1825:(baoyi) origin and they served in Manchu company registers as detached household Manchus and the Qing imperial court found this out in 1729. Manchu Bannermen who needed money helped falsify registration for Han Chinese servants being adopted into the Manchu banners and Manchu families who lacked sons were allowed to adopt their servant's sons or servants themselves. The Manchu families were paid to adopt Han Chinese sons from bondservant families by those families. The Qing Imperial Guard captain Batu was furious at the Manchus who adopted Han Chinese as their sons from slave and bondservant families in exchange for money and expressed his displeasure at them adopting Han Chinese instead of other Manchus. These Han Chinese who infiltrated the Manchu Banners by adoption were known as "secondary-status bannermen" and "false Manchus" or "separate-register Manchus", and there were eventually so many of these Han Chinese that they took over military positions in the Banners which previously were reserved for Jurchen Manchus. Han Chinese foster-son and separate register bannermen made up 800 out of 1,600 soldiers of the Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners of Hangzhou in 1740 which was nearly 50%. Han Chinese foster-son made up 220 out of 1,600 unsalaried troops at Jingzhou in 1747 and an assortment of Han Chinese separate-register, Mongol, and Manchu bannermen were the remainder. Han Chinese secondary status bannermen made up 180 of 3,600 troop households in Ningxia while Han Chinese separate registers made up 380 out of 2,700 Manchu soldiers in Liangzhou. The result of these Han Manchus taking up military positions resulted in many Jurchen Manchus being deprived of their traditional positions as soldiers in the Banner armies, resulting in the Han Manchus supplanting Jurchen Manchus economic and social status.These Han Manchus were said to be good military troops and their skills at marching and archery were up to par so that the Zhapu lieutenant general couldn't differentiate them from Jurchen Manchus in terms of military skills. Manchu Banners contained a lot of "false Manchus" who were from Han Chinese civilian families but were adopted by Manchu bannermen after the Yongzheng reign. The Jingkou and Jiangning Mongol banners and Manchu Banners had 1,795 adopted Han Chinese and the Beijing Mongol Banners and Manchu Banners had 2,400 adopted Han Chinese in statistics taken from the 1821 census. Despite Qing attempts to differentiate adopted Han Chinese from normal Manchu bannermen the differences between them became hazy. These adopted Han Chinese bondservants who managed to get themselves onto Manchu banner roles were called kaihu ren (開戶人) in Chinese and dangse faksalaha urse in Manchu. Normal Manchus were called jingkini Manjusa.
966:, who fought better than them against the rebels and this was noted by the Kangxi Emperor, leading him to task Generals Sun Sike, Wang Jinbao, and Zhao Liangdong to lead Green Standard soldiers to crush the rebels. The Qing thought that Han were superior at battling other Han people and so used the Green Standard Army as the dominant and majority army in crushing the rebels instead of Bannermen. In northwestern China against Wang Fuchen, the Qing put Bannermen in the rear as reserves while they used Han Green Standard Army soldiers and Han Generals like Zhang Liangdong, Wang Jinbao, and Zhang Yong as the primary military forces, considering Han troops as better at fighting other Han people, and these Han generals achieved victory over the rebels. Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were retaken by the Han Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680, with Manchus only participating in dealing with logistics and provisions. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers and 150,000 Bannermen served on the Qing side during the war. 213 Han Banner companies, and 527 companies of Mongol and Manchu Banners were mobilized by the Qing during the revolt.
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privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing and swelled up the ranks of the Eight
Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han bannermen dominating with 75% and Mongol bannermen making up the rest. It was this multi-ethnic force, in which Manchus were only a minority, which conquered the Central Plain for the Qing. Hong Taiji recognized that Han defectors were needed by the Qing in order to assist in the conquest of the Ming, explaining to other Manchus why he needed to treat the Ming defector General Hung Ch'eng-ch'ou leniently.
