Borders of Israel - Knowledge (XXG)

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leaves no doubt that Palestine did not include Transjordan in prior periods ... The Zionist and later on the Israeli discourse stresses the 'fact' that Israel emerged on only a very small part of Palestine – less than a third – by which they mean the entirety of Palestine and Transjordan; hence the term 'the partitioned State' ... While Israel officially is more circumspect in its pronouncements, its official spokesmen often refer to Jordan as a Palestinian State and claim that Palestinians already therefore have a state of their own. A series of advertisements that appeared in major American newspapers in the course of 1983 claimed openly that Jordan is Palestine. The series was presumably paid for by 'private' sponsors who support Israel but have been reported to be acting on behalf of certain sectors of Israel's leadership. Though rightly discredited as spurious scholarship, Joan Peters's From Time Immemorial (1984) gave much publicity to the Zionist definition of Palestine as including Transjordan (and, throughout, her work utilizes seriously flawed data that specifically refer to 'Western Palestine'). Perhaps Israel's preference for a solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in terms of what has become known as the 'Jordanian' option reflects the same understanding."

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In 1964, concluding its work, the committee suggested to the two governments that the area be deemed the property of Lebanon, and recommended that the international border be reestablished consistent with its suggestion. However, neither Syria nor Lebanon adopted the committee's suggestion, and neither country took any action along the suggested lines. Thus, maps of the area continued to reflect the Farms as being in Syria. Even maps of both the Syrian and Lebanese armies continued to demarcate the region within Syrian territory (see map).

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Zionist approval as treason. The call 'Two banks for the Jordan river – this one is ours and so is the other' was heard from then onward. Even the other side of the Jewish political map did not lose its faith in achieving a better political solution, and in a famous song – which was composed many years later – one can find the words 'from Metulla to the Negev, from the sea to the desert'. The allusion is clearly to the desert that lies east of the Trans-Jordanian heights and not to the Judean desert."

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language confuses some readers into imagining that Transjordanian territory was covered by the conditions of the Mandate as to the Jewish National Home before August 1921. Not so; what became Transjordanian territory was not part of the mandate at all. As noted, it was part of the Arabian Chapter problem; it was, in other words, in a state of postwar legal and administrative limbo. And this is also not to speak of the fact that, as of August 1921, the mandates had yet to be approved or take effect."

40: 952:, to be known as the State of Israel." Epstein, Agent, Provisional Government of Israel said in a letter to President Truman seeking recognition from the U.S. government, sent immediately after the Declaration of May 14, 1948, "that the state of Israel has been proclaimed as an independent republic within frontiers approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Resolution of November 29, 1947", (i.e., within the area designated as the "Jewish state" in the partition plan). 829: 893:. Taba was on the Egyptian side of the armistice line of 1949, but Israel claimed that Taba had been on the Ottoman side of a border agreed between the Ottomans and British Egypt in 1906, and that there had previously been an error in marking the line. The issue was submitted to an international commission composed of one Israeli, one Egyptian, and three outsiders. In 1988, the commission ruled in Egypt's favor, and Israel withdrew from Taba later that year. 907: 482: 3033: 1120: 3043: 257:

administration different from that of Palestine, however undesirable it may be for His Majesty's Government themselves to propose alterations of the mandates at this stage, they were inclined to view that when the "A" mandates come to be considered by the Council of the League it would be wise in this case to propose to that body the insertion... after article 24 of the Palestine mandate..."

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assistant legal adviser to the Foreign Office. Their suggestion, on the 25th by Shuckburgh, was that... a clause be inserted in each of the mandates... The first draft of Article 25 was originally worded "to postpone the application of such provisions," but was altered at Shuckburgh's initiative since "'postpone' means, or may be taken to mean, that we are going to apply them eventually""

171: 636:. At the same time, the United Nations did not have to consider the legality of the boundary between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights, as that was not required for the purpose of Council Resolution 425. Accordingly, the Armistice Demarcation Line between Lebanon and the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights is expressly not to be called the Blue Line. 757: 594: 382:, signed on October 26, 1994, resolved all outstanding territorial and border issues between the two countries that had existed since the 1948 War. The treaty specified and fully recognized the international border between Israel and Jordan, with Jordan confirming its renunciation of any claim to the West Bank. Upon its signing, the 937:, on behalf of the Jewish community, despite its misgivings, indicated acceptance of the plan. With a few exceptions, the Arab leaders and governments rejected the plan of partition in the resolution and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition. Britain declared that the Mandate was to end on May 15, 1948. 470:

final report on February 3, 1922, and it was approved with some caveats by the British and French governments on March 7, 1923, several months before Britain and France assumed their Mandatory responsibilities on September 29, 1923. In accordance with the same process, a nearby parcel of land that included the ancient site of

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Wasserstein writes: "Palestine, therefore, was not partitioned in 1921–1922. Transjordan was not excised but, on the contrary, added to the mandatory area. Zionism was barred from seeking to expand there – but the Balfour Declaration had never previously applied to the area east of the Jordan. Why is

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Adam Garfinkle explained, "After the Cairo Conference of March 1921, whereupon the Emirate of Transjordan was created, Article 25 pertaining to Transjordan was added to the draft Mandate – in August 1921. Article 25 notes that Transjordanian territory is not included in the Jewish National Home. This

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of Israel passed a law to annex all land that Israel had captured in the war, and declaring that from then on, any part of Palestine taken by the Israeli army would automatically be annexed to Israel. This, effectively, annexed to Israel all land within the Green Line, though the armistice agreements

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had not been built, and the Ottomans therefore had no simple access to the Red Sea. The British were also interested in making the border as short and patrollable as possible, and some contest that it did not take into account the needs of the local residents in the negotiations, although its clauses

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The Shebaa Farms conflict stems from Israel's occupation and annexation of the Golan Heights, with respect to that territory's border with Lebanon. Both Lebanon and Syria were within the French Mandate territory between 1920 and the end of the French Mandate in 1946. The dispute over the sovereignty

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Border disputes arose at times, however. Shebaa Farms was not unique; several other border villages had similar discrepancies of borders versus land ownership. Syria and Lebanon formed a joint Syrian–Lebanese border committee in the late 1950s to determine a proper border between the two nations.

