Societal impacts of cars - Knowledge (XXG)

881: 1405: 1526: 459: 230: 525: 1025: 1811:(12,100 km) by car each year, giving a consumer speed of about 4.7 mph (7.6 km/h). In comparison, their contemporaries in developing countries spent less than 8% of their time walking. In other words, "hat distinguishes the traffic in rich countries from the traffic in poor countries is not more mileage per hour of lifetime for the majority, but more hours of compulsory consumption of high doses of energy, packaged and unequally distributed by the transportation industry." 1239: 424: 814:(1973). Pawley called the automobile "the shibboleth of privatisation; the symbol and the actuality of withdrawal from the community" and perceived that, in spite of its momentary misfortunes, its dominance in North American society would continue. The car was a private world that allowed for fantasy and escape, and Pawley forecasted that it would grow in size, and in technological capacities. He saw no pathology in consumer behavior grounded in freedom of expression. 1535: 1344: 309:

common danger. Not only would this provide a speedy and effective punishment for the erring motorist, but it would also supply the dwellers on popular high roads with a comfortable increase of income. "Motor shooting for a single gun" would appeal strongly to the sporting instincts of the true Briton, and would provide ample compensation to the proprietors of eligible road-side properties for the intolerable annoyance caused by the enemies of mankind.

1393: 331: 33: 1543: 269: 5484: 1658: 5510: 5497: 440: 684: 1056:. The 1973 oil crisis and with it fuel rationing measures brought to light for the first time in a generation, what cities without cars might look like, reinvigorating or creating environmental consciousness in the process. Green parties emerged in several European countries in partial response to car culture, but also as the political arm of the anti-nuclear movement. 1165: 1694:. Hence, the cost of driving a car in the US is subsidized, supported by businesses and the government who cover the cost of roads and parking. This is in addition to other external costs car users do not pay like accidents or pollution. Even in countries with higher gas taxes like Germany motorists do not fully pay for the external costs they create. 1440:, with road deaths decreasing to 5,115 in 2008, which is 25% of the 1970 rate per capita and 17% of the 1970 rate per vehicle distance travelled. In 2008, for the first time, more pedestrians than vehicle occupants were killed in Japan by cars. Besides improving general road conditions like lighting and separated walkways, Japan has been installing 1810:

as the distance that an average person commutes each year, divided by the amount of time dedicated to commuting and related activities. He calculated that the average American male spent 1,600 hours per year in car-related activities — about 28% of the time they spend awake — and traveled 7,500 miles

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and garages became commonplace. In the 1970s, however, the comparative economic stagnation then experienced was accompanied by societal self-reflection on the changes the motor car brought. Critics of automotive society found little positive choice in the decision to move to the suburbs; the physical

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In countries with major car manufacturers, such as the United States or Germany, a certain degree of car dependency might be positive for the economy at a macroeconomic level, since it demands automobile production, therefore resulting also in job creation and tax revenues. These economic conditions

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Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

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In developing nations, statistics may be grossly inaccurate or hard to get. Some nations have not significantly reduced the total death rate, which stands at 12,000 in Thailand in 2007, for example. In the United States, twenty-eight states had reductions in the number of automobile crash fatalities

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to foster the creation of suburbs. Suburban affluence led to a baby boomer generation far removed from the hardships of their parents. Community standards of the past, driven by scarcity and the need to share public resources, gave way to new credos of self-exploration. As the economy of the 1950s

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for an automobile in the United States is rising about 2% per year. 2013 data provided by the Canadian Automobile Association concludes that the cost of ownership for a compact car in Canada, including depreciation, insurance, borrowing costs, maintenance, licensing, etc. was CA $ 9500 per year, or

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A study attempted to quantify the costs of cars (i.e. of car-use and related decisions and activity such as production and transport/infrastructure policy) in conventional currency, finding that the total lifetime cost of cars in Germany is between 0.6 and 1.0 million euros with the share of this

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for parking, and when bridges and tunnels are tolled, driving becomes less competitive in terms of out-of-pocket costs. When municipal parking is underpriced and roads are not tolled, most of the cost of vehicle usage is paid for by general government revenue, a subsidy for motor vehicle use. The

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Another change brought about by the car is that modern urban pedestrians must be more alert than their ancestors. In the past, a pedestrian had to worry about relatively slow-moving streetcars or other obstacles of travel. With the proliferation of the car, a pedestrian has to anticipate safety

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steadily became more important in Europe over the first half of the 20th century, but it dropped off dramatically in the United States between 1900 and 1910. Automobiles became the dominant means of transportation. Over the 1920s, bicycles gradually became considered children's toys, and by 1940

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In the United States, out of pocket expenses for car ownership can vary considerably based on the state in which you live. In 2013, annual car ownership costs including repair, insurance, gas and taxes were highest in Georgia ($ 4,233) and lowest in Oregon ($ 2,024) with a national average of $

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Sir,–I am delighted with the suggestion made by your spirited correspondent Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey that all pedestrians shall be legally empowered to discharge shotguns (the size of the shot to be humanely restricted to No. 8 or No. 9) At all motorists who may appear to them to be driven to the

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When the motor age arrived in Western countries at the beginning of the 20th century, many conservative intellectuals opposed the increase in motor traffic on the roads. The new vehicles removed space for pedestrians and made walking more dangerous, with car collisions becoming a major cause of

537:. Notwithstanding the growing effects provided by the automobile on the economy of some countries, countries specialize, exporting some products and importing others. Several auto-dependent countries, lacking an automobile industry and oil wells, must import vehicles and fuel, affecting their 1194:

A second major aspect of the car hobby is vehicle modification, as many car enthusiasts modify their cars to achieve performance improvements or visual enhancements. Many subcultures exist within this segment of the car hobby, for example, those building their own custom vehicles, primarily

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Over time, the car has evolved beyond being a means of transportation or status symbol and into a subject of interest and a cherished lifestyle amongst many people in the world, who appreciate cars for their craftsmanship, their performance, as well as the vast arrays of

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have been set up to facilitate social interactions and companionships amongst those who take pride in owning, maintaining, driving and showing their cars. Many prestigious social events around the world today are centered around the hobby, a notable example is the

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The motorcycle made regular medium-distance travel more convenient and affordable and after World War I the automobile too, especially in areas without railways. Because cars did not require rest, were faster than horse-drawn conveyances, and soon had a lower

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cover about 60% of highway construction and repair costs, but little of the cost to construct or repair local roads. Payments by motor-vehicle users fall short of government expenditures tied to motor-vehicle use by 20–70 cents per gallon of gas.

