
1935:on October 28, 2007
1902:(3). Archived from
1016:Discourse Processes
988:Jean Piaget Society
965:Rosenhan experiment
951:(adult education);
592:Levels of education
564:For-profit colleges
532:Foreign involvement
58:660 Rosedale Road,
21:
3383:Wilberforce School
3263:Princeton Cemetery
3223:Joseph Henry House
2889:Stuart Country Day
2804:Princeton Township
2742:Historic districts
2661:The New York Times
2648:The New York Times
2638:The New York Times
2604:, January 4, 1995.
2602:The New York Times
2476:. August 15, 2008.
2343:. 11 November 2005
2314:The New York Times
1895:Rethinking Schools
1875:The New York Times
1677:The New York Times
1515:Bloomberg Business
1386:Tests administered
1377:reported that the
1306:
1278:Conservative Party
1272:, a subsidiary of
1220:Advanced Placement
1141:San Antonio, Texas
1109:writing assessment
1105:writing assessment
969:Jeanne Brooks-Gunn
877:Norman Frederiksen
734:standardized tests
708:
700:
692:
554:Community colleges
500:School segregation
418:Cost and financing
342:Language education
3407:
3406:
3337:Princeton Airport
3327:Forrestal Village
3161:Williamson Voices
3013:Trinity Episcopal
3003:Stone Hill Church
2971:Places of worship
2874:Princeton Friends
2172:. August 15, 2008
1657:978-3-319-58687-8
1197:Kingston, Ontario
1187:(ETS Global BV),
1183:(ETS Global BV),
1179:(ETS Global BV),
1129:Lawrence Township
1085:invention of the
1024:K. Patricia Cross
949:K. Patricia Cross
915:); Paul Holland (
841:social psychology
719:Lawrence Township
684:
683:
537:Special education
527:Sexual harassment
320:Medical education
274:Curriculum topics
210:
190:
189:
3457:
3373:Terhune Orchards
3293:Westland Mansion
3192:Princeton Packet
3182:Comedy Minus One
3151:McCarter Theatre
2786:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2679:
2678:
2676:Official website
2640:, April 1, 1994.
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2529:. Archived from
2528:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2466:
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2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2156:
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2153:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1890:"Sat + Ets = $ "
1885:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1827:
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1822:
1816:
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1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1770:
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1758:
1752:
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1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1619:Inside Higher Ed
1610:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:Inside Higher Ed
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1195:(ETS India) and
1101:holistic-scoring
1099:creation of the
1042:co-invention of
1032:Randy E. Bennett
1028:Randy E. Bennett
889:standard setting
851:, helped codify
845:Harold Gulliksen
742:higher education
676:
669:
662:
648:
647:
646:
637:
636:
576:Community school
495:Racial diversity
465:Achievement gaps
369:
231:in insular areas
213:
209:Education in the
208:
192:
186:
181:
178:
176:
80:Robert S. Murley
29:
22:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3387:
3332:MarketFair Mall
3303:
3297:
3206:Other landmarks
3201:
3165:
3134:Performing arts
3129:
3115:Triumph Brewing
3063:
3017:
2966:
2935:Other education
2930:
2893:
2842:
2808:
2787:
2778:
2774:Mountain Avenue
2737:
2732:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2585:
2583:Further reading
2580:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2536:on 24 July 2011
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2200:
2190:
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2175:
2173:
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2159:
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2123:
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2110:
2106:
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2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:
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1846:
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1835:
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1824:
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1813:
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1808:
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1749:
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1738:
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1733:
1728:
1724:
1718:
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1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1696:
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1691:
1681:
1679:
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1669:
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1658:
1637:
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1632:
1623:
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1612:
1611:
1607:
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1600:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1576:
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1571:
1564:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1483:
1388:
1350:
1294:
1121:
963:(known for the
809:
774:
680:
644:
642:
641:
631:
605:Early childhood
587:
522:School violence
455:Charter schools
367:
361:
330:Nursing degrees
308:Legal education
303:Music education
298:Civic education
236:By subject area
211:
207:
173:
165:
151:ETS Global B.V.