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Biger wrote, "The results of the Cairo conference were a failure for the Zionist Organization, but Britain had won itself a devoted ally east of the Jordan ... Certain Zionist politicians, and especially the circles that surrounded Ze'ev Jabutinski, regarded the British decisions and the quiet

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Klieman writes: "Accordingly, Churchill cabled the Colonial Office on 21 March, asking whether the Cairo proposals would necessitate any special provisions being made in the two mandates... Upon receipt of this cable informal consultation took place between the Colonial Office legal adviser and the

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writes that the public clarification and implementation of Article 25, more than a year after its addition to the Mandate, misled some "into imagining that Transjordanian territory was covered by the conditions of the Mandate as to the Jewish National Home before August 1921". This would, according

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approved the Palestine Mandate, which came into effect in 1923 after a dispute between France and Italy over the Syria Mandate was settled. The Mandate stated that Britain could 'postpone or withhold' application of the provisions dealing with the 'Jewish National Home' in the territory east of the

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March 12, 1921, British memorandum explaining the situation of Transjordan: "His Majesty's Government have been entrusted with the Mandate for "Palestine." If they wish to assert their claim to Trans-Jordan and to avoid raising with other Powers the legal status of that area, they can only do so by

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heard views in Israel, Lebanon and Syria. The United Nations cartographer and his team, assisted by UNIFIL, worked on the ground to identify a line to be adopted for the practical purposes of confirming the Israeli withdrawal. While it was agreed that this would not be a formal border demarcation,

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Documents from the 1920s and 1930s indicate that some local inhabitants regarded themselves as part of Lebanon, for example paying taxes to the Lebanese government. But French officials at times expressed confusion as to the actual location of the border. One French official in 1939 expressed the

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Abu-Lughod, writing in 1988: "... the statement presented by Mr Herbert Samuel, the first British High Commissioner, to the League of Nations on the administration of Palestine and Transjordan between 1920–25 ... is sufficiently clear on the distinctness of Transjordan and its emergence and

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A 1920 agreement defined the boundary between the forthcoming British and French mandates in broad terms, and placed the bulk of the Golan Heights in the French sphere. The agreement also established a joint commission to settle the border and mark it on the ground. The commission submitted its

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March 25, 1921, proposal, approved a week later, to include Transjordan via Article 25: "On the assumption that... provision is made in some way in final political arrangements as regards Trans-Jordania for its inclusion within the boundaries of Palestine as eventually fixed, but under a form of

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and its neighbours, as well as an effect of the agreements among colonial powers ruling in the region before Israel's creation. Only two of Israel's five total potential land borders are internationally recognized and uncontested, while the other three remain disputed; the majority of its border

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At the same time, Israel has continued to claim a nominal strip on the border between the West Bank and Jordan, and between Gaza and Egypt as its border with those countries. This is viewed as a legalistic device to enable Israel to control the entry of people and materials into the Palestinian

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During the 1990s, there were constant negotiations between Israel and Syria regarding a mediation of conflicts and an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights but a peace treaty did not come to fruition. The main stumbling block seems to involve the 66 square kilometers of territory that Syria

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of the boundary between French Syria and Palestine, which will constitute the northern frontier and the eastern line of demarcation, adjoining Arab Syria. The latter is not likely to be fixed until the Emir Feisal attends the Peace Conference, probably in Paris." See: 'Zionist Aspirations: Dr

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that it had redeployed its forces in compliance with Council Resolution 425, that is to the Internationally recognized Lebanese border. On June 7, the completed map showing the withdrawal line was formally transmitted by the force commander of UNIFIL to his Lebanese and Israeli counterparts.

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In 1967, most Shebaa Farms landowners and (Lebanese) farmers lived outside the Syrian-controlled region, across the Lebanon-Syrian border, in the Lebanese village of Shebaa. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria, including the Shebaa Farms area. As a

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On April 17, 2000, Israel announced that it would withdraw its forces from Lebanon. The Lebanese government refused to take part in marking the border. The UN thus conducted its own survey based on the line for the purpose of Council Resolution 425, which called for "strict respect for the

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In 1923, 38 boundary markers were placed along the 78-kilometre (48-mile) boundary and a detailed text description was published. The 2000 Blue Line differs in about a half dozen short stretches from the 1949 line, although never by more than 475 metres (1,558 ft).

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were officially designated as the borders between Israel and Jordan and between Jordan and the territory occupied by Israel in 1967. For the latter, the agreement requires that the demarcation use a different presentation, and that it carry the following disclaimer:

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A number of local residents regarded themselves as Lebanese, however. The Lebanese government showed little interest in their views. The Syrian government administered the region, and on the eve of the 1967 war, the region was under effective Syrian control.

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before March 14, 1978, when Israel invaded Lebanon. In effect that line was recognised by both Lebanon and by Israel as the international border, and not just as the Armistice Demarcation Line of 1949 (what is commonly called the Green Line) following the

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proceeding upon the assumption that Trans-Jordan forms part of the area covered by the Palestine Mandate. In default of this assumption Trans-Jordan would be left, under article 132 of the Treaty of Sèvres, to the disposal of the principal Allied Powers."

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As of April 2021, there was an ongoing dispute over the Mediterranean Sea border between Israel and Lebanon. Negotiations on the maritime border commenced in October 2020 and led to success, i.e. both sides reaching and ratifying an agreement in 2022.

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clarified "that the final status , including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide." Since then, several other countries have formally recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and moved their embassies there.

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that Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with Council Resolution 425 and met the requirements defined in his report of May 22, 2000. The withdrawal line has been termed the Blue Line in all official UN communications since.