1191:, are appreciated by their owners as having aesthetic, recreational and historic value. Such demand generates investment potential and allows some cars to command extraordinarily high prices and become financial instruments in their own right. 809:

While it may appear clear, in retrospect, that the automotive/suburban culture would continue to persist, as it did in the 1950s and 1960s, no such certainty existed at the time when British architect Martin Pawley authored his seminal work,

1210:(both professional and amateur) as well as casual driving events, where enthusiasts from around the world gather to drive and display their cars, are important pillars of the car hobby as well. Notable examples of such events are the annual 1634:

Use of cars for transportation creates barriers by reducing the landscape required for walking and cycling. It may look like a minor problem initially but in the long run, it poses a threat to children and the elderly. Transport is a major

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account for 37.5% of accidental deaths in the United States, making them the country's leading cause of accidental death. Though travelers in cars suffer fewer deaths per journey, or per unit time or distance, than most other users of

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Notwithstanding the high number of fatalities, the trend of motor vehicle collision is showing a decrease. Road toll figures in developed nations show that car collision fatalities have declined since 1980. Japan is an extreme

241:. The United States produced 45,000 cars in 1907, but 28 years later, in 1935, that had increased nearly 90-fold to 3,971,000. The increase in production required a large new workforce. In 1913, 14,366 people worked for the 918:

As other vehicles had been, cars were incorporated into artworks including music, books and movies. Between 1905 and 1908, more than 120 songs were written in which the automobile was the subject. Although authors such as

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risks of automobiles traveling at high speeds because they can cause serious injuries to a human and can be fatal, unlike in previous times when traffic deaths were usually due to horses escaping control.

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constituted most adult bicycles sold in the UK and in many parts of the British Empire. For many years after the advent of the motorcycle and automobile, they remained a primary means of adult transport.

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Cars also contribute to pollution of air and water. Though a horse produces more waste, cars are cheaper, thus far more numerous in urban areas than horses ever were. Emissions of harmful gases like

630:. Horses require a large amount of care, and were therefore kept in public facilities that were usually far from residences. The wealthy could afford to keep horses for private use, hence the term 2958: 147:

car represented a revolution in industry and convenience, creating job demand and tax revenue, the high motorisation rates also brought severe consequences to the society and to the environment.

899:, the automobile has traditionally played an important role in personal mobility and is often seen as a symbol of independence, individualism and freedom. According to German business magazine 3619: 1400:

the automobile is one of the less safe means of transport, if safety is measured as the fewest fatalities per travelled passenger-distance. Based on data by EU-27 member nations, 2008–2010.

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appearance-based on original examples or reproductions of pre-1948 US car market designs and similar designs from the World War II era and earlier from elsewhere in the world, are known as

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of the political spectrum, and thinks that car culture has contributed to an increase in individualism and fewer social interactions between members of different socioeconomic classes. The

545:. Just few, such as Germany or France, manufacture enough cars to satisfy their country's demand for them. These factors affect the economic growth in the majority of European countries. 139:

Automobiles provide easier access to remote places and mobility, in comfort, helping people to geographically widen their social and economic interactions. Negative effects of the car on

512:, making pedestrian access dangerous. This had the effect of encouraging people to drive, even for short trips that might have been walkable, thus increasing and solidifying American 217:

and causes irreparable damage to the environment. Hence, neglecting the negative externalities of private automobility is irresponsible, and replacing combustion engine vehicles with

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enabled by the auto for loneliness and social isolation. Automobile sales peaked in 1973, at 14.6 million units sold, and were not to reach comparable levels for another decade. The

3762: 249:, an economic historian, noted that "Many more lined up outside the Ford factory for chances to work at what appeared to them to be, and (for those who did not mind the pace of the 1464:

Motoring offences and crimes related to cars include offences predating the automobile rather than exclusive to it. Many have become more prevalent with the rise of mass motoring.

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and 1960s boomed, car sales grew steadily, from 6,000,000 units sold per year in the United States to 10,000,000. Married women entered the workforce and two-car households with

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Andor, Mark A.; Gerster, Andreas; Gillingham, Kenneth T.; Horvath, Marco (April 2020). "Running a car costs much more than people think — stalling the uptake of green travel".

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an important topic of study. For those aged 5–34 in the United States, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death, claiming the lives of 18,266 Americans each year.

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In several countries - both high and low income - bicycles have retained or regained this position. In Denmark, cycling policies were adopted as a direct consequence of the

3782: 786:(1979), he called for a struggle to halt and partially reverse negative developments in transportation, although he was largely ignored at the time. Renowned social critic 782:(1971) called for a war against the automobile, derided it for being a destroyer of cities, and likened its proliferation to a disease. In combination with his second book 4355: 4212: 3632: 3299: 4180: 737:

has also disconnected communities. Many people in developed countries have less contact with their neighbors and rarely walk unless they place a high value on walking.

596: 3673: 1044:, in an attempt to create jobs and make the car available to the working classes. From the 1970s, promotion of the automobile increasingly became a trait of some 993:; when manufacturers and petroleum fuel suppliers were well established, they also joined construction contractors in lobbying governments to build public roads. 771:

movement was looked upon as flight. The automotive industry was also under attack from bureaucratic fronts, and new emission and CAFÉ regulations began to hamper

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of car ownership, insurance and maintenance. However, globally and in some US cities, tolls and parking fees partially offset these heavy subsidies for driving.

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spaces, and business places further back from the road. In aggregate, this led to less dense settlements and made a carless lifestyle increasingly unattractive.

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that makes car use possible, such as highways, roads and parking lots is funded by the government and supported through zoning and construction requirements.

