2912:
47:
655:
1007:
may be able to spread in the fully mixed portion even though a randomly selected individual would lead to fewer than one secondary case. This is because the typical infected individual is in the fully mixed portion and thus is able to successfully cause infections. In general, if the individuals infected early in an epidemic are on average either more likely or less likely to transmit the infection than individuals infected late in the epidemic, then the computation of
1164:
5223:
2898:
1006:
is more subtle. The definition must account for the fact that a typical infected individual may not be an average individual. As an extreme example, consider a population in which a small portion of the individuals mix fully with one another while the remaining individuals are all isolated. A disease
819:
of contact and disease transmission between people. Nodes in these networks represent individuals and links (edges) between nodes represent the contact or disease transmission between them. If such a network is a locally tree-like network, then the basic reproduction can be written in terms of the
1714:
cannot be modified through vaccination or other changes in population susceptibility, it can vary based on a number of biological, sociobehavioral, and environmental factors. It can also be modified by physical distancing and other public policy or social interventions, although some historical
354:
values are usually estimated from mathematical models, and the estimated values are dependent on the model used and values of other parameters. Thus values given in the literature only make sense in the given context and it is not recommended to compare values based on different models.
1920:, calculations from the intrinsic growth rate, existence of the endemic equilibrium, the number of susceptibles at the endemic equilibrium, the average age of infection and the final size equation. Few of these methods agree with one another, even when starting with the same system of
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1171:
4535:
A number of researchers have estimated the basic reproduction number by fitting models to the initial growth of epidemics in a number of countries. Their observations indicate that the SARS-CoV is less transmissible than initially thought with estimates of Ro in the range of
567:. Here, herd immunity means that the disease cannot spread in the population because each infected person, on average, can only transmit the infection to less than one other contact. Conversely, the proportion of the population that remains susceptible to infection in the
1168:
513:, the harder it is to control the epidemic. For simple models, the proportion of the population that needs to be effectively immunized (meaning not susceptible to infection) to prevent sustained spread of the infection has to be larger than
896:
4302:
Luman, ET; Barker, LE; Simpson, DM; Rodewald, LE; Szilagyi, PG; Zhao, Z (May 2001). "National, state, and urban-area vaccination-coverage levels among children aged 19–35 months, United States, 1999".
1155:. Some diseases have multiple possible latency periods, in which case the reproduction number for the disease overall is the sum of the reproduction number for each transition time into the disease.
4608:
3909:
Chowell G, Hengartner NW, Castillo-Chavez C, Fenimore PW, Hyman JM (July 2004). "The basic reproductive number of Ebola and the effects of public health measures: the cases of Congo and Uganda".
1715:
definitions exclude any deliberate intervention in reducing disease transmission, including nonpharmacological interventions. And indeed, whether nonpharmacological interventions are included in
1153:
1167:
774:. In these models, population members are assigned to 'compartments' with labels – for example, S, I, or R, (Susceptible, Infectious, or Recovered). These models can be used to estimate
5433:
3177:
3587:
Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JA, Metz JA (1990). "On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio R0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations".
961:
1111:
926:
5107:
Prather, Kimberly A.; Marr, Linsey C.; Schooley, Robert T.; McDiarmid, Melissa A.; Wilson, Mary E.; Milton, Donald K. (October 16, 2020). "Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2".
4698:
3157:
1647:
1614:
1581:
484:
451:
649:
552:
1872:
604:
3970:
Ajelli M, Iannelli M, Manfredi P, Ciofi degli Atti ML (March 2008). "Basic mathematical models for the temporal dynamics of HAV in medium-endemicity
Italian areas".
1082:
5365:
2884:
2027:
1984:
1949:
1902:
1767:
1740:
1712:
1682:
1548:
1521:
1494:
1469:, which needs to be interpreted in the context of that model. Therefore, the contagiousness of different infectious agents cannot be compared without recalculating
1467:
1436:
1409:
1379:
1344:
1309:
1278:
1231:
1059:
1032:
1004:
799:
750:
719:
511:
410:
380:
352:
325:
288:
261:
234:
152:
101:
74:
4242:
327:
is not a biological constant for a pathogen as it is also affected by other factors such as environmental conditions and the behaviour of the infected population.
6755:
2029:
for species, strains, and variants are typically less accurate than for genera, and so are provided in separate tables below for diseases of particular interest (
829:
1829:
1809:
1789:
1251:
1193:
207:
4859:
The reproduction number across influenza seasons and countries lied in the range 0.9–2.0 with an overall mean of 1.3, and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.4.
416:
can spread in a population and determining what proportion of the population should be immunized through vaccination to eradicate a disease. In commonly used
6309:
5426:
2957:
810:
771:
417:
4599:
3271:
2801:
4871:
Martínez, Valeria P.; Di Paola, Nicholas; Alonso, Daniel O.; Pérez-Sautu, Unai; Bellomo, Carla M.; Iglesias, Ayelén A.; et al. (December 3, 2020).
1061:
in this case is "the expected number of secondary cases produced, in a completely susceptible population, produced by a typical infected individual".
1649:
can still lead to self-perpetuating outbreaks. This is particularly problematic if there are intermediate vectors between hosts (as is the case for
5419:
7090:
7077:
5691:
5447:
610:
between the individuals. For example, if there is some correlation between people's immunization (e.g., vaccination) status, then the formula
6362:
5401:
4026:
3069:
186:, add the absence of "any deliberate intervention in disease transmission". The basic reproduction number is not necessarily the same as the
3824:
6879:
6337:
2931:
1811:. Many of these factors are not important for informing public policy. Therefore, public policy may be better served by metrics similar to
1084:
other people per unit time, if all of those people are assumed to contract the disease, and if the disease has a mean infectious period of
767:
762:
607:
4235:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; World Health Organization (2001). "History and epidemiology of global smallpox eradication".
4483:
7082:
3743:
1315:
of the population that is susceptible. When the fraction of the population that is immune increases (i. e. the susceptible population
6512:
6507:
4631:
3893:
3171:
2232:
6591:
5998:
5614:
687:
183:
4370:"Incidence and reproduction numbers of pertussis: estimates from serological and social contact data in five European countries"
263:), which is the number of cases generated in the current state of a population, which does not have to be the uninfected state.
6185:
4699:"The study of human monkeypox disease in 2022 using the epidemic models: herd immunity and the basic reproduction number case"
3161:
1203:
In reality, varying proportions of the population are immune to any given disease at any given time. To account for this, the
6926:
6524:
6243:
6221:
5592:
6894:
187:
4097:
Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, Heffernan J, Deeks SL, Li Y, Crowcroft NS (December 2017). "The basic reproduction number (R
1951:
is rarely observed in the field and is usually calculated via a mathematical model, this severely limits its usefulness.
1742:
often depends on the paper, disease, and what if any intervention is being studied. This creates some confusion, because
6921:
6317:
6074:
5837:
5552:
1064:
The basic reproduction number can be computed as a ratio of known rates over time: if a contagious individual contacts
4162:
1791:
depends on many factors, many of which need to be estimated. Each of these factors adds to uncertainty in estimates of
6963:
6834:
6770:
6738:
6686:
5983:
5965:
1116:
5026:"The reproductive number of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is far higher compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 virus"
6519:
5932:
5672:
4828:
2952:
2738:
294:(persons infected per person infecting) and not a time rate, which would have units of time, or units of time like
30:
This article is about the rate of spread of an epidemic. For the average number of offspring born to a female, see
7023:
7013:
6708:
6644:
6367:
5711:
5652:
4520:
7153:
6841:
6703:
6578:
6432:
5547:
5537:
4339:"Vaccination coverage among children enrolled in Head Start programs or day care facilities or entering school"
2780:
2759:
38:
4137:
931:
7028:
6946:
6812:
6342:
6140:
6016:
5847:
5785:
5619:
5587:
4241:(Presentation). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (published August 25, 2014). cdc:27929.
2926:
2716:
2599:
2556:
2060:
1523:
values for past outbreaks might not be valid for current outbreaks of the same disease. Generally speaking,
4180:"The effective reproductive number of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is several times relative to Delta"
3867:
The
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, vol. IX: Communicable and Other Diseases
3096:
Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Cauchemez S, Hanage WP, Van
Kerkhove MD, Hollingsworth TD, et al. (June 2009).
