307:
607:' during childhood. Only 11 percent of his heterosexual samples were gender-role nonconformists. Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith (1981, 188) reported that half of their male homosexual subjects practised gender-inappropriate behaviour in childhood. Among their heterosexual men, the rate of noncompliance was 25 percent. Saghir and Robins (1973, 18) found that one-third of their gay man respondents conformed to gender role dictates. Only 3 percent of their heterosexual men deviated from the norm." Thus effeminate boys, or sissies, are physically and verbally harassed (Saghir and Robins, 1973, 17–18; Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith 1981, 74–84), causing them to feel worthless and "de-feminise".
618:: "They have a different face for different occasions. In conversations with each other, they often undergo a subtle change. I have seen men who appeared to be normal suddenly smile roguishly, soften their voices, and simper as they greeted homosexual friends Many times I saw these changes occur after I had gained a homosexual's confidence and he could safely risk my disapproval. Once as I watched a luncheon companion become an effeminate caricature of himself, he apologized, 'It is hard to always remember that one is a man.'" Before Stonewall, "
2067:
444:
753:
237:
2079:
2107:
426:, contains a debate "between two men, Charicles and Callicratidas, over the relative merits of women and boys as vehicles of male sexual pleasure." Callicratidas, "far from being effeminised by his sexual predilection for boys... Callicratidas's inclination renders him hypervirile... Callicratidas's sexual desire for boys, then, makes him more of a man; it does not weaken or subvert his male
2158:
2175:
2141:
2124:
357:" and frequently commented on his "unmanly and womanish temper", even criticising his clothing: "If anyone took those dainty little coats and soft shirts off you... and took them round for the jurors to handle, I think they'd be quite unable to say, if they hadn't been told in advance, whether they had hold of a man's clothing or a woman's."
651:
There is a definite prejudice towards men who use femininity as part of their palette; their emotional palette, their physical palette. Is that changing? It's changing in ways that don't advance the cause of femininity. I'm not talking frilly-laced pink things or Hello Kitty stuff. I'm talking about
677:
compares "universalising" and "minoritising" notions of gender deviance: "'Softness' either may represent the specter of potential gender failure that haunts all normative masculinity, an ever-present threat to the masculinity of every man, or it may represent the disfiguring peculiarity of a small
810:
emerged by at least the 1990s and gained traction online, used in both sexual and non-sexual contexts. Recently, femboys have become increasingly visible due to their inclusion in popular media, and trends such as "Femboy Friday" and "Femboy
Hooters". These trends involve self-identifying femboys
475:
questioned one of his opponents, P. Sulpicius Galus: "For the kind of man who adorns himself daily in front of a mirror, wearing perfume; whose eyebrows are shaved off; who walks around with plucked beard and thighs; who when he was a young man reclined at banquets next to his lover, wearing a
430:
but rather consolidates it." In contrast, "Charicles' erotic preference for women seems to have had the corresponding effect of effeminising him: when the reader first encounters him, for example, Charicles is described as exhibiting 'a skillful use of cosmetics, so as to be attractive to
669:" became dominant and effeminacy is now marginalised. One indicator of this is a definite preference shown in personal ads for masculine-behaving men. The avoidance of effeminacy by men, including gay ones, has been linked to possible impedance of personal and public health. Regarding
734:'s cultural analysis of gay masculinities has found effeminacy to be a "historically varying concept deployed primarily as a means of stabilising a given society's concept of masculinity and controlling the conduct of its men based upon the repudiation of the feminine".
673:, masculine behaviour was stereotyped as being unconcerned about safe sex practices while engaging in promiscuous sexual behaviour. Early reports from New York City indicated that more women had themselves tested for HIV/AIDS than men.
988:
Hoskin R. A. “Femininity? It’s the aesthetic of subordination”: Examining femmephobia, the gender binary, and experiences of oppression among sexual and gender minorities // Archives of sexual behavior. – 2020. – V. 49. – №. 7. – p.
459:
Over-refinement, fine clothes and other possessions, the company of women, certain trades, and too much fondness with women were all deemed effeminate traits in Roman society. Taking an inappropriate sexual position, passive or
2147:
511:, wrote: ''Why are the Egyptians more intelligent and more given to crafts, and the Syrians unwarlike and effeminate, but at the same time intelligent, hot-tempered, vain and quick to learn?''
1459:
583:
reported that the mainland
Chinese government has banned effeminate men from appearing in television commercials. The Chinese government instructed broadcasters to stop showing "sissy men".
