2046:
specifications. A Yagi–Uda antenna's maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd = 10.92 dBi. Its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, i.e., it is not correct to use units of dBd or dBi with ERP and EIRP. Let us assume a 100-watt (20 dBW) transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP < 22.77dBW and EIRP < 24.92dBW, both less than ideal by η in dB. Assuming that the receiver is in the first side-lobe of the transmitting antenna, and each value is further reduced by 7.2 dB, which is the decrease in directivity from the main to side-lobe of a Yagi–Uda. Therefore, anywhere along the side-lobe direction from this transmitter, a blind receiver could not tell the difference if a Yagi–Uda was replaced with either an ideal dipole (oriented towards the receiver) or an isotropic radiator with antenna input power increased by 1.57 dB.
31:
379:, which is the ratio of the signal strength radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to that radiated by a standard antenna. For example, a 1,000-watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 4 (6 dBi) will have the same signal strength in the direction of its main lobe, and thus the same ERP and EIRP, as a 4,000-watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 1 (0 dBi). So ERP and EIRP are measures of radiated power that can compare different combinations of transmitters and antennas on an equal basis.
2219:, power limits are set to the actual transmitter power output, and ERP is not used in normal calculations. Omnidirectional antennas used by a number of stations radiate the signal equally in all horizontal directions. Directional arrays are used to protect co- or adjacent channel stations, usually at night, but some run directionally continuously. While antenna efficiency and ground conductivity are taken into account when designing such an array, the FCC database shows the station's transmitter power output, not ERP.
2069:
2060:
account for this loss as appropriate. For example, a cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized antenna and account for the extra 3 dB of loss with amplification.
2580:
2033:, it creates a mathematically virtual effective dipole antenna oriented in the direction of the receiver. In other words, a notional receiver in a given direction from the transmitter would receive the same power if the source were replaced with an ideal dipole oriented with maximum directivity and matched
210:
to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole antenna, while EIRP compares it to a theoretical isotropic antenna. Since a
2123:
direction). Rather than the average power over all directions, it is the apparent power in the direction of the peak of the antenna's main lobe that is quoted as a station's ERP (this statement is just another way of stating the definition of ERP). This is particularly applicable to the huge ERPs
2059:
of antenna orientation. If the receiver is also a dipole, it is possible to align it orthogonally to the transmitter such that theoretically zero energy is received. However, this polarization loss is not accounted for in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Rather, the receiving system designer must
2037:
towards the receiver and with an antenna input power equal to the ERP. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference. Maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i.e., 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP. The ideal dipole antenna
382:
In spite of the names, ERP and EIRP do not measure transmitter power, or total power radiated by the antenna, they are just a measure of signal strength along the main lobe. They give no information about power radiated in other directions, or total power. ERP and EIRP are always greater than the
2054:
Polarization has not been taken into account so far, but it must be properly clarified. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was perfectly aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the receiving antenna is circularly polarized, and there will be a minimum
2045:
is constructed from several dipoles arranged at precise intervals to create greater energy focusing (directivity) than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, but listed only as dB. This ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering
2281:
regulating AM broadcasting services, which describes it as: "for a transmitter, means the product, expressed in volts, of: (a) the electric field strength at a given point in space, due to the operation of the transmitter; and (b) the distance of that point from the transmitter's antenna".
744:
In contrast to an isotropic antenna, the dipole has a "donut-shaped" radiation pattern, its radiated power is maximum in directions perpendicular to the antenna, declining to zero on the antenna axis. Since the radiation of the dipole is concentrated in horizontal directions, the gain of a
2311:) produced by a given ERP dramatically increases with antenna height. Because of this, it is possible for a station of only a few hundred watts ERP to cover more area than a station of a few thousand watts ERP, if its signal travels above obstructions on the ground.
366:
Effective radiated power and effective isotropic radiated power both measure the power density a radio transmitter and antenna (or other source of electromagnetic waves) radiate in a specific direction: in the direction of maximum signal strength (the
1620:
1511:
739:
584:
2155:
The maximum ERP for US FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (in the generally more densely populated Zones I and I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license and the antenna
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1053:
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could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator (a purely mathematical device which cannot exist in the real world), and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB.
