Climate change in Sri Lanka

206:. The Northwest region has an annual average rainfall of less than 1 metre, while the Southwest central hills above 5 m. And due to the seasonal variations and topography, Sri Lanka is divided into 3 zones: wet, moderate, and dry. Even though rain helps in supporting the biodiversity of the dense forests covering around 30% of the country, however, the process of deforestation in wet areas contributes to erosion and dangerous landslides. Cyclical pattern of floods and droughts is prompting people to stress and making it difficult for them to cope with their lives. Heavy rain on the other hand, in western and southern regions, leads to major landslides thus killing more than 500 people and affecting 1.3 million in 2016–2017. Water and vector-borne illnesses can be a direct effect of severe flooding, which can make it even more difficult to maintain sanitation. More than 6 million people have been affected by the drought in the past 30 years. Ironically, in Sri Lanka the number of consecutive wet days decrease while the number of consecutive dry days increased. The most drought vulnerable districts are: 479:

variation in temperature and precipitation. Near-coastal areas like fertile strips of land that are critical for production of rice and coconuts, two major exports and nutritional staples are under threat from saltwater intrusion and extreme weather events, particularly drought. As a result, various types of food insecurity and malnutrition are still prevalent and show high regional disparity which is likely to worsen in the face of climate change. Additionally, poor infrastructure in rural areas severely constrains farmers in bringing goods to market. Rivers on the wetzone of the country feed agricultural irrigation systems, which covers 13 percent of the cropped land. The increase of flood and drought frequency may lead to straining these systems especially in the dry zone where 70 percent of the rice paddies are located. The three most water marginalized irrigation districts are Thanamalwila, (Moneragala District), Anamaduwa (Puttalam District), and Horowpothana (Anuradhapura District).

513:. However, climate change has increased its vulnerability and contracted its power. Sri Lanka is facing exceptionally high frequencies and severity of vector and rodent-borne diseases due to the compromised environmental conditions that are conducive to their breeding caused by urbanization, overcrowding, increased daytime and nighttime temperatures, and poor water management practices. Additionally, both agricultural and fishing yields have been impacted by the changing climate conditions, worsening the food insecurity, leaving 29 percent of children under five underweight. Food, waterborne illnesses, and direct weather-related health risks are also expected to increase mostly affecting 28 percent of the population working in agricultural fields. Both the general public and the Ministry of Health lack aren't mindful enough of the health risks associated with climate change. 253:

cyclones, but only less than one-third of the island is protected by them. Sri Lankan authorities have realized the benefits of coastal vegetation, but more efforts to restore these shrubs and harden unprotected coastlines may be needed. Sea levels could rise by 0.13 meters and up to 0.4 meters by 2030 estimated a linear interpolation of end of century global sea level estimated. Meanwhile, a linear interpolation of end of century global sea level by 2050 is speculated to rise by 0.2 meters and up to 0.58 meters. Thus, in turns, inundation is expected to reach approximately to 41 square km for a rise of 0.3 meters, and 91.25 square kilometers for a rise of 1 meter for lowlands along the coastal lines.

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This makes Sri Lanka in the front line of war against child labour. Sectors such as manufacturing and agricultural have a reliance upon onshore and offshore infrastructure for export. Therefore, damage to these systems can hit Sri Lankan economy. As for infrastructure, most of the electricity generated by hydroelectric plants, faces challenges. Generation facilities and reservoir infrastructure have been designed for specific rainfall patterns and volumes. Changing rainfall patterns are likely to affect supply. As increases in heavy precipitation may overburden and potentially cause them damage and thus reduce generating capacity.

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Ratnayake, 2019), specific areas such as the South and the West parts of the country are at high risk of IAPS development due to the high climate suitability for them. Therefore, to combat these plant invaders these researchers concluded that early detection, rapid intervention, effective eradication/control must be taken by land managers. Four major bills and three national policies are currently focused on the spread of invasive alien fauna in Sri Lanka, yet more help is urgently needed.