384:
is a man who cross-dresses or flirts like a girl. Indeed, the word's etymology suggests an indirect sexual act emulating a promiscuous woman. This term has been borrowed from the Greek
1568:
247:
328:, asked his "boy", "Aren't you pregnant yet?" in the presence of other people, causing the boy to kill him in revenge for being treated as if effeminate or a woman (
794:) is a modern slang term used to refer to a male who displays traditionally feminine characteristics, such as wearing dresses, skirts, and/or thigh-highs. It is a
1590:
701:
404:
in his hand, and adopted a lascivious style, often suggestively wiggling his buttocks in such a way as to suggest anal intercourse....The primary meaning of
1989:
Bailey, Michael; Kim, Peggy; Hills, Alex; and
Linsenmeier, Joan (1997). "Butch, Femme, or Straight Acting? Partner Preferences of Gay Men and Lesbians.",
306:
1761:
2050:
2095:
1202:
2037:
1565:
603:, they are less compliant. Martin Levine summarizes: "Harry (1982, 51–52), for example, found that 42 percent of his gay respondents were '
1677:
1652:
693:
to describe the ambivalence gay men and culture have about effeminate behaviour in 1995. Gay author Tim
Bergling popularized the term
296:
689:, as used by Randy P. Conner) was coined by Will Fellows to describe strong anti-effeminacy. Michael Bailey coined the similar term
634:, including an interest in fashion and decorating. Masculine gay men were marginalised and formed their own communities, such as the
1983:
1893:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1812:
1733:
1627:
1600:
1534:
277:
1412:
560:
1803:
Davis, Madeline and
Lapovsky Kennedy, Elizabeth (1989). "Oral History and the Study of Sexuality in the Lesbian Community",
1182:
720:. Feminist sociologist Rhea Ashley Hoskin suggests that these terms can be understood as relating to a larger construct of
934:
2057:
516:
455:, Euryalus was "beautiful" and had a close relationship with his mother, while Nisus was fast and skilled with weaponry.
487:
described, "The plucked body, the broken walk, the female attire," as "signs of one who is soft and not a real man."
929:
343:
in 346 BC, he brought a counter suit claiming
Timarchus had prostituted himself to (or been "kept" by) other men (
1797:
376:: a man "whose most salient feature was a supposedly 'feminine' love of being sexually penetrated by other men":
1788:, Aristotle, trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1992. Vol. #285
730:
to identify, embody, or express femininely and toward people and objects gendered femininely." Since the 2000s,
536:
because "merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind".
2215:
1187:
1839:
490:
For Roman men masculinity also meant self-control, even in the face of painful emotions, illnesses, or death.
464:", in same-gender sex was considered effeminate and unnatural. Touching the head with a finger and wearing a
2210:
543:
evidently considered effeminacy an undesirable trait, but it is unclear what or who was being referred to.
2071:
506:
1800:, 20 vol. It has 75 references in English literature of over 500 years of usage of the word 'effeminate'.
498:
adds, "If I must suffer illness, it will be my wish to do nothing out of control, nothing effeminately."
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924:
494:
says, "There exist certain precepts, even laws, that prohibit a man from being effeminate in pain," and
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61:
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posting images of themselves in online groups and forums, dressed in feminine clothing or a form of
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49:
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long-sleeved tunic; who is fond of men as he is of wine: can anyone doubt that he has done what
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goddess energy, intuition and feelings. That is still under attack, and it has gotten worse.
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502:
77:
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879:
815:. Cosplay has become exceedingly popular among online femboys, usually cosplaying female,
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427:
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259:
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as being effeminate, and vice versa. However, femininity, masculinity, and other forms of
1039:
1008:
1945:
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827:
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396:, primarily signifying a purely effeminate dancer who entertained his audiences with a
69:
1807:(1990), Duberman, etc., eds. New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books.
1420:
1115:
fr. 17 Malcovati; Aulus
Gellius, 6.12.5; cited/translated by Williams 1999, p. 23
752:
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1519:
894:
874:
639:
631:
600:
592:
525:
409:
422:("Loves", "Forms of Desire", "Affairs of the Heart"), preserved with manuscripts by
2083:
1937:
998:
Berkowitz D., Windsor E. J., Han C. W. (ed.). Male femininities. – NYU Press, 2023.