1799:) in Chinese. They would be transferred to the "upper three" Manchu Banners. It was a policy of the Qing to transfer to immediate families (the brothers, father) of the mother of an Emperor into the upper three Manchu Banners and having "giya" 佳 appended to the end of their surname to Manchufy it. It typically occurred in cases of intermarriage with the Qing Aisin Gioro Imperial family, and the close relatives (fathers and brothers) of the concubine or Empress would get promoted from the Han Banner to the Manchu Banner and become Manchu. The Han Bannerwoman
626:
households. Five companies made up a battalion, and ten battalions a banner. Four banners were originally created: Yellow, White, Red, and Blue, each named after the color of its flag. By 1614, the number of companies had grown to around 400. In 1615, the number of banners was doubled through the creation of "bordered" banners. The troops of each of the original four banners would be split between a plain and a bordered banner. The bordered variant of each flag was to have a red border, except for the
Bordered Red Banner, which had a white border instead.
147:
1071:, a Scots missionary who served in Manchuria in the 19th century, wrote of the bannermen, "Their claim to be military men is based on their descent rather than on their skill in arms; and their pay is given them because of their fathers' prowess, and not at all from any hopes of their efficiency as soldiers. Their soldierly qualities are included in the accomplishments of idleness, riding, and the use of the bow and arrow, at which they practice on a few rare occasions each year."
930:
entirely irrelevant claim that alleged fear of the water on part of the
Manchus had to do with the coastal evacuation and clearances. Even though a poem refers to the soldiers carrying out massacres in Fujian as "barbarian", both Han Green Standard Army and Han Bannermen were involved in the fighting for the Qing side and carried out the worst slaughter. 400,000 Green Standard Army soldiers were used against the Three Feudatories besides 200,000 Bannermen.
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instituted, ranks standardized, and the Eight
Banners became a sort of hereditary military caste, though with a strong ethnic inflection. Banner soldiers took up permanent positions, either as defenders of the capital, Beijing, where roughly half of them lived with their families, or in the provinces, where some eighteen garrisons were established. The largest banner garrisons throughout most of the Qing dynasty were at
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the Eight
Banners by both capture and defection, Ming artillery was responsible for many victories against the Qing, so the Qing established an artillery corps made out of Han soldiers in 1641 and the swelling of Han numbers in the Eight Banners led in 1642 of all Eight Han Banners being created. It was defected Han armies which conquered southern China for the Qing.
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1167:) were under the nominal command of the emperor himself, whereas the five "lower" banners were commanded by others. The banners were also split into a "left wing" and a "right wing" according to how they would be arrayed in battle. In Beijing, the left wing occupied the eastern banner neighborhoods and the right wing occupied the western ones.
868:
southern China from the Ming were Shang Kexi, Geng
Zhongming, and Kong Youde and they governed southern China autonomously as viceroys for the Qing after their conquests. Normally the Manchu Bannermen acted as reserve forces while the Qing foremost used defected Han troops to fight as the vanguard during their conquest of the Central Plain.
872:
transfrontiersmen soldiers acculturated to Manchu culture and used Manchu names. Manchus lived in cities with walls surrounded by villages and adopted Han-style agriculture before the Qing conquest of the Ming. The Han transfrontismen abandoned their Han names and identities and
Nurhaci's secretary Dahai might have been one of them.