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poverty, and decreased productivity al caused by climate change. In April, 2016, the World Bank Broad approved a sum of $ 45 million to assist in protecting Sri Lanka's natural resources and habitats though the Eco-systems conservation and Management Project (ESCAMP). This project had the following achievements:

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Our experience over the past 12 years indicates that agriculture, fisheries and tourism related activities have a great impact on our natural resources. Over 70% of our people depend on agricultural activities for their livelihoods. The SLWCS devotes most of its effort to introducing better land use

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seasonally adjusted from 2006 to 2017 shows increase in sea level at a rate of 0.288 ± 0.118 mm/month. In the next 50 years, sea level is expected to rise by about 0.1 m – 0.2 m. 25 percent of the population reside in vulnerable to sea level areas (within 1 km of the coast). In Sri Lanka,

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As for cyclones, the severity has been recorded to be moderate during the past experience. In the months of November and December the northern region of the county is affected by them. As for the near future, future estimates do not have readily available information about the occurrence of cyclones

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by 2.0 C per decade. A vast difference is traced in rising temperatures as the 100 year warming trend from 1896 to 1996 is only 0.003 C per year, meanwhile the 10 year temperature trend from 1987 to 1996 is already 0.025 C per year. This indicates that the warming trend is accelerating. According to

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According to Francoise Colters, director of World Bank country for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, natural ecosystems in Sri Lanka should be well managed and preserved, for they are responsible for contributing to natural economy through nature-based tourism. These ecosystems prevent natural disasters,

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In addition, droughts may cause reservoirs to underproduce during prolonged dry periods. Sectors such as service and industrial highly rely on the availability of electricity to function Sabotaging the latter two will take toll on Sri Lanka's economy as industry and services account for 30 percent

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These climate stressors immediately have a long-term effect on communities, specifically the damage on local infra structure and households. Post-disaster poverty, lack of job opportunities, low school attendance and high risk of drop outs is usually evident in districts hit by floods and droughts.

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and vegetable cultivation. This sector is crucial to the country's economy: comprising 7.8 percent of GDP and employing 28% of the labor force. However, climate change is taking a toll on domestic market, food security, and export potential. The main crops in Sri Lanka are particularly sensitive to

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scientists this is due to the increase in the greenhouse gasses (global) as well as the rapid urbanization causing the heat effect (local). The mean annual temperature in the country is expected to increase in the near future (2030), and to possibly increase even more in the years surrounding 2050.

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Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon,

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of 75%) have not been adequately tackled. More impacts of IAS on native species could be listed as follows: direct destruction, competitive exclusion, and hybridization. IAS have caused at least 39% of species extinction during the past 400 years. According to ( Kariyawasam, Lalit Kumar, Sujith S.

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released by IUCN during COP25 stated the fact that the average amount of oxygen in the oceans has been reduced by 2% globally. Moreover, a 30% decrease of oxygen in waters off the coast of California, and the hypoxic incident in Panama resulting in a 75% loss of coral diversity. Based on a report

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The signs of ocean acidification are evident as is deoxygenation, which has damaging effects on biodiversity, marine ecosystems, biomass, and availability of habitats. Specially in low and middle income countries where the inhabitants depend on fishing and reef-based tourism, this could lead to a

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To aid Sri Lanka in being more prepared to face natural disasters, the Australian government, WEP and UNICEF joined forces and signed a 3-year partnership (2018-2020). This project targets the most vulnerable districts in Sri Lanka. In fact, hundreds of thousands of dollars were invested in this

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and cyclones. It is expected that rising sea levels and storm surges erode shorelines, degrade the health of coastal ecosystems, and potentially displace coastal populations. Mangroves and other forms of coastal shrubs and vegetation offer protect shores and reduce vulnerability to tsunamis and

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notably declined the progress and shifted its focus unto the building of resilience to natural disasters. Though documents were produced regarding the climate change impact and the potential risk mitigation, implementation has generally been limited. Despite that, the Sri Lankan government has

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Climate change threatens both surface water and groundwater sources upon which Sri Lankans depend for domestic use, agriculture, energy generation and industry. The availability of drinking water is the main concern. Nevertheless, increased droughts along with salt water intrusion into coastal

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Climate change will impact Sri Lankan biodiversity through increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. Adopting environmentally-proactive practices, such as reserves and local and national government policy, will slow the impact of climate change on Sri Lanka as it searches for a long-term

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Tourism activities are also inherently vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions brought on by drought and floods. Tourism has always been a healthy industry, but these climate hazards will increasingly threaten the ability to provide visitors with a safe and attractive destination.