1087:
6615:
6400:
6150:
6023:
5629:
5486:
5476:
5160:"Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence"
2947:
2602:
1999:
1921:
1917:
568:
171:
4006:
903:
7138:
7051:
6936:
6568:
6437:
5945:
5852:
5771:
4817:"Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control"
2855:
2441:
2083:
31:
6195:
2886:
are presented to reflect the progression of a fatal viral infection from isolated cases to a pandemic.
2169:
1350:
has been achieved and the number of cases occurring in the population will gradually decrease to zero.
7018:
6911:
6857:
6785:
6775:
6467:
6322:
6135:
6112:
5802:
5171:
5116:
4434:
3928:
3425:
3212:
3109:
964:
291:
4957:"The role of superspreading in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) transmission"
4486:. National Emerging Special Pathogen Training and Education Center. January 30, 2020. Archived from
3163:
Using
Mathematical Models to Assess Responses to an Outbreak of an Emerged Viral Respiratory Disease
7105:
7095:
7061:
6666:
6117:
6104:
6086:
5940:
5751:
4996:
3886:
Mathematical
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases : Model Building, Analysis and Interpretation
2355:
2118:
1439:
968:
821:
3642:"Role of herd immunity in determining the effect of vaccines against sexually transmitted disease"
46:
7148:
7143:
6829:
6824:
6733:
6713:
6347:
6190:
6155:
6009:
5975:
5525:
5384:
Van Den
Driessche, P.; Watmough, James (2008). "Further Notes on the Basic Reproduction Number".
5283:
5140:
4902:
4458:
3952:
3918:
3622:
3449:
3415:
606:. However, this threshold is based on simple models that assume a fully mixed population with no
413:
2911:
1769:
is not a constant; whereas most mathematical parameters with "nought" subscripts are constants.
1619:
1586:
1553:
654:
456:
423:
613:
516:
7115:
7056:
6916:
6869:
6671:
6173:
5842:
5832:
5822:
5624:
5607:
5397:
5339:
5326:
5275:
5232:
5199:
5132:
5063:
5045:
5001:
4978:
4937:
4894:
4850:
4787:
4736:
4718:
4672:
4654:
4579:
4450:
4401:
4350:
4319:
4284:
4217:
4199:
4118:
4079:
4022:
3987:
3944:
3889:
3802:
3739:
3733:
3714:
3663:
3614:
3553:
3526:
3495:"Ross, macdonald, and a theory for the dynamics and control of mosquito-transmitted pathogens"
3475:
3470:
Vegvari C. "Commentary on the use of the reproduction number R during the COVID-19 pandemic".
3441:
3381:
3340:
3249:
3230:
3167:
3135:
3075:
3065:
1905:
4550:"Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis"
3881:
1842:
574:
17:
7110:
7046:
7033:
6862:
6851:
6743:
6723:
6558:
6472:
6447:
6178:
6064:
5955:
5898:
5704:
5602:
5530:
5389:
5316:
5308:
5265:
5257:
5189:
5179:
5124:
5053:
5037:
5025:
4968:
4929:
4884:
4840:
4832:
4777:
4767:
4726:
4710:
4662:
4646:
4569:
4561:
4524:
4487:
4442:
4391:
4381:
4311:
4276:
4207:
4191:
4110:
4069:
4061:
4014:
3979:
3936:
3792:
3782:
3704:
3694:
3653:
3604:
3596:
3516:
3506:
3433:
3371:
3330:
3322:
3220:
3125:
3117:
1995:
1196:
1067:
5411:
5343:
2862:
2005:
1962:
1927:
1880:
1745:
1718:
1690:
1660:
1526:
1499:
1472:
1445:
1414:
1387:
1357:
1322:
1287:
1256:
1209:
1037:
1010:
982:
777:
728:
697:
670:, and the number of susceptible people in the population that the infected people contact.
489:
388:
358:
330:
303:
266:
239:
212:
130:
79:
52:
6978:
6973:
6817:
6765:
6573:
6550:
6395:
6372:
5756:
5721:
5597:
5542:
4800:
mean estimate for the ongoing epidemic (overall) is 1.78 (interquartile range: 1.44, 1.80)
4280:
2917:
2903:
1913:
816:
76:
is the average number of people infected from one other person. For example, Ebola has an
4973:
4956:
4680:
4548:
Truelove SA, Keegan LT, Moss WJ, Chaisson LH, Macher E, Azman AS, Lessler J (June 2020).
4338:
5228:
5175:
5120:
4438:
3932:
3429:
3403:
3216:
3113:
662:
The basic reproduction number is affected by several factors, including the duration of
382:
does not by itself give an estimate of how fast an infection spreads in the population.
7008:
6941:
6884:
6656:
6545:
6537:
6415:
6410:
6357:
6081:
5862:
5857:
5817:
5766:
5731:
5569:
5505:
5321:
5296:
5194:
5159:
5058:
4845:
4816:
4782:
4755:
4731:
4667:
4574:
4549:
4396:
4369:
4212:
4179:
4074:
4049:
4018:
3797:
3770:
3709:
3682:
3521:
3494:
3335:
3306:
3130:
3097:
2936:
2182:
1814:
1794:
1774:
1280:
is the average number of new infections caused by a single infected individual at time
1236:
1178:
192:
167:
5248:
Heesterbeek, J.A.P. (2002). "A brief history of R0 and a recipe for its calculation".
4756:"A systematic review of early modelling studies of Ebola virus disease in West Africa"
4315:
4114:
7132:
6889:
6846:
6805:
6698:
6681:
6639:
6352:
5903:
5872:
5716:
5493:
5144:
4906:
3453:
2705:
2545:
2049:
1832:
1347:
667:
556:
295:
5287:
4933:
4462:
3626:
3156:
Becker NG, Glass K, Barnes B, Caley P, Philp D, McCaw JM, et al. (April 2006).
658:
Graph of herd immunity threshold vs basic reproduction number with selected diseases
7100:
7038:
6800:
6780:
6728:
6676:
6627:
6427:
6377:
5988:
5761:
5559:
4519:. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (Technical report).
3956:
683:
175:
108:
4517:
Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
3983:
1924:. Even fewer actually calculate the average number of secondary infections. Since
1411:
in the popular press has led to misunderstandings and distortions of its meaning.
170:
of cases directly generated by one case in a population where all individuals are
103:
of two, so on average, a person who has Ebola will pass it on to two other people.
5184:
4873:"'Super-Spreaders' and Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus in Argentina"
4714:
4386:
3511:
3437:
3402:
Hiraoka, Takayuki; K. Rizi, Abbas; Kivelä, Mikko; Saramäki, Jari (May 12, 2022).
6993:
6795:
6718:
6693:
6442:
6422:
6327:
6287:
6125:
5582:
5498:
5481:
5393:
2578:
2483:
2292:
694:. In his work he called the quantity basic reproduction rate and denoted it by
679:
663:
179:
3940:
3493:
Smith DL, Battle KE, Hay SI, Barker CM, Scott TW, McKenzie FE (April 5, 2012).
3225:
3200:
174:
to infection. The definition assumes that no other individuals are infected or
6931:
6906:
6874:
6651:
6632:
6622:
6610:
6457:
6069:
6041:
5867:
5827:
5699:
5261:
4836:
4772:
2893:
2690:
2248:
2219:
2096:
1909:
678:
The roots of the basic reproduction concept can be traced through the work of
5049:
4722:
4658:
4203:
3079:
724:
7003:
6482:
5807:
5515:
5510:
5443:
5128:
3121:
2645:
2595:
2574:
2530:
2398:
2030:
1986:
mentioned in the previous section, estimates have been made for a number of
1836:
163:
5330:
5312:
5279:
5203:
5136:
5082:
5067:
4982:
4941:
4898:
4854:
4791:
4740:
4676:
4583:
4454:
4405:
4354:
4323:
4221:
4122:
4083:
4065:
4007:"2 - Simple compartmental models: The bedrock of mathematical epidemiology"
3991:
3948:
3806:
3718:
3667:
3557:
3530:
3479:
3445:
3385:
3344:
3326:
3234:
3139:
1684:
of well-known contagious diseases" table should be conducted with caution.