1061:
antenna to give the same maximum power density far from the antenna as the actual transmitter. It is equal to the power input to the transmitter's antenna multiplied by the antenna gain relative to a half-wave dipole
1338:
179:). ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by the transmitter and the ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the
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1926:
1267:
282:
2009:
357:
2231:(UK), ERP is often used as a general reference term for radiated power, but strictly speaking should only be used when the antenna is a half-wave dipole, and is used when referring to FM transmission.
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1807:
828:
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from the antenna can be calculated from the EIRP or ERP. Since an isotropic antenna radiates equal power flux density over a sphere centered on the antenna, and the area of a sphere with radius
132:
that radiates the same maximum signal strength as the directive antenna does. The transmitter power that would have to be applied to the isotropic antenna to radiate this much power is the EIRP.
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840:
to give the same maximum power density far from the antenna as the actual transmitter. It is equal to the power input to the transmitter's antenna multiplied by the isotropic antenna gain
786:
1409:
2504:. Volume 2 of Electromagnetics and Radar, IET Digital Library. Institution of Electrical Engineers (contributor). London: Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 13–14.
681:
616:
2021:, or indirect paths play a part in transmission, the waves will suffer additional attenuation which depends on the terrain between the antennas, so these formulas are not valid.
526:
457:
386:
The difference between ERP and EIRP is that antenna gain has traditionally been measured in two different units, comparing the antenna to two different standard antennas; an
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half-wave dipole is greater than that of an isotropic antenna. The isotropic gain of a half-wave dipole is 1.64, or in decibels 10 log 1.64 = 2.15 dBi, so
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antenna. (That is, when calculating ERP, the most direct approach is to work with antenna gain in dBd). To deal with antenna polarization, the
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in watts per square meter) as the actual source antenna at a distant receiver located in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam (
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equally and perfectly well in every direction – a physical impossibility) is used as a reference antenna, and then one speaks of
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2359:
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2041:
The distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is sometimes forced to infer which was used. For example, a
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The height above average terrain for VHF and higher frequencies is extremely important when considering ERP, as the signal coverage (
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2145:
748:
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of the antenna – how much of that power is radiated in the direction of maximal intensity. The latter factor is quantified by the
34:
Illustration of definition of effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP). The axes have units of signal strength in decibels.
1812:
2864:
2419:
591:
is the ratio of the power density received from the antenna in the direction of its maximum radiation to the power density
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Because ERP is calculated as antenna gain (in a given direction) as compared with the maximum directivity of a half-wave
2608:
2302:
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30:
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2480:
2095:(TPO) of such a station typically may be 10,000 to 20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5 to 10 (5× to 10×, or 7 to 10
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1631:
2152:
for FM and TV. Horizontal is the standard for both, but if the vertical ERP is larger it will be used instead.
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1403:
371:") of its radiation pattern. This apparent power is dependent on two factors: the total power output and the
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594:
2068:
2203:, radar, and other systems which use microwave dishes and reflectors rather than dipole-style antennas.
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435:
2042:
1615:{\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP(dBW)} =P_{\text{TX}}\mathrm {(dBW)} -L\mathrm {(dB)} +G{\text{(dBi)}}-2.15}
2806:
2656:
2077:
2034:
898:(dB). The input power in decibels is usually calculated with comparison to a reference level of one
206:). Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an
192:
404:
104:
2791:
2716:
2701:
2250:
broadcasting antennas. This is the same as ERP, except that a short vertical antenna (i.e. a short
1506:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =P_{\text{TX}}\mathrm {(dBW)} -L\mathrm {(dB)} +G{\text{(dBi)}}}
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66:
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734:{\displaystyle \mathrm {G} {\text{(dBd)}}=10\log {S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,dipole}}}}
460:
387:
372:
215:) compared to an isotropic radiator, if ERP and EIRP are expressed in watts their relation is
207:
184:
156:
62:
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428:(signal strength in watts per square meter) received at a point far from the antenna (in the
2761:
2251:
2100:
1375:, the power applied to the antenna is usually less than the output power of the transmitter
1058:
619:
391:
579:{\displaystyle \mathrm {G} {\text{(dBi)}}=10\log {S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,iso}}}}
2308:
2286:
2108:
2099:). In most antenna designs, gain is realized primarily by concentrating power toward the
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968:. Since multiplication of two factors is equivalent to addition of their decibel values
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Since the two definitions of gain only differ by a constant factor, so do ERP and EIRP
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The two measures EIRP and ERP are based on the two different standard antennas above:
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671:{\displaystyle \mathrm {G} _{\text{d}}={S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,dipole}}}}
2834:
2104:
376:
188:
180:
1048:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =G{\text{(dBi)}}+P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} }
2115:. When an antenna is also directional horizontally, gain and ERP will vary with
1190:{\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP(dBW)} =G{\text{(dBd)}}+P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} }
512:{\displaystyle \mathrm {G} _{\text{i}}={S_{\text{max}} \over S_{\text{max,iso}}}}
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2014:
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523:(dB). The decibel gain relative to an isotropic antenna (dBi) is given by
2140:
ERP for FM radio in the United States is always relative to a theoretical
2593:
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2293:
per metre at a distance of 1 kilometre from the transmitting antenna".
