561:
863:
120:
743:
575:, Ice Peak and Pillow Ridge formations. It has a volume of 18 cubic kilometres (4.3 cubic miles), making it the fifth most voluminous geological formation of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. The Edziza Formation is also the youngest geological formation of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex involving more than 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cubic miles) of volcanic material.
774:. The collapse may have been caused by a violent, climactic eruption, effusion of the Kakiddi lava flows or the outpouring of voluminous lava during dome formation. Prior to collapse, the summit of Mount Edziza was at least 610 metres (2,000 feet) higher than its current elevation of 2,786 metres (9,140 feet).
946:
was the source of at least two separate lobes of lava that flowed onto the adjacent plateau surface. The northwesterly lobe partially encircles
Tsekone Ridge and borders as well as overlies breccia of Pillow Ridge. Extending west of the pyroclastic cone is the second lobe of lava which, together with
849:
and are usually vertical or subvertical, having been distributed in a crudely radial pattern towards the summit crater. They individually range in thickness from a few centimetres to nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) and occur both within the stratovolcano and in the underlying basement rocks. Cupolas
611:
Basalt flows of the roughly one million-year-old Ice Peak
Formation are overlain by the Edziza Formation which overlaps with the northern flank of Ice Peak. The 0.9 million-year-old Pillow Ridge Formation is sparsely overlain by the Edziza Formation, but much larger portions of the Edziza Formation
812:
forms the lower two units, each of which is about 30 metres (98 feet) thick. The two upper units consist of lighter green trachyte; the lower unit has a thickness of nearly 90 metres (300 feet). Well-developed, vertical and rectangularly jointed trachyte forms this unit and comprises a shear cliff
750:
The lower assemblage encloses up to 120-metre-long (390-foot) and 15-metre-thick (49-foot) lavas that occur as relatively small, crudely-jointed, irregular masses and discontinuous lenses. Extremely coarse breccias occur in the western proximity and contain massive, up to 7.5-metre-wide (25-foot)
730:
deposits and thick, steeply-dipping flows that were erupted as highly viscous lava. These rocks are well-exposed in 850-metre-high (2,790-foot) cliffs on the eastern flank of Mount Edziza where they occur along the north side of
Tenchen Valley. This section of the stratovolcano contains a lower
930:
are two elliptical masses of trachyte with concentric flow layering on the northwestern and western flanks of Mount Edziza, respectively. Triangle Dome displays a pattern of columnar cooling joints that indicates it was formed by volcanic activity in a subglacial environment. A 24-metre-thick
921:
forms the southeastern buttress of the summit crater and is the largest of the three lava domes with a diameter of about three-quarters of a kilometre. It may have been the source for the two upper lava lakes inside the summit crater as they consist of trachyte similar to that of Nanook Dome.
882:-weathered. Complete alteration occurs in the middle of the altered zone where rock has been reconstituted to a pure white, amorphous material; the only original mineral present is alkali feldspar which comprises small tabular phenocrysts.
807:
are exposed inside the crater where the eastern side of the summit ridge has been breached by active cirques. They overlie breccia of the central conduit and are in the form of at least four cooling units. Trachyte with well-developed
755:
that were probably deposited directly from the central conduit during eruption. At the eastern end of
Tenchen Valley are more distal breccias that rarely contain volcanic blocks more than 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) wide. Local rounding and
782:
The broad, nearly flat summit of Mount Edziza is truncated by a 3-kilometre-wide (1.9-mile) crater that formed after collapse of the original summit. A circular ridge surrounding this ice-filled crater is partially exposed above the
361:
which cooled into four rock units that are exposed in the breached eastern crater rim. These lava lakes overlie rock fragments inside the central volcanic conduit which accompanied with collapse of a narrower and higher summit.
931:(79-foot) trachyte flow that may have issued during an early, fluid phase of the Glacier Dome eruption is exposed for 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) north of Pyramid Creek; its distal end thins to about 15 metres (49 feet).