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size of this subsidy dwarfs the federal, state, and local subsidies for the maintenance of infrastructure and discounted fares for public transportation.

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Worldwide, the car has allowed easier access to remote places. More people have gone to live in those remote places and commute to work. The resulting

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and market-rate pricing for municipal parking as a means of balancing car use in urban centers with more efficient modes such as buses and trains.

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that required any new business to construct a certain amount of parking based on the size and type of facility. The effect was to create many free

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one can take part in with one's car. People who have a keen interest in cars and/or participate in the car hobby are known as "Car Enthusiasts".

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As of 2009 the U.S. motor vehicle manufacturing industry employed 880,000 workers, or approximately 6.5% of the U.S. manufacturing workforce.

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on society are less visible, however they are nonetheless significant. The spread of cars built upon earlier changes in transport brought by

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It is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the death of around 60 million people during the 20th century around the same number of

5036: 4244: 772: 4153: 3747: 3247: 3221: 1654:. Noise pollution from cars can also potentially result in hearing disabilities, headaches, and stress to those frequently exposed to it. 3358: 4816: 4741: 4668: 4644: 4592: 3688: 1740: 1227: 5061: 3916: 5476: 5428: 4447: 4200: 3580: 2321: 1976: 1781:

calculations, that the automobile has a total cost for drivers in the US, of US$ 0.55/mile, around 0.26 EUR/km. Data provided by the

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Motorisation rate vs. Economic growth in European countries whose population is greater than 1 million inhabitants. Source: Eurostat.

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cost born by society being between 41% (€4674 per year) and 29% (€5273 per year). This suggests that cars consume "a large share of

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Walking or cycling often have net positive impacts on society as they help reduce health costs and produce virtually no pollution.

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were built specifically to help the urban masses experience natural scenery previously seen only by a few. Cheap restaurants and

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were particularly valid during the 1920s when the number of automobiles, worldwide, was rapidly increasing, but also during the

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has become highly important, though controversial. They are used throughout the world and have become the most popular mode of

5349: 5264: 4794: 5309: 4971: 4364: 4301: 2660: 2068: 1951: 4343: 2996: 1525: 3553: 861:, they created few local jobs and residents commuted longer distances to work each day as the suburbs continued to expand. 458: 5557: 5421: 5106: 5086: 5023: 4474: 4284: 3461: 1520: 1408:

Unlike most other developed nations, per capita road accident deaths in the US reversed their decline in the early 2010s.

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can damage living organisms and the environment. The emissions from cars cause disabilities, respiratory diseases, and

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Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.

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Handy, Susan L.; Clifton, Kelly J. (1 November 2001). "Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel".

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was among those who laid such concerns to rest, so much so that a century later there was only one country where

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The rise of car culture during the twentieth century played an important cultural role in cinema, including in

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Miner, Patrick; Smith, Barbara M.; Jani, Anant; McNeill, Geraldine; Gathorne-Hardy, Alfred (1 February 2024).

2605:"Autogeddon or autoheaven: Environmental and social effects of the automotive industry from launch to present" 2405: 1024: 2692: 943:

novels. Some early 20th century experts doubted the safety and suitability of allowing female automobilists.

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became motorized, individuals, families and small groups were able to vacation in distant locations such as

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lived either close to the factory or in high-density communities farther away, connected to the factory by

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Mass Production, The Stock Market Crash, and The Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification

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constitutes about half the cost of running a car, nevertheless the typical motorist underestimates this

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By contrast, although there are environmental and social costs for rail, there is a very small impact.

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in the 1950s continued this. Some experts suggest that many of these changes began during the earlier

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In addition to money for roadway construction, car use was also encouraged in many places through new

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for roads and suburban development that supported car culture allowed people to live in low density

423: 5458: 5223: 5008: 4926: 4467: 4411: 4338: 2053: 2023: 1956: 1702: 1627: 1456:, an empirical schema that correlates increased fatality rates per capita with traffic congestion. 1375: 1033: 986: 904: 870: 806:, leading to an explosion of prices, long queues at filling stations, and talks of rationing fuel. 795: 703: 612: 342: 268: 214: 5509: 5496: 1802:, a critic of the modern society habits, was one of the first thinkers to establish the so-called 1534: 1012:

appeared on favorite routes and provided wages for locals who were reluctant to join the trend to

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political ideologies. In Europe, massive freeway building programs were initiated by a number of

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offered heroes who found freedom and equality, rather than duty and hierarchy, on the open road.

850: 734: 575: 538: 350: 242: 151: 117: 3514:"The Rise in U.S. Traffic Deaths / What's behind America's unique problem with vehicle crashes?" 2769:"The Roaring Twenties." Slouching Towards Utopia? The Economic History of the Twentieth Century" 2709:"A wolf in sheep's clothing: Exposing the structural violence of private electric automobility" 655:, more people were routinely able to travel farther than in earlier times. The construction of 17: 5502: 5279: 5274: 5188: 4990: 4731: 4698: 4565: 4426: 4374: 4333: 4311: 4279: 3925: 3886: 3810: 3355: 3193: 3185: 3155: 3062: 3035: 2977: 2967: 2819: 2794: 2768: 2746: 2636: 2585: 2499: 2444: 2373: 2331: 2265: 2095: 1926: 1899: 1865: 1830: 1786: 1588: 1493: 1478: 1422: 1418: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1049: 1037: 858: 854: 334: 330: 207: 113: 4002: 3699: 1757:

Compared to other popular modes of passenger transportation, especially buses or trains, the

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Following World War II in the United States, government policies and regulations such as the

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This government support of the automobile through subsidies for infrastructure, the cost of

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The development of the car has contributed to changes in employment distribution, shopping

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lots accompany any new buildings. Municipal parking lots are often free or do not charge a

903:, the United States is considered "the car country par excellence", being the "homeland of 32: 5448: 5339: 5304: 5213: 5101: 4995: 4951: 4931: 4804: 4520: 4499: 4254: 3966: 3912: 3787: 3362: 2177: 2115: 2058: 1651: 1643: 1613: 1287: 1153: 956: 940: 900: 672: 588: 501: 373: 362: 258: 246: 238: 191: 175: 144: 121: 3981: 2466:"Cars, corporations, and commodities: Consequences for the social determinants of health" 1448:

between 2005 and 2006. 55% of vehicle occupants 16 years or older in 2006 were not using

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had promoted the making of more and better cars since the early days of the car, and the

3872: 3748:"Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition" 2724: 2673: 2622: 2573: 2534: 1761:

has a relatively high cost per passenger-distance travelled. For the average car owner,

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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is merely a strategy to lose more slowly from social and environmental points of view.