2120:
2116:
2096:
2018:
895:
836:
EIRP is defined as the RMS power input in watts required to a lossless
520:
212:
1333:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dBW)} =\mathrm {ERP} {\text{(dBW)}}+2.15}
1057:
ERP is defined as the RMS power input in watts required to a lossless
432:) in the direction of its maximum radiation (main lobe), to the power
2255:
2165:
2103:
and suppressing it at upward and downward angles, through the use of
1662:
of the radio signal on the main lobe axis at any particular distance
2273:) is an alternative term used for expressing radiation intensity in
2351:
National
Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th Ed
2067:
961:{\displaystyle P_{\text{in}}\mathrm {(dBW)} =10\log P_{\text{in}}}
69:, emitting a beam of radio waves along the z axis. It radiates a
29:
2348:
Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2007).
2274:
2189:
2084:
1921:{\displaystyle S(r)={\mathrm {0.41\times ERP} \over \pi r^{2}}}
2597:
1347:
The transmitter is usually connected to the antenna through a
1262:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(W)} =1.64\cdot \mathrm {ERP(W)} }
277:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(W)} =1.64\cdot \mathrm {ERP(W)} }
2583:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
2072:
Four-bay crossed-dipole antenna of an FM broadcasting station
2562:"Broadcasting Services (Technical Planning) Guidelines 2017"
2004:{\displaystyle S(r)={\mathrm {0.13\times ERP} \over r^{2}}}
352:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP(dB)} =\mathrm {ERP(dB)} +2.15}
2254:) is used as the reference antenna instead of a half-wave
1853:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP} =\mathrm {ERP} \times 1.64}
887:{\displaystyle \mathrm {EIRP} =G_{\text{i}}P_{\text{in}}}
171:
to give the same radiation intensity (signal strength or
1106:{\displaystyle \mathrm {ERP} =G_{\text{d}}P_{\text{in}}}
678:
The decibel gain relative to a dipole (dBd) is given by
459:
received at the same point from a hypothetical lossless
2277:, particularly at the lower frequencies. It is used in
2107:
of antenna elements. The distribution of power versus
1802:{\displaystyle S(r)={\mathrm {EIRP} \over 4\pi r^{2}}}
1622:
Losses in the antenna itself are included in the gain.
198:
An alternate parameter that measures the same thing is
2246:) may be used in Europe, particularly in relation to
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1815:
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1355:. Since these components may have significant losses
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half-wave dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (or 2.15
107:
79:
40:
2444:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 327.
2148:(FCC) lists ERP in both the horizontal and vertical
823:{\displaystyle G{\text{(dBi)}}=G{\text{(dBd)}}+2.15}
2132:to get their signals across continents and oceans.
2017:as is typical for medium or longwave broadcasting,
2003:
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2326:List of North American broadcast station classes
2196:radiated power) rather than ERP. This includes
519:Gain is often expressed in logarithmic units of
195:experienced by listeners in its reception area.