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The region continued to be represented in the 1930s and 1940s as Syrian territory, under the French Mandate. Detailed maps showing the border were produced by the French in 1933, and again in 1945. They clearly showed the region to be in Syria.

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In 2011, Palestine submitted an application for membership to the United Nations, using the borders for military administration that existed before 1967, effectively the 1949 armistice line or Green Line. As Israel does not recognize the

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The 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Egypt was ratified on February 24, 1949. The armistice line between these countries followed the international border except along the Gaza Strip, which remained under Egyptian occupation.

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the aim was to identify a line on the ground closely conforming to the internationally recognized boundaries of Lebanon, based on the best available cartographic and other documentary evidence. On May 25, 2000, Israel notified the

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Notwithstanding their reservations about the line, the governments of Israel and Lebanon confirmed that identifying this line was solely the responsibility of the United Nations and that they would respect the line as identified.

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which calls for the return by Israel to "the 1967 borders". While Israel has expressed desire to annex the border settlement blocs and keep East Jerusalem, its border with Gaza has largely been solidified, especially following

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According to the personal documents of the British colonel Wilfed A. Jennings Bramley, who influenced the negotiations, the border mainly served British military interests—it furthered the Ottomans as much as possible from the

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After the French Mandate ended in 1946, the land was administered by Syria, and represented as such in all maps of the time. The maps of the 1949 armistice agreement between Syria and Israel also designated the area as Syrian.

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rights according to tribal rules for the Naqb (Negev) and Sinai Bedouin. It was defined as an "administrative separating line" for diplomatic reasons, allowing the Ottoman Empire to hold to its nominal sovereignty over Egypt.

541:(DMZs) and remained under Syrian control (marked as DMZs on the map). It was emphasised that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." (Article V) 2153:"Letter From the Agent of the Provisional Government of Israel to the President of the United States: May 15, 1948: Harry S. Truman Library & Museum: The Recognition of the State of Israel: Retrieved 30 December 2014" 250: 560:

throughout the Golan Heights, and offered the Druze and Circassian residents citizenship, which most turned down. Today, Israel regards the Golan Heights as its sovereign territory, and a strategic necessity. The

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The purported annexation of East Jerusalem was criticised by Palestinian, Arab and other leaders, and was declared by the United Nations Security Council "a violation of international law" and "null and void" in

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This line is the administrative boundary between Jordan and the territory which came under Israeli military government control in 1967. Any treatment of this line shall be without prejudice to the status of the

987:, rather than a permanent border, and the Armistice Agreements relegated the issue of permanent borders to future negotiations. The area to the west of the Jordan River came to be called the West Bank, and was 1381:, subsequently reported to his colleagues in London: "There are still important details outstanding, such as the actual terms of the mandate and the question of the boundaries in Palestine. There is the 213:(April 19–26, 1920) the Allied Supreme Council determined that mandates for Palestine and Mesopotamia would be allocated to Britain without precisely defining the boundaries of the mandated territories. 1197: 2459:

Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé, Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910.

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with Israel retained 66 square kilometers of that territory in the Jordan Valley that lay west of the 1923 Palestinian Mandate border (marked green on Map 4). These territories were designated

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and Resolution 426 calling for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, but turned over their positions inside Lebanon to their ally, the

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this important? Because the myth of Palestine's 'first partition' has become part of the concept of 'Greater Israel' and of the ideology of Jabotinsky's Revisionist movement."

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Unlike the other Green Line agreements, it contains no clause disclaiming this line as an international border, and was thereafter treated as it had been previously, as the

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Pappe, p. 3–4. Pappe suggests the French concessions were made to guarantee British support for French aims at the post-war peace conference concerning Germany and Europe.

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Between 1950 and 1967, Israeli and Lebanese surveyors managed to complete 25 non-contiguous kilometers and mark (but not sign) another quarter of the international border.

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Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed December 23, 1920. Text available in

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to the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, which had been previously designated by the Arab League as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".

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Korman, Sharon (2005). The right to conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice. Oxford University Press US. pp. 250–260.

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of 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan, Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt, and Golan Heights from Syria, and placed these territories under

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political science department, suggested that the "Jordan as a Palestinian State" references made by Israeli spokespeople may reflect "the same understanding".

3247: 1976: 517:, including a 10-metre-wide strip along the northeastern shore, were part of Palestine. The agreement added 227 square kilometers to the area of Palestine. 3118: 930: 179: 151: 2567:

Gil-Har, Yitzhak (1993), British commitments to the Arabs and their application to the Palestine-Trans-Jordan boundary: The issue of the Semakh triangle,

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entered from the east what had been the Palestinian part of the Palestinian Mandate, while other Arab armies invaded other parts of the territory. The

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Unique to states in the contemporary world, only two of Israel's five potential land borders have the status of internationally recognized boundaries.

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to cover the whole of East Jerusalem and the surrounding area, and applied its laws, jurisdiction, and administration to that territory. In 1980, the

1094: 548:(1967), Israel captured the territory as well as the rest of the Golan Heights, and subsequently repelled a Syrian attempt to recapture it during the 201:. They agreed that "Palestine" was to be designated as an "international enclave". This agreement was revised by Britain and France in December 1918; 2006: 3765: 3079: 2947: 1020: 2123: 1884:"SECURITY COUNCIL ENDORSES SECRETARY-GENERAL"S CONCLUSION ON ISR"LI WITHDRAWAL FROM LEBANON AS OF 16 JUNE - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 933:

into "Independent Arab and Jewish States" and a "Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem" administered by the United Nations. The

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to the League of Nations defining the border of Transjordan and confirming its exclusion from all the provisions dealing with Jewish settlement.