939:
713:
666:
623:
461:
45:
104:
2020:
Padva, Gilad. "Claiming Lost Gay Youth, Embracing
Femininostalgia: Todd Haynes's
1903:(The Journal of Men's Studies, Spring 2006, Men's Studies Press; ISSN 1060-8265)
1826:
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884:
852:
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706:
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552:
520:
350:
340:
41:
1834:
Martin, Dale B. (1996). "Arsenokoités and
Malakos: Meanings and Consequences",
1820:
The
Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece
726:, or "prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone who is
191:
similarly implies effeminacy or over-refinement, but comes from the Latin term
949:
869:
622:" culture accepted homosexuality as effeminate behaviour, and thus emphasized
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401:
393:
219:
1710:
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899:
889:
840:
710:
572:
336:
109:
65:
1888:
Levine, Martin P. (1998). Gay Macho. New York: New York University Press.
1901:"Feminine" Heterosexual Men: Subverting Heteropatriarchal Sexual Scripts?
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859:
670:
619:
366:
325:
321:
29:
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Faeries, Bears, and Leathermen: Men in Community Queering the Masculine
812:
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372:
73:
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1828:
Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity
743:
658:
529:
491:
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448:
423:
209:
112:
1183:"China bans men it sees as not masculine enough from TV - ABC News"
1040:"What Does femboy Mean? | Gender & Sexuality by Dictionary.com"
1699:
Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice
1619:
Clinical sexuality: a manual for the physician and the professions
1203:"China bans men it sees as not masculine enough from TV | AP News"
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161:
155:
100:
57:
53:
1794:, Aristotle, trans. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Library. Vol. #285
864:
826:, it is also used as a positive/self-describing term within the
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183:
33:
52:, behaviors, and appearances that are socially associated with
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747:
614:, inconsistent gender role performance had been noticed among
596:
230:
37:
2089:
1525:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p.
595:, and gender role performance determines social rank. While
360:
In ancient Koine Greek, the word for effeminate is κίναιδος
187:(when applied to a boy or, especially, adult man). The word
1836:
Biblical Ethics & Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture
1754:"Introducing 'Femboys', the Most Wholesome Trend On TikTok"
1922:
Gay Children Grown Up: Gender, Culture and Gender Deviance
1805:
Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past
126:'woman'; it means 'made feminine, emasculated, weakened'.
1862:, p. 125. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
638:, and/or wore clothes that were commonly associated with
1277:
1275:
764:
255:
1838:, Robert L. Brawley, ed. Westminster John Knox Press.
2055:
1342:"'Femboys': The TikTok trend shaking up gender norms"
1940:(1978). "Homosexuality: The Scene and Its Student",
1521:
A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture
353:' nickname Batalos ("arse") to his "unmanliness and
207:, meaning a girlish boy, comes from an inversion of
40:, particularly those considered untypical of men or
1929:
Sexual Preference: Its Development in Men and Women
1413:"THE OLD GUARD (The History of Leather Traditions)"
1093:(Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 84–86; Winn,
1953:The Homosexual and His Society: A View from Within
1915:The Forty-Nine Percent Majority: The Male Sex Role
1695:"Femme Theory: Refocusing the Intersectional Lens"
1518:
339:was accused of treason by Athenians Timarchus and
1238:
1236:
311:The Younger Apollo Teaching Hyacinth to Play Lyra
1728:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 48.
1575:, Gaywired.com, Dec 20, 2007, also appeared in
649:
388:(which may itself have come from a language of
378:
129:Other vernacular words for effeminacy include:
1913:David, Deborah S. and Brannon, Robert (1976).
1877:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
850:
195:meaning 'having given birth; exhausted', from
1845:Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
822:While the term can be used as a slur towards
244:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
2032:, pp. 72–97 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014,
1991:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1976:Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior
1960:Mother Camp: Female Impersonators in America
1942:The Sociology of Sex: An Introductory Reader
1592:Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior
1566:"Would Life Be Better if You Were Straight?"
702:Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior
2003:Bailey, Michael (1995). "Gender Identity",
1951:Cory, Donald W. and LeRoy, John P. (1963).
2007:, p. 71-93. New York: Harcourt Brace.
2005:The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals
262:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
2030:Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture
1622:(3rd ed.). Lippincott. p. 110.
1127:5.9.14, cited/translated by Richlin, 1993
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
1962:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
1931:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1927:Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith (1981).
408:never died out; the term never became a
2102:
2062:
2051:Strength of Being an Effeminate Gay Man
981:
962:
324:recounts that Periander, the tyrant of
64:, men considered effeminate have faced
1860:How To Do The History of Homosexuality
1996:Bergling, Tim (1997). "Sissyphobia",
1747:
1745:
1672:. Berkeley: Seal Press. p. 133.