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Ranked as the 4th most affected country by climate change in 2016, Sri Lanka's vast majority of natural disasters are a result of climate variations. Consequently, it necessitates stronger disaster preparedness and proper interventions to build resistance in response to climate change.

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released by the intergovernmental panel of climate change, since the very 80s, the ocean has absorbed 20% to 30% of emitted carbon dioxide. While others claim that 90% of the heat gained by the planet has also been absorbed by the ocean. There are now calls for the inclusion of

222:. Near future estimates of drought conditions in Sri Lanka are highly uncertain (2030). As for the years surrounding 2050 an increased frequency and intensity of droughts are estimated: thus leading to reduced crop growth exasperated by increased temperatures and evaporation. 941:

Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate

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after 2030 and thus are highly uncertain. However, for the future surrounding the year 2050, an accelerated risk of coastal disasters is estimated. For instance, an expected increase of 10-20% in tropical cyclone intensities is triggered by a rise in

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in these vulnerable communities. For example, it was suggested that Sri Lanka should increase non-agriculture jobs by 30 percent, enhance the level of education, and reduce the time to reach the market. These changes ought to be implemented together.

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Sri Lanka is a small island nation with rich and various marine ecosystems. Thus, the inhabitants of Sri Lanka rely heavily on fisheries, with approximately a quarter of a million families make their living from fishing. However, climate change in

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The framework will help Sri Lanka offset potential climate changes in the near future. The NCCAS understands that halting climate change is unrealistic, and many of their goals concern economic and environmental preparation and understanding.

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Kularatne, Ranil Kavindra Asela (March 2020). "Unregulated and illegal fishing by foreign fishing boats in Sri Lankan waters with special reference to bottom trawling in northern Sri Lanka: A critical analysis of the Sri Lankan legislation".

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on the IUCN red list. Declining in population, the last count of bubble-nest frogs was estimated at 1,500. They prefer to live on the ground or on low branches near water sources in Sri Lanka's southern canopy-covered forests. The

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can have a detrimental impact on amphibians, and prolonged droughts and periods of increased intense precipitation have resulted in a decline in amphibian diversity. Twenty-two amphibian species are endangered, and 27 are extinct.

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Sri Lanka lists 12 invasive alien species of animals most of which are vertebrates and least are invertebrates. In developing countries, like Sri Lanka, the consequences of the invasive alien plant species (IAPS) on biodiversity

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environment for humans and other species. The Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society's (SLWCS) main purpose is to conserve the island's dwindling biodiversity. They have completed several conservation projects, including a

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Satyanarayana, Behara; Van Der Stocken, Tom; Rans, Guillaume; Kodikara, Kodikara Arachchilage Sunanda; Ronsmans, Gaétane; Jayatissa, Loku Pulukkuttige; Husain, Mohd-Lokman; Koedam, Nico; Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid (2017-10-01).

51:, and its effects threaten to impact both human and natural systems. Roughly 50 percent of its 22 million citizens live in low-lying coastal areas in the west, south, and south-west of the island, and are at risk of future 1329:

Palamakumbure, Lakshika; Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan; Premasiri, H. M. Ranjith; Ratnayake, Nalin Prasanna; Katupotha, Jinadasa; Dushyantha, Nimila; Weththasinghe, Shanaka; Weerakoon, W. A. Panchala (2020-05-12).

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Some regions in mid-country exhibit climatic suitability to promote the cultivation of neglected and underutilized fruit species. And that in turns, will directly affect economy and food security in Sri Lanka.

