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Council for the Press for violating provisions of the
Egyptian Constitution, which state, "Freedom of thought and opinion is guaranteed. Every person has the right to express his opinion verbally, in writing, through imagery, or by any other means of expression and publication," but has been applied against "writers, activists, artists, and bloggers" for "sexual orientation, religious beliefs, political opinions, or moral standing" since the
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the minister of interior had fifteen days to object. If the minister overruled the court's decision, the detainee could petition another State
Security Court for release after thirty more days. If the second court supported the detainee's petition, it released the detainee. The minister of interior could, however, simply re-arrest the detainee. The government commonly engaged in this practice in cases involving Islamic extremists.
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1969:
757:. Egypt's Civil Code governs "the areas of personal rights, contracts, obligations, and torts." According to EgyptJustice.com, "due to the long court litigation delays caused by a crushing (and steadily growing) backlog of civil cases, plus weak mechanism for enforcing court judgments, large commercial disputes are often resolved through arbitration, as governed by the Arbitration Law (Law 27 of 1994)."
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1979:
38:
530:
805:. At least as of March 2016, hisbah lawsuits in Egypt "are based on Article 3 of the Code of Procedure". The article allows "anyone to file a lawsuit against any creative work by an artist, writer or public figure as long as the plaintiff has an interest in it" and the lawsuit is "aimed at avoiding imminent damage or at documenting evidence". (While under standard legal rules a
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The Court of
Cassation, the only one in its category, was established in 1931 and based in Cairo. The Court of Cassation, the exclusive body atop the judicial hierarchy in Egypt, was designated with the purpose of creating a central tool to provide exclusive and uniform interpretation and application
732:
The
Emergency Law of 1958 authorized the judicial system to detain people without charging them or guaranteeing them due process while an investigation was under way. After thirty days, a detainee could petition the State Security Court to review the case. If the court ordered the detainee's release,
708:
models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by the heritage of
Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. The divergent sources and philosophical origins of these laws and the inapplicability of many borrowed Western legal
825:
Hisbah lawsuits in Egypt (in which the word "áž„isba" may rarely appear, but in which "the logic of áž„isba can easily be detected"), "are submitted to the public prosecutor, who determines their merit". The law has been criticized by the
Institution of Freedom of Thought and Expression and the Supreme
712:
The criminal code listed three main categories of crime: contraventions (minor offenses), misdemeanors (offenses punishable by imprisonment or fines), and felonies (offenses punishable by penal servitude or death). Lower courts handled the majority of the cases that reached adjudication and levied
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Amendments to some articles of the 2014 Constitution passed by a public referendum followed on 19â22 April 2019, provide for the president to appoint the heads of the judicial bodies or authorities and to be head of the
Supreme Council for the Judicial Authorities. Other members of that council
838:
According to
Mohamed S. E. Abdel Wahab, "arbitration has established itself as a prominent method for resolving business, commercial, and investment disputes" in Egypt, based on 'Arbitration Law No.27 of the Year 1994'. Egyptian courts are "generally arbitration friendly" with judges "generally"
716:
Capital crimes that carried a possible death sentence included murder, manslaughter occurring in the commission of a felony, arson or the use of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. Few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution.
952:
The Family Court (FC) was established in 2004, motivated by the need to differentiate between family litigations and other disputes. It is intended to provide a specialized judiciary tool that would take cognizance of such cases in an atmosphere totally different from that of other lawsuits.
728:
of 1958 outlined special judicial procedures for some cases. The law enabled authorities to circumvent the increasingly independent regular court system in cases where people were charged with endangering state security. The law applied primarily to
Islamic radicals but also covered leftists
809:
attempting to sue must demonstrate they have standing to sue the defendant because they have not incurred loss or otherwise have any "direct interest", which they would not if they were suing an alleged Muslim deviant for the defendant's beliefs â specifically alleged
851:
consists of administrative and non-administrative courts, a
Supreme Constitutional Court, penal courts, civil and commercial courts, personal status and family courts, national security courts, labour courts, military courts, and other specialized courts or circuits.
775:
appeal to a three-judge panel of Court of Appeals judges. Appeals from the Court of Appeals are limited to legal issues, and are conducted before the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court of Egypt's common court system." according to
818:â under the doctrine of hisbah the plaintiffs have direct interest by virtue of their being "Muslims exercising their duty of commanding right and forbidding wrong". This was made clear by a 1995 ruling by the appeals court against professor
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The public prosecution acts as public attorney before criminal courts with the right to file criminal actions. It was given the right by the Egyptian legislation to initiate action even if plaintiff has relinquished his right to do so.
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It also has the power to give rulings on requests of reparations for all violated verdicts. The court issues annual collections on approved judicial principles under the title âRulings and Principles of The Court of Cassationâ.
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The judicial authority at that time was not the only authority entrusted with giving rulings on disputes, but rather there was another system that had enabled members of the executive authority to issue rulings in certain
720:
Egypt's laws require that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within forty-eight hours or released. An accused is entitled to post bail and had the right to be defended by legal counsel.