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1011:, the banner armies fought alongside troops of the Green Standard Army, expanding the Qing empire to its greatest territorial extent. Though partly successful, the campaigns were a heavy financial burden on the Qing treasury, and exposed weaknesses in the Qing military. Many bannermen lost their lives in the
1154:
in Gansu started by Zhang
Wenqing (張文慶) was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu (馬進祿) were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers. The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han
883:
The Qing relied on the Green
Standard soldiers, made out of defected Ming military forces who joined the Qing, in order to help rule northern China. It was Green Standard Han troops who actively military governed China locally while Han Bannermen, Mongol Bannermen, and Manchu Bannermen who were only
867:
The Qing showed in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military that the Qing valued military skills to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. The three
Liaodong Han Bannermen officers who played a massive role in the conquest of
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Initially, Han troops were incorporated into the existing Manchu Banners. When Hong Taiji captured Yongping in 1629, a contingent of artillerymen surrendered to him. In 1631, these troops were organized into the so-called Old Han Army under the Han commander Tong Yangxing. These artillery units were
875:
There were not enough ethnic Manchus to conquer the Central Plain, so they relied on defeating and absorbing Mongols, and more importantly, adding Han to the Eight Banners. The Qing had to create an entire "Jiu Han jun" (Old Han Army) due to the massive number of Han soldiers who were absorbed into
1809:
Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan 台尼堪 (watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan 撫順尼堪 (Fushun Chinese) backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of
906:
allowed Han civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. It was only later in the dynasty that these
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1789 Mongol Code (Ch. 蒙履 Menggu lüli , Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig ), (Ch. 南省，給駐防爲 , Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a ). Mongol Code 蒙例 (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin Bayarsaikhan,
1856:
From the time China was brought under the rule of the Qing dynasty, the banner soldiers became more professional and bureaucratized. Once the Manchus took over governing, they could no longer satisfy the material needs of soldiers by garnishing and distributing booty; instead, a salary system was
871:
The Liaodong Han military frontiersmen were prone to mixing and acculturating with (non-Han) tribesmen. The Mongol officer Mangui served in the Ming military and fought the Manchus, dying in battle against a Manchu raid. The Manchus accepted and assimilated Han soldiers who defected. Liaodong Han
629:
The banner armies expanded rapidly after a string of military victories under Nurhaci and his successors. Beginning in the late 1620s, the Jurchens incorporated allied and conquered Mongol tribes into the Eight Banner system. In 1635, Hong Taiji, son of Nurhaci, renamed his people from Jurchen to
969:
The Qing forces were crushed by Wu from 1673 to 1674. The Qing had the support of the majority of Han soldiers and Han elite against the Three Feudatories, since they refused to join Wu Sangui in the revolt, while the Eight Banners and Manchu officers fared poorly against Wu Sangui, so the Qing
929:
forcing people to evacuated the coast in order to deprive Koxinga's Ming loyalists of resources, this has led to a myth that it was because Manchus were "afraid of water". In Fujian, it was Han Bannermen who were the ones carrying out the fighting and killing for the Qing and this disproved the
863:
while the ordinary soldiers who defected were given non-royal Manchu women as wives. The Qing differentiated between Han bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han bannermen were made out of ethnic Han who defected to the Qing up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal
625:
Initially, Nurhaci's forces were organized into small hunting parties of about a dozen men related by blood, marriage, clan, or place of residence, as was the typical Jurchen custom. In 1601, with the number of men under his command growing, Nurhaci reorganized his troops into companies of 300
1027:
in the 17th century, they began to fall behind rising Western powers in the 18th century. By the 1730s, the traditional martial spirit had been lost, as the well-paid Bannerman spent their time gambling and theatergoing. Subsidizing the 1.5 million men, women and children in the system was an
879:
When Dorgon ordered Han civilians to vacate Beijing's inner city and move to the outskirts, he resettled the inner city with the Bannermen, including Han bannermen, later, some exceptions were made to allowing to reside in the inner city Han civilians who held government or commercial jobs.
1727:
Initially, the banner armies were primarily made up of individuals from the various Manchu tribes. As new populations were incorporated into the empire, the armies were expanded to accommodate troops of different ethnicities. The banner armies would eventually encompass three principal
890:
The Manchu Prince Regent Dorgon gave a Manchu woman as a wife to the Han official Feng Quan, who had defected from the Ming to the Qing. The Manchu queue hairstyle was willingly adopted by Feng Quan before it was enforced on the Han population and Feng learned the Manchu language.