463:, which radiates equal power in all directions
183:of the antenna. It is used in electronics and
27:Definition of directional radio frequency power
2609:
2128:broadcasting stations, which use very narrow
2087:of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and
894:The ERP and EIRP are also often expressed in
781:{\displaystyle G_{\text{i}}=1.64G_{\text{d}}}
8:
383:actual total power radiated by the antenna.
2289:only, and expresses the field strength in "
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2602:
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2585:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
2568:. Australian Government. 28 September 2017
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2491:
2489:
2403:
2401:
2384:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 117–118.
2091:an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The
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2467:Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Ed
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2164:in or, very infrequently, been given a
151:standardized definition of directional
93:in its direction of maximum radiation (
2530:
2528:
2433:
2431:
2180:systems, a completely non-directional
2168:, and can exceed normal restrictions.
2013:However, if the radio waves travel by
155:(RF) power, such as that emitted by a
2343:
2341:
2083:which advertises that it has 100,000
1630:If the signal path is in free space (
611:{\displaystyle S_{\text{max,dipole}}}
128:is the radiation pattern of an ideal
7:
2414:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 292.
1343:Relation to transmitter output power
191:to quantify the apparent power of a
167:that would have to be radiated by a
2469:. Addison-Wesley. pp. 648–650.
2229:Institution of Electrical Engineers
1402:. The relation of ERP and EIRP to
2441:Communications Standard Dictionary
2321:Nominal power (radio broadcasting)
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452:{\displaystyle S_{\text{max,iso}}}
401:is the ratio of the power density
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284:If they are expressed in decibels
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200:effective isotropic radiated power
25:
2870:Logarithmic scales of measurement
2381:Antennas: From Theory to Practice
2240:Effective monopole radiated power
2146:Federal Communications Commission
1928:After dividing out the factor of
65:of a given transmitter driving a
2828:
2578:
2378:Huang, Yi; Boyle, Kevin (2008).
2160:(HAAT). Some stations have been
2566:Federal Register of Legislation
2536:"3MTR may get a power increase"
2411:Introduction to RF Propagation
2136:United States regulatory usage
2025:Dipole vs. isotropic radiators
1964:
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421:{\displaystyle S_{\text{max}}}
339:
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270:
264:
241:
235:
121:{\displaystyle R_{\text{iso}}}
1:
1395:{\displaystyle P_{\text{TX}}}
2303:Height above average terrain
2158:height above average terrain
2055:3 dB polarization loss
1734:{\displaystyle A=4\pi r^{2}}
54:{\displaystyle R_{\text{a}}}
1642:in watts per square meter)
1626:Relation to signal strength
2886:
2498:Barclay, Les, ed. (2003).
2354:. Elsevier. p. 1632.
2300:
2142:reference half-wave dipole
1353:impedance matching network
2824:
2632:
2501:Propagation of Radiowaves
2408:Seybold, John S. (2005).
1632:line-of-sight propagation
618:received from a lossless
145:equivalent radiated power
2860:Radio transmission power
2465:Cheng, David K. (1992).
2438:Weik, Martin H. (2012).