795:
trachyte. They comprise well-formed, small diameter rock columns that rise nearly vertically for more than 90 metres (300 feet) above the ice cap. Nunataks elsewhere on the summit ridge are more subdued, consisting of
2562:
714:. However, the Kakiddi trachyte flows travelled along gently sloping valleys for at least 10 kilometres (6.2 miles), suggesting that they were extruded more fluidly than those of the Edziza Formation.
448:, Canada. In 1988, Jack Souther mapped the Edziza and Pillow Ridge formations separately and the number of geological formations comprising the Mount Edziza volcanic complex had dropped to 13; the
1862:
813:
across the full width of the
Tenchen cirque headwall. The uppermost unit is largely buried under overhanging ice, but it appears to consist of agglutinated volcanic blocks.
917:
At least three trachyte domes of the Edziza
Formation occur on Mount Edziza, all of which were created by the rapid effusion of viscous trachytic lava. The nearly circular
1478:
2541:
711:
652:
608:
dome of the 1.1 million-year-old
Pyramid Formation; two thick remnants of the Edziza Formation also occur on the steep northern and southern flanks of this dome.
331:
1855:
770:
are large volcanic blocks and small breccia fragments within the central conduit that accompanied with collapse of a narrower summit with a much smaller
731:
assemblage of chaotic explosion breccias and an upper assemblage of lava that overlies the breccias. Lava of the upper assemblage is highly irregular or
1406:
2407:
1848:
1248:
1022:
Field, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of magmatic assimilation in the
Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, northwestern British Columbia
205:
2572:
1761:
850:
occur throughout
Tenchen Valley as 3-to-9-metre-wide (9.8-to-29.5-foot) projections through thick pyroclastic deposits and resemble inverted
429:
and J. Harakal in 1984 who grouped it together with the Pillow Ridge
Formation in their descriptions and mapping. It was mapped as one of 15
2510:
572:
167:
1400:
722:
The main feature consisting of Edziza Formation trachyte is the central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza. It comprises explosion breccias,
1330:
1295:
1246:; Harakal, J. (1984). "Chronology of the peralkaline, late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, northern British Columbia, Canada".
1166:
2412:
1335:
1300:
1171:
1080:
1830:
1461:
1033:
581:
flows of the 4.4 million-year-old Nido Formation are overlain by the Edziza Formation on the eastern flank of Mount Edziza between
1365:
1201:
371:
318:. It overlies at least four other geological formations of this volcanic complex that differ in age and composition. The main
2577:
2116:
1485:
1025:
586:
571:, the Edziza Formation is the fifth youngest unit of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, having been deposited over the Nido,
2342:
1871:
1257:
1128:
434:
315:
146:
1505:
2582:
1897:
286:
198:
1811:
1076:
960:
370:
A number of explanations have been made regarding the origin of the name Edziza. A 1927 report by J. Davidson of the
710:
similar to trachyte of the Kakiddi Formation which was erupted 0.3 million years ago during the final stages of the
1753:
1453:
870:
The Tenchen cirque headwall exposes dikes, sills and breccias within the central conduit that have been intensely
1133:
414:
1273:
1138:
871:
736:
2500:
406:
brochure is that Edziza means "cinders" in the Tahltan language. Another explanation proposed by Canadian
395:
2567:
2536:
2144:
2007:
1527:
1370:
1243:
1206:
636:
477:
449:
426:
791:. Spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest and consist of greenish grey, sparsely
2472:
2149:
1340:
1305:
1261:
1176:
533:
430:
311:
136:
560:
2515:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2172:
2154:
889:
veinlets less than 1 millimetre (0.039 inches) thick which are cut by more extensively distributed
505:
504:. It lies at the northern end of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex which also includes the smaller
472:
Nearly all of the Edziza Formation is located on the east-central edge of the Big Raven Plateau, a
457:
156:
2387:
2022:
948:
723:
664:
597:
541:
299:
821:
Exposed in the underlying basement rocks on the deeply eroded eastern flank of Mount Edziza are
635:
Big Raven Formation overlie the northern end of the Edziza Formation where they are part of the
862:
2273:
2177:
1826:
1757:
1497:
1489:
1457:
1277:
1029:
938:
with a small central crater that probably formed during the latter stages of Edziza Formation
809:
568:
473:
387:
327:
1410:
1816:
1344:
1309:
1269:
1180:
1084:
935:
826:
797:
671:
625:
537:
453:
445:
375:
338:
307:
240:
1750:
Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars: Products, Processes and Palaeoenvironmental Significance
2347:
2319:
2309:
2055:
771:
679:
545:
485:
358:
1265:
2505:
2432:
2337:
2314:
2286:
2263:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2078:
2063:
1947:
1942:
890:
838:
834:
830:
752:
732:
513:
461:
398:'s Anthropology Department, "sand" or "dust" is instead translated as "kutlves" in the
171:
119:
2556:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2352:
2304:
2281:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2182:
2126:
2045:
2040:
2012:
1997:
1912:
1522:
943:
927:
656:
617:
582:
549:
517:
509:
497:
493:
489:
441:
407:
342:
319:
310:, Canada. First described in 1984, the Edziza Formation was mapped as one of several
71:
29:
1375:
1211:
2457:
2422:
2417:
2377:
2372:
2357:
2258:
2220:
2111:
2096:
2068:
2035:
2030:
1962:
1952:
1927:
1907:
1902:
1806:
1239:
1068:
1064:
923:
875:
851:
742:
739:, but it contains individual cooling units as much as 150 metres (490 feet) thick.
703:
687:
613:
410:
391:
379:
346:
273:
263:
125:
683:
1447:
548:. Small portions of the Edziza Formation occur north, northwest and southwest of
2442:
2397:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2210:
2121:
2106:
1982:
1887:
1879:
1840:
918:
822:
792:
691:
601:
529:
303:
46:
33:
1142:
2402:
2392:
2240:
2136:
2101:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1922:
1892:
886:
846:
707:
699:
660:
481:
91:
56:
1501:
1281:
934:
South of Pillow Ridge on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza is a rounded
220:
207:
2531:
2088:
2002:
1992:
1937:
1932:
939:
906:
902:
898:
804:
521:
354:
350:
96:
40:
1809:(1992). The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia.
905:. The conduit breccia and surrounding rocks were likely altered by intense
2073:
1917:
767:
655:
of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. Its composition straddles near the
648:
632:
621:
605:
594:
438:
403:
323:
186:
86:
81:
66:
61:
51:
2296:
2164:
1493:
788:
784:
757:
667:
525:
501:
399:
101:
76:
2329:
894:
764:
695:
628:
578:
383:
1821:
1089:
2192:
879:
861:
854:
up to 12 metres (39 feet) high where the breccia has eroded away.
842:
760:
of these breccias is indicative of lahar or landslide deposition.
741:
727:
675:
590:
559:
337:
Trachyte of the Edziza Formation is in the form of lava flows and
1102:
1100:
947:
the northwesterly lobe, is largely overlain by volcanic ash and
600:
rocks. The Edziza Formation overlies the westernmost portion of
1844:
1618:
1616:
500:
valleys, the latter two of which are separated by mountainous
893:
1 to 5 centimetres (0.39 to 1.97 inches) wide. Tiny cubes of
334:
of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex 0.9 million years ago.
878:
solutions, resulting in the rocks being bright yellow and
425:
The Edziza Formation was first described by Jack Souther,
1707:
1705:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1274:
10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2
942:. This pile of agglutinated trachyte spatter, pumice and
651:
that was erupted 0.9 million years ago at the end of the
2563:
Geologic formations of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex
1405:(3 ed.). 1:250,000. 104 G (in English and French).
1402:
Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia
1073:
Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
564:
Mount Edziza as seen from Mount Glenora in the northwest
464:
formations, respectively, and are no longer recognized.
1479:
Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline
897:
occupy many of the larger veins while the surrounding
670:, lava flows and lava domes. The trachyte contains a
1449:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
2524:
2471:
2328:
2295:
2272:
2249:
2191:
2163:
2135:
2087:
2054:
2021:
1878:
269:
259:
254:
246:
236:
197:
192:
182:
177:
162:
152:
142:
132:
23:
1815:(Report). Memoir 420. Canada Communication Group.