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This article is about the borders of the modern State of Israel. For the ancient Halakhic delineation of the borders of the Land of Israel, see

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of 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip. In 1988, Jordan renounced all claims to the West Bank; this was made official in the

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A clearly visible line marks about 80 kilometers (~50 mi) of the international border between Egypt and Israel in this photograph from the

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The armistice line (i.e., "Green Line") was the international border, which corresponds to the 1923 Mandate border between the Lebanon and

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did allow free access to the water sources west of the line to civilians, military and gendarmes from the Ottoman side, as well as full

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Israel and the Palestinian territories now lay entirely within the boundaries of the former territory of Mandatory Palestine. By the

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be removed from Israeli sovereignty and transferred to the Palestinian Authority, in exchange for the border settlement blocs. The

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in 2005. Israel has not made claims to any portion of Gazan territory and offered the entire area to Palestinians as part of the

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Transjordan gained independence from Britain in 1946 within the above borders, prior to the termination of Mandatory Palestine .

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On May 15, regular Arab armies entered what had been Mandate Palestine. This intervention/invasion marked the transition of the

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between Lebanon and Israel. The area east of the Hasbani River is considered part of Syria and included in the Golan Heights.

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territorial integrity, sovereignty and political independence of Lebanon within its internationally recognized boundaries".

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administrations, and subsequently from the failure of the Lebanon and Syria to properly demarcate the border between them.

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marks the boundary between Israel and Syria. Israel's unilateral annexation has not been internationally recognized, and

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by Lebanon to the north, the Golan Heights under Syrian sovereignty as well as the rest of Syria to the northeast, the

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would be part of the British sphere in exchange for British support of French influence in Syria and Lebanon. At the

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countries support Syria's position in the formula which calls on Israel "to return to the 1967 borders". (See 2002

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Map 5: The Blue Line covers the Lebanese–Israeli border; an extension covers the Lebanese–Golan Heights boundary.

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Between March 12–25, 1921, the inclusion of Transjordan in the mandate was formulated by the British Government.

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Biger, Gideon (1989), Geographical and other arguments in delimitation in the boundaries of British Palestine,

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The boundaries of a future Palestinian State, vis-a-vis Israel, are subject to ongoing negotiations in the

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to the southwest. The Israeli border with Egypt is the international border demarcated in 1906 between the

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was drawn in the Ottoman–British agreement of October 1, 1906, after a military crisis earlier that year.

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was transferred from Syria to Palestine early in 1924. In this way the Golan Heights became part of the

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The armistice agreement between Lebanon and Israel was signed on March 23, 1949. The main points were:

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Israel withdrew its forces from 13 villages in Lebanese territory, which were occupied during the war.

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On June 8, 2000, UNIFIL teams commenced the work of verifying the Israeli withdrawal behind the line.

656: 446:, a series of agreements between 1920 and 1923, contained the principles for the boundary between the 3654: 3552: 3368: 3329: 3113: 3013: 2857: 2822: 2777: 2767: 2368: 1613:"The Avalon Project: Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" 1147: 740: 661: 282: 2605:

Muhsin, Yusuf (1991), The Zionists and the process of defining the borders of Palestine, 1915–1923,

1840: 1695: 3574: 3547: 3494: 3341: 3334: 3302: 3220: 3198: 3147: 2987: 2862: 2832: 2660: 2424:. Vol. 2. Institute for Zionist Research Founded in Memory of Chaim Weizmann. pp. 87–98. 1952: 1932: 1883: 1618: 1171: 1114: 1000: 976: 828: 715: 689: 357: 318: 198: 123: 3042: 959:

Map 8: Israel's 1949 Green Line (green thin line) and demilitarized zones (green thick line/areas)

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Jeremy Pressman, "Mediation, Domestic Politics, and the Israeli-Syrian Negotiations, 1991–2000,"

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Kaufman, Asher (Autumn 2002). "Who owns the Shebaa Farms? Chronicle of a territorial dispute".

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McTague, John (1982), Anglo-French Negotiations over the Boundaries of Palestine, 1919–1920,

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of 1916 secretly divided the Ottoman Empire lands of Middle East between British and French

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The evolution of the Egypt-Israel boundary: from colonial foundations to peaceful borders

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of 1994. The Green Line is Israel's contested boundary with the Palestinian territories.

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border to determine whether Israel had fully withdrawn from Lebanon in compliance with

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Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 22 March 2012

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as running roughly along the future borders of Israel. Israeli Foreign Minister

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The Blue Line, which the UN had to determine, was the line of deployment of the

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Mandate for Palestine § Transjordan (Article 25 and Transjordan memorandum)

187: 65: 1543: 170: 59:

exist as the result both of past wars and of diplomatic agreements between the

3128: 2560: 2488:"International Boundaries and Boundary Conflict Resolution", IBRU Conference, 2429: 853: 143: 64:

disputes are rooted in territorial changes that came about as a result of the

2581:

Foundations of British policy in the Arab world: the Cairo Conference of 1921

2335: 1716: 1155: 1028: 680:

identified by the United Nations in 2000 as the border of Lebanon, from the

430: 356:

were concluded. The resulting armistice line is commonly referred to as the

274: 135: 2363:(1988). "Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation". In 493:, showing the Ottoman boundaries, the 1920 agreement and the 1923 agreement 2266: 1834:"International Boundary Study - Israel-Lebanon Boundary, 15 February 1967" 756: 497:

In 1923, an agreement between the United Kingdom and France, known as the

3540: 3393: 3230: 2236: 1928: 945: 613:(see Map 5). In response to the invasion, the UN Security Council passed 391: 2007:"Israel ready to make greater territory demands in Lebanon border talks" 1084:

claims all of these territories (including East Jerusalem) for a future

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The Missing Peace - The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace

1175: 1163: 915: 857: 722: 625: 471: 93: 2375:

Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question

1898: 910:

David Ben-Gurion proclaiming independence beneath a large portrait of

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consequence, the Lebanese landowners were no longer able to farm it.

777:

belief that the uncertainty was sure to cause trouble in the future.

395: 139: 73: 60: 593: 3057: 2652: 1118: 954: 905: 865: 819: 480: 423: 169: 147: 85: 69: 38: 1174:

under Israeli law. According to the Israeli rights organisation,

1497: 1495: 1127:

The status and boundary of Jerusalem continue to be in dispute.