2093:transmitter power output
1404:transmitter output power
169:half-wave dipole antenna
137:Effective radiated power
97:) along the z-axis. The
18:Effective Radiated Power
1638:) the signal strength (
2279:Australian legislation
2207:Lower-frequency issues
2073:
2005:
1942:
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2865:Broadcast engineering
2215:(AM) stations in the
2172:Microwave band issues
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1941:{\displaystyle \pi }
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193:broadcasting station
105:
77:
38:
159:. It is the total
143:), synonymous with
73:signal strength of
67:directional antenna
2542:. 24 November 2011
2074:
2001:
1938:
1918:
1850:
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1640:power flux density
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1103:
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958:
884:
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778:
731:
668:
608:
576:
509:
449:
418:
349:
274:
187:, particularly in
185:telecommunications
173:power flux density
134:
118:
83:
51:
2842:
2841:
2819:
2818:
2511:978-0-85296-102-5
2227:According to the
2182:isotropic antenna
1999:
1916:
1797:
1695:{\displaystyle r}
1675:{\displaystyle r}
1655:{\displaystyle S}
1604:
1555:
1501:
1452:
1389:
1368:{\displaystyle L}
1349:transmission line
1322:
1167:
1155:
1100:
1090:
1025:
1013:
955:
916:
881:
871:
838:isotropic antenna
812:
801:
775:
759:
729:
726:
716:
693:
666:
663:
653:
638:
605:
574:
571:
561:
538:
507:
504:
494:
479:
461:isotropic antenna
446:
415:
388:isotropic antenna
373:radiation pattern
208:isotropic antenna
157:radio transmitter
130:isotropic antenna
115:
86:{\displaystyle S}
63:radiation pattern
48:
16:(Redirected from
2877:
2855:Antennas (radio)
2835:Radio portal
2833:
2832:
2831:
2635:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2495:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2345:
2267:Cymomotive force
2113:vertical pattern
2111:is known as the
2101:horizontal plane
2076:For example, an
2043:Yagi–Uda antenna
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1971:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1900:
1883:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1829:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1764:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1594:
1574:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1491:
1471:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1441:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1304:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1229:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1059:half-wave dipole
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1003:
967:
965:
964:
959:
957:
956:
953:
935:
918:
917:
914:
893:
891:
890:
885:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
860:
829:
827:
826:
821:
813:
810:
802:
799:
787:
785:
784:
779:
777:
776:
773:
761:
760:
757:
740:
738:
737:
732:
730:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
694:
691:
689:
677:
675:
674:
669:
667:
665:
664:
661:
655:
654:
651:
645:
640:
639:
636:
634:
620:half-wave dipole
617:
615:
614:
609:
607:
606:
603:
585:
583:
582:
577:
575:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
539:
536:
534:
518:
516:
515:
510:
508:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
486:
481:
480:
477:
475:
458:
456:
455:
450:
448:
447:
444:
427:
425:
424:
419:
417:
416:
413:
392:half-wave dipole
358:
356:
355:
350:
342:
316:
283:
281:
280:
275:
273:
244:
127:
125:
124:
119:
117:
116:
113:
100:
92:
90:
89:
84:
60:
58:
57:
52:
50:
49:
46:
21:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2811:300 MHz/1 m
2810:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2770:
2767:
2766:300 kHz/1 km
2765:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2721:300 Hz/1 Mm
2720:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2695:
2692:
2691:300 GHz/1 mm
2690:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2628:
2622:
2592:
2591:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2317:
2309:broadcast range
2305:
2299:
2287:AM broadcasting
2264:
2237:
2225:
2211:In the case of
2209:
2174:
2138:
2109:elevation angle
2066:
2052:
2027:
1989:
1950:
1949:
1930:
1929:
1905:
1901:
1862:
1861:
1811:
1810:
1786:
1779:
1743:
1742:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1684:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1548:
1514:
1513:
1445:
1408:
1407:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1271:
1270:
1202:
1201:
1160:
1115:
1114:
1093:
1083:
1064:
1063:
1018:
970:
969:
948:
909:
904:
903:
874:
864:
842:
841:
790:
789:
768:
752:
747:
746:
719:
709:
680:
679:
656:
646:
629:
624:
623:
598:
593:
592:
564:
554:
525:
524:
497:
487:
470:
465:
464:
439:
434:
433:
408:
403:
402:
364:
286:
285:
217:
216:
153:radio frequency
108:
103:
102:
98:
75:
74:
41:
36:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2803:
2801:
2796:30 MHz/10 m
2788:
2786:
2773:
2771:
2758:
2756:
2751:30 kHz/10 km