88:
73:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3463:
3461:
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3405:
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3380:
3375:
3370:
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3359:
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3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3288:Washington Oak
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Prospect House
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
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3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Garden Theatre
3143:
3141:Alexander Hall
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
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3065:
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3056:
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3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
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2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2816:
2814:
2813:Public schools
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:King's Highway
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2668:External links
2666:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2654:
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2644:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:Nairn, Allan,
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1395:
1387:
1384:
1340:(formerly the
1293:
1290:
1149:Washington, DC
1120:
1119:Current status
1117:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1097:
1090:
1087:In-Basket Test
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1047:
961:David Rosenhan
885:Ledyard Tucker
865:Samuel Messick
808:
805:
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568:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
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3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Chapin School
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
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3259:
3256:
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3233:Maclean House
3231:
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3221:
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3208:
3204:
3198:
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3126:
3125:Tiger Transit
3123:
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3118:
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3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Palmer Square
3078:
3076:
3075:Nassau Street
3073:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Marquand Park
3047:
3045:
3044:Lake Carnegie
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
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2999:
2996:
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2989:
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2979:
2978:Miller Chapel
2976:
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2869:Princeton Day
2867:
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2272:Brill, Steven
2267:
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2250:on 2009-12-19
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2019:on 2007-10-28
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:Business Week
2008:
2001:
1998:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1966:
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1952:
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1906:on 2007-07-13
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1208:College Board
1204:
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1191:(ETS China),
1190:
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957:Sesame Street
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:Herman Witkin
938:
937:Michael Lewis
934:
930:
926:
925:Howard Wainer
922:
921:test equating
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Karl Jöreskog
902:
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857:Frederic Lord
854:
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423:Credentialism
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3238:Maybury Hill
3218:Drumthwacket
3090:Hoagie Haven
3039:Jasna Polana
2859:Lewis School
2660:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2614:
2601:
2570:. Retrieved
2560:
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2531:the original
2517:
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2493:
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2365:
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2248:the original
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2223:The Guardian
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2197:The Guardian
2196:
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2144:The Guardian
2143:
2133:
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2118:The Guardian
2117:
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2063:. Retrieved
2058:ETS (2010).
2053:
2042:. Retrieved
2032:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2010:
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1986:"Contact Us"
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:the original
1928:
1919:
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1904:the original
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1618:
1613:Knox, Liam.
1608:
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1540:
1530:
1520:November 12,
1518:. Retrieved
1514:
1505:
1492:SPEAK (test)
1462:
1427:
1400:(PSAT/NMSQT)
1373:In 2014 the
1372:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1302:Steven Brill
1287:
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1231:
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1122:
1103:approach to
1073:missing data
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1015:
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897:missing data
893:Donald Rubin
848:
810:
801:
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731:
725:, but has a
714:
710:
709:
599:
517:School meals
395:
195:
141:Edusoft Ltd.
133:Subsidiaries
55:Headquarters
37:Company type
3253:Nassau Hall
3197:Town Topics
3105:Peacock Inn
3095:Nassau Club
2367:Answers.com
2292:October 19,
2288:(40): 67–83
1449:Praxis test
1379:Home Office
953:Samuel Ball
873:Robert Linn
837:personality
813:measurement
758:Praxis test
156:Kira Talent
119:assessments
3414:Categories
3346:Plainsboro
3243:Mercer Oak
3100:Nassau Inn
2884:St. Paul's
2854:Hun School
2572:2010-08-01
2540:2009-05-30
2508:2009-05-31
2373:2007-07-07
2347:2007-07-07
2320:2007-07-07
2254:2010-01-14
2229:2010-05-14
2203:2010-05-14
2124:2008-05-17
2065:2010-05-15
2044:2023-03-17
2023:2007-07-04
1991:2010-05-12
1970:2007-07-04
1939:2007-07-04
1910:2007-07-04
1800:Rubin, D.
1624:2024-06-20
1498:References
1262:ETS Europe
1216:PSAT/NMSQT
1165:California
1157:Sacramento
821:statistics
723:New Jersey
485:Head Start
460:Inequality
313:Law school
146:ETS Canada
115:tests and
82:(Chairman)
72:Key people
64:New Jersey
3394:See also:
3313:(defunct)
2927:(defunct)
2832:(defunct)
1682:April 17,
1332:" in the
1292:Criticism
1169:Amsterdam
829:cognitive
817:education
778:501(c)(3)
729:address.
727:Princeton
613:Secondary
397:Financing
109:CET1 Exam
60:Princeton
41:501(c)(3)
3278:Tusculum
3085:Elements
2567:"EXADEP"
2474:BBC News
2281:New York
2225:. London
2199:. London
2170:BBC News
2146:. London
2120:. London
1481:See also
1465:(EXADEP)
1438:(CAHSEE)
1330:shambles
1315:Form 990
1161:Monterey
762:tertiary
283:Literacy
227:By state
198:a series
161:Vericant
124:Services
93:Products
3068:Economy
2759:Jugtown
1418:(TOEIC)
1412:(TOEFL)
1274:Pearson
1270:Edexcel
1254:England
1189:Beijing
787:(ACE),
772:History
609:Primary
219:Summary
170:Website
113:Certtia
103:tests,
47:Founded
3248:Morven
2909:people
2458:. BBC.
2176:May 1,
2150:May 1,
1654:
1548:10 May
1471:(BTTI)
1458:(NAEP)
1424:(CET1)
1406:(CLEP)
1185:Warsaw
1173:London
1159:, and
1059:LISREL
1014:, and
839:, and
791:, and
450:Reform
413:Bubble
66:, U.S.
3170:Media
2565:ETS.
2534:(PDF)
2527:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2060:"ETS"
1984:ETS.
1961:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1432:(TFI)
1394:(GRE)
1258:Wales
1193:Delhi
1181:Amman
1177:Paris
1137:Ewing
750:TOEIC
746:TOEFL
101:TOEIC
97:TOEFL
3399:and
2294:2020
2178:2010
2152:2010
1684:2010
1652:ISBN
1550:2022
1522:2015
1461:the
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1256:and
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911:and
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177:.ets
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