891:{\displaystyle R_{0}={\frac {\langle k^{2}\rangle }{\langle k\rangle }}-1,}
5041:
4889:
4872:
4650:
4421:
4288:
4195:
3787:
3699:
3618:
1550:
can be used as a threshold, even if calculated with different methods: if
453:
the infection will be able to start spreading in a population, but not if
6986:
6901:
6477:
6462:
6452:
6405:
5950:
5746:
5726:
5520:
5463:
4565:
3376:
3359:
3305:
Delamater PL, Street EJ, Leslie TF, Yang YT, Jacobsen KH (January 2019).
3021:
From a module of a training course with data modified from other sources.
2941:
2797:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2214:
2198:
2131:
2034:
1650:
4236:
3544:
Macdonald G (September 1952). "The analysis of equilibrium in malaria".
3404:"Herd immunity and epidemic size in networks with vaccination homophily"
1284:
in the partially susceptible population. It can be found by multiplying
6790:
6661:
5914:
5471:
5270:
4529:
3600:
2148:
2078:
1991:
1654:
691:
3923:
3098:"Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings"
2859:, a fictional medical disaster thriller, a blogger's calculations for
1616:, the outbreak will expand. In some cases, for some models, values of
6998:
6563:
6216:
5812:
4267:
Fine, Paul E. M. (1993). "Herd
Immunity: History, Theory, Practice".
3609:
2253:
1987:
4500:
while infections that require sexual contact like HIV have a lower R
4446:
4005:
von
Csefalvay, Chris (January 1, 2023), von Csefalvay, Chris (ed.),
3869:. Washington: U.S.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 116–7.
686:
and others, but its first modern application in epidemiology was by
3658:
3641:
3420:
3272:"Why 'Exponential Growth' Is So Scary For The COVID-19 Coronavirus"
6227:
5739:
5388:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1945. pp. 159–178.
2351:
2164:
2113:
1990:, and are shown in this table. Each genus may be composed of many
1162:
653:
45:
5158:
Billah, Arif; Miah, Mamun; Khan, Nuruzzaman (November 11, 2020).
4920:
Luby SP (October 2013). "The pandemic potential of Nipah virus".
4238:
Smallpox: disease, prevention, and intervention (training course)
3571:
2314:
Physical contact, body fluids, respiratory droplets, sexual (MSM)
6211:
5680:
5577:
4422:"Transmission potential of smallpox in contemporary populations"
2499:
2309:
1034:
must account for this difference. An appropriate definition for
5415:
3849:
2052:
thresholds (HITs) of contagious diseases prior to intervention
5083:"Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get?"
4810:
4808:
5295:
Heffernan, J.M; Smith, R.J; Wahl, L.M (September 22, 2005).
1657:. Therefore, comparisons between values from the "Values of
690:
in 1952, who constructed population models of the spread of
4600:"Magic formula that will determine whether Ebola is beaten"
979:
In populations that are not homogeneous, the definition of
3166:. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health.
1831:, but which are more straightforward to estimate, such as
1353:
4754:
Wong ZS, Bui CM, Chughtai AA, Macintyre CR (April 2017).
3064:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 310.
4337:
Jiles, RB; Fuchs, C; Klevens, RM (September 22, 2000).
3851:
The SIR Model When S(t) is a Multi-Exponential
Function
928:
is the mean-degree (average degree) of the network and
4997:"Omicron transmission: how contagious diseases spread"
770:
are a general modeling technique often applied to the
5346:
3358:
Fine, P.; Eames, K.; Heymann, D. L. (April 1, 2011).
2865:
2008:
1965:
1930:
1883:
1845:
1817:
1797:
1777:
1748:
1721:
1693:
1663:
1622:
1589:
1556:
1529:
1502:
1475:
1448:
1417:
1390:
1360:
1325:
1290:
1259:
1239:
1212:
1181:
1134:
1119:
1092:
1090:
1070:
1040:
1013:
985:
934:
906:
832:
780:
731:
700:
616:
577:
519:
492:
459:
426:
391:
361:
333:
306:
269:
242:
215:
195:
133:
82:
55:
4632:"Modelling human-to-human transmission of monkeypox"
3201:"A guide to R - the pandemic's misunderstood metric"
815:
Epidemics can be modeled as diseases spreading over
7070:
6962:
6754:
6603:
6590:
6495:
6386:
6308:
6280:
6266:
6252:
6236:
6204:
6166:
6095:
6057:
6050:
6032:
5964:
5931:
5924:
5888:
5881:
5793:
5784:
5671:
5568:
5462:
5455:
3764:
3762:
5359:
4630:Grant R, Nguyen LL, Breban R (September 1, 2020).
4598:
4420:
4048:Heffernan JM, Smith RJ, Wahl LM (September 2005).
3825:"The Misunderstood Number That Predicts Epidemics"
3775:Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
3735:Theories and Simulations of Complex Social Systems
2878:
2021:
1978:
1943:
1896:
1866:
1823:
1803:
1783:
1761:
1734:
1706:
1676:
1641:
1608:
1575:
1542:
1515:
1488:
1461:
1430:
1403:
1373:
1338:
1303:
1272:
1245:
1225:
1187:
1147:
1105:
1076:
1053:
1026:
998:
955:
920:
890:
793:
744:
713:
643:
598:
546:
505:
478:
445:
404:
374:
346:
319:
282:
255:
228:
201:
146:
95:
68:
4368:Kretzschmar M, Teunis PF, Pebody RG (June 2010).
2548:thresholds (HITs) for specific influenza strains
1442:. Each of these can give a different estimate of
3683:"Viral evolution and transmission effectiveness"
1148:{\displaystyle R_{0}={\dfrac {\beta }{\gamma }}}
3307:"Complexity of the Basic Reproduction Number (R
3017:
3015:
2830:
2814:
2674:
2658:
2631:
2615:
2511:
2469:
2427:
2411:
2384:
2368:
2337:
2321:
2278:
651:may underestimate the herd immunity threshold.
37:"R number" redirects here. For other uses, see
5297:"Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio"
5024:Liu, Ying; Rocklöv, Joacim (October 1, 2021).
4050:"Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio"
666:of affected people, the contagiousness of the
5427:
2708:thresholds (HITs) for variants of SARS-CoV-2
2453:
2262:
1955:Sample values for various contagious diseases
1113:, then the basic reproduction number is just
8:
4815:Chowell G, Miller MA, Viboud C (June 2008).
4011:Computational Modeling of Infectious Disease
2958:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
949:
936:
914:
908:
873:
867:
862:
849:
811:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
772:mathematical modeling of infectious diseases
3681:Rodpothong P, Auewarakul P (October 2012).
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3039:< 1.0, the disease naturally disappears.
6600:
6054:
5928:
5885:
5790:
5459:
5434:
5420:
5412:
4173:
4171:
4163:Australian government Department of Health
3854:(Thesis). East Tennessee State University.
3465:
3463:
2695:
2535:
2039:
5351:
5345:
5320:
5269:
5193:
5183:
5057:
4972:
4888:
4844:
4781:
4771:
4730:
4666:
4639:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
4573:
4528:
4395:
4385:
4211:
4073:
3922:
3796:
3786:
3708:
3698:
3657:
3608:
3573:Network Science by Albert-László Barabási
3520:
3510:
3419:
3375:
3334:
3224:
3129:
2870:
2864:
2013:
2007:
1970:
1964:
1935:
1929:
1888:
1882:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1816:
1796:
1776:
1753:
1747:
1726:
1720:
1698:
1692:
1668:
1662:
1627:
1621:
1594:
1588:
1561:
1555:
1534:
1528:
1507:
1501:
1480:
1474:
1453:
1447:
1422:
1416:
1395:
1389:
1365:
1359:
1330:
1324:
1295:
1289:
1264:
1258:
1238:
1217:
1211:
1180:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1091:
1089:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1018:
1012:
990:
984:
943:
935:
933:
907:
905:
856:
846:
837:
831:
785:
779:
736:
730:
705:
699:
635:
626:
615:
590:
581:
576:
538:
529:
518:
497:
491:
464:
458:
431:
425:
396:
390:
366:
360:
338:
332:
311:
305:
274:
268:
247:
241:
220:
214:
194:
182:). Some definitions, such as that of the
138:
132:
87:
81:
60:
54:
3818:
3816:
3091:
3089:
6508:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5681:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
4304:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
4054:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
3052:
3031:
3029:
3027:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2134:(see values for specific strains below)
1959:Despite the difficulties in estimating
956:{\displaystyle {\langle k^{2}\rangle }}
824:of the transmission network such that:
7091:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
6983:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5301:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
4955:Kucharski AJ, Althaus CL (June 2015).