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inhabits the southwestern region of the country's wet-zone forest; its characteristics include its black-brown color, medium-large size and distinctive green beak. In 2010, the species was placed on the

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Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda 2004. Pseudophilautus silus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 7 February 2011.

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Kurukulasuriya P, Ihsan Ajwad M. . Application of the Ricardian Technique to Estimate the Impact of Climate Change on Farming in Sri Lanka, Journal of Climate Change 200 Smallholder 7;81 (1): 39–59.

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Another major obstacle to progress is the lack of a long-term funding strategy. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia and Mauritius have contributed $ 28.7 million to efforts through the

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aquifers, are expected to seriously deplete freshwater availability. Due to the increased economic activity a high level of groundwater extraction and pollution of existing resources occurs.

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De Costa WAJM. Adaptation of Agricultural Crop Production to Climate Change: A Policy Framework for Sri Lanka. . 38(2):79–89. In: ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science . Available from

3260: 3498: 1398:"Island-wide coastal vulnerability assessment of Sri Lanka reveals that sand dunes, planted trees and natural vegetation may play a role as potential barriers against ocean surges" 2540:

Mendelsohn R, Munasinghe M, Niggol Seo S. . Climate change and agriculture in Sri Lanka: a Ricardian valuation, Journal of Environment and Development Economics 2005; 10: 581–596.

91:, climate change may cause disastrous consequences on various levels in such areas. Such consequences include: Affecting agricultural productivity, causing natural disasters like 2282: 2258: 2160: 3418: 675:

project with children, adolescents, and pregnant women being the most prioritized. Sri Lanka has been actively developing document planning ever since the 1990s. However, the

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and mating resulting from human interaction and the over-exploitation of dense forests threatens the species. Severe weather also impacts bubble-nest frog populations due to

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to minimize Global Warming. Through this act, Sri Lanka will contribute its own share to the world's effort of bringing down global warming to a certain extent.

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species live in Sri Lanka's wet zone, the southwestern part of the island. With 480 bird species on the island, their diversity includes (but is not limited to)

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A general increase in temperature trends 0.16 C has been traced over the years of 1961–1990 with the highest increase of minimum temperature in

3542: 3293: 3129: 2548: 100: 3139: 2346:; Krauss, Ken W.; Hamilton, Stuart E.; Lee, Shing Yip; Lucas, Richard; Primavera, Jurgenne; Rajkaran, Anusha; Shi, Suhua (17 October 2019). 3563: 3503: 3103: 1283: 179: 2406:"Neglected and Underutilized Fruit Species in Sri Lanka: Prioritisation and Understanding the Potential Distribution under Climate Change" 243:

Sea level rise is another expected consequence of climate change in Sri Lanka's coastal zone in the 21st century. The tidal gauge data of

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the coastal zones are the most affected by the uncertain rates of sea-level rise and this could worsen the existing hazards such as

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predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.

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To slow the process of global climate change, education and public awareness are important to reduce the overall consumption of

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and local fisheries, and are important shore barriers and homes for diversified species. Benefits of coral reefs include

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only 1% of all philanthropic resources is directed to save the oceans. Thus more attention is called for on this issue.

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and 62 percent of GDP respectively. Climate hazards also have the ability to affect transportation infrastructure.

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and agricultural practices so that agricultural development can be sustained over the long-term (SLWCS Mission).

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http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Sri_Lanka_to_sign_Paris_Agreement_to_minimize_global_warming_20160319_02

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missions. The SLWCS has seven proposed projects they hope to undertake. According to its mission statement,

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environments. Sea-level rise due to climate change has the potential to affect the overall abundance of

648:, and on careful assessment to ensure that growing conditions will be suitable for the species chosen. 3223: 295:, sea-level rise, increased human interaction, and a lack of corridors which have led to a decline of 17: 3333: 1817: 1616: 955: 880: 641: 540: 131: 3405: 1937:"Adaptation to Climate Change by Smallholder Farmers in Rural Communities: Evidence from Sri Lanka" 645: 544: 444: 423: 406: 311: 37: 2343: 1640: 1311: 585: 394: 356: 320: 202:

The island nation of Sri Lanka possesses significant differences in climate across variations in

155: 2283:"Protecting Sri Lanka's Ecosystems to Preserve Natural Habitats and Resources to Improve Lives" 2259:"Protecting Sri Lanka's Ecosystems to Preserve Natural Habitats and Resources to Improve Lives" 2161:"Protecting Sri Lanka's Ecosystems to Preserve Natural Habitats and Resources to Improve Lives" 302: 172: 1845: 1632: 1476: 1458: 1419: 1353: 1303: 960: 898: 659: 452: 2571: 2417: 2359: 2315: 1948: 1835: 1825: 1624: 1466: 1450: 1409: 1343: 1332:"Sea-level inundation and risk assessment along the south and southwest coasts of Sri Lanka" 1295: 930: 888: 527: 509:

Despite Sri Lanka being a developing country, it provides universal health care through its

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projects of building resilience, Sri Lanka is presented with strategies to help lessen the

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Maas, P.H.J. (2017). Globally Extinct Amphibians. In: TSEW (2017). The Sixth Extinction.

3227: 2209: 1821: 1620: 884: 3373: 3368: 3348: 2617: 2184: 1840: 1805: 1471: 1438: 535: 531: 410: 344: 284: 52: 44: 2438:"Sri Lanka needs stronger disaster preparedness and response to combat climate change" 1115:"Sri Lanka needs stronger disaster preparedness and response to combat climate change" 798:"Sri Lanka needs stronger disaster preparedness and response to combat climate change" 567:

The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) has developed a framework for

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Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022).

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from increased rainfall, which may alter its breeding habitat and force relocation.

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The main source of revenue of agriculture in Sri Lanka is smallholder farming in

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Sri Lanka also hosts 121 amphibian species, 88 of which are considered endemic.

235:, amplification of storm surge heights, and low pressures with tropical storms. 219: 1348: 1331: 919:"Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic" 893: 868: 2511:"How might global warming change hurricane intensity,frequency, and rainfall?" 2320: 1454: 390: 386: 207: 203: 64: 2510: 2422: 2405: 2404:

Ratnayake, Sujith S.; Kumar, Lalit; Kariyawasam, Champika S. (January 2020).

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Safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity from climate-change impacts

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Mainstream climate-change adaptation into national planning and development

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Kariyawasam, Champika S.; Kumar, Lalit; Ratnayake, Sujith S. (June 2019).

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https://web.archive.org/web/20080828004627/http://apps.isiknowledge.com/

1023:"AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability — IPCC" 401:

of coral reefs can negatively impact these communities. Sea-level rise,

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To bring oceans into the climate fight. nature-based solutions such as

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Emissions, impacts and responses of Sri Lanka related to climate change

2348:"The State of the World's Mangrove Forests: Past, Present, and Future" 1830: 1437:

Blankespoor, Brian; Dasgupta, Susmita; Lange, Glenn-Marie (May 2017).

1022: 2491:"5 Coral Reefs of Sri Lanka: Current Status and Resource Management" 1439:"Mangroves as a protection from storm surges in a changing climate" 1584: 365: 92: 31: 2562:"The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report: What's in it for South Asia" 2064: 1494: 1258: 681: 534:

we emit. Sri Lankan nonprofit organizations petition for a more

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such as water filtration and shelter and food for species. Over-

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containing large trees, shrubs, and bushes which are subject to

276: 3242: 2590: 750:"Here's how Climate Change will impact you | UNDP in Sri Lanka" 2513:. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. 2007. 1684:"The 2007 red list of threatened fauna and flora of Sri Lanka" 1570: 2040: 323:

due to woodland destruction. Green-billed coucals live in

182:. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely 2308:"Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way?" 869:"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading" 578:

Enabling climate-resilient and healthy human settlements

431:, but some experts say that it is too little, too late. 1935:

Menike, L.M.C.S.; Arachchi, K.A.G.P. Keeragala (2016).