1839:
In the late 19th century and early 1900s, intermarriage between Manchus and Han bannermen in the northeast increased as Manchu families were more willing to marry their daughters to sons from well off Han families to trade their ethnic status for higher financial status.
1814:. It was between 1618-1629 when the Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on
1759:
When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name).
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expensive proposition, compounded by embezzlement and corruption. Destitution in the northeastern garrisons led many Manchu Bannermen to abandon their posts and in response the Qing government either sentenced them with penal slavery or death.
824:, commander of the Solid White Banner, became regent. He quickly purged his rivals and took control over Hong Taiji's Solid Blue Banner. By 1644, an estimated two million people were living in the Eight Banners system. That year, rebels led by
970:
responded with using a massive army of more than 900,000 Han (non-Banner) instead of the Eight Banners, to fight and crush the Three Feudatories. Wu Sangui's forces were crushed by the Green Standard Army, made out of defected Ming soldiers.
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during Qianlong's late reign. He fled his position due to fear of being punished for being a bannerman marrying a commoner woman. He was sentenced to death for leaving his official post but the sentence was commuted and he was not executed.
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There were stories of Han migrating to the Jurchens and assimilating into Manchu Jurchen society and Nikan Wailan may have been an example of this. The Manchu Cuigiya 崔佳氏 clan claimed that a Han Chinese founded their clan. The Tohoro 托和啰
1133:
In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to
1183:
600:. Membership in the banners became hereditary, and bannermen were granted land and income. After the defeat of the Ming dynasty, Qing emperors continued to rely on the Eight Banners in their subsequent military campaigns. After the
1115:
units based on Western training, equipment and organization. Nevertheless, the banner system remained in existence until the fall of the Qing in 1912, and even beyond, with a rump organization continuing to function until 1924.
4755:
1098:. However, many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the Boxers and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. The pro-Boxer Bannermen sustained heavy casualties and subsequently were driven into desperate poverty.
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households were placed. In war, the Eight Banners functioned as armies, but the banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society. Created in the early 17th century by
596:
were created alongside the original Manchu banners. The banner armies were considered the elite forces of the Qing military, while the remainder of imperial troops were incorporated into the vast
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Under the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors, the Eight Banners participated in a series of military campaigns to subdue Ming loyalists and neighboring states. In the Qianlong Emperor's celebrated
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The Qing said that "Manchu and Han are one house" 滿漢一家 and said that the difference was "not between Manchu and Han, but instead between Bannerman and civilian" 不分滿漢，但問旗民 or 但問旗民，不問滿漢.
814:). Although still called the "Eight Banners" in name, there were now effectively twenty-four banner armies, eight for each of the three main ethnic groups (Manchu, Mongol, and Han).
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Commoner Manchu bannermen who were not nobility were called irgen which meant common, in contrast to the Manchu nobility o the "Eight Great Houses" who held noble titles.
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in the Korean Peninsula first in 1627 and again in 1636. As a consequence, Joseon was forced to end its relationship with the Ming and become a Qing tributary instead.
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and her entire family were transferred to the Manchu Banners due to her status as the mother of an Emperor and their surname was change from Wei 魏 to Weigiya 魏佳.
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of the mid-19th century ruined their reputation. By the late 19th century the task of defending the empire had largely fallen upon regional armies such as the
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Mongol Code (Mongγol čaγaǰin - u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.
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The Eight Banners in formation for the Qianlong Emperor's Grand Review. Left wing banners are depicted on the viewer's right side, right wing on the left.
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The Guangzhou massacre of Ming loyalist Han forces and civilians in 1650 by Qing forces, was entirely carried out by Han Bannermen led by Han generals
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1150:(Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou. In the 1780s, after the
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At the highest level, the eight banners were categorized according to two groupings. The three "upper" banners (both Yellow Banners and the
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Bannermen accompanying an Imperial hunting party. Hunting served as a military exercise and to improve coordination between military units.