4165:Mumps Laboratory Case Definition (LCD)
1438:can be calculated from many different
4611:from the original on January 12, 2022
4343:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4281:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036121
3062:Vaccinology : an essential guide
1106:{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{\gamma }}}
486:. Generally, the larger the value of
7:
6338:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4974:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.25.21167
4101:) of measles: a systematic review".
3397:
3395:
3151:
3149:
2932:Compartmental models in epidemiology
2446:Respiratory droplets and body fluids
1583:, the outbreak will die out, and if
763:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4248:from the original on March 17, 2017
3888:. New York: Wiley. pp. 73–98.
3880:Diekmann O, Heesterbeek JA (2000).
3769:Li J, Blakeley D, Smith RJ (2011).
921:{\displaystyle {\langle k\rangle }}
5081:Gallagher, James (June 12, 2021).
4019:10.1016/b978-0-32-395389-4.00011-6
4013:, Academic Press, pp. 19–91,
3646:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
25:
4419:Gani R, Leach S (December 2001).
7087:Economics of Infectious Diseases
5221:
4703:Annals of Medicine & Surgery
3360:"'Herd Immunity': A Rough Guide"
3060:Milligan GN, Barrett AD (2015).
2910:
2896:
2807:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2786:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2765:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2744:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
2137:Respiratory droplets and aerosol
1195:number in simple terms from the
4934:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.011
4877:New England Journal of Medicine
4103:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3589:Journal of Mathematical Biology
412:are determining if an emerging
184:Australian Department of Health
7096:Infectious disease informatics
6927:Transmission-based precautions
4597:Freeman C (November 6, 2014).
4484:"Playing the Numbers Game: R0"
4139:Health Care Worker Information
3911:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3882:"The Basic Reproduction Ratio"
3732:Dabbaghian V, Mago VK (2013).
1:
6513:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6288:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5649:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
4316:10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00274-4
4115:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30307-9
3984:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.058
3738:. Springer. pp. 134–35.
1205:effective reproduction number
1159:Effective reproduction number
188:effective reproduction number
18:Effective reproduction number
6075:Aerosol-generating procedure
5853:Silent/Subclinical infection
5553:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5185:10.1371/journal.pone.0242128
4715:10.1097/MS9.0000000000000229
4697:Al-Raeei M (February 2023).
4554:Clinical Infectious Diseases
4387:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000291
3640:Garnett GP (February 2005).
3512:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002588
3438:10.1103/PhysRevE.105.L052301
3364:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3315:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1496:with invariant assumptions.
967:of the transmission network
6739:Vaccine-preventable disease
6687:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5394:10.1007/978-3-540-78911-6_6
4533:. WHO/CDS/CSR/GAR/2003.11.
4136:Ireland's Health Services.
3848:Balkew TM (December 2010).
3823:Byrne M (October 6, 2014),
805:Epidemic models on networks
385:The most important uses of
7170:
6880:Respiratory source control
5234:basic reproduction number
5030:Journal of Travel Medicine
4829:Cambridge University Press
4821:Epidemiology and Infection
4760:Epidemiology and Infection
4184:Journal of Travel Medicine
3941:10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.03.006
3546:Tropical Diseases Bulletin
3226:10.1038/d41586-020-02009-w
2953:Epidemiological transition
2689:Estimates for variants of
1908:, rearranging the largest
1877:Methods used to calculate
1642:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
1609:{\displaystyle R_{0}>1}
1576:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
808:
760:
479:{\displaystyle R_{0}<1}
446:{\displaystyle R_{0}>1}
36:
29:
7024:Global Health Initiatives
7014:Evolutionary epidemiology
6709:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6645:Antimicrobial stewardship
6368:Multiplicity of infection
6333:Basic reproduction number
6109:Percutaneous inoculation
5593:Host–pathogen interaction
5386:Mathematical Epidemiology
4837:10.1017/S0950268807009144
4773:10.1017/S0950268817000164
4521:World Health Organization
3687:World Journal of Virology
3158:"The reproduction number"
2529:Estimates for strains of
975:Heterogeneous populations
644:{\displaystyle 1-1/R_{0}}
547:{\displaystyle 1-1/R_{0}}
117:basic reproductive number
113:basic reproduction number
6842:Protective sequestration
6704:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
5995:Generational difference
5548:Horizontal gene transfer
5538:Antimicrobial resistance
5338:Jones JH (May 1, 2007).
4178:Liu, Y (March 9, 2022).
3865:Ireland MW, ed. (1928).
1319:decreases) so much that
554:. This is the so-called
121:basic reproduction ratio
7029:Microbial phylogenetics
6947:Wastewater surveillance
6468:Geographic distribution
6343:Critical community size
6141:Surgical site infection
5989:Iatrogenic/Medical care
5908:Microbial translocation
5904:Endogenous reactivation
5899:Normal flora overgrowth
5848:Opportunistic infection
5620:Opportunistic infection
5262:10.1023/a:1016599411804
5129:10.1126/science.abf0521
3122:10.1126/science.1176062
2927:Apparent infection rate
1867:{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}
599:{\displaystyle 1/R_{0}}
125:basic reproductive rate
7101:Microbial bioterrorism
6724:efficacy/effectiveness
6132:Surgical intervention
6024:Breakthrough infection
5646:Genetic predisposition
5630:Susceptible individual
5477:Germ theory of disease
5361:
5313:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042
4066:10.1098/rsif.2005.0042
3327:10.3201/eid2501.171901
2948:Epidemiological method
2880:
2023:
1980:
1945:
1922:differential equations
1918:next-generation method
1898:
1868:
1825:
1805:
1785:
1763:
1736:
1708:
1678:
1643:
1610:
1577:
1544:
1517:
1490:
1463:
1432:
1405:
1375:
1340:
1305:
1274:
1247:
1227:
1200:
1189:
1175:An explanation of the
1149:
1107:
1078:
1077:{\displaystyle \beta }
1055:
1028:
1000:
957:
922:
892:
795:
746:
715:
659:
645:
600:
548:
507:
480:
447:
406:
376:
348:
321:
284:
257:
230:
203:
178:(naturally or through
148:
104:
97:
70:
27:Metric in epidemiology
6937:Universal precautions
5895:Endogenous overgrowth
5747:Poultry and livestock
5362:
5360:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
4890:10.1056/NEJMoa2009040
4686:on December 11, 2020.
4651:10.2471/BLT.19.242347
4269:Epidemiologic Reviews
3700:10.5501/wjv.v1.i5.131
2881:
2879:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
2584:Respiratory droplets
2024:
2022:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1981:
1979:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1946:
1944:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1899:
1897:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1869:
1826:
1806:
1786:
1764:
1762:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1737:
1735:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1709:
1707:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1679:
1677:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1644:
1611:
1578:
1545:
1543:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1518:
1516:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1491:
1489:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1464:
1462:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1433:
1431:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1406:
1404:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1376:
1374:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1341:
1339:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
1306:
1304:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1275:
1273:{\displaystyle R_{t}}
1248:
1228:
1226:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
1190:
1174:
1150:
1108:
1079:
1056:
1054:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1029:
1027:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
1001:
999:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
958:
923:
893:
822:average excess degree
796:
794:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
747:
745:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
716:
714:{\displaystyle Z_{0}}
657:
646:
601:
549:
508:
506:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
481:
448:
407:
405:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
377:
375:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
349:
347:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
322:
320:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
285:
283:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
258:
256:{\displaystyle R_{e}}
231:
229:{\displaystyle R_{t}}
204:
149:
147:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
98:
96:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
71:
69:{\displaystyle R_{0}}
49:
32:Net reproduction rate
7039:Genomic reassortment
7019:Genetic epidemiology
6858:Health communication
6786:Flattening the curve
6776:Disease surveillance
6559:Systemic/Generalized
6323:Animal disease model
5803:Asymptomatic carrier
5344:
3652:(Suppl 1): S97-106.
3472:Stat Methods Med Res
3199:Adam D (July 2020).