206: 3061: 2656: 1198:

United States recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel

1088:, and its position is supported by the Arab League in the 2002 624:

The United Nations in June 2000 was called upon to decide the

2612:

US Department of State, International Boundary Study series:

2404:הציונות: מאסף לתולדות התנועה הציונית והישוב היהודי בארץ־ישראל 2089:. Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 7. 824:

Map 7: Map showing Turco-Egyptian Boundary of October 1, 1906

1525: 1523: 1517:. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 583–584. 529:

allocated this territory to the Jewish state. Following the

2547:(1998). "History and Peace: Revisiting two Zionist myths". 2418:(1980). "Delimitation of the eastern border of Palestine". 2285:"What's the Difference Between An Embassy and a Consulate?" 1754:. Vol. 2, Part 2. Government of Palestine. p. 10. 2213:. United Nations Radio. September 23, 2011. Archived from 1713:"CAABU :: The Council for Arab-British Understanding" 1150:

in which most of the holy places are located). During the

552:(1973). Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981 with the 27:

Political boundaries between Israel and neighboring states

1011:

were declared to be temporary and not permanent borders.

162:, and confirmed in the 1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty. 2635:

Israel and Palestine: Why They Fight and Can They Stop?

2111:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

1796:"THE GOLAN HEIGHTS ANNEXED BY ISRAEL IN AN ABRUPT MOVE" 1515:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

1351:, I. B. Tauris; New Ed edition (August 15, 1994), p. 3. 1336:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

2211:"Palestinian Authority applies for full UN membership" 1945: 1943: 1941: 1732:, (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. 1006:

On September 22, 1948, during a truce in the war, the

2531:

Gardus, Yehuda; Shmueli, Avshalom, eds. (1978–1979).

1588:

The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988

203:

it was agreed that Palestine and the Vilayet of Mosul

3620: 3512: 3436: 3359: 3277: 3197: 3099: 2986: 2946: 2688: 2113:. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58–121. 1763: 1761: 1338:. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 444-474 948:, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in 2372: 2185:"Area of Jurisdiction and Powers Ordinance (1948)" 1349:The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951 458:, attributed to Great Britain, and the Mandate of 2607:Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 1931:" 1:200,000 sheet NI36-XII available in the U.S. 1307:. In Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan (ed.). 1076:that the Arab-Israeli border region known as the 509:. The border was drawn so that both sides of the 2057:"The Egypt-Palestine/Israel boundary: 1841-1992" 1664: 1662: 1565:"U.S. PEACE PLAN IN JEOPARDY; Internal Tensions" 1858:"International Boundary Study - Numerical List" 705:dictated exclusively by military considerations 360:, and was expressly declared to be a temporary 119:) remain internationally defined as contested. 1559: 1557: 856:, and gave Britain complete control over both 567:United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 3073: 2668: 2509:The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840-1947 2467:The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947 1823:16, no. 3 (July–September 2007), pp. 350–381. 1730:The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947 1648: 1646: 577:retained under the 1949 armistice agreement. 8: 2501:The encyclopedia of international boundaries 1591:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 247. 1442:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–. 1027:to Palestine and renounced its claim to the 769:resulted in part from the failure of French 1474: 3518: 3442: 3283: 3203: 3080: 3066: 3058: 2675: 2661: 2653: 1501: 965:1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 2239:. December 2, 2009 – via bbc.co.uk. 1580: 1578: 1462: 925:adopted Resolution 181 (II) recommending 420:French Mandate: Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 2407:. וניברסיטת תל-אביב, הוצאת הכבוץ המיוחד. 1899:"Understanding the Sheeba Farms dispute" 1311:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 252–. 827: 807:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute 755: 592: 47:-derived boundary map of Israel and the 2309:Proclamation 9683 of December 6, 2017, 1794:Shipler, David K. (December 15, 1981). 1423: 1411: 1399: 1292: 1231: 1023:without specifying its borders. Jordan 2445: 2435: 2045:Gardus and Shmueli (1979), pp. 369–370 1386:Weizmann on the Future of Palestine', 1154:of 1967, Israel gained control of the 317:to professor of modern Jewish history 269:In March 1921, the Colonial Secretary 182:influence and control proposed in the 3771:Politics of the Arab–Israeli conflict 2533:The Land of the Negev (English title) 2525:American Journal of International Law 1654:American Journal of International Law 1633:"Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty--Annex I" 1486: 7: 1621:. Yale Law School. October 26, 1994. 1619:"Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty Annex I" 860:gulfs—Suez and Aqaba, including the 485:Map 4: Borders in the region of the 340:On May 15, 1948, the Transjordanian 2602:, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 101–112. 2322:Morello, Carol (December 8, 2017). 2011:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 601:On March 14, 1978, Israel launched 3248:National parks and nature reserves 1436:Philip Robins (February 9, 2004). 1215:2011 Israeli border demonstrations 632:. This line came to be called the 630:UN Security Council Resolution 425 605:, occupying the area south of the 312:Historian and political scientist 289:would not apply to the territory. 25: 2609:, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 18–39. 2571:, Vol.29, No.4, pp. 690–701. 2237:"Jerusalem residency losses rise" 1975:Nasser, Cilina (April 25, 2005). 1305:"Borders and Conflict Resolution" 655:From May 24 to June 7, 2000, the 3041: 3032: 3031: 2527:, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126. 1656:, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126. 1055:Israel–Palestinian peace process 991:in 1950; and the Gaza Strip was 725:international border of Lebanon. 703:The terms of the agreement were 277:and following a discussion with 249: 236: 2399:קביעת הגבול המזרחי של ארץ ישראל 2109:Sela. "Arab–Israeli Conflict." 2064:: Dissertations and Theses. 695 1390:, Saturday, May 8, 1920; p. 15. 1123:Map 9: Jerusalem municipal area 1061:, which encompasses almost all 927:the adoption and implementation 82:1994 Israel–Jordan peace treaty 3766:Historical geography of Israel 2999:British Indian Ocean Territory 801:Israel—Lebanon maritime border 752:Conflict over the Shebaa Farms 78:1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty 1: 2632:Wasserstein, Bernard (2008). 2267:"Foreign Embassies in Israel" 1309:A Companion to Border Studies 1048:Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace 415:Border with Syria and Lebanon 348:was brought to an end by the 3165:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2600:Journal of Palestine Studies 1585:Anis F. Kassim, ed. (1988). 160:1922 Trans-Jordan memorandum 49:Israeli-occupied territories 3761:Foreign relations of Israel 3500:Water supply and sanitation 2062:University of Northern Iowa 1134:, Israel was in control of 973:Lausanne Conference of 1949 935:Jewish Agency for Palestine 931:plan to partition Palestine 834:International Space Station 688:, closely approximates the 350:Lausanne Conference of 1949 285:objective for the proposed 3792: 3177:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2503:, New York: Facts on File. 1674:September 9, 2008, at the 1112: 921:On November 29, 1947, the 804: 380:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 225: 184:1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 88:(via the Israeli-occupied 29: 3702: 3521: 3445: 3286: 3206: 3027: 2561:10.1080/13537129808719501 2430:10.1080/13531048108575800 2055:Abu-Rass, Thabit (1992). 1334:Sela, Avraham. "Israel." 1220:Baraita of the Boundaries 1044:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 1021:declared its independence 1008:Provisional State Council 981:1949 Armistice Agreements 979:, was agreed upon in the 887:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 535:1949 Armistice Agreements 521:Syria: subsequent changes 499:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 444:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 436:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 369:annexed by Jordan in 1950 354:1949 Armistice Agreements 128:1949 Armistice Agreements 84:, while its borders with 2748:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2403: 2398: 1903:Palestine-Israel Journal 1752:Census of Palestine 1931 1678:Also Louis, 1969, p. 90. 