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Derived from: National Vital Statistics Report, Volume 50, Number 15 (September 2002)

3490: 3462:"Intermediate report on the development of railway safety in the European Union 2013" 3122:"The U.S. Automotive Industry: National and State Trends in Manufacturing Employment" 2916: 2385: 2197: 2167: 2085: 2008: 1961: 1778: 1503: 1267: 1128: 1001: 990: 787: 719: 695: 660: 467: 315: 250: 171: 140: 3437:(statistical database). Eurostat, European Commission. 20 April 2014. Archived from 2631: 2604: 1657: 5233: 4534: 4511: 4007: 3986: 3881: 3856: 3497:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 15 December 2023. 3334: 3001: 2682: 2655: 2543: 2518: 2326: 2283:

Kasarda, John D.; Janowitz, Morris (1974). "Community Attachment in Mass Society".

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Improved transport accelerated the outward growth of cities and the development of

762: 542: 497: 361:. Increases in air pollution and noise, and diminishing road safety, diminish the 354: 290: 183: 159: 3190:

An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and Implementation

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Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back

1432:. Just in 2010 alone, 1.23 million people were killed due to traffic collisions. 132:. They introduced sweeping changes in employment patterns, social interactions, 5372: 5284: 5228: 5066: 4851: 4550: 4369: 4123: 3557: 2656:"Car harm: A global review of automobility's harm to people and the environment" 2192: 2105: 2039: 1879: 1855: 1799: 1691: 1574: 1322: 1307: 1302: 1188: 1110: 1092: 952: 846: 711: 600: 486: 396: 368:

Examples of car access issues in underdeveloped countries include the paving of

199: 2840:"Get on the bus first to make Nicosia tram infrastructure worth the investment" 2732: 2581: 2225:

Bardou, J.-P.; Chanaron, J.-J.; Fridenson, P.; Laux, J. M. (30 November 1982).

439: 5319: 5314: 5031: 4766: 4306: 3471:(report). Safety Unit, European Railway Agency & European Union. p. 1 2894: 2369: 2028: 1991: 1874: 1860: 1766: 1488: 1449: 1277: 1207: 1169: 1149: 1081: 1073: 1065: 974: 964: 908: 884: 730: 707: 699: 683: 639: 448: 400: 385: 381: 294: 262: 254: 150:

The modern negative associations with heavy automotive use include the use of

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excerpts from Energy and Equity; also collected in Toward a History of Needs

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in 2003, 184 towns and 54,000 villages had no motor road (or roads at all).

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grammar with an expression of distaste for the new form of motor transport.

299: 203: 129: 109: 2640: 2589: 2503: 2226: 1709:. Consumers often make choices based on those costs, and underestimate the 1164: 4158: 2484: 929:(1918), novels celebrating the political effects of motorization included 357:

has brought an increase in average journey times in large cities, and the

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The Effect of Land Costs on the Economics of Urban Transportation Systems

2042: – Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines 1884: 1636: 1582: 1498: 1468: 1413: 1397: 1222: 1181: 973:

writes that widespread car culture has shifted voter's preference to the

931: 912: 767: 750: 688: 631: 509: 479: 444: 125: 3330:"They call themselves libertarians; I think they're antisocial bastards" 1200: 541:. For example, the majority of European countries depend on imports of 213:

Since many people don't have cars, the resulting inequality intensifies

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Certain developments in retail are partially due to car use, such as

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A Social History of the Bicycle, its Early Life and Times in America

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Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023).

3369:. Antique Automobile Club of America. Retrieved on 20 February 2014 3274:"Cars, Individualism, and the Paradox of Freedom in a Mass Society" 2891:"Madagascar: The Development of a National Rural Transport Program" 1421:

such as bicyclers or pedestrians , cars are also more used, making

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in other powerful automobiles. Some comedies and fantasies such as

2406:"Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector" 1986: 1656: 1597: 1541: 1533: 1524: 1403: 1391: 1297: 1272: 1257: 1237: 1163: 1023: 1009: 879: 715: 682: 523: 475: 457: 438: 422: 389: 329: 319: 267: 228: 31: 3192:. London / Washington, D.C.: Earthscan / Routledge. p. 254. 3108:

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257:

of a job". There was a surge in the need for workers at big, new

3731:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022. 3617:

Pedestrians become chief victims of road accident deaths in 2008

1563:

Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector

627: 626:

within cities were horses, walking and (since the 19th century)

314:

Ten years later, Alfred Godley wrote a more elaborate protest, "

4162: 3855:

Gössling, Stefan; Kees, Jessica; Litman, Todd (1 April 2022).

2517:

Gössling, Stefan; Kees, Jessica; Litman, Todd (1 April 2022).

2322:"End of the car age: how cities are outgrowing the automobile" 1758: 1483: 1337: 1187:

One major aspect of the hobby is collecting. Cars, especially

105: 2959:

Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

1819: 1717:

policy advocates often support tolls, increased fuel taxes,

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patterns, social interactions, manufacturing priorities and

3924:. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 1422–1429. 3658:

People Killed in Motor Vehicle Crashes, by State, 2005-2006

3356:

http://www.aaca.org/About-AACA/an-introduction-to-aaca.html

775:

profit margins as the United States went into a recession.

599:

called "stop child murder". Today both countries have high

4154:

Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID19

1444:

technology such as stalled-car monitors to avoid crashes.

2919:

China Through a Lens: Rural Road Construction Speeded Up

496:

Retail parks attract revenue away from high streets and

3222:"The Absurd Primacy of the Automobile in American Life" 1870:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1577:

of cars, the main external costs of driving a car are:

1452:

when they crashed. Road fatality trends tend to follow

1114:

concentrated on the car as a character. Others such as

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Beginning in the 1940s, most urban environments in the

603:

of cycling while also having high car ownership rates.