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During the Ottoman era, the judiciary power was undertaken by one person known as the Chief Justice, who was assisted by four deputies representing the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence: Hanafi, Shafie, Maleki and
684:
During Mohamed Ali's reign of Egypt and his endeavor to build a modern Egyptian state, two significant developments took place in Egypt, leading to the existence of various bodies of civil judiciary in the country.
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Courts of Appeal, some which are called Higher Courts of Appeal, have the competence to consider rulings by the courts of first instance falling under its jurisdiction should these rulings be liable for appeal.
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suspected of political violence, drug smugglers, and illegal currency dealers. It also allowed detention of striking workers, pro-Palestinian student demonstrators, and relatives of fugitives.
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is the highest judicial power in Egypt. Article 25 of the Supreme Constitutional Court's Law No.48 of the Year 1979 (which was still in effect as of 2019), empowers the court to rule on:
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was among the first countries in the world after France to establish a judicial institution. The beginning was in 1875 with the enactment of the modern codification under which the
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interpretation of laws issued by the Legislative Authority and the decrees issued by the Head of the State in case of any divergence with respect to their implementation.
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These courts of first instance have the competence to consider lawsuits filed before them as may fall under their jurisdictions. Their rulings are liable to appeal.
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It also includes examining lawsuits related to judges' actions. In such a case, the court undertakes its role as a court of merit, rather than a court of law.
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include the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the heads of other judicial authorities, the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal and the Attorney-General.
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is the prime source of civil law, and has been the source of law and inspiration for numerous other Middle Eastern jurisdictions, including pre-dictatorship
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According to the Egyptian judiciary law, there are seven courts of appeal in Egypt; in Cairo, Alexandria, Tanta, Mansoura, Ismailia, Beni Swaif and Assuit.
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The jurisdiction of Court of Cassation basically includes consideration of challenges brought to it by either adversary or by the public prosecution.
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This aims to secure psychological peace for the children who may be involved, especially in such cases of tutelage, divorce, alimony, custody, etc.
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fines in about nine out of ten cases. At their discretion, courts could suspend fines or imprisonment (when a sentence did not exceed one year).
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These courts have the competence to issue rulings on lawsuits of limited importance, falling under their geographical and term jurisdictions.
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The ultimate objective of this court is to hammer out an amicable settlement for family problems through specialized guidance bureaus.
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and personal status are primarily based on the religious law of the individual concerned. Thus, there are three forms of
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This judiciary has the jurisdiction to decide on administrative disputes to which any administrative body is involved.
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There are "two levels" of litigation (two trials of fact)" with another appellate level in civil litigation in Egypt.
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The Egyptian judicial institution that existed in the mid 19th century was characterized by the following:
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disputes resulting from enforcement of contradictory rulings issued by two different judicial entities;
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Courts at that time were not entirely national, but rather there were courts for foreigners known as "
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Unlike Saudi Arabia and some other Muslim countries, the Egyptian legal system has no office of
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771:"Larger claims originate with a panel of three Court of First Instance judges, with a right of
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Egypt has adopted a dual system of judiciary, i.e. the ordinary and administrative judiciary.
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Abandonment of the unified judicial system that had existed since the Ottoman rule of Egypt.
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References : An Approach to Legal English & Terminology â DR.Mostafa El-Morshedy
801:. Hisbah is an Islamic doctrine calling for Muslims, including rulers and governments, to
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jurisdiction disputes between judicial bodies or authorities of judicial competence;
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1982:
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37:
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619:
1136:"Law and Moral Regulation in Modern Egypt: Hisba from Tradition to Modernity"
637:, as the branch is given the responsibility to monitor and run the country's
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of the Egyptian government which includes both secular and religious courts.
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2156:
1171:
798:
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2146:
1072:
1041:"UPDATE: An Overview of the Egyptian Legal System and Legal Research"
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786:
764:"Small claims cases are tried before a single judge, with a right to
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appeal to a panel of three judges from the Court of First Instance."
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concepts occasioned difficulties in administering Egyptian law.
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1997:
1993:
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based its criminal codes and court operations primarily on
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Abdel Wahab, Mohamed S. E. (NovemberâDecember 2019).
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1922:
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633:The judicial branch plays an important role in the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
630:, and secular (based on the French family laws).
839:accepting and supporting arbitral proceedings.
869:the constitutionality of laws and regulations;
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8:
1140:International Journal of Middle East Studies
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610:The legal code is derived largely from the
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27:Legal system of the Arab Republic of Egypt
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122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1106:"Blasphemy trials on the rise in Egypt"
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607:, combined with Islamic (Shariah) law.
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1045:Hauser Global Law School Program. NYU
7:
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942:These rulings are liable to appeal.
60:adding citations to reliable sources
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603:is based on European and primarily
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2963:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
965:Egyptian State Lawsuits Authority
605:French legal concepts and methods
169:Member State of the African Union
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2820:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
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1968:
1967:
1500:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1270:Democratic Republic of the Congo
793:force), but it does allows for "
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173:
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146:
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3304:Identification card controversy
1104:Saied, Mohamed (1 March 2016).