2863:
2651:Respiratory droplets
2608:Respiratory droplets
2579:1918 pandemic strain
2504:Respiratory droplets
2404:Respiratory droplets
2298:Respiratory droplets
2237:Respiratory droplets
2203:Respiratory droplets
2187:Respiratory droplets
2153:Respiratory droplets
2119:Respiratory droplets
2006:
1963:
1928:
1881:
1843:
1815:
1795:
1775:
1746:
1719:
1691:
1661:
1620:
1587:
1554:
1527:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1415:
1388:
1358:
1323:
1288:
1257:
1237:
1210:
1179:
1117:
1088:
1068:
1038:
1011:
983:
932:
904:
830:
778:
768:Compartmental models
757:Compartmental models
729:
698:
614:
608:structured relations
575:
517:
490:
457:
424:
389:
359:
331:
304:
292:dimensionless number
267:
240:
213:
193:
131:
80:
53:
7106:Pandemic prevention
7062:Viral phylodynamics
7043:Re-emerging disease
6932:Travel restrictions
6136:Postoperative wound
6105:Blood-borne disease
6087:Respiratory droplet
5999:Vertical/Congenital
5984:Nosocomial/Hospital
5941:Spillover infection
5176:2020PLoSO..1542128B
5121:2020Sci...370..303P
5115:(6514): 303.2–304.
5042:10.1093/jtm/taab124
5005:. December 21, 2021
4796:The median of the R
4607:. Telegraph.Co.Uk.
4439:2001Natur.414..748G
4196:10.1093/jtm/taac037
3933:2004JThBi.229..119C
3788:10.1155/2011/527610
3771:"The failure of R0"
3430:2022PhRvE.105e2301H
3257:Stanford University
3217:2020Natur.583..346A
3180:on February 1, 2020
3114:2009Sci...324.1557F
2709:
2549:
2053:
1440:mathematical models
969:degree distribution
569:endemic equilibrium
565:herd immunity level
7052:Selection pressure
6348:Force of infection
5976:Contagious disease
5911:Endogenous seeding
5808:Chain of infection
5732:Injection drug use
5643:Vaccination status
5526:Case fatality rate
5444:infectious disease
5357:
5250:Acta Biotheoretica
5231:has a profile for
4922:Antiviral Research
4566:10.1093/cid/ciz808
3781:(527610): 527610.
3601:10.1007/BF00178324
3377:10.1093/cid/cir007
2876:
2849:In popular culture
2696:
2648:(seasonal strains)
2536:
2401:(seasonal strains)
2295:(e.g., rhinovirus)
2040:
2019:
1976:
1941:
1894:
1864:
1821:
1801:
1781:
1759:
1732:
1704:
1674:
1639:
1606:
1573:
1540:
1513:
1486:
1459:
1428:
1401:
1371:
1336:
1301:
1270:
1243:
1223:
1201:
1185:
1145:
1143:
1103:
1101:
1074:
1051:
1024:
996:
953:
918:
888:
791:
752:estimation methods
742:
711:
660:
641:
596:
544:
503:
476:
443:
414:infectious disease
402:
372:
344:
317:
280:
253:
226:
199:
144:
119:(sometimes called
105:
93:
66:
7126:
7125:
7116:Tropical medicine
7057:Synthetic biology
6958:
6957:
6917:Social distancing
6870:Outbreak response
6491:
6490:
6318:Agent-based model
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
5843:Natural reservoir
5833:Infectious period
5823:Incubation period
5780:
5779:
5736:Natural disaster
5705:Tropical diseases
5688:Biodiversity loss
5625:Risk of infection
5615:Microbiome health
5608:Immunosuppression
5403:978-3-540-78910-9
5237:
5002:Nebraska Medicine
4961:Euro Surveillance
4883:(23): 2230–2241.
4109:(12): e420–e428.
4028:978-0-323-95389-4
3408:Physical Review E
3211:(7816): 346–348.
3108:(5934): 1557–61.
3071:978-1-118-63652-7
2982:Calculated using
2853:In the 2011 film
2843:
2842:
2687:
2686:
2527:
2526:
2002:. Estimations of
1906:survival function
1824:{\displaystyle R}
1804:{\displaystyle R}
1784:{\displaystyle R}
1246:{\displaystyle R}
1188:{\displaystyle R}
1172:
1142:
1100:
877:
209:(usually written
202:{\displaystyle R}
16:(Redirected from
7161:
7111:Tropical disease
7047:Reverse zoonosis
7034:One Health Model
6863:Health education
6852:Community health
6771:Cordon sanitaire
6744:Ring vaccination
6714:Repurposed drugs
6601:
6520:Gastrointestinal
6363:Machine learning
6167:Gastrointestinal
6118:Intravenous line
6055:
5969:/Cross-infection
5956:Reverse zoonosis
5929:
5886:
5791:
5772:War and conflict
5640:Nutrition status
5603:Immunodeficiency
5460:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5407:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5334:
5324:
5291:
5273:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5208:
5207:
5197:
5187:
5170:(11): e0242128.
5155:
5149:
5148:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4892:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4848:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4785:
4775:
4766:(6): 1069–1094.
4751:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4679:. Archived from
4670:
4636:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4602:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4433:(6865): 748–51.
4424:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4215:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3978:(13): 1697–707.
3967:
3961:
3960:
3926:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3612:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3423:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3302:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3176:. Archived from
3153:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3057:
3040:
3033:
3022:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2980:
2944:software program
2920:
2915:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2802:ancestral strain
2710:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2550:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2442:Andes hantavirus
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2170:Fecal–oral route
2054:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2017:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1311:by the fraction
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1197:Welsh Government
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1173:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
995:
994:
962:
960:
959:
954:
952:
948:
947:
927:
925:
924:
919:
917:
897:
895:
894:
889:
878:
876:
865:
861:
860:
847:
842:
841:
800:
798:
797:
792:
790:
789:
751:
749:
748:
743:
741:
740:
720:
718:
717:
712:
710:
709:
688:George Macdonald
650:
648:
647:
642:
640:
639:
630:
605:
603:
602:
597:
595:
594:
585:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:
542:
533:
512:
510:
509:
504:
502:
501:
485:
483:
482:
477:
469:
468:
452:
450:
449:
444:
436:
435:
418:infection models
411:
409:
408:
403:
401:
400:
381:
379:
378:
373:
371:
370:
353:
351:
350:
345:
343:
342:
326:
324:
323:
318:
316:
315:
289:
287:
286:
281:
279:
278:
262:
260:
259:
254:
252:
251:
235:
233:
232:
227:
225:
224:
208:
206:
205:
200:
153:
151:
150:
145:
143:
142:
102:
100:
99:
94:
92:
91:
75:
73:
72:
67:
65:
64:
21:
7169:
7168:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7154:Disease ecology
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7066:
6979:Antigenic shift
6974:Antigenic drift
6965:
6954:
6818:Barrier nursing
6766:Contact tracing
6757:
6750:
6595:
6593:
6586:
6497:
6487:
6388:
6382:
6373:Serial interval
6292:
6276:
6267:Cervico-vaginal
6262:
6253:Trans-placental
6248:
6232:
6200:
6162:
6098:Vascular system
6097:
6091:
6046:
6034:
6028:
5968:
5960:
5920:
5877:
5795:
5776:
5667:
5598:Immune response
5564:
5543:Drug resistance
5487:Infectious dose
5451:
5440:
5410:
5404:
5383:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5294:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5226:
5222:
5217:
5215:Further reading
5212:
5211:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4814:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4493:
4491:
4490:on May 12, 2020
4482:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4447:10.1038/414748a
4418:
4417:
4413:
4380:(6): e1000291.
4367:
4366:
4362:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3505:(4): e1002588.