143:

are also significant. Although the introduction of the

2227:"THE AUTOMOBILE REVOLUTION--THE IMPACT OF AN INDUSTRY" 104:

Since the start of the twentieth century, the role of

3058:

When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor

2762: 2760: 1868: – Lobbying supporting the fossil fuels industry 622:

Prior to the appearance of the automobile, the major

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1831 cartoon warning about road hazards of the future

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MacKenzie, J.J., R.C. Dower, and D.D.T. Chen. 1992.

3753:. Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3. 3186:"Box. 8.7 Kenneth R. Schneider: Fighting for change" 2865:"Cyprus third in EU for car ownership | Cyprus Mail" 2603:

Williams, Ian D.; Blyth, Michael (1 February 2023).

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Woodcock, James; Aldred, Rachel (21 February 2008).

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Overview of the effects of cars on various societies

5360: 5242: 5131: 5124: 5022: 4897: 4765: 4689: 4591: 4397: 4390: 4253: 4036:"IRS Increases Mileage Rate to 55.5 Cents per Mile" 951:. Where 19th-century mass media had made heroes of 2436: 1639:, leaving less land available for other purposes. 574:From the early 20th century until after WWII, the 470:; increasing use of cars has reduced the roles of 2693:20.500.11820/a251f0b3-69e4-4b46-b424-4b3abea30b64 729:According to many social scientists, the loss of 1769:by a big margin, or even ignores it altogether. 1052:mentioned a "great car economy" in the paper on 571:most bicycles in the US were made for children. 4053:Which state is the most expensive for driving?. 2707:Hosseini, Keyvan; Stefaniec, Agnieszka (2023). 1032:Road building was sometimes also influenced by 305: 3674:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1806:concept. He defined the term in his 1974 book 923:decried the automobile age in books including 318:", a poem which cleverly combined a lesson in 4174: 3828:The Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive 245:, and by 1916 that had increased to 132,702. 8: 3831:. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. 3725:"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report" 3581:"Death in the 20th Century. The Infographic" 3248:"Choice, Control, Freedom and Car Ownership" 3099: 3097: 3080: 3078: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 462:Some inner city streets also lack a sidewalk 40:, i.e. road vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants: 2048:Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year 1673:In countries such as the United States the 595:started in earnest with a campaign against 5128: 4394: 4181: 4167: 4159: 3689:"Smeed's Law : some further thoughts" 3622:25 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive 3536:http://www.benbest.com/lifeext/causes.html 3367:A Concise History of AACA in the Beginning 3031:Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture 939:, which followed in the tracks of earlier 3880: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3152:Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash 3028:Jakle, John A.; Sculle, Keith A. (2004). 2740: 2691: 2681: 2630: 2542: 2493: 2483: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2404:M. Maibach; et al. (February 2008). 634:trade referred to elite patronage. Horse 5345:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 3982:"Cost of running a car 'exceeds £5,000'" 3777: 3775: 1388:Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions 1152:. Music also references impacts such as 891:The car had a significant effect on the 237:In the early 20th century, cars entered 3633:"365 Days for Stopping Accident Deaths" 2399: 2397: 2395: 2217: 1686:laws in many areas require that large, 190:, segregation of pedestrians and other 4149:Traffic Volumes & Highway Capacity 3962: 3952: 3768:from the original on 26 November 2023. 3735:from the original on 2 September 2023. 3524:from the original on 14 December 2023. 3272:McAllister, Ted V. (14 October 2011). 3120:Michaela, Platzer; Glennon, Harrison. 2995:Smetanka, Mary Jane (18 August 2007). 2246:"Reckless Walking Must Be Discouraged" 4837:Psychological effects of Internet use 3512:Leonhardt, David (11 December 2023). 1646:, ozone, carbon dioxide, benzene and 549:Employment in the automotive industry 359:decommissioning of older tram systems 154:, a dramatic increase in the rate of 7: 4144:Forum for the Automobile and Society 3857:"The lifetime cost of driving a car" 3431:"Statistics database for transports" 3061:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 2997:"Sidewalks? Too pedestrian for some" 2713:Energy Research & Social Science 2519:"The lifetime cost of driving a car" 773:Big Three (automobile manufacturers) 535:post–World War II economic expansion 194:means of transport, decrease in the 4817:Digital media use and mental health 3980:Osborne, Hilary (20 October 2006). 3670:NCSA Research Note (DOT-HS-810-948) 3298:Hecking, Mirjam (2 December 2013). 3089:Cars per 1000 inhabitants in Europe 2818:. United Nations University Press. 1569:and which is the main reference in 638:left on the streets also created a 4448:Automatic and controlled processes 4124:"The industrialization of traffic" 3469:European Union Agency for Railways 3460:Vojtech Eksler, ed. (5 May 2013). 2443:. University of California Press. 1977:Road protest in the United Kingdom 25: 4857:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 3807:Transportation for Livable Cities 3501:from the original on 6 July 2023. 1890:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 1851:Environmental impact of transport 1442:intelligent transportation system 959:and other stalwart protectors of 419:Employment and consumption habits 5508: 5495: 5483: 5482: 4882:Mobile phones and driving safety 4001:Meek, James (20 December 2004). 3809:By Vukan R. Vuchic p. 76. 1999. 3252:Scientific American Blog Network 3034:. University of Virginia Press. 2610:Science of the Total Environment 1342: 1228:Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance 593:bike advocacy in the Netherlands 4785:Computer-mediated communication 3604:"Number of road traffic deaths" 3579:Pesce, Roberta (2 April 2013). 3300:"Sind die fetten Jahre vorbei?" 3220:Humes, Edward (12 April 2016). 3055:Wilson, William Julius (2011). 2632:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159987 2471:Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2320:Moss, Stephen (28 April 2015). 2081:Roadway air dispersion modeling 1783:American Automobile Association 1679:Fuel taxes in the United States 1609:costs for nature and landscape, 983:American Automobile Association 825:. Until the advent of the car, 747:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 376:, completing the connection of 136:and the distribution of goods. 