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Benefit 15000 residents from the most vulnerable groups

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Increase the quality of nature-based and green tourism

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Protect watersheds to boost agricultural productivity

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Gopalakrishnan, Tharani; Kumar, Lalit (2020-09-01).

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efforts may depend heavily on engagement with local

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Promote sustainable agriculture and energy practices

3535: 3514: 3479: 3396: 3304: 3281: 3274: 3174: 3153: 3112: 3014: 2871: 2795: 2647: 1888:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 1864:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 1781:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 1757:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 1733:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 1709:"IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)" 847:"Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World: Sri Lanka" 774:"Building Sri Lanka's Resilience To Climate Change" 726:"Building Sri Lanka's Resilience To Climate Change" 867:Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). 684:(WASH) program through the Ministry of Education. 581:Minimizing climate-change impacts on food security 640:could help to protect coastlines. The success of 422:wide-ranging socioeconomic fall. A new report on 103:, and finally undermining the living standards. 1191:International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 1047:International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 560:to preserve habitats for a number of species. 83:, are considered major hotspots and extremely 3254: 2602: 413:levels also threaten coral-reef communities. 55:. Climate change also threatens the island's 8: 1067:"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal" 604:Foster sustainable use of natural resources. 287:. Bird species of Sri Lanka are impacted by 3278: 3261: 3247: 3239: 2609: 2595: 2587: 2352:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 923:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 680:implemented a number of plans including a 622:Maintain the population of endemic species 2567:Climate and Development Knowledge Network 2421: 2363: 2319: 1952: 1839: 1829: 1470: 1413: 1347: 1187:"IWMI Research Report - 135 :: IWMI" 1043:"IWMI Research Report - 135 :: IWMI" 934: 892: 2380:"Bringing oceans into the climate fight" 1659:"Bringing oceans into the climate fight" 301: 180:the most intense climate change scenario 693: 3543:Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System 2235:"Climate Change Secretariat-Sri Lanka" 2113:"Climate Change Secretariat-Sri Lanka" 1235:"Climate Change Secretariat-Sri Lanka" 968:from the original on 20 September 2023 18:Effects of global warming on Sri Lanka 2365:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033302 2342:Friess, Daniel A.; Rogers, Kerrylee; 1550:from the original on 10 February 2018 936:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847 7: 3212: 1071:climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org 3289:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone 2517:from the original on 20 August 2018 2017:"International Labour Organization" 625:Reduce emissions from deforestation 543:project which involved a number of 1546:. Forest Department of Sri Lanka. 123:Impacts on the natural environment 25: 2497:from the original on 7 March 2018 2462:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 2306:Zimmer, Katarina (22 July 2021). 2137:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 2089:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1993:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1969:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1912:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1519:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1372:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1139:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 1091:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 980:The Australian Academy of Science 822:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 702:"Climate Risk Profile: Sri Lanka" 3222: 3211: 3201: 3200: 954:Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). 