3492:
3491:
3487:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2918:COVID-19 portal
2916:
2909:
2904:Medicine portal
2902:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2739:Omicron variant
2726:
2703:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2566:
2543:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2070:
2047:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1914:Jacobian matrix
1884:
1879:
1878:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1813:
1812:
1793:
1792:
1773:
1772:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:Limitations of
1326:
1321:
1320:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1235:
1234:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1177:
1176:
1163:
1161:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1085:
1066:
1065:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1014:
1009:
1008:
986:
981:
980:
977:
939:
930:
929:
902:
901:
866:
852:
848:
833:
828:
827:
813:
807:
781:
776:
775:
765:
759:
754:
732:
727:
726:
701:
696:
695:
676:
631:
612:
611:
586:
573:
572:
534:
515:
514:
493:
488:
487:
460:
455:
454:
427:
422:
421:
392:
387:
386:
362:
357:
356:
334:
329:
328:
307:
302:
301:
270:
265:
264:
243:
238:
237:
216:
211:
210:
191:
190:
168:expected number
134:
129:
128:
83:
78:
77:
56:
51:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7167:
7165:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7131:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7009:Emergent virus
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6944:
6942:Vector control
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6885:N95 respirator
6877:
6872:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6758:pharmaceutical
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6625:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6607:
6605:
6604:Pharmaceutical
6598:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6555:Cardiovascular
6553:
6548:
6543:
6540:
6535:
6534:Nervous system
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6510:
6501:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6358:Infection rate
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6113:Injection site
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6082:Dental aerosol
6079:
6078:
6077:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6007:
6004:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5966:Human-to-human
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5863:Super-spreader
5860:
5858:Superinfection
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5767:Vector control
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5696:Climate zones
5694:
5692:Climate change
5689:
5686:
5683:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5506:Quorum sensing
5503:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5381:
5354:
5350:
5335:
5307:(4): 281–293.
5292:
5256:(3): 189–204.
5244:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5150:
5099:
5073:
5016:
4988:
4947:
4912:
4863:
4804:
4797:
4746:
4709:(2): 316–321.
4689:
4645:(9): 638–640.
4622:
4589:
4540:
4523:. p. 26.
4508:
4501:
4475:
4411:
4360:
4329:
4294:
4275:(2): 265–302.
4259:
4227:
4190:(3). Table 1.
4167:
4155:
4128:
4098:
4089:
4040:
4027:
3997:
3962:
3901:
3894:
3872:
3857:
3840:
3812:
3758:
3745:978-3642391491
3744:
3724:
3673:
3659:10.1086/425271
3632:
3579:
3563:
3536:
3499:PLOS Pathogens
3485:
3459:
3414:(5): L052301.
3391:
3370:(7): 911–916.
3350:
3308:
3288:
3262:
3240:
3191:
3172:
3145:
3085:
3070:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3023:
3011:
3001:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:E-epidemiology
2934:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2907:
2891:
2888:
2873:
2869:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2824:
2808:
2805:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2668:
2652:
2649:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2609:
2606:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2541:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2463:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2394:
2378:
2362:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2331:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2272:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2045:
2016:
2012:
1973:
1969:
1956:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1891:
1887:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1820:
1800:
1780:
1756:
1752:
1729:
1725:
1701:
1697:
1671:
1667:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1537:
1533:
1510:
1506:
1483:
1479:
1456:
1452:
1425:
1421:
1398:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1352:
1333:
1329:
1298:
1294:
1267:
1263:
1242:
1220:
1216:
1184:
1160:
1157:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1099:
1096:
1073:
1048:
1044:
1021:
1017:
993:
989:
976:
973:
963:is the second
951:
946:
942:
938:
916:
913:
910:
887:
884:
881:
875:
872:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
845:
840:
836:
809:Main article:
806:
803:
788:
784:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
753:
739:
735:
723:
708:
704:
675:
672:
638:
634:
629:
625:
622:
619:
593:
589:
584:
580:
541:
537:
532:
528:
525:
522:
500:
496:
475:
472:
467:
463:
442:
439:
434:
430:
399:
395:
369:
365:
341:
337:
314:
310:
277:
273:
250:
246:
223:
219:
198:
141:
137:
90:
86:
63:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7166:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:Sterilization
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6890:Surgical mask
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6847:Public health
6845:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6699:Phage therapy
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6682:Immunotherapy
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6640:Antimicrobial
6638:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6531:Genitourinary
6530:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:in population
6385:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6353:Herd immunity
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:Genitourinary
6235:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6179:Contamination
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:Vector-borne
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5933:Cross-species
5930:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5873:Window period
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5838:Latent period
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5717:Deforestation
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5662:Stress levels
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5494:Pathogenicity
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5214:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5017:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4610:
4606:
4605:The Telegraph
4601:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4374:PLOS Medicine
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4310:(4): 88–153.
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4060:(4): 281–93.
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3924:q-bio/0503006
3920:
3917:(1): 119–26.
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3895:0-471-49241-8
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:(4): 365–82.
3594:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3552:(9): 813–29.
3551:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3250:"Notes On R0"
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3179:
3175:
3173:1-74186-357-0
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3046:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2825:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:Alpha variant
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:Delta variant
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2706:herd immunity
2700:
2694:
2692:
2669:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2626:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:2009 pandemic
2597:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:herd immunity
2540:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2422:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2379:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:2014 outbreak
2353:
2350:
2349:
2332:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2273:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2050:herd immunity
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1971:
1967:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1833:doubling time
1818:
1798:
1778:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1727:
1723:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1535:
1531:
1508:
1504:
1481:
1477:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1423:
1419:
1396:
1392:
1366:
1362:
1351:
1349:
1348:herd immunity
1346:drops below,
1331:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1265:
1261:
1240:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1182:
1158:
1156:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1097:
1094:
1071:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1019:
1015:
991:
987:
974:
972:
970:
966:
944:
940:
911:
898:
885:
882:
879:
870:
857:
853:
843:
838:
834:
825:
823:
818:
812:
804:
802:
786:
782:
773:
769:
764:
756:
737:
733:
722:
706:
702:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
669:
668:microorganism
665:
656:
652:
636:
632:
627:
623:
620:
617:
609:
591:
587:
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:Herd immunity
539:
535:
530:
526:
523:
520:
498:
494:
473:
470:
465:
461:
440:
437:
432:
428:
419:
415:
397:
393:
383:
367:
363:
339:
335:
312:
308:
299:
297:
296:doubling time
293:
275:
271:
248:
244:
221:
217:
196:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
139:
135:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
88:
84:
61:
57:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7139:Epidemiology
6830:Notification
6801:Hand washing
6796:Food hygiene
6781:Disinfection
6677:Immunization
6628:Anthelmintic
6616:prophylactic
6504:Respiratory
6428:Hyperendemic
6378:WAIFW matrix
6332:
6033:Environment-
5786:Transmission
5762:Urbanization
5560:Host tropism
5456:Determinants
5442:Concepts in
5385:
5373:. Retrieved
5304:
5300:
5253:
5249:
5233:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5090:. Retrieved
5086:
5076:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
5000:
4991:
4967:(25): 14–8.
4964:
4960:
4950:
4928:(1): 38–43.
4925:
4921:
4915:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4858:
4824:
4820:
4795:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4681:the original
4642:
4638:
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4604:
4592:
4560:(1): 89–97.
4557:
4553:
4543:
4534:
4516:
4511:
4499:
4494:December 27,
4492:. Retrieved
4488:the original
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4430:
4426:
4414:
4377:
4373:
4363:
4349:(9): 27–38.
4346:
4342:
4332:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4237:
4230:
4187:
4183:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4138:
4131:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4032:, retrieved
4010:
4000:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3885:
3875:
3866:
3860:
3850:
3843:
3832:, retrieved
3828:
3778:
3774:
3749:. Retrieved
3734:
3727:
3693:(5): 131–4.
3690:
3686:
3676:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3471:
3411:
3407:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3318:
3314:
3279:. Retrieved
3275:
3265:
3256:
3243:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3178:the original
3162:
3105:
3101:
3061:
3055:
2998:
2984:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2721:
2717:Transmission
2698:
2688:
2561:
2557:Transmission
2538:
2528:
2065:
2061:Transmission
2042:
1958:
1904:include the
1876:
1771:
1686:
1383:
1316:
1312:
1281:
1204:
1202:
1063:
978:
899:
826:
814:
766:
725:Overview of
684:Alfred Lotka
677:
661:
564:
560:
555:
384:
300:
236:, sometimes
159:
155:
154:(pronounced
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:epidemiology
106:
43:
7083:Eradication
6994:Biosecurity
6719:Vaccination
6694:Inoculation
6672:Drug safety
6667:Combination
6594:and Control
6542:Soft tissue
6496:Anatomical
6463:Seasonality
6443:Mesoendemic
6423:Holoendemic
6416:Farr's laws
6328:Attack rate
6126:Animal bite
6122:Insect bite
6058:Respiratory
5685:Air quality
5673:Environment
5583:Comorbidity
5499:Attack rate
5482:Infectivity
5375:November 6,
5271:1874/383700
5009:January 25,
4530:10665/70863
3184:February 1,
2488:Body fluids
2484:Nipah virus
2361:Body fluids
2293:Common cold
2220:Body fluids
2099:(varicella)
1653:), such as
680:Ronald Ross
664:infectivity
180:vaccination
172:susceptible
127:), denoted
7133:Categories
6966:infections
6907:Sanitation
6875:Quarantine
6734:resistance
6652:Antiseptic
6633:Ascaricide
6623:Antifungal
6611:Antibiotic
6592:Prevention
6525:Intestinal
6458:Prevalence
6438:Inequality
6387:Occurrence
6186:Breastmilk
6070:Bioaerosol
6042:Sapronosis
6017:Horizontal
5889:Endogenous
5868:Viral load
5828:Index case
5340:"Notes on
4831:: 852–64.