18:Effects of the car on societies 5062:Empathising–systemising theory 4365:female intrasexual competition 4302:Evolutionarily stable strategy 3882:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335 3184:Kenworthy, Jeffrey R. (2010). 3154:, Owl Books, 355 pages (1999) 3126:Congressional Research Service 2816:The mega-city in Latin America 2789:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (2004). 2683:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2024.103817 2661:Journal of Transport Geography 2544:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107335 2069:Social determinants of obesity 1952:Freeway and expressway revolts 1538:Health Impacts of Automobility 1132:were about automobile racing. 427:A tall roadside sign attracts 278:, a 1923 cartoon published in 1: 5422:Standard social science model 4475:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 4022:Car-ownership costs by state. 3783:The High Cost of Free Parking 1521:Economics of automobile usage 1334:Safety and traffic collisions 949:women were forbidden to drive 451:must share the road with cars 5270:Missing heritability problem 4862:Social aspects of television 4485:Evolution of nervous systems 4453:Computational theory of mind 3540:Accident as a Cause of Death 3491:"OECD Data / Road Accidents" 2286:American Sociological Review 2188:Transit Oriented Development 2019:Externalities of automobiles 1557:Externalities of automobiles 893:culture of the United States 5516:Evolutionary biology portal 3602:World Health Organization. 3380:"Investing in Classic Cars" 2923:. China.org.cn. 16 May 2003 2064:Obesity and the environment 2034:Mobile source air pollution 1515:External and internal costs 1144:, radio programming during 1087:Susie the Little Blue Coupe 204:high cost per unit-distance 5594: 5477:Evolutionary psychologists 5350:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 5265:Human–animal communication 4977:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 4827:Imprinted brain hypothesis 4795:Human–computer interaction 4003:"The slow and the furious" 3174:. American Heritage Press. 2733:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103052 2582:10.1038/d41586-020-01118-w 2231:Revue d'Économie Politique 1750: 1661:Congestion is a notorious 1554: 1518: 1373: 1214:classic car rally and the 887:inside a Porsche Speedster 868: 857:being few, due in part to 837:. The car and the federal 741:Advent of suburban society 676: 670: 610: 560: 410:grocery shopping as well. 5471: 5397:Environmental determinism 5368:Cultural selection theory 5255:Evolutionary epistemology 5169:evolutionary neuroscience 4842:Rank theory of depression 4344:Parent–offspring conflict 4196: 3805:Graph based on data from 3696:University College London 1798:The Austrian philosopher 1747:Private or internal costs 1351:This article needs to be 1263:Controlled-access highway 1028:1973 Triumph TR6 Roadster 989:begun during the earlier 926:The Magnificent Ambersons 661:Golden age of the bicycle 370:Mexican Federal Highway 1 273:Sacrifices to the Modern 5290:Cultural group selection 5174:Biocultural anthropology 4867:Societal impacts of cars 4800:Media naturalness theory 4490:Fight-or-flight response 4055:Retrieved 22 August 2013 4024:Retrieved 22 August 2013 2844:European Investment Bank 2435:Holtz Kay, Jane (1998). 2244:Davies, Stephen (1989). 1773:3,201. Furthermore, the 1701:enforcement, recovering 1551:Public or external costs 1234:Dedicated infrastructure 821:beyond an earlier era's 778:Kenneth R. Schneider in 667:Changes to urban society 443:Suburban street without 261:companies such as Ford. 253:much) was an incredible 5490:Evolutionary psychology 5454:Sociocultural evolution 5295:Dual inheritance theory 4752:Personality development 4213:Theoretical foundations 4190:Evolutionary psychology 3361:30 October 2019 at the 2964:Oxford University Press 2370:10.1023/A:1011850618753 1715:Transportation planning 1665:of driving, such as in 1546:Road Space Requirements 1430:World War II casualties 1105:Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 865:Cars in popular culture 784:On the Nature of Cities 653:total cost of ownership 624:modes of transportation 215:structural inequalities 168:cardiovascular diseases 158:, the disconnection of 120:cars are fewer and the 5412:Social constructionism 5407:Psychological nativism 5382:Biological determinism 5330:Recent human evolution 5325:Punctuated equilibrium 5148:Behavioral epigenetics 5143:evolutionary economics 5112:Variability hypothesis 5057:Emotional intelligence 4790:Engineering psychology 4480:Evolution of the brain 3304:www.manager-magazin.de 3170:Smith, Robert (1972). 2814:Gilbert, Alan (1996). 2143:Cycling infrastructure 1905:Sleep-deprived driving 1707:out-of-pocket expenses 1670: 1547: 1539: 1531: 1409: 1401: 1248:Automobile repair shop 1243: 1176: 1029: 1004:. Roads including the 888: 845:even farther from the 714:-run motor coaches or 691: 529: 463: 452: 436: 346: 326:Access and convenience 312: 283: 234: 101: 5439:Multilineal evolution 5402:Nature versus nurture 5361:Theoretical positions 5209:Functional psychology 5204:Evolutionary medicine 5179:Biological psychiatry 4887:Texting while driving 4877:Lead–crime hypothesis 4737:Cognitive development 4722:Caregiver deprivation 4233:Gene selection theory 4095:Illich, Ivan (1974). 2485:10.1186/1742-7622-5-4 2163:Life-cycle assessment 2148:Free public transport 1910:Sustainable transport 1836:Automobile dependency 1660: 1545: 1537: 1528: 1407: 1395: 1241: 1167: 1027: 979:American Motor League 883: 800:1973 Arab-Israeli War 792:A Nation of Strangers 759:residential redlining 706:, and other forms of 687:Urban interchange in 686: 677:Further information: 663:, from 1880 to 1915. 611:Further information: 527: 461: 442: 426: 333: 293:, the famous British 271: 232: 35: 5558:History of transport 5392:Cultural determinism 5199:Evolutionary biology 5184:Cognitive psychology 5132:Academic disciplines 4780:Cognitive ergonomics 4747:Language acquisition 4727:Childhood attachment 4540:Wason selection task 4434:Behavioral modernity 4223:Cognitive revolution 4206:Evolutionary thought 4111:on 22 December 2015. 4034:IRS (23 June 2011). 3861:Ecological Economics 3328:(20 December 2005). 3278:Front Porch Republic 2523:Ecological Economics 2411:. Delft. p. 332 2250:Urban History Review 2158:Greenway (landscape) 2153:Green infrastructure 2076:Planned obsolescence 1982:Road space rationing 1967:Personal transporter 1594:air pollution costs, 1293:Garage (residential) 1054:Roads for Prosperity 905:drive-in restaurants 853:city neighborhoods. 802:was followed by the 710:, to be replaced by 679:Multistorey car park 431:drivers to a nearby 118:developing countries 112:in many of the more 5459:Unilineal evolution 5224:Population genetics 5009:Sexy son hypothesis 4947:Hormonal motivation 4927:Concealed ovulation 4468:Dual process theory 4339:Parental investment 3873:2022EcoEc.19407335G 3560:on 23 November 2017 3384:www.wealthdaily.com 3141:The Free Dictionary 2954:Jackson, Kenneth T. 2871:. 