171: 154: 75:'s coastal regions, such as the 36:Visualisation of average annual 1629:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.105012 1585:http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct 1402:Global Ecology and Conservation 164:map for Sri Lanka for 1980–2016 146:Temperature and weather changes 3269:Natural disasters in Sri Lanka 2185:"The Weeping Earth: Sri Lanka" 1609:Ocean & Coastal Management 1571:"Earth's Endangered Creatures" 1300:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-19-00155.1 657:Commonwealth Secretary-General 492:Infrastructure and livelihoods 134:. It has 480 bird species (25 106:Currently benefiting from the 101:spread of infectious illnesses 1: 306:Green-billed coucal and chick 162:Köppen climate classification 1954:10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.057 1587:. Downloaded on 27 May 2018. 682:Water Sanitation and Hygiene 556:The country has established 435:Invasive alien plant species 85:vulnerable to climate change 3564:Climate change in Sri Lanka 3527:Climate change in Sri Lanka 1415:10.1016/j.gecco.2017.10.001 1288:Journal of Coastal Research 956:"Explainer: IPCC Scenarios" 40:in Sri Lanka, 1901 to 2020. 3595: 2189:Climate South Asia Network 1544:"Non-wood Forest Products" 1349:10.1186/s40677-020-00154-y 1336:Geoenvironmental Disasters 894:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3 3579:Climate change by country 3354:Tropical Depression Wilma 3195: 2625: 2489:Arjan Rajasuriya (1997). 2321:10.1146/knowable-072221-1 1542:Bharathie, K. P. (2018). 1455:10.1007/s13280-016-0838-x 670:International cooperation 517:Mitigation and adaptation 112:effects of climate change 81:Northern Western Province 47:is an important issue in 3574:Environment of Sri Lanka 2628:Greenhouse gas emissions 2543:Sri Lanka about to sign 2423:10.3390/agronomy10010034 569:combating climate change 530:and limit the amount of 389:also provide income for 3314:1964 Rameswaram cyclone 2065:"Global Climate Change" 1495:"Global Climate Change" 1259:"Global Climate Change" 655:. However according to 653:Commonwealth of Nations 588:of key economic drivers 233:sea surface temperature 3329:2003 Sri Lanka cyclone 3324:2000 Sri Lanka cyclone 3319:1978 Sri Lanka cyclone 3182:Small island countries 2344:Lovelock, Catherine E. 1211:"Publications | GFDRR" 1163:"Publications | GFDRR" 999:"Publications | GFDRR" 984:Climate Action Tracker 638:coral reef restoration 554: 441:invasive alien species 307: 226:Winds and other storms 198:Extreme weather events 142:species (88 endemic). 41: 3504:Tsunami-rail disaster 1941:Procedia Food Science 1569:Glenn, C. R. (2006). 549: 522:Adaptation approaches 305: 35: 3569:Climate of Sri Lanka 2574:on 17 September 2018 2239:www.climatechange.lk 2117:www.climatechange.lk 1239:www.climatechange.lk 642:mangrove restoration 541:wetland conservation 443:(IAS) are second to 291:, prolonged intense 275:Twenty five endemic 178:2071–2100 map under 132:biodiversity hotspot 1822:2019Entrp..21..571K 1621:2020OCM...18505012K 885:2020Natur.577..618H 545:habitat restoration 445:habitat degradation 424:ocean deoxygenation 417:Ocean acidification 407:ocean acidification 312:green-billed coucal 38:temperature anomaly 2045:content.ccrasa.com 845:Lepage, D (2018). 616:Protect ecosystems 586:climate resilience 511:Ministry of Health 395:ecosystem services 321:vulnerable species 308: 42: 3551: 3550: 3392: 3391: 3236: 3235: 3217:Wikimedia Commons 2858:the United States 2312:Knowable Magazine 1831:10.3390/e21060571 660:Patricia Scotland 528:natural resources 460:Impacts on people 99:, increasing the 77:Northern Province 16:(Redirected from 3586: 3419:December–January 3279: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3240: 3226: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3203: 3130:Marshall Islands 2611: 2604: 2597: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2570:. Archived from 2526: 2524: 2522: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2051: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1833: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1351: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1102: 1101: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1009: 995: 989: 988: 975: 973: 951: 945: 944: 938: 913: 907: 906: 896: 879:(7792): 618–20. 