3421:2112.07538
3321:(1): 1–4.
3270:Siegel E.
3047:References
2697:Values of
2691:SARS-CoV-2
2537:Values of
2249:Diphtheria
2097:Chickenpox
2041:Values of
1910:eigenvalue
7149:Pandemics
7144:Epidemics
7078:Discovery
7004:Disease X
6964:Emerging
6912:Screening
6813:Isolation
6657:Antiviral
6483:Twindemic
6433:Incidence
6310:Modelling
6273:Perinatal
6205:Cutaneous
6096:Linked to
6006:Perinatal
5925:Exogenous
5917:formation
5659:Pregnancy
5516:Endotoxin
5511:Virulence
5236:(Q901464)
5145:222145689
5050:1708-8305
4907:227259435
4723:2049-0801
4659:0042-9686
4615:March 30,
4468:March 18,
4204:1708-8305
4148:March 27,
3834:March 23,
3751:March 29,
3610:1874/8051
3454:245130970
3281:March 19,
3248:Jones J.
3080:881386962
2856:Contagion
2646:Influenza
2596:Influenza
2575:Influenza
2531:influenza
2399:Influenza
2183:Pertussis
2031:influenza
1837:half-life
1687:Although
1253:is used.
1140:γ
1137:β
1098:γ
1072:β
950:⟩
937:⟨
915:⟩
909:⟨
880:−
874:⟩
868:⟨
863:⟩
850:⟨
621:−
561:threshold
524:−
176:immunized
164:infection
162:), of an
6987:EARS-Net
6902:Safe sex
6854:services
6825:Lockdown
6596:measures
6498:location
6478:Syndemic
6473:Sporadic
6453:Pandemic
6448:Outbreak
6406:Epidemic
6259:Prenatal
6151:Mosquito
6035:to-human
6010:Neonatal
6003:Prenatal
5951:Zoonosis
5796:concepts
5727:Humidity
5712:Commerce
5588:Diabetes
5521:Exotoxin
5331:16849186
5288:10178944
5280:12211331
5204:33175914
5164:PLOS ONE
5137:33020250
5092:July 21,
5087:BBC News
5068:34369565
4983:26132768
4942:23911335
4899:33264545
4855:17634159
4792:28166851
4741:36845803
4677:33012864
4609:Archived
4584:31425581
4463:52799168
4455:11742399
4406:20585374
4355:11016876
4324:12174806
4252:June 17,
4243:Archived
4222:35262737
4123:28757186
4084:16849186
4034:March 2,
3992:18314231
3949:15178190
3829:vice.com
3807:21860658
3719:24175217
3668:15627236
3627:22275430
3558:12995455
3531:22496640
3480:34569883
3446:35706197
3386:21427399
3345:30560777
3235:32620883
3140:19433588
2942:Epi Info
2890:See also
2798:COVID-19
2777:COVID-19
2756:COVID-19
2735:COVID-19
2215:HIV/AIDS
2199:Smallpox
2132:COVID-19
2035:COVID-19
2000:variants
1651:zoonoses
817:networks
156:R nought
6791:Hygiene
6729:booster
6662:Asepsis
6401:Endemic
6396:Cluster
5980:Source
5915:Biofilm
5752:Poverty
5722:Ecology
5700:El Niño
5653:Smoking
5531:factors
5472:Biofilm
5448:Outline
5322:1578275
5229:Scholia
5195:7657547
5172:Bibcode
5117:Bibcode
5109:Science
5059:8436367
4846:2680121
4783:9507849
4732:9949786
4668:7463189
4575:7312233
4435:Bibcode
4397:2889930
4289:8174658
4213:8992231
4075:1578275
3972:Vaccine
3957:7298792
3929:Bibcode
3798:3157160
3710:3782273
3619:2117040
3522:3320609
3426:Bibcode
3336:6302597
3213:Bibcode
3131:3735127
3110:Bibcode
3102:Science
3006:
2989:
2792:75–80%
2713:Disease
2553:Disease
2304:50–67%
2243:50–75%
2227:50–80%
2209:71–83%
2206:3.5–6.0
2177:80–86%
2159:83–86%
2149:Rubella
2143:65–89%
2140:2.9-9.5
2126:90–92%
2108:90–92%
2102:Aerosol
2091:92–94%
2084:Aerosol
2079:Measles
2057:Disease
1996:strains
1992:species
1912:of the
1655:malaria
1384:Use of
692:malaria
674:History
420:, when
166:is the
39:R-value
6999:CRISPR
6951:Zoning
6806:Gloves
6217:Fomite
6051:Routes
5946:Vector
5813:Fomite
5794:Basic
5757:Travel
5637:Gender
5400:
5329:
5319:
5286:
5278:
5202:
5192:
5143:
5135:
5066:
5056:
5048:
4981:
4940:
4905:
4897:
4853:
4843:
4790:
4780:
4739:
4729:
4721:
4675:
4665:
4657:
4582:
4572:
4504:(2-5).
4461:
4453:
4427:Nature
4404:
4394:
4353:
4322:
4287:
4220:
4210:
4202:
4121:
4082:
4072:
4025:
3990:
3955:
3947:
3892:
3805:
3795:
3742:
3717:
3707:
3666:
3625:
3617:
3556:
3529:
3519:
3478:
3452:
3444:
3384:
3343:
3333:
3276:Forbes
3233:
3205:Nature
3170:
3138:
3128:
3078:
3068:
3035:When R
2987:= 1 −
2603:strain
2254:Saliva
1988:genera
1916:, the
965:moment
900:where
160:R zero
111:, the
7071:Other
6579:Fetus
6574:Mouth
6569:Tooth
6564:Blood
6551:Joint
6411:Curve
6281:Other
6228:wound
6226:Open
6196:Feces
6191:Water
5882:Modes
5740:Flood
5464:Agent
5370:(PDF)
5284:S2CID
5141:S2CID
5036:(7).
4903:S2CID
4827:(6).
4684:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4459:S2CID
4246:(PDF)
4143:(PDF)
3953:S2CID
3919:arXiv
3623:S2CID
3450:S2CID
3416:arXiv
3253:(PDF)
2965:Notes
2352:Ebola
2165:Polio
2123:10–12
2114:Mumps
2105:10–12
2088:12–18
1998:, or
290:is a
115:, or
6835:list
6756:Non-
6546:Bone
6538:Skin
6222:Soil
6212:Burn
6174:Food
6156:Tick
5818:Host
5578:Burn
5570:Host
5398:ISBN
5377:2018
5327:PMID
5276:PMID
5200:PMID
5133:PMID
5094:2021
5064:PMID
5046:ISSN
5011:2022
4979:PMID
4938:PMID
4895:PMID
4851:PMID
4788:PMID
4737:PMID
4719:ISSN
4673:PMID
4655:ISSN
4617:2020
4580:PMID
4536:2-4.