22 September 2021 2725:2023ERSS...9903052H 2674:2024JTGeo.11503817M 2623:2023ScTEn.85859987W 2574:2020Natur.580..453A 2535:2022EcoEc.19407335G 2024:Fenceline community 1957:Good Roads Movement 1785:indicates that the 1724:When cities charge 1376:Road traffic safety 1160:Cars as a lifestyle 1140:With the advent of 987:good roads movement 871:Automobile folklore 796:geographic mobility 780:Autokind vs Mankind 613:Mobility transition 343:New Jersey Turnpike 287:pedestrian deaths. 265:increased greatly. 152:non-renewable fuels 114:developed countries 5417:Social determinism 5300:Fisher's principle 5260:Great ape language 5250:Cultural evolution 5219:Philosophy of mind 5052:Division of labour 5014:Westermarck effect 4962:Mating preferences 4872:Distracted driving 4606:Literary criticism 4463:Domain specificity 4443:modularity of mind 3591:on 15 August 2020. 3518:The New York Times 3246:D'Costa, Krystal. 2897:. 23 November 2010 2767:DeLong, Bradford. 2127:Planning response: 2101:Traffic congestion 2096:Traffic collisions 1937:Congestion pricing 1719:congestion pricing 1671: 1648:particulate matter 1573:for assessing the 1548: 1540: 1532: 1509:Vehicular homicide 1410: 1402: 1244: 1230:classic car show. 1177: 1042:after World War II 1030: 1014:rural depopulation 1006:Blue Ridge Parkway 889: 855:Industrial suburbs 812:The Private Future 794:(1972) blamed the 692: 539:commercial balance 530: 464: 453: 437: 351:traffic congestion 347: 284: 243:Ford Motor Company 235: 178:, the emission of 170:, the emission of 162:, the decrease of 122:effects of the car 102: 38:motorization rates 5525: 5524: 5503:Psychology portal 5467: 5466: 5310:Hologenome theory 5280:Unit of selection 5275:Primate cognition 5189:Cognitive science 5120: 5119: 4991:Sexual attraction 4967:Mating strategies 4732:Cinderella effect 4662:Moral foundations 4566:Visual perception 4458:Domain generality 4427:Facial expression 4375:Sexual dimorphism 4334:Natural selection 4280:Hamiltonian spite 4098:Energy and Equity 4042:on 22 April 2016. 3931:978-0-7844-0630-4 3386:. 23 October 2013 3160:978-0-8050-6512-1 3085:Motorisation Rate 3068:978-0-679-72417-9 2825:978-92-808-0935-0 2568:(7804): 453–455. 2262:10.7202/1017751ar 2208: 2207: 2054:energy dependency 1927:Car-free movement 1900:Road reallocation 1866:Fossil fuel lobby 1831:Automobile safety 1808:Energy and Equity 1787:cost of ownership 1741:disposable income 1628:energy dependency 1561:According to the 1494:Parking violation 1479:Drive-by shooting 1423:automobile safety 1419:private transport 1384:Traffic collision 1380:Automobile safety 1372: 1371: 1050:Margaret Thatcher 1038:social democratic 859:single use zoning 843:residential areas 823:streetcar suburbs 335:Convenience store 208:private transport 16:(Redirected from 5585: 5512: 5499: 5486: 5485: 5129: 5125:Related subjects 4912:Adult attachment 4439:Cognitive module 4395: 4382:Social selection 4356:Costly signaling 4351:Sexual selection 4238:Modern synthesis 4183: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4131: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4104:. 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Archived from 2992: 2986: 2985: 2950: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2869:cyprus-mail.com/ 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2685: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2634: 2617:(Pt 3): 159987. 2600: 2594: 2593: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2442: 2432: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2410: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2222: 2133:Bicycle-friendly 1972:Public transport 1947:Electric bicycle 1942:Cycling mobility 1871: 1846:Cycling advocacy 1820: 1790:about US$ 7300. 1753:Automobile costs 1567:Delft University 1367: 1364: 1358: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1283:Drive-in theater 1189:classic vehicles 1172:Club meeting in 1148:became known as 1078:Aston Martin DB5 1076:was seen in his 961:public transport 921:Booth Tarkington 897:American society 804:OPEC oil embargo 607:Cultural changes 508:did not install 502:shopping centers 414:Economic changes 408:gasoline station 406:purchasing, and 303:on 3 June 1903: 182:, generation of 180:greenhouse gases 156:accidental death 98: 92: 86: 80: 74: 68: 62: 56: 50: 44: 21: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5548:Economic growth 5538:Urban transport 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5463: 5449:Neoevolutionism 5356: 5340:Species complex 5305:Group selection 5243:Research topics 5238: 5214:Neuropsychology 5116: 5102:Substance abuse 5024:Sex differences 5018: 4932:Coolidge effect 4893: 4805:Neuroergonomics 4770: 4761: 4685: 4587: 4521:Folk psychology 4402: 4386: 4256: 4249: 4192: 4187: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3961: 3951: 3944: 3942: 3941:on 19 July 2008 3938: 3932: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3824: 3820: 3804: 3793: 3788:Donald C. Shoup 3780: 3773: 3765: 3750: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3534:Directly from: 3533: 3529: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363:Wayback Machine 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104:Economic Growth 3102: 3095: 3083: 3076: 3069: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3009:on 4 March 2014 2994: 2993: 2989: 2974: 2952: 2951: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2434: 2433: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2299:10.2307/2094293 2282: 2281: 2277: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2178:Pedestrian zone 2121: 2116:Water pollution 2059:Noise pollution 1997: 1915: 1869: 1817: 1796: 1777:considers, for 1755: 1749: 1652:ozone depletion 1644:carbon monoxide 1614:water pollution 1581:congestion and 1559: 1553: 1523: 1517: 1462: 1390: 1374:Main articles: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1288:Filling station 1236: 1218:supercar race. 1162: 1154:Big Yellow Taxi 1138: 1062: 1034:Keynesian-style 1022: 957:Allan Pinkerton 941:bicycle touring 901:Manager Magazin 878: 873: 867: 827:factory workers 743: 681: 675: 673:Automotive city 669: 648: 620: 615: 609: 589:1973 oil crisis 585: 565: 559: 551: 522: 520:Economic growth 514:auto-dependency 421: 416: 374:Baja California 363:quality of life 328: 259:high-technology 247:Bradford DeLong 239:mass production 227: 196:railway network 192:active mobility 176:noise pollution 160:local community 100: 96: 94: 90: 88: 84: 82: 78: 76: 72: 70: 66: 64: 60: 58: 54: 52: 48: 46: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5591: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5578:Social history 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5543:Road transport 5540: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5506: 5493: 