2755:Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
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Chen, Bijia, et al. “Interethnic Marriage in Northeast China, 1866–1913.” Demographic Research, vol. 38, 2018, p. 953. JSTOR,
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2956:"restricted access The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries"
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3444:—— (2006), "Concepts of Ethnicity", in Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S. (eds.),
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1293:), with a total of 60 companies, or 18,000 men. The actual sizes often varied substantially from these standards.
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Among the Banners gunpowder weapons, such as muskets and artillery, were specifically wielded by the Han Banners.
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2552:[Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China p. 307.
2543:[Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China p. 206.
2534:[Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China p. 198.
2525:[Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China p. 135.
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1968:– Ming dynasty frontier commander. Inducted into the Chinese Plain Yellow Banner after surrendering to Qing.
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natives who had surrendered at Yongping, Fushun, Dalinghe, etc., were organized into the Han Eight Banners (
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1933:– Ming dynasty frontier commander. Inducted into the Chinese Plain Blue Banner after surrendering to Qing.
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Jiang Xingzhou 姜興舟, a Han bannerman lieutenant from the Bordered Yellow Banner married a Muslim woman in
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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were instructed to raise their own forces from the civilian population, leading to the creation of the
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The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
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forces were incorporated into the growing Qing military establishment, the Mongol Eight Banners and
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Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1989), "The Qianlong Retrospect on the Chinese-martial (hanjun) Banners",
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Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-century China
1927:– Ming dynasty warlord. Inducted into the Chinese Plain Yellow Banner after submitting to Qing.
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In the 19th century, the Eight Banners and Green Standard troops proved unable to put down the
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Manchu Generals and Bannermen were initially put to shame by the better performance of the Han
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The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
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Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874-1911
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333:
310:
237:
3874:
2665:
2037:
90:
5599:
5545:
5395:
5380:
5204:
4659:
4622:
4572:
4532:
4482:
4427:
4296:
3881:
3582:
3248:
2672:
2044:
1151:
1087:
1079:
926:
907:
policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. The decree was formulated by Dorgon.
903:
845:
775:
727:
631:
495:
463:
285:
271:
245:
233:
528:
354:
5462:
5335:
5101:
5064:
4512:
4502:
4442:
1941:
1924:
1781:
1355:
1229:
party, which would be armed with bows and arrows. 15 companies (4,500 men) made up one
1036:
993:
849:
774:). The original Eight Banners were thereafter referred to as the Manchu Eight Banners (
566:
3840:
Im, Kaye Soon. "The Development of the Eight Banner System and its Social Structure,"
1536:
5614:
5574:
5540:
5505:
5121:
5111:
4318:
3770:
3733:
1914:
565:, the banner armies played an instrumental role in his unification of the fragmented
558:
1671:
5594:
5291:
5233:
4922:
4904:
4760:
4230:
4070:
4054:
1955:
1952:
1581:
1401:
1135:
578:
554:
368:
340:
167:
152:
17:
3185:
3135:
1901:
and the suppression of the Jinchuan hill peoples. Member of the Plain Blue Banner.
1848:
1446:
3800:
3572:
3552:
3491:
3445:
3421:
3386:
1015:, often as the result of tropical diseases, to which they had little resistance.
884:
brought into emergency situations where there was sustained military resistance.
719:
that same year. In 1636, Hong Taiji proclaimed the creation of the Qing dynasty.
630:
Manchu. That same year the Mongols were separated into the Mongol Eight Banners (
5530:
5251:
4972:
4967:
1930:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1626:
1101:
1091:
1040:
925:'s Ming loyalists in Fujian. The Qing carried out a massive depopulation policy
894:
589:
513:
32:
1491:
1225:
means "arrow" in the Manchu language, and was originally the Manchu name for a
836:, committed suicide. Dorgon and his bannermen joined forces with Ming defector
5198:
5042:
4992:
4962:
4805:
4174:
3472:(2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge: MA; London, England: The Belknap Press of
2955:
1874:
1105:
1095:
1044:
915:
911:
825:
689:
609:
570:
189:
3447:
Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China
3328:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 66.