1637:jewishvirtuallibrary.org 694:1949 armistice agreement 556:. Israel began building 507:French Mandate for Syria 466:, attributed to France. 142:to the east, and by the 3485:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 3009:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2584:. Johns Hopkins Press. 1897:Kaufman, Asher (2004). 1544:"Address to the Nation" 844:and British controlled 476:French Mandate of Syria 396:Emek Ha'arva/Wadi Araba 327:Northwestern University 108:(Israeli-occupied land 106:Palestinian territories 51:(2007, updated to 2018) 3475:Science and technology 3379:Intelligence Community 2569:Middle Eastern Studies 2506:Biger, Gideon (2005), 2499:Biger, Gideon (1995), 2464:Biger, Gideon (2004). 1846:on September 16, 2006. 1701:on September 16, 2006. 1146:(including the walled 1124: 1099:2000 Camp David Summit 960: 918: 902:End of British Mandate 897:Borders with Palestine 837: 825: 761: 615:Council Resolution 425 598: 569:refers to the area as 527:1947 UN Partition Plan 494: 439: 410: 307:presented a memorandum 190: 144:Palestinian Gaza Strip 52: 3776:International borders 3401:Israel Defense Forces 3160:Arab–Israeli conflict 2512:. London: Routledge. 2410:available in pdf here 2395:Alsberg, Paul Avraham 2085:Kliot, Nurit (1995). 1962:Middle East Institute 1864:on September 24, 2008 1383:boundary delimitation 1200:. Secretary of State 1189:On December 6, 2017, 1132:1948 Arab–Israeli War 1122: 1090:Arab Peace Initiative 1082:Palestinian Authority 969:1948 Arab–Israeli War 958: 909: 840:A border between the 831: 823: 759: 646:1948 Arab–Israeli War 596: 583:Arab Peace Initiative 531:1948 Arab–Israeli War 513:and the whole of the 503:Mandate for Palestine 484: 427: 405: 346:1948 Arab–Israeli War 195:Sykes–Picot Agreement 173: 136:Palestinian West Bank 66:1967 Arab–Israeli War 42: 3690:World Heritage Sites 3347:System of government 3114:Second Temple period 2923:United Arab Emirates 2369:Christopher Hitchens 2291:on December 10, 2016 1935:and French archives. 1369:Biger, 2005, p. 173. 1025:extended recognition 914:, founder of modern 428:Map 3: Article from 325:, then chair of the 283:Jewish National Home 199:spheres of influence 102:Shebaa Farms dispute 2950:limited recognition 2537:Ministry of Defense 2416:Alsberg, Avraham P. 2361:Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim 2217:on October 12, 2017 1977:"The key to Shebaa" 1953:Middle East Journal 1933:Library of Congress 1504:, pp. 197–199. 1439:A History of Jordan 1172:permanent residents 1115:Status of Jerusalem 1109:Status of Jerusalem 1095:Israel's withdrawal 1063:Israeli settlements 1019:In 1988, Palestine 1001:military occupation 944:, in a ceremony in 923:UN General Assembly 864:. At the time, the 760:Map 6: Shebaa Farms 539:demilitarized zones 319:Bernard Wasserstein 211:San Remo Conference 126:agreed upon in the 18:Egypt–Israel border 3602:Standard of living 2165:on January 4, 2019 1987:on August 13, 2006 1800:The New York Times 1652:Text available in 1569:The New York Times 1548:kinghussein.gov.jo 1477:, p. 105–106. 1402:, p. 115–125. 1303:(March 28, 2012). 1142:was in control of 1125: 1037:State of Palestine 961: 919: 846:Khedivate of Egypt 838: 826: 762: 619:South Lebanon Army 599: 495: 440: 367:The West Bank was 323:Ibrahim Abu-Lughod 292:In July 1922, the 217:Border with Jordan 191: 117:State of Palestine 110:largely recognized 53: 3756:Borders of Israel 3738: 3737: 3698: 3697: 3508: 3507: 3428:West Bank barrier 3355: 3354: 3308:Foreign relations 3273: 3272: 3055: 3054: 2992:other territories 2645:978-1-84668-092-2 2638:. Profile Books. 2576:Klieman, Aaron S. 2496:, pp. 41–61. 2477:978-1-135-76652-8 2386:978-1-85984-340-6 2255:978-0-19-828007-1 1750:E. Mills (1933). 1738:978-0-7146-5654-0 1571:. August 1, 1988. 1449:978-0-521-59895-8 1318:978-1-118-25525-4 1086:Palestinian State 1071:Avigdor Lieberman 1015:Subsequent events 993:occupied by Egypt 989:annexed by Jordan 940:On May 14, 1948, 816:Border with Egypt 741:Secretary-General 682:Mediterranean Sea 662:Secretary-General 554:Golan Heights Law 294:League of Nations 287:Palestine Mandate 271:Winston Churchill 122:According to the 57:borders of Israel 16:(Redirected from 3783: 3718: 3711: 3670:National symbols 3519: 3465:Diamond industry 3443: 3284: 3204: 3082: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3045: 3035: 3034: 3004:Christmas Island 2690:Sovereign states 2677: 2670: 2663: 2654: 2649: 2595: 2564: 2540: 2481: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2408: 2390: 2378: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2287:. Archived from 2281: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2191:on June 22, 2013 2187:. 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Routledge. 2469: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2272: 2271:science.co.il 2268: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2096:1-897643-17-9 2092: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782:0-374-52980-9 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347:Pappe, Ilan. 1344: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Newman, David 1296: 1293: 1286: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202:Rex Tillerson 1199: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:Jerusalem Law 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1116: 1108: 1106: 1105:territories. 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 995:. During the 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 957: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 917: 913: 912:Theodor Herzl 908: 901: 896: 894: 892: 888: 883: 879: 876: 871: 870:Hejaz railway 867: 863: 859: 855: 849: 847: 843: 835: 830: 822: 815: 813: 808: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 772: 768: 758: 751: 749: 746: 742: 737: 734: 727: 724: 720: 717: 713: 709: 706: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 691: 687: 686:Hasbani River 683: 679: 672:The Blue Line 671: 669: 666: 663: 658: 653: 649: 647: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 595: 588: 586: 584: 580: 574: 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 492: 491:Golan Heights 488: 483: 479: 477: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 437: 433: 432: 426: 419: 414: 412: 409: 404: 401: 400:Gulf of Aqaba 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 352:at which the 351: 347: 343: 338: 332: 330: 328: 324: 320: 