864: 858: 857: 855: 853: 842: 836: 835: 833: 832: 818: 812: 811: 809: 808: 794: 788: 787: 785: 784: 770: 764: 763: 761: 760: 746: 740: 739: 737: 736: 722: 716: 715: 713: 712: 698: 465:Economic impacts 353:bubble-nest frog 329:overexploitation 175: 158: 61:marine ecosystem 59:, including its 21: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3531: 3522:Beminitiya Seya 3510: 3481: 3475: 3398: 3388: 3379:Cyclone Tauktae 3300: 3270: 3267: 3237: 3232: 3191: 3170: 3149: 3140:Solomon Islands 3108: 3069:the Netherlands 3010: 2976:the Philippines 2867: 2791: 2643: 2642:in each country 2621: 2615: 2577: 2575: 2560: 2557: 2545:Paris Agreement 2520: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2498: 2488: 2485: 2483:Further reading 2480: 2479: 2470: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2214:Flunking Monkey 2208: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1765: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1243: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1169: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1005: 997: 996: 992: 971: 969: 953: 952: 948: 915: 914: 910: 866: 865: 861: 851: 849: 844: 843: 839: 830: 828: 820: 819: 815: 806: 804: 796: 795: 791: 782: 780: 772: 771: 767: 758: 756: 748: 747: 743: 734: 732: 724: 723: 719: 710: 708: 700: 699: 695: 690: 672: 524: 519: 507: 494: 485: 472: 467: 462: 437: 419: 409:and increasing 403:coral bleaching 374: 362:loss of habitat 341: 285:migratory birds 273: 268: 259: 257:Water resources 241: 228: 200: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 176: 167: 166: 165: 159: 148: 125: 69:endemic species 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3592: 3590: 3582: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3374:Cyclone Burevi 3371: 3369:Cyclone Amphan 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349:Cyclone Viyaru 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3283: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3251: 3243: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3208: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3106: 3104:United Kingdom 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618:Climate change 2616: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2556: 2555:External links 2553: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2507: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2453: 2442:www.unicef.org 2429: 2396: 2371: 2334: 2298: 2274: 2250: 2226: 2201: 2176: 2152: 2128: 2104: 2080: 2056: 2032: 2008: 1984: 1960: 1927: 1903: 1879: 1855: 1796: 1772: 1748: 1724: 1700: 1675: 1650: 1598: 1589: 1576: 1561: 1534: 1510: 1486: 1449:(4): 478–491. 1429: 1387: 1363: 1321: 1294:(5): 951–960. 1274: 1250: 1226: 1202: 1178: 1154: 1130: 1119:www.unicef.org 1106: 1082: 1058: 1034: 1014: 990: 946: 908: 859: 837: 813: 802:www.unicef.org 789: 765: 741: 717: 692: 691: 689: 686: 671: 668: 630: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 593: 592: 589: 582: 579: 576: 532:carbon dioxide 523: 520: 518: 515: 506: 505:Health impacts 503: 493: 490: 484: 481: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 436: 433: 418: 415: 411:carbon dioxide 373: 370: 345:Severe weather 340: 337: 272: 269: 267: 264: 258: 255: 240: 239:Sea level rise 237: 227: 224: 199: 196: 177: 170: 169: 168: 160: 153: 152: 151: 150: 149: 147: 144: 124: 121: 53:sea level rise 45:Climate change 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3591: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3384:Cyclone Mocha 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3364:Cyclone Ockhi 3362: 3360: 3359:Cyclone Roanu 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3344:Cyclone Nilam 3342: 3340: 3339:Cyclone Phyan 3337: 3335: 3334:Cyclone Nisha 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175:Other regions 3173: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3154:Polar regions 3152: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2818:the Caribbean 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 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2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 1998: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1275: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1216: 1215:www.gfdrr.org 1212: 1206: 1203: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1168: 1167:www.gfdrr.org 1164: 1158: 1155: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1131: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1004: 1003:www.gfdrr.org 1000: 994: 991: 987: 985: 981: 967: 963: 962: 957: 950: 947: 943: 937: 932: 928: 924: 920: 912: 909: 904: 900: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 863: 860: 848: 841: 838: 827: 823: 817: 814: 803: 799: 793: 790: 779: 775: 769: 766: 755: 751: 745: 742: 731: 727: 721: 718: 707: 703: 697: 694: 687: 685: 683: 678: 669: 667: 663: 661: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 636:planting and 635: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 602: 601: 597: 590: 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 572: 570: 565: 561: 559: 553: 548: 546: 542: 537: 533: 529: 521: 516: 514: 512: 504: 502: 498: 491: 489: 482: 480: 477: 469: 464: 459: 457: 454: 448: 446: 442: 434: 432: 430: 425: 416: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 371: 369: 367: 363: 358: 355:is listed as 354: 349: 346: 338: 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