1336:
1334:
1332:
591:In the United States, boys are often
570:The Chinese term for 'girlie men' is
7:
1831:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1645:Sexual Deceit: The Ethics of Passing
1044:Everything After Z by Dictionary.com
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1978:. New York: Harrington Park Press.
370:in its Latinized form), or μαλακός
1910:. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman.
1693:Hoskin, Rhea Ashley (2017-06-09).
297:Classical definition of effeminacy
213:, meaning a boyish girl. The term
14:
1917:. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
819:, or effeminate male characters.
468:were also considered effeminate.
451:'s tale of the two young lovers,
217:comes from a gender-inversion of
16:Feminine qualities in boys or men
2173:
2156:
2139:
2122:
2105:
2077:
2065:
751:
235:
1764:from the original on 2020-10-20
1647:. Lexington Books. p. 10.
1450:Levine, 1998, p. 21–23, 56
705:, although it was used before.
678:class of deviant individuals."
1091:Homosexuality and Civilization
1014:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
561:Discrimination against gay men
1:
1251:Saghir and Robins 1973, 18–19
935:Social construction of gender
1161:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
716:has coined the similar term
480:are in the habit of doing?"
1858:Halperin, David M. (2002).
1825:Williams, Craig A. (1999).
1308:Levine, 1998, p. 21–23
851:
258:, discuss the issue on the
2237:
1993:, 73(5), pp. 960–973.
1955:. New York: Citadel Press.
1260:Levine, 1998, p. 5–16
969:possibly c. fourth century
930:Sex and gender distinction
741:
550:
294:
1934:Saghir and Robins (1973).
1818:Winkler, John J. (1990).
1798:Oxford English Dictionary
1495:Levine, 1998, p. 148
2000:, p. 53. September.
1948:eds. New York: Schocken.
1906:Gagnon, John H. (1977).
1752:Ran, Dani (2020-08-13).
1643:Harrison, Kelby (2013).
1616:Oliven, John F. (1974).
532:were the bravest of all
1958:Newton, Esther (1972).
1944:, James M. Henslin and
1230:David and Brannon, 1976
788:(alternatively spelled
579:In September 2021, the
291:Ancient Greece and Rome
44:. These traits include
1974:Bergling, Tim (2001).
1969:. New York: MacFadden.
1822:. New York: Routledge.
1724:Hennen, Peter (2008).
1668:Serano, Julia (2007).
1589:Bergling, Tim (2001).
1517:Fellows, Will (2004).
654:
599:boys receive the same
553:Masculinity § Men
456:
414:
349:). He also attributed
317:
203:'offspring'. The term
2094:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
2028:". In: Padva, Gilad,
1965:Stearn, Jess (1962).
1843:Holland, Tom (2004).
1460:Interview with RuPaul
925:Queer heterosexuality
642:individuals, such as
508:Against the Galileans
446:
309:
28:is the embodiment of
1924:. New York: Praeger.
1873:K.J. Dover, (1989).
1786:On Virtues and Vices
1555:Michael Bailey, 1995
1411:Guy Baldwin (1993).
1281:Cory and LeRoy, 1963
1172:Meditations, Book 4.
501:Emperor/philosopher
256:improve this section
246:may not represent a
62:Western civilization
2022:Dottie Gets Spanked
1875:Greek Homosexuality
1792:The Eudemian Ethics
1477:Bailey et al. 1997.
1462:, David Shankbone,
1211:. 2 September 2021.
503:Julian the Apostate
84:are independent of
1571:2015-09-23 at the
1468:, October 6, 2007.
1017:. Merriam-Webster.
763:. You can help by
665:After Stonewall, "
636:leather subculture
457:
453:Nisus and Euryalus
318:
315:Louis de Boullogne
86:sexual orientation
2038:978-1-137-26633-0
1908:Human Sexualities
1705:(1): 95–109 PDF.