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 279:Emir Abdullah 276: 272: 252: 239: 229: 221: 216: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 165: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Golan Heights 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3635:Architecture 3558:Human rights 3531:Demographics 3406:Conscription 3258:Jordan River 3210: 3153:Independence 2988:Dependencies 2918:Turkmenistan 2883:Saudi Arabia 2782: 2634: 2622:Jordan-Syria 2606: 2599: 2580: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2532: 2524: 2507: 2500: 2485: 2466: 2420: 2374: 2354:Bibliography 2339:. Retrieved 2327: 2317: 2305: 2293:. Retrieved 2289:the original 2279: 2270: 2261: 2245: 2231: 2219:. Retrieved 2215:the original 2205: 2193:. Retrieved 2189:the original 2179: 2169:December 30, 2167:. Retrieved 2160:the original 2147: 2136: 2128:the original 2118: 2110: 2105: 2086: 2080: 2068:. Retrieved 2060: 2050: 2041: 2029:. Retrieved 2019: 2010: 2001: 1989:. Retrieved 1985:the original 1970: 1957: 1951: 1923: 1911:. Retrieved 1906: 1902: 1892: 1878: 1866:. Retrieved 1862:the original 1852: 1841:the original 1828: 1820: 1815: 1803:. Retrieved 1799: 1789: 1784:. pp 584-585 1767: 1751: 1745: 1729: 1725: 1717:the original 1707: 1696:the original 1683: 1653: 1636: 1627: 1607: 1587: 1568: 1547: 1538: 1531:Act of Union 1530: 1514: 1513:"Mandates." 1509: 1482: 1470: 1458: 1438: 1431: 1424:Klieman 1970 1419: 1412:Klieman 1970 1407: 1400:Klieman 1970 1395: 1387: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1348: 1343: 1335: 1330: 1322: 1308: 1295: 1274: 1264: 1254: 1244: 1234: 1194:Donald Trump 1191:US President 1188: 1180: 1129: 1126: 1103: 1052: 1041: 1033: 1018: 1005: 962: 950:Eretz-Israel 939: 926: 920: 884: 880: 875:transhumance 850: 839: 810: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767:Shebaa Farms 763: 738: 735: 731: 704: 698: 675: 667: 654: 650: 638: 623: 609:, excepting 607:Litani River 600: 575: 543: 524: 511:Jordan River 496: 468: 441: 429: 411: 406: 377: 366: 339: 336: 333:Independence 311: 299:Jordan River 291: 268: 192: 130:, Israel is 121: 113: 56: 54: 36: 3685:Visual arts 3630:Archaeology 3450:Agriculture 3119:Middle Ages 3047:Asia portal 2948:States with 2868:Philippines 2808:South Korea 2803:North Korea 2698:Afghanistan 2614:Iraq-Jordan 2539:Publishing. 2365:Edward Said 2341:December 9, 2311:82 FR 58331 2195:January 27, 2070:February 4, 1774:Dennis Ross 1772:(2004), by 1166:passed the 1160:city limits 1152:Six-Day War 1067:Ehud Olmert 1057:. Israel's 997:Six-Day War 563:Purple Line 558:settlements 546:Six-Day War 544:During the 456:Mesopotamia 373:Six-Day War 342:Arab Legion 303:Transjordan 188:World War I 55:The modern 3750:Categories 3650:Literature 3553:Healthcare 3369:Censorship 3330:Basic Laws 3129:Old Yishuv 2928:Uzbekistan 2903:Tajikistan 2818:Kyrgyzstan 2798:Kazakhstan 2718:Bangladesh 2708:Azerbaijan 2618:Iraq-Syria 1981:Al Jazeera 1964:: 576–596. 1598:9041103414 1487:Biger 2004 1287:References 977:Green Line 854:Suez Canal 690:Green Line 408:territory. 358:Green Line 132:demarcated 124:Green Line 104:) and the 76:since the 3575:Languages 3548:Education 3495:Transport 3460:Companies 3411:Structure 3342:President 3335:Judiciary 3303:Elections 3221:Districts 3199:Geography 3109:Antiquity 3014:Hong Kong 2968:Palestine 2893:Sri Lanka 2888:Singapore 2768:Indonesia 2448:ignored ( 2438:cite book 2397:(1973). 2379:. Verso. 2336:0190-8286 2221:March 27, 1689:"FSU Law" 1388:The Times 1156:West Bank 1029:West Bank 967:into the 765:over the 712:Palestine 678:Blue Line 634:Blue Line 452:Palestine 431:The Times 275:Jerusalem 98:Blue Line 96:(via the 3725:Category 3612:Feminism 3597:Religion 3480:Taxation 3394:Shin Bet 3361:Security 3279:Politics 3265:Wildlife 3231:Dead Sea 3182:Timeline 3093:articles 3037:Category 2958:Abkhazia 2908:Thailand 2863:Pakistan 2843:Mongolia 2838:Maldives 2833:Malaysia 2733:Cambodia 2578:(1970). 1991:July 23, 1929:Beyrouth 1913:July 22, 1805:June 10, 1672:Archived 1209:See also 1148:Old City 1078:Triangle 1074:proposed 946:Tel Aviv 626:Lebanese 505:and the 462:and the 448:Mandates 398:and the 392:Dead Sea 273:visited 154:and the 80:and the 3709:Outline 3660:Museums 3645:Cuisine 3622:Culture 3570:Kibbutz 3514:Society 3490:Tourism 3455:Banking 3438:Economy 3318:Parties 3313:Knesset 3291:Cabinet 3211:Borders 3187:by year 3136:Zionism 3101:History 2933:Vietnam 2848:Myanmar 2828:Lebanon 2758:Georgia 2713:Bahrain 2703:Armenia 2421:Zionism 2371:(ed.). 2295:May 31, 2031:June 1, 1868:June 1, 1533:, 1950. 1529:In the 1176:Hamoked 1164:Knesset 916:Zionism 858:Red Sea 771:Mandate 723:de jure 684:to the 621:(SLA). 464:Lebanon 186:during 180:British 114:de jure 94:Lebanon 43:Map 1: 3730:Portal 3640:Cinema 3592:Racism 3585:Arabic 3580:Hebrew 3541:People 3536:Aliyah 3470:Energy 3418:Police 3389:Mossad 3253:Rivers 3216:Cities 3141:Yishuv 3091: 3089:Israel 2978:Taiwan 2913:Turkey 2878:Russia 2813:Kuwait 2793:Jordan 2783:Israel 2743:Cyprus 2728:Brunei 2723:Bhutan 2642: 2588: 2516: 2492: 2474: 2383: 2334: 2253: 2093: 1780: 1736: 1595: 1446: 1315: 1140:Jordan 1138:while 714:(see: 394:, the 390:, the 384:Jordan 176:French 140:Jordan 100:; see 74:Jordan 3716:Index 3680:Sport 3665:Music 3655:Media 3607:Women 3526:Crime 3226:Lakes 3019:Macau 2938:Yemen 2898:Syria 2873:Qatar 2853:Nepal 2788:Japan 2763:India 2753:Egypt 2738:China 2163:(PDF) 2156:(PDF) 1960:(4). 1844:(PDF) 1837:(PDF) 1699:(PDF) 1692:(PDF) 1226:Notes 929:of a 866:Aqaba 460:Syria 148:Egypt 86:Syria 70:Egypt 3563:LGBT 3423:Wars 3384:Aman 2858:Oman 2823:Laos 2778:Iraq 2773:Iran 2640:ISBN 2586:ISBN 2514:ISBN 2490:ISBN 2472:ISBN 2450:help 2381:ISBN 2367:and 2343:2017 2332:ISSN 2297:2012 2251:ISBN 2223:2015 2197:2014 2171:2014 2091:ISBN 2072:2024 2033:2020 1993:2006 1915:2006 1870:2020 1807:2022 1778:ISBN 1734:ISBN 1593:ISBN 1444:ISBN 1313:ISBN 891:Taba 885:The 676:The 611:Tyre 579:Arab 525:The 489:and 454:and 442:The 386:and 378:The 207:Iraq 193:The 178:and 146:and 138:and 72:and 3325:Law 2990:and 2557:doi 2426:doi 1909:(1) 641:IDF 472:Dan 450:of 92:), 3752:: 2624:, 2620:, 2616:, 2551:. 2486:in 2442:: 2440:}} 2436:{{ 2330:. 2326:. 2269:. 2059:. 2009:. 1979:. 1958:56 1956:. 1940:^ 1907:11 1905:. 1901:. 1798:. 1776:. 1760:^ 1661:^ 1645:^ 1635:. 1577:^ 1567:. 1556:^ 1546:. 1522:^ 1494:^ 1321:. 1101:. 1003:. 718:). 648:. 585:) 573:. 3081:e 3074:t 3067:v 2676:e 2669:t 2662:v 2648:. 2628:. 2594:. 2563:. 2559:: 2553:5 2520:. 2480:. 2452:) 2432:. 2428:: 2389:. 2345:. 2299:. 2273:. 2225:. 2199:. 2173:. 2099:. 2074:. 2035:. 2013:. 1995:. 1927:" 1917:. 1886:. 1872:. 1809:. 1740:. 1639:. 1615:. 1601:. 1550:. 1465:. 1452:. 707:. 438:. 34:. 20:)

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