787:as a discontinuous series of spires and serrated
706:and sodic ferrohedenbergite. Edziza trachyte is
417:of Edzerza, the name of a local Tahltan family.
18:Geological formation in British Columbia, Canada
1748:Smellie, John L.; Edwards, Benjamin R. (2016).
885:Permeating the completely altered material are
612:overlap with the western and northern edges of
2542:Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex
452:and Kounugu formations had been reassigned as
1856:
909:activity that occurred on a prolonged basis.
544:area extending along the western side of the
8:
166:Pillow Ridge Formation, Ice Peak Formation,
1863:
1849:
1841:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
386:-like sand covering large portions of the
118:
20:
1820:
1446:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
1407:Department of Energy, Mines and Resources
1088:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
800:debris that has been glacially reworked.
663:trachyte boundary and is in the form of
647:The Edziza Formation consists mainly of
552:which is an expansion of Kakiddi Creek.
353:on its summit and flanks. At least four
1788:
1776:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1696:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1622:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1430:
1106:
1075:. 1:50,000. Cartography by M. Sigouin,
992:
972:
512:plateaus to the south. This complex of
402:language. An explanation listed in the
374:claims that Edziza means "sand" in the
1249:Geological Society of America Bulletin
845:plumbing system. Dikes are present as
1441:
1439:
1394:
1392:
7:
1161:
1159:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
698:oxides that is embedded with sparse
322:comprising the Edziza Formation is
1336:Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units
1301:Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units
1172:Lexicon of Canadian Geologic Units
1081:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
394:. According to David Stevenson of
14:
901:contains disseminated pyrite and
1020:Edwards, Benjamin Ralph (1997).
124:The ice-filled summit crater of
866:Mount Edziza from the northwest
372:British Columbia Land Surveyors
1486:Government of British Columbia
1026:University of British Columbia
1:
1872:Mount Edziza volcanic complex
1258:Geological Society of America
1129:"Edziza: General Information"
763:Exposed in the steep Tenchen
435:Mount Edziza volcanic complex
316:Mount Edziza volcanic complex
147:Mount Edziza volcanic complex
2573:Pleistocene British Columbia
1399:"A 502" (Topographic map).
287:Mount Edziza Provincial Park
1812:Geological Survey of Canada
1477:Holland, Stuart S. (1976).
1077:Geological Survey of Canada
961:Geology of British Columbia
536:at the eastern edge of the
2599:
1754:Cambridge University Press
1454:Cambridge University Press
341:that comprise the central
357:ponded inside the summit
283:
117:
28:
1134:Global Volcanism Program
1109:, pp. 98, 134, 152.
803:The remnants of several
378:, referring to the deep
1296:"Sheep Track Formation"
1139:Smithsonian Institution
858:Hydrothermal alteration
540:, a southeast-trending
480:bounded on the west by
326:which was deposited by
2501:Little Iskut Formation
1409:. 1989. Archived from
1028:. pp. 3, 10, 11.
867:
817:Subvolcanic intrusions
747:
746:Summit of Mount Edziza
620:ridges, respectively.
565:
396:University of Victoria
2578:Pleistocene volcanism
2537:Mess Creek Escarpment
2473:Geological formations
2145:Desolation Lava Field
2008:Walkout Creek centres
1528:BC Geographical Names
1456:. pp. 124, 125.
1371:BC Geographical Names
1207:BC Geographical Names
865:
841:masses linked to the
745:
712:fourth magmatic cycle
637:Desolation Lava Field
589:where they overlie a
563:
478:Cassiar Land District
431:geological formations
427:Richard Lee Armstrong
312:geological formations
2150:Mess Lake Lava Field
2023:Subglacial volcanoes
1791:, pp. 177, 179.
1726:, pp. 179, 185.
1625:, pp. 175, 177.
1610:, pp. 177, 182.