1423:on 5 January 2010
1392:Warren 1972, 1974
1095:The Poetry of War
910:Non-binary gender
781:
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473:Scipio Aemilianus
346:Against Timarchus
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1938:Karlen, Arno
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1779:Bibliography
1766:. Retrieved
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1540:. Retrieved
1520:
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1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:the original
1416:
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1370:
1365:Fischer 1972
1361:
1350:. Retrieved
1348:. 2021-01-08
1345:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1290:Newton, 1972
1286:
1269:Karlen, 1978
1265:
1256:
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1221:Gagnon, 1977
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1090:
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1058:
1047:. Retrieved
1043:
1012:
1009:"effeminate"
1003:
994:
984:
965:
940:Third gender
821:
807:
803:
799:
790:
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783:
782:
769:
765:adding to it
760:
732:Peter Hennen
727:
721:
717:
714:Julia Serano
700:
694:
690:
687:effemiphobic
686:
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517:Commentaries
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96:
95:
25:
21:
20:
18:
2114:Definitions
1564:Dylan Vox,
1401:Helmer 1963
1317:Henry, 1955
1062:Dover, 1989
945:Transgender
905:Metrosexual
885:Genderqueer
824:trans women
806:. The term
796:portmanteau
723:femmephobia
718:effemimania
709:writer and
707:Transgender
696:sissyphobia
685:(sometimes
610:Before the
521:Gallic Wars
351:Demosthenes
341:Demosthenes
122:'out') and
108:, from the
105:effeminātus
99:comes from
92:Terminology
78:stereotyped
50:stereotypes
42:masculinity
2201:Effeminacy
2195:Categories
2165:Quotations
2092:Effeminacy
1768:2021-05-17
1542:2012-02-10
1427:27 October
1374:White 1980
1352:2021-01-08
1326:West, 1977
1125:Institutes
1049:2020-03-11
989:2319-2339.
977:References
950:Two-spirit
870:Femininity
817:non-binary
742:See also:
691:femiphobia
593:homosocial
551:See also:
485:Quintilian
402:tambourine
394:Asia Minor
392:Greeks of
220:girly girl
139:pretty boy
97:Effeminate
76:are often
32:traits in
22:Effeminacy
1711:1715-0698
1346:Happy Mag
1097:, p. 162.
915:Otokonoko
900:Kkonminam
890:Gynomorph
841:Androgyny
728:perceived
711:biologist
681:The term
573:niang pao
505:, in his
337:Aeschines
330:Amatorius
260:talk page
215:girly boy
147:girly boy
143:nancy boy
110:factitive
66:prejudice
1762:Archived
1579:, Boston
1569:Archived
1465:Wikinews
1188:ABC News
860:En femme
853:Bishōnen
834:See also
800:feminine
671:HIV/AIDS
539:Emperor
530:Belgians
406:cinaedus
398:tympanum
386:kinaidos
382:cinaedus
367:cinaedus
362:kinaidos
355:kinaidiā
326:Ambracia
322:Plutarch
254:You may
30:feminine
2058:Portals
813:cosplay
616:gay men
605:sissies
557:Gay men
547:Gay men
519:on the
514:In his
478:cinaedi
373:malakoi
332:768F).
227:History
205:tomgirl
193:effetus
175:roseboy
167:tomgirl
74:Gay men
2036:
1982:
1892:
1881:
1866:
1851:
1811:
1732:
1709:
1676:
1651:
1626:
1599:
1533:
1507:, 2002
1151:. 67.4
1139:. 2.94
808:femboy
791:femboi
785:Femboy
744:Femboy
659:RuPaul
630:, and
620:closet
559:, and
496:Seneca
492:Cicero
466:goatee
462:bottom
449:Virgil
431:women.
424:Lucian
419:Erôtes
390:Ionian
302:Greece
210:tomboy
189:effete
181:, and
171:femboy
124:femina
118:(from
113:prefix
2131:Media
2084:LGBTQ
1998:Genre
1163:, I,1
1149:Epist
957:Notes
920:Queer
846:Bakla
632:swish
566:China
534:Gauls
335:When
201:fetus
162:pussy
156:sissy
151:molly
135:nelly
131:pansy
101:Latin
58:women
54:girls
46:roles
2206:Boys
2182:Data
2148:News
2034:ISBN
2024:and
1980:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1879:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1758:Vice
1730:ISBN
1707:ISSN
1674:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1577:Edge
1531:ISBN
1429:2010
865:Ergi
802:and
628:drag
624:camp
439:Rome
199:and
184:girl
179:baby
68:and
56:and
34:boys
1527:280
1137:Fin
804:boy
798:of
767:.
699:in
597:gay
447:In
400:or
313:by
197:ex-
116:ex-
38:men
36:or
24:or
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2040:).
1986:.
1760:.
1756:.
1744:^
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1701:.
1697:.
1529:.
1415:.
1344:.
1331:^
1274:^
1235:^
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1185:.
1042:.
1023:^
1011:.
830:.
657:-
646:.
626:,
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555:,
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380:A
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120:ex
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72:.
48:,
2100::
2060::
1896:.
1885:.
1870:.
1855:.
1815:.
1771:.
1738:.
1713:.
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1605:.
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1431:.
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364:(
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275:(
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266:(
252:.
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