2743:
2741:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2711:
2706:30 Hz/10 Mm
2698:
2696:
2683:
2681:
2676:30 GHz/10 mm
2668:
2666:
2653:
2651:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:Radio spectrum
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2553:
2524:
2510:
2485:
2472:
2457:
2451:978-1461566724
2450:
2427:
2420:
2397:
2391:978-0470772928
2390:
2367:
2361:978-1136034107
2360:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2301:Main article:
2298:
2295:
2285:It relates to
2263:
2260:
2236:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2205:
2173:
2170:
2137:
2134:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2031:dipole antenna
2026:
2023:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1691:
1671:
1651:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1385:
1364:
1344:
1341:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1055:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
951:
947:
944:
941:
938:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
912:
877:
867:
863:
859:
856:
853:
850:
819:
816:
808:
805:
797:
771:
767:
764:
755:
742:
741:
722:
712:
706:
703:
700:
697:
688:
659:
649:
643:
633:
601:
586:
567:
557:
551:
548:
545:
542:
533:
500:
490:
484:
474:
442:
411:
399:Isotropic gain
363:
360:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
111:
82:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2814:
2813:3 GHz/100 mm
2809:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2781:3 MHz/100 m
2779:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:300 kHz/1 km
2749:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2738:30 kHz/10 km
2736:3 kHz/100 km
2734:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2723:3 kHz/100 km
2719:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2693:3 THz/0.1 mm
2689:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2678:300 GHz/1 mm
2674:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:30 GHz/10 mm
2661:3 GHz/100 mm
2659:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2646:3 Hz/100 Mm
2644:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2223:Related terms
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:United States
2214:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:grandfathered
2159:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:reported for
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:phased arrays
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:radio station
2079:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1935:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1847:
1844:
1830:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1689:
1669:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1578:
1575:
1549:
1545:
1495:
1492:
1475:
1472:
1446:
1442:
1405:
1383:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1324:
1305:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1060:
1056:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1004:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
910:
901:
897:
875:
865:
861:
839:
835:
834:
833:
830:
817:
814:
806:
803:
795:
769:
765:
762:
753:
720:
710:
704:
701:
698:
695:
657:
647:
641:
621:
599:
590:
587:
565:
555:
549:
546:
543:
540:
522:
498:
488:
482:
462:
440:
431:
409:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
389:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
361:
359:
346:
343:
317:
251:
248:
245:
214:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
109:
96:
80:
72:
68:
64:
42:
32:
19:
2826:
2805:
2804:
2798:300 MHz/1 m
2790:
2789:
2783:30 MHz/10 m
2775:
2774:
2768:3 MHz/100 m
2760:
2759:
2745:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2715:
2714:
2708:300 Hz/1 Mm
2700:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2654:
2648:30 Hz/10 Mm
2640:
2639:
2572:14 September
2570:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2546:14 September
2544:. Retrieved
2539:
2517:14 September
2515:. Retrieved
2500:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2440:
2410:
2380:
2350:
2306:
2284:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2226:
2210:
2201:transponders
2193:
2175:
2154:
2150:measurements
2139:
2112:
2088:
2075:
2056:
2053:
2050:Polarization
2040:
2035:polarization
2028:
2012:
1629:
1346:
1269:In decibels
1199:
1113:In decibels
831:
788:In decibels
743:
588:
398:
385:
381:
377:antenna gain
365:
203:
199:
197:
189:broadcasting
144:
140:
136:
135:
2248:medium wave
2213:medium wave
2192:(effective
2184:(one which
2130:beam widths
2015:ground wave
589:Dipole gain
362:Definitions
2849:Categories
2421:0471743682
2332:References
2291:microvolts
2064:FM example
2057:regardless
1948:, we get:
725:max,dipole
662:max,dipole
604:max,dipole
2540:radioinfo
2198:satellite
2194:isotropic
2178:microwave
2176:For most
2126:shortwave
1977:×
1936:π
1903:π
1889:×
1845:×
1784:π
1719:π
1636:multipath
1607:−
1576:−
1473:−
1237:⋅
946:
705:
550:
430:far field
394:antenna:
369:main lobe
252:⋅
177:main lobe
147:, is an
95:main lobe
71:far field
2587:licence.