4496:2020
4470:2020
4451:PMID
4402:PMID
4351:PMID
4320:PMID
4285:PMID
4254:2021
4218:PMID
4200:ISSN
4150:2020
4119:PMID
4080:PMID
4036:2023
4023:ISBN
3988:PMID
3945:PMID
3890:ISBN
3836:2020
3803:PMID
3779:2011
3753:2015
3740:ISBN
3715:PMID
3664:PMID
3615:PMID
3554:PMID
3527:PMID
3476:PMID
3442:PMID
3382:PMID
3341:PMID
3283:2020
3231:PMID
3186:2020
3168:ISBN
3136:PMID
3076:OCLC
3066:ISBN
2771:80%
2750:89%
2729:HIT
2704:and
2590:50%
2569:HIT
2544:and
2500:MERS
2310:Mpox
2233:SARS
2193:82%
2073:HIT
2048:and
2033:and
1835:or
1634:<
1601:>
1568:<
471:<
438:>
6895:PPE
6583:Eye
6244:Sex
6065:Air
5634:Age
5390:doi
5317:PMC
5309:doi
5266:hdl
5258:doi
5190:PMC
5180:doi
5125:doi
5113:370
5054:PMC
5038:doi
4969:doi
4930:doi
4926:100
4885:doi
4881:383
4841:PMC
4833:doi
4825:136
4778:PMC
4768:doi
4764:145
4727:PMC
4711:doi
4663:PMC
4647:doi
4570:PMC
4562:doi
4525:hdl
4443:doi
4431:414
4392:PMC
4382:doi
4312:doi
4277:doi
4208:PMC
4192:doi
4111:doi
4070:PMC
4062:doi
4015:doi
3980:doi
3937:doi
3915:229
3793:PMC
3783:doi
3705:PMC
3695:doi
3654:doi
3650:191
3605:hdl
3597:doi
3517:PMC
3507:doi
3434:doi
3412:105
3372:doi
3331:PMC
3323:doi
3221:doi
3209:583
3126:PMC
3118:doi
3106:324
2836:71%
2827:65%
2820:3.4
2816:2.4
2811:2.9
2789:4–5
2768:5.1
2747:9.5
2680:29%
2671:23%
2664:1.4
2660:1.2
2655:1.3
2637:51%
2628:37%
2621:2.0
2617:1.3
2612:1.6
2523:0%
2517:0.8
2513:0.3
2508:0.5
2494:0%
2491:0.5
2475:36%
2466:16%
2459:1.6
2455:0.8
2450:1.2
2433:29%
2424:23%
2417:1.4
2413:1.2
2408:1.3
2390:44%
2381:44%
2374:1.8
2370:1.4
2365:1.8
2343:63%
2334:53%
2327:2.7
2323:1.1
2318:2.1
2301:2–3
2284:77%
2275:62%
2268:4.3
2264:1.7
2259:2.6
2240:2–4
2224:2–5
2190:5.5
2174:5–7
2156:6–7
2037:).
1874:).
1233:or
721:.
571:is
563:or
158:or
123:or
107:In
7135::
5396:.
5325:.
5315:.
5303:.
5299:.
5282:.
5274:.
5264:.
5254:50
5252:.
5198:.
5188:.
5178:.
5168:15
5166:.
5162:.
5139:.
5131:.
5123:.
5111:.
5085:.
5062:.
5052:.
5044:.
5034:28
5032:.
5028:.
4999:.
4977:.
4965:20
4963:.
4959:.
4936:.
4924:.
4901:.
4893:.
4879:.
4875:.
4857:.
4849:.
4839:.
4823:.
4819:.
4807:^
4794:.
4786:.
4776:.
4762:.
4758:.
4735:.
4725:.
4717:.
4707:85
4705:.
4701:.
4671:.
4661:.
4653:.
4643:98
4641:.
4637:.
4603:.
4578:.
4568:.
4558:71
4556:.
4552:.
4498:.
4457:.
4449:.
4441:.
4429:.
4425:.
4400:.
4390:.
4376:.
4372:.
4347:49
4345:.
4341:.
4318:.
4308:20
4306:.
4283:.
4273:15
4271:.
4216:.
4206:.
4198:.
4188:29
4186:.
4182:.
4170:^
4117:.
4107:17
4105:.
4078:.
4068:.
4056:.
4052:.
4021:,
4009:,
3986:.
3976:26
3974:.
3951:.
3943:.
3935:.
3927:.
3913:.
3884:.
3827:,
3815:^
3801:.
3791:.
3777:.
3773:.
3761:^
3713:.
3703:.
3689:.
3685:.
3662:.
3648:.
3644:.
3621:.
3613:.
3603:.
3593:28
3591:.
3550:49
3548:.
3525:.
3515:.
3501:.
3497:.
3474:.
3462:^
3448:.
3440:.
3432:.
3424:.
3410:.
3406:.
3394:^
3380:.
3368:52
3366:.
3362:.
3339:.
3329:.
3319:25
3317:.
3313:.
3311:)"
3291:^
3274:.
3255:.
3229:.
3219:.
3207:.
3203:.
3160:.
3148:^
3134:.
3124:.
3116:.
3104:.
3100:.
3088:^
3074:.
3026:^
3014:^
2973:^
2839:)
2832:58
2804:)
2693:.
2683:)
2676:17
2640:)
2633:25
2587:2
2581:)
2533:.
2478:)
2436:)
2429:17
2393:)
2386:31
2346:)
2339:22
2287:)
2280:41
1994:,
971:.
801:.
682:,
298:.
5450:)
5446:(
5435:e
5428:t
5421:v
5406:.
5392::
5379:.
5367:"
5353:0
5349:R
5333:.
5311::
5305:2
5290:.
5268::
5260::
5240:.
5206:.
5182::
5174::
5147:.
5127::
5119::
5096:.
5070:.
5040::
5013:.
4985:.
4971::
4944:.
4932::
4909:.
4887::
4835::
4798:0
4770::
4743:.
4713::
4649::
4619:.
4586:.
4564::
4527::
4502:0
4472:.
4445::
4437::
4408:.
4384::
4378:7
4357:.
4326:.
4314::
4291:.
4279::
4256:.
4224:.
4194::
4152:.
4125:.
4113::
4099:0
4086:.
4064::
4058:2
4017::
3994:.
3982::
3959:.
3939::
3931::
3921::
3898:.
3809:.
3785::
3755:.
3721:.
3697::
3691:1
3670:.
3656::
3629:.
3607::
3599::
3576:.
3560:.
3533:.
3509::
3503:8
3482:.
3456:.
3436::
3428::
3418::
3388:.
3374::
3347:.
3325::
3309:0
3285:.
3259:.
3237:.
3223::
3215::
3188:.
3142:.
3120::
3112::
3082:.
3037:0
3009:.
3002:0
2999:R
2995:/
2992:1
2985:p
2872:0
2868:R
2834:–
2829:(
2823:)
2818:–
2813:(
2800:(
2783:)
2779:(
2762:)
2758:(
2741:)
2737:(
2725:0
2722:R
2702:0
2699:R
2678:–
2673:(
2667:)
2662:–
2657:(
2635:–
2630:(
2624:)
2619:–
2614:(
2605:)
2598:(
2577:(
2565:0
2562:R
2542:0
2539:R
2520:)
2515:–
2510:(
2473:–
2471:0
2468:(
2462:)
2457:–
2452:(
2431:–
2426:(
2420:)
2415:–
2410:(
2388:–
2383:(
2377:)
2372:–
2367:(
2358:)
2354:(
2341:–
2336:(
2330:)
2325:–
2320:(
2282:–
2277:(
2271:)
2266:–
2261:(
2069:0
2066:R
2046:0
2043:R
2015:0
2011:R
1972:0
1968:R
1937:0
1933:R
1890:0
1886:R
1860:2
1856:/
1852:1
1848:t
1839:(
1819:R
1799:R
1779:R
1755:0
1751:R
1728:0
1724:R
1700:0
1696:R
1670:0
1666:R
1637:1
1629:0
1625:R
1604:1
1596:0
1592:R
1571:1
1563:0
1559:R
1536:0
1532:R
1509:0
1505:R
1482:0
1478:R
1455:0
1451:R
1424:0
1420:R
1397:0
1393:R
1367:0
1363:R
1332:e
1328:R
1317:S
1313:S
1297:0
1293:R
1282:t
1266:t
1262:R
1241:R
1219:e
1215:R
1199:.
1183:R
1131:=
1126:0
1122:R
1095:1
1047:0
1043:R
1020:0
1016:R
992:0
988:R
945:2
941:k
912:k
886:,
883:1
871:k
858:2
854:k
844:=
839:0
835:R
787:0
783:R
738:0
734:R
707:0
703:Z
637:0
633:R
628:/
624:1
618:1
592:0
588:R
583:/
579:1
540:0
536:R
531:/
527:1
521:1
499:0
495:R
474:1
466:0
462:R
441:1
433:0
429:R
398:0
394:R
368:0
364:R
340:0
336:R
313:0
309:R
276:0
272:R
249:e
245:R
222:t
218:R
197:R
140:0
136:R
89:0
85:R
62:0
58:R
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