5480: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5370: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5154: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 4993: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4832:Mind-blindness 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4776: 4774: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4527: 4525:theory of mind 4518: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4408: 4406: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4292:Baldwin effect 4289: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4138:External links 4136: 4133: 4132: 4114: 4087: 4066:"CAA National" 4057: 4045: 4026: 4014: 3993: 3972: 3930: 3904: 3847: 3833: 3818: 3791: 3771: 3738: 3716: 3679: 3661: 3650: 3639:on 25 May 2017 3624: 3609: 3594: 3571: 3545: 3527: 3504: 3482: 3452: 3441:on 3 June 2012 3422: 3397: 3371: 3348: 3326:George Monbiot 3317: 3290: 3264: 3238: 3212: 3198: 3176: 3163: 3143: 3139:Carriage trade 3131: 3112: 3093: 3074: 3067: 3047: 3040: 3020: 2987: 2972: 2934: 2908: 2882: 2856: 2831: 2824: 2806: 2799: 2781: 2756: 2699: 2646: 2595: 2550: 2509: 2456: 2449: 2422: 2391: 2364:(4): 317–346. 2358:Transportation 2348: 2312: 2293:(3): 328–339. 2275: 2256:(2): 123–138. 2236: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2091:Soil pollution 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2014:Climate change 2011: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1804:consumer speed 1795: 1794:Consumer speed 1792: 1751:Main article: 1748: 1745: 1711:indirect costs 1699:highway patrol 1675:infrastructure 1632: 1631: 1624: 1621:soil pollution 1617: 1610: 1607: 1604:climate change 1601: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1571:European Union 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1412:Motor vehicle 1370: 1369: 1350: 1348: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1235: 1232: 1168:International 1161: 1158: 1137: 1134: 1123:The Great Race 1117:A Racing Romeo 1061: 1058: 1021: 1018: 1002:national parks 971:George Monbiot 945:Dorothy Levitt 937:Sinclair Lewis 877: 874: 866: 863: 761:combined with 742: 739: 671:Main article: 668: 665: 647: 644: 619: 616: 608: 605: 597:traffic deaths 584: 581: 561:Main article: 558: 555: 550: 547: 521: 518: 420: 417: 415: 412: 378:Cabo San Lucas 327: 324: 280:St. Louis Star 226: 223: 166:, the rise in 134:infrastructure 95: 89: 83: 77: 71: 65: 59: 53: 47: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5590: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Social impact 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5563:Air pollution 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444:Neo-Darwinism 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:Functionalism 5427: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Connectionism 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5377:indeterminism 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5097:Schizophrenia 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5082:Mental health 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Mate guarding 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Age disparity 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:Schizophrenia 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4772:Mental health 4768: 4767:Human factors 4764: 4758: 4757:Socialization 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4717:paternal bond 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4581:Naïve physics 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4547:Motor control 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505:Ophidiophobia 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495:Arachnophobia 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422:Display rules 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324:Kin selection 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218:Adaptationism 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4122:Ivan Illich. 4118: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4099: 4091: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3956: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3815:0-88285-161-6 3812: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3705:on 2 May 2015 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687:Adams, John. 3683: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3495:data.OECD.org 3492: 3486: 3483: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3201: 3199:9781136541940 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3043: 3041:0-8139-2266-6 3037: 3033: 3032: 3024: 3021: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973:0-19-504983-7 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2922: 2920: 2912: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2800:9780595323340 2796: 2793:. iUniverse. 2792: 2785: 2782: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2450:0-520-21620-2 2446: 2441: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2198:Walking audit 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2168:Living street 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086:Roadway noise 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009:Air pollution 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962:Green vehicle 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921:Alternatives: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779:tax deduction 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1663:external cost 1659: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575:externalities 1572: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1536: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Street racing 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1406: 1399: 1396:According to 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1366: 1354: 1349: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1268:Crash barrier 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206:In addition, 1204: 1202: 1198: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1129:Racing Dreams 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:conservatives 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991:bicycle craze 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933: 928: 927: 922: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 886: 882: 876:United States 875: 872: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:Vance Packard 785: 781: 776: 774: 769: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 740: 738: 736: 732: 727: 723: 721: 720:rapid transit 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:United States 690: 685: 680: 674: 666: 664: 662: 658: 654: 645: 643: 641: 637: 633: 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4512:Folk biology 4255:Evolutionary 4127: 4117: 4106:the original 4097: 4090: 4078:. 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