2315:See also
2252:monopole
2186:radiates
1634:with no
896:decibels
521:decibels
2121:compass
2117:azimuth
2019:skywave
570:max,iso
503:max,iso
445:max,iso
101:sphere
61:is the
2508:
2483:73.211
2448:
2418:
2388:
2358:
2256:dipole
2166:waiver
1809:Since
390:and a
2627:(ITU)
2275:volts
2085:watts
1741:then
1603:(dBi)
1500:(dBi)
1321:(dBW)
1154:(dBd)
1012:(dBi)
902:(W):
811:(dBd)
800:(dBi)
692:(dBd)
537:(dBi)
165:watts
161:power
99:green
2574:2020
2548:2020
2519:2020
2506:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2297:HAAT
2244:EMRP
2235:EMRP
2190:EIRP
1974:0.13
1886:0.41
1848:1.64
1610:2.15
1351:and
1328:2.15
1234:1.64
900:watt
818:2.15
766:1.64
347:2.15
249:1.64
204:EIRP
181:gain
149:IEEE
2807:UHF
2792:VHF
2732:VLF
2717:ULF
2702:SLF
2687:THF
2672:EHF
2657:SHF
2642:ELF
2481:CFR
2479:47
2271:CMF
2262:CMF
2089:not
1702:is
1406:is
943:log
715:max
702:log
652:max
560:max
547:log
493:max
414:max
163:in
141:ERP
114:iso
2851::
2777:HF
2762:MF
2747:LF
2564:.
2538:.
2527:^
2488:^
2430:^
2400:^
2370:^
2340:^
2258:.
2097:dB
2078:FM
1860:,
1554:TX
1451:TX
1388:TX
1166:in
1099:in
1024:in
954:in
940:10
915:in
880:in
699:10
544:10
213:dB
2617:e
2610:t
2603:v
2576:.
2550:.
2521:.
2454:.
2424:.
2394:.
2364:.
2269:(
2242:(
2119:(
1995:2
1991:r
1986:P
1983:R
1980:E
1968:=
1965:)
1962:r
1959:(
1956:S
1911:2
1907:r
1898:P
1895:R
1892:E
1880:=
1877:)
1874:r
1871:(
1868:S
1841:P
1838:R
1835:E
1831:=
1827:P
1824:R
1821:I
1818:E
1792:2
1788:r
1781:4
1776:P
1773:R
1770:I
1767:E
1761:=
1758:)
1755:r
1752:(
1749:S
1727:2
1723:r
1716:4
1713:=
1710:A
1690:r
1670:r
1650:S
1599:G
1596:+
1592:)
1589:B
1586:d
1583:(
1579:L
1572:)
1569:W
1566:B
1563:d
1560:(
1550:P
1546:=
1542:)
1539:W
1536:B
1533:d
1530:(
1527:P
1524:R
1521:E
1496:G
1493:+
1489:)
1486:B
1483:d
1480:(
1476:L
1469:)
1466:W
1463:B
1460:d
1457:(
1447:P
1443:=
1439:)
1436:W
1433:B
1430:d
1427:(
1424:P
1421:R
1418:I
1415:E
1384:P
1363:L
1325:+
1316:P
1313:R
1310:E
1306:=
1302:)
1299:W
1296:B
1293:d
1290:(
1287:P
1284:R
1281:I
1278:E
1256:)
1253:W
1250:(
1247:P
1244:R
1241:E
1231:=
1227:)
1224:W
1221:(
1218:P
1215:R
1212:I
1209:E
1184:)
1181:W
1178:B
1175:d
1172:(
1162:P
1158:+
1150:G
1147:=
1143:)
1140:W
1137:B
1134:d
1131:(
1128:P
1125:R
1122:E
1095:P
1089:d
1085:G
1081:=
1077:P
1074:R
1071:E
1042:)
1039:W
1036:B
1033:d
1030:(
1020:P
1016:+
1008:G
1005:=
1001:)
998:W
995:B
992:d
989:(
986:P
983:R
980:I
977:E
950:P
937:=
933:)
930:W
927:B
924:d
921:(
911:P
876:P
870:i
866:G
862:=
858:P
855:R
852:I
849:E
815:+
807:G
804:=
796:G
774:d
770:G
763:=
758:i
754:G
721:S
711:S
696:=
687:G
658:S
648:S
642:=
637:d
632:G
600:S
566:S
556:S
541:=
532:G
499:S
489:S
483:=
478:i
473:G
441:S
410:S
367:"
344:+
340:)
337:B
334:d
331:(
328:P
325:R
322:E
318:=
314:)
311:B
308:d
305:(
302:P
299:R
296:I
293:E
271:)
268:W
265:(
262:P
259:R
256:E
246:=
242:)
239:W
236:(
233:P
230:R
227:I
224:E
202:(
139:(
110:R
81:S
47:a
43:R
20:)
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