1341:Government of Canada
1306:Government of Canada
1177:Government of Canada
653:third magmatic cycle
534:intermontane plateau
492:and on the south by
413:is that Edziza is a
332:third magmatic cycle
306:age in northwestern
137:Geological formation
2583:Trachyte formations
2516:Raspberry Formation
2496:Klastline Formation
2486:Big Raven Formation
2481:Armadillo Formation
2173:Arctic Lake Plateau
2155:Snowshoe Lava Field
1658:, pp. 21, 177.
1488:. pp. 49, 50.
1366:"Big Raven Plateau"
1331:"Kounugu Formation"
1266:1984GSAB...95..337S
217: /
157:Big Raven Formation
30:Stratigraphic range
2388:Little Iskut River
1550:, pp. 93, 98.
1167:"Edziza Formation"
1067:(1988). "1623A" (
949:colluvial material
868:
748:
566:
484:, on the north by
437:, a group of late
330:at the end of the
328:volcanic eruptions
300:stratigraphic unit
2550:
2549:
2511:Pyramid Formation
2178:Big Raven Plateau
2056:Central volcanoes
1763:978-1-107-03739-7
810:columnar jointing
569:Stratigraphically
488:, on the east by
388:Big Raven Plateau
339:pyroclastic rocks
292:
291:
168:Pyramid Formation
39:2.58–0.0118
2590:
2491:Edziza Formation
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1504:. Archived from
1483:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1374:. Archived from
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1343:. Archived from
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1244:Armstrong, R. L.
1236:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1210:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1179:. Archived from
1163:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1141:. Archived from
1125:
1110:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1061:
1040:
1039:
1017:
996:
990:
936:pyroclastic cone
631:assigned to the
538:Tahltan Highland
514:shield volcanoes
486:Klastline Valley
446:British Columbia
444:in northwestern
376:Tahltan language
308:British Columbia
296:Edziza Formation
241:British Columbia
232:
231:
229:
228:
227:
222:
221:57.72°N 130.63°W
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
122:
113:
43:
24:Edziza Formation
21:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2520:
2467:
2413:Raspberry Creek
2348:Bourgeaux Creek
2324:
2320:Tennaya Glacier
2310:Tenchen Glacier
2291:
2268:
2251:Mountain passes
2245:
2187:
2159:
2131:
2083:
2050:
2017:
1874:
1869:
1839:
1833:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1756:. p. 275.
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1523:"Nuttlude Lake"
1521:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1105:
1098:
1063:
1062:
1043:
1036:
1019:
1018:
999:
991:
974:
969:
957:
915:
860:
819:
780:
753:volcanic blocks
720:
708:mineralogically
680:alkali feldspar
645:
624:and patches of
558:
546:Stikine Plateau
532:forms a broad,
518:stratovolcanoes
470:
423:
368:
284:
225:
223:
219:
216:
211:
208:
206:
204:
203:
128:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
37:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2506:Nido Formation
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Stewbomb Creek
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Artifact Creek
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:Tencho Glacier
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2287:Ornostay Bluff
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2264:Raspberry Pass
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Obsidian Ridge
2213:
2208:
2206:Cartoona Ridge
2203:
2201:Artifact Ridge
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:Spectrum Range
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Armadillo Peak
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Mess Lake Cone
1945:
1943:Klastline Cone
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1822:10.4095/133497
1807:Souther, J. G.
1802:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1781:
1779:, p. 182.
1769:
1762:
1740:
1738:, p. 181.
1728:
1716:
1714:, p. 179.
1701:
1699:, p. 184.
1684:
1682:, p. 185.
1672:
1660:
1648:
1646:, p. 177.
1627:
1612:
1600:
1598:, p. 267.
1588:
1586:, p. 171.
1576:
1574:, p. 152.
1564:
1562:, p. 134.
1552:
1540:
1514:
1511:on 2018-11-14.
1469:
1462:
1435:
1423:
1388:
1357:
1322:
1287:
1240:Souther, J. G.
1224:
1202:"Mount Edziza"
1193:
1155:
1111:
1096:
1090:10.4095/133498
1065:Souther, J. G.
1041:
1034:
1024:(PhD thesis).
997:
995:, p. 175.
971:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
956:
953:
914:
911:
859:
856:
837:and irregular
818:
815:
779:
776:
758:stratification
719:
716:
644:
641:
557:
554:
490:Kakiddi Valley
469:
466:
442:volcanic rocks
422:
419:
367:
364:
290:
289:
281:
280:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
226:57.72; -130.63
201:
195:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
172:Nido Formation
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
123:
115:
114:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
44:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2463:Walkout Creek
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Tennaya Creek
2451:
2449:
2448:Tenchen Creek
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Tadekho Creek
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Sorcery Creek
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Pyramid Creek
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Chakima Creek
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Idiji Glacier
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Koosick Bluff
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Wetalth Ridge
2234:
2232:
2231:Tsekone Ridge
2229:
2227:
2226:Sorcery Ridge
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:Kitsu Plateau
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2127:Triangle Dome
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2046:Wetalth Ridge
2044:
2042:
2041:Tsekone Ridge
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:Williams Cone
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Triplex Cones
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Coffee Crater
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1834:
1832:0-660-14407-7
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1670:, p. 21.
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:0-521-43811-X
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:, p. 32.
1432:
1427:
1424:
1413:on 2021-05-02
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1378:on 2021-09-30
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1347:on 2023-12-15
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1312:on 2023-12-15
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1214:on 2018-05-15
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1183:on 2024-03-19
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1145:on 2021-08-10
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:0-612-25005-9
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
973:
966:
962:
959:
958:
954:
952:
950:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
928:Triangle Dome
925:
920:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
864:
857:
855:
853:
852:sand castings
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
811:
806:
801:
799:
794:
790:
786:
778:Summit crater
777:
775:
773:
769:
766:
761:
759:
754:
744:
740:
738:
737:cross section
734:
729:
725:
718:Stratovolcano
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
657:pantelleritic
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Tenchen Creek
580:
576:
574:
570:
562:
555:
553:
551:
550:Nuttlude Lake
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
409:
408:volcanologist
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
360:
356:
352:
349:, as well as
348:
344:
343:stratovolcano
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:volcanic rock
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
288:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
230:
202:
200:
196:
191:
188:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
121:
116:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
42:
35:
31:
27:
22:
16:
2568:Mount Edziza
2490:
2458:Tsecha Creek
2423:Shaman Creek
2418:Sezill Creek
2378:Kadeya Creek
2373:Gerlib Creek
2358:Crayke Creek
2259:Destell Pass
2221:Pillow Ridge
2112:Pharaoh Dome
2097:Glacier Dome
2069:Mount Edziza
2036:Tennena Cone
2031:Pillow Ridge
1963:Outcast Hill
1953:Moraine Cone
1928:Icefall Cone
1908:Cocoa Crater
1903:Cinder Cliff
1880:Cinder cones
1810:
1789:Souther 1992
1784:
1777:Souther 1992
1772:
1749:
1743:
1736:Souther 1992
1731:
1724:Souther 1992
1719:
1712:Souther 1992
1697:Souther 1992
1680:Souther 1992
1675:
1668:Souther 1992
1663:
1656:Souther 1992
1651:
1644:Souther 1992
1623:Souther 1992
1608:Souther 1992
1603:
1596:Souther 1992
1591:
1584:Souther 1992
1579:
1572:Souther 1992
1567:
1560:Souther 1992
1555:
1548:Souther 1992
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:the original
1472:
1448:
1431:Souther 1992
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1401:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:the original
1369:
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1334:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1299:
1290:
1260:: 339, 346.