180:Member State of the Arab League
47:needs additional citations for
2210:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1935:British Indian Ocean Territory
1134:Ezzat, Ahmed (November 2020).
934:Courts of limited jurisdiction
1:
2837:Twin towns and sister cities
2349:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
863:Supreme Constitutional Court
323:Supreme Constitutional Court
3365:Vehicle registration plates
3019:Water supply and sanitation
828:Egyptian revolution of 2011
471:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
252:Mostafa Madbouly's ministry
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3024:Water resources management
803:enjoin good and forbid bad
635:political process in Egypt
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2919:Impact on the environment
2909:Entrepreneurship policies
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1963:
1153:10.1017/S002074382000080X
2690:Administrative divisions
2366:2011 Egyptian revolution
2307:1952 Egyptian revolution
2103:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1684:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1255:Central African Republic
982:Administrative judiciary
791:Islamic religious police
350:Administrative divisions
277:House of Representatives
18:Egyptian judicial system
2894:Egyptian stock exchange
1945:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
924:Court of First Instance
3225:International rankings
2230:EgyptianâEthiopian War
490:Diplomatic missions of
2830:Terrorism and tourism
2288:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
2120:Library of Alexandria
1415:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1275:Republic of the Congo
1202:Judiciaries of Africa
1073:"Civil Law. Overview"
1003:Egyptian Judges' Club
3541:World Heritage Sites
3360:Units of measurement
2815:Proposed new capital
2561:Environmental issues
2322:United Arab Republic
2215:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1859:United Arab Emirates
223:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
71:"Judiciary of Egypt"
56:improve this article
3213:Freedom of religion
3108:Mass sexual assault
2473:Timekeeping devices
2371:2013 Rabaa massacre
2344:EgyptianâLibyan War
1886:limited recognition
1619:Judiciaries of Asia
1490:States with limited
743:Egyptian Civil Code
3618:Judiciary of Egypt
3403:Art (contemporary)
3083:Capital punishment
2973:Telecommunications
2650:Towns and villages
2618:Qattara Depression
2431:Muslim Brotherhood
2401:Cigarette industry
2261:British occupation
2172:Crusader invasions
2142:Rashidun Caliphate
971:Public Prosecution
884:Court of Cassation
592:is an independent
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3408:Botanical gardens
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3103:Human trafficking
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1290:Equatorial Guinea
847:The Judiciary of
776:EgyptJustice.com.
660:were established.
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446:Political parties
381:Recent elections
139:Politics of Egypt
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16:(Redirected from
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3135:Academic grading
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3012:Railway stations
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2184:Mamluk Sultanate
2115:Diocese of Egypt
2098:Battle of Actium
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1940:Christmas Island
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193:
192:
184:
172:
171:
161:
160:
141:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3589:
3579:
3569:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3472:Football clubs
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Animal welfare
3065:
3059:
3057:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2951:Power stations
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Egyptian pound
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2803:Prime Minister
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Northern coast
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Yom Kippur War
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1562:
1549:
1540:
1526:Canary Islands
1522:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1146:(4): 665â684.
1119:
1089:
1057:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
995:
985:
984:
974:
973:
968:
950:
949:
937:
936:
927:
926:
913:
912:
892:
891:
881:
880:
879:
876:
873:
870:
844:
841:
835:
832:
782:
779:
778:
777:
769:
738:
735:
690:
687:
679:
678:
675:
671:
650:
647:
576:
575:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
547:
546:
544:
543:
537:
524:
523:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
497:
496:
485:
484:
483:
482:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
442:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
433:
432:
427:
420:
418:
416:
415:
408:
401:
399:
397:
396:
391:
387:Presidential:
384:
378:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
319:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
297:
296:
295:
294:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
244:
243:
242:
230:Prime Minister
227:
226:
225:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
186:
185:
156:
155:
152:
151:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3635:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Art (ancient)
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Blasphemy law
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:Sign Language
3243:
3241:
3240:SaÊœidi Arabic
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:National Bank
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2203:Ottoman Egypt
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:South Ossetia
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Guinea-Bissau
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
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3262:Prostitution
3208:Human rights
3167:Abaza family
3155:Universities
3120:Demographics
3073:Billionaires
2743:
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2712:Conscription
2695:Governorates
2576:Halfaya Pass
2446:1954âpresent
2406:Constitution
2361:2010s Crisis
2273:World War II
2235:Urabi revolt
2152:Islamization
2086:31st Dynasty
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1924:Dependencies
1854:Turkmenistan
1819:Saudi Arabia
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1536:
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1430:Sierra Leone
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1235:Burkina Faso
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1110:. Retrieved
1108:. Al Monitor
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1080:. Retrieved
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1009:References
737:Civil code
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2628:Rivers
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1955:Macau
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588:) of
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2808:list
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1370:Mali
1260:Chad
1114:2021
1084:2021
1052:2021
860:The
751:Iraq
749:and
741:The
724:The
641:and
584:(or
580:The
430:2019
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394:2023
389:2018
286:list
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1926:and
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