3213:
1796:
1791:) to Manchu Banners, switching their ethnicity from Han to Manchu was called
4987:
4977:
4179:
4164:
4046:
3423:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
2928:
1965:
1870:
1065:) who finally succeeded in restoring Qing control in this turbulent period.
1061:
1048:
856:
837:
712:
177:
3762:
3410:
1768:'s clan) claimed Han Chinese origin. The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of
3825:
Banner Legacy: The Rise of the Fengtian Local Elite at the End of the Qing
2723:
Banner Legacy: The Rise of the Fengtian Local Elite at the End of the Qing
5472:
5217:
5164:
5106:
4982:
4957:
4105:
1936:
1866:
1862:
1822:
1788:
1773:
1765:
1139:
1112:
185:
1948:. Inducted into the Chinese Plain Red Banner after surrendering to Qing.
1776:
falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of
887:
Manchu Aisin Gioro princesses were also married to Han official's sons.
5457:
3388:
Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World
3368:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26457068?seq=27#metadata_info_tab_contents
2003:
1945:
1878:
1858:
1741:
1733:
1226:
1147:
1138:
where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou.
1111:
By the late 19th century, the Qing Dynasty began training and creating
922:
829:
585:
562:
375:
181:
4199:
3730:
The Manchus: or The reigning dynasty of China; their rise and progress
3574:
The Manchus, Or The Reigning Dynasty of China: Their Rise and Progress
3199:
2252:
The Cambridge History of China: Pt. 1 ; The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1821:
Manchu families adopted Han Chinese sons from families of bondservant
3003:
Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber
1904:
1832:
1769:
1753:
1276:
1242:
1204:
1143:
997:
821:
797:
757:
693:
653:
518:
3779:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
2793:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 99–100.
1094:
and gave them modernized training and weapons. One of these was the
2746:
Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
1221:), composed nominally of 300 soldiers and their families. The term
5181:
4740:
1777:
1073:
945:
937:
893:
860:
3890:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
3325:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
3045:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
2148:
The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions
1787:
The transfer of families from Han Banners or Bondservant status (
4840:
3912:
3856:(2nd ed.), University Press of Kentucky, pp. 115–133,
2008:
1894:
4203:
3916:
855:
Ming defectors played a major role in the Qing conquest of the
26:
996:
and his troops were incorporated into the Eight Banners. His
569:(who would later be renamed the "Manchu" under Nurhaci's son
383:
1670:
1625:
1580:
1535:
1490:
1445:
1400:
1354:
861:
given women from the imperial Aisin Gioro family in marriage
5351:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3587:
Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master
3533:, in Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (eds.),
3228:
http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_6277172c0100hfb3.html
722:
Between 1637 and 1642, the Old Han Army, mostly made up of
3589:, Yale Historical Publications: Miscellany, vol. 85,
2726:. Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.
2422:
2420:
859:. Ethnic Han generals who defected to the Qing were often
129:
Military and administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty
2185:
2183:
1000:
shield soldiers (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were used against the
2080:
2078:
2076:
1191:
The smallest unit in a banner army was the company, or
549:) were administrative and military divisions under the
445:
3704:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
3681:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
3000:
Ruchang Zhou; Ronald R. Gray; Mark S. Ferrara (2009).
3799:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010), Kagan, Kimberly (ed.),
3732:, by John Ross, a publication from 1880, now in the
2341:. Kommissionverlag O. Harrasowitz. 1959. p. 137.
1130:
in the late Qing period and into the Republican era.
692:, the banner armies participated in two invasions of
359:
345:
3706:, University of California Press, pp. 137–158,
3537:, University of California Press, pp. 170–203,
3531:"Ch'ing imperial marriage and problems of rulership"
950:
Soldiers of the Blue banner during the reign of the
5523:
5491:
5448:
5441:
5356:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
5310:
5155:
5087:
5008:
4913:
4709:
4600:
4410:
4317:
4247:
4238:
4152:
4126:
4119:
4082:
4023:
3983:
3957:
3950:
2596:
2594:
1108:were two important Han Bannermen in the late Qing.