1253:
1247:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1170:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1132:
1107:Souther 1992
1072:
1069:Geologic map
1021:
993:Souther 1992
933:
924:Glacier Dome
916:
884:
876:hydrothermal
869:
820:
802:
781:
762:
749:
721:
704:anorthoclase
688:arfvedsonite
678:plagioclase
646:
610:
577:
567:
556:Stratigraphy
530:cinder cones
471:
424:
411:Jack Souther
392:Mount Edziza
382:deposits or
380:volcanic ash
369:
347:Mount Edziza
336:
295:
293:
285:Location in
276:
264:Mount Edziza
255:Type section
126:Mount Edziza
15:
2443:Taweh Creek
2398:Nagha Creek
2383:Kitsu Creek
2368:Flyin Creek
2363:Elwyn Creek
2211:Idiji Ridge
2137:Lava fields
2122:Sphinx Dome
2117:The Pyramid
2107:Nanook Dome
1983:Source Hill
1888:The Ash Pit
919:Nanook Dome
913:Subfeatures
823:subvolcanic
798:pyroclastic
793:porphyritic
700:phenocrysts
692:aenigmatite
684:katophorite
602:Sphinx Dome
587:The Pyramid
506:Arctic Lake
482:Mess Valley
476:plateau in
450:Sheep Track
304:Pleistocene
224: /
199:Coordinates
34:Pleistocene
2557:Categories
2403:Nido Creek
2393:More Creek
2343:Ball Creek
2241:Yagi Ridge
2102:IGC Centre
2089:Lava domes
1988:Storm Cone
1978:Sleet Cone
1973:Sidas Cone
1968:Ridge Cone
1958:Nahta Cone
1923:Exile Hill
1893:Cache Hill
1534:2024-04-02
1494:B0006EB676
1484:(Report).
1417:2021-09-25
1382:2024-04-02
1351:2023-12-15
1316:2023-12-15
1218:2021-09-25
1187:2024-03-16
1149:2024-03-16
967:References
887:chalcedony
805:lava lakes
733:lenticular
661:comenditic
522:lava domes
415:corruption
355:lava lakes
351:lava domes
2532:Gnu Butte
2003:Twin Cone
1993:Thaw Hill
1938:Keda Cone
1933:Kana Cone
1898:Camp Hill
1502:601782234
1282:0016-7606
940:volcanism
907:fumarolic
903:marcasite
899:wall rock
839:intrusive
825:trachyte
724:landslide
665:explosion
659:trachyte/
643:Lithology
458:Big Raven
366:Etymology
260:Named for
178:Lithology
153:Underlies
2297:Glaciers
2165:Plateaus
2074:Ice Peak
1918:Eve Cone
955:See also
789:nunataks
768:headwall
668:breccias
649:trachyte
633:Holocene
626:air-fall
622:Hawaiite
606:rhyolite
598:basement
595:Mesozoic
526:calderas
468:Location
439:Cenozoic
404:BC Parks
324:trachyte
270:Named by
212:130°38′W
193:Location
187:Trachyte
163:Overlies
2330:Streams
1799:Sources
1262:Bibcode
872:altered
827:cupolas
785:ice cap
618:Tsekone
573:Pyramid
502:terrain
498:Walkout
494:Chakima
456:of the
454:members
433:of the
421:History
400:Tahltan
390:around
314:of the
274:Souther
247:Country
209:57°43′N
183:Primary
143:Unit of
108:↓
2274:Bluffs
2193:Ridges
1829:
1760:
1500:
1492:
1460:
1280:
1032:
895:pyrite
847:swarms
772:crater
765:cirque
696:opaque
672:matrix
629:tephra
614:Pillow
579:Basalt
542:upland
474:barren
384:pumice
359:crater
279:, 1984
277:et al.
250:Canada
237:Region
2525:Other
1509:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
1256:(3).
944:bombs
891:veins
880:ochre
843:magma
835:dikes
831:sills
728:lahar
676:sodic
591:ridge
510:Kitsu
298:is a
1827:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1498:OCLC
1490:ASIN
1458:ISBN
1278:ISSN
1030:ISBN
926:and
694:and
616:and
604:, a
585:and
528:and
508:and
496:and
462:Nido
460:and
294:The
133:Type
47:PreꞒ
1817:doi
1270:doi
1085:doi
1071:).
874:by
735:in
726:or
702:of
674:of
593:of
345:of
302:of
2559::
1825:.
1752:.
1704:^
1687:^
1630:^
1615:^
1525:.
1496:.
1452:.
1438:^
1391:^
1368:.
1339:.
1333:.
1304:.
1298:.
1276:.
1268:.
1254:95
1252:.
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