474:
462:
457:
439:
434:
414:
400:
395:
374:
367:
353:
339:
332:
327:
309:
304:
295:
195:
173:
159:
139:
134:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3066:. Society for Qing Studies. 1989. pp. 80, 84.
2255:. Cambridge University Press. 1978. pp. 65–.
902:To promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the
5631:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
3074:. Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i. 1983. pp. 22, 28, 29.
1962:and inducted into the Chinese Plain White Banner.
1869:. Sizable banner populations were also placed in
1744:, and various smaller ethnic groups, such as the
1126:Han Bannermen became an elite political class in
984:Koxinga's rattan shield troops became famous for
3048:. University of California Press. pp. 72–.
2848:. University of Washington Press. pp. 55–.
2170:
2168:
2151:. University of California Press. pp. 61–.
2225:
420:
406:
4756:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
3357:GZSL,juan1272, QL 52.1.8 (February 25, 1787).
1023:Although the banners were instrumental in the
5176:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
5147:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
4215:
3928:
2913:. Society for Qing Studies. 1989. p. 71.
2837:
2835:
2819:. Society for Qing Studies. 1989. p. 70.
921:The Qing sent Han Bannermen to fight against
315:
8:
3852:, in Graff, David A.; Higham, Robin (eds.),
3468:Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (2006),
3136:"发现东亚（十）〡"满"与"旗"：族、籍之间_澎湃研究所_澎湃新闻-The Paper"
3029:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 29–.
3842:Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
3490:Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin (2012).
3415:(PhD). University of California, San Diego.
3348:照文武官員負罪逃竄例絞侯SYD 52.1.7 (February 24, 1787).
2966:(9). Johns Hopkins University Press: 21–46.
2636:
2624:
2612:
2411:
2399:
2387:
844:and secure Beijing for the Qing. The young
5445:
4244:
4222:
4208:
4200:
4123:
3954:
3935:
3921:
3913:
3535:Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society
2987:. Harvard University Press. pp. 11–.
2875:. Leuven University Press. pp. 339–.
1327:
986:fighting and defeating the Dutch in Taiwan
832:and the last emperor of the Ming dynasty,
431:
324:
4836:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
3513:Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4685:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3309:
3297:
3172:
3160:
2976:
2941:United States Government Printing Office
2895:
2695:
2648:
2509:
2462:
1999:Mongol military tactics and organization
1847:
1295:
1059:, it was these warlord armies (known as
5292:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3285:
3273:
3261:
3148:
3018:
2842:Edward J. M. Rhoads (1 December 2011).
2774:
2486:
2474:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2323:
2311:
2201:
2189:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2067:
2055:
2025:
1921:. Member of the Bordered Yellow Banner.
1911:. Member of the Bordered Yellow Banner.
711:used decisively to defeat Ming general
533:
282:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3244:
3233:
2707:
2237:
2213:
1039:on their own. Regional officials like
292:
131:
5590:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
4831:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3200:"《满族姓氏寻根大全·满族老姓全录》_我的天空的技术博客_51Cto博客"
3042:Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998).
2499:Wang 2004, pp. 215–216 & 219–221.
2145:Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998).
7:
5621:Military history of the Qing dynasty
4811:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3728:This article incorporates text from
3026:The Forgotten Christians of Hangzhou
2981:William T. Rowe (15 February 2010).
2936:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
2683:
990:Koxinga's former followers on Taiwan
55:adding citations to reliable sources
5559:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2984:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
1951:Zhu Zhiliang – a descendant of the
5276:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
4645:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
4638:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
4518:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
4342:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
3684:, University of California Press,
3557:, University of Washington Press,
3450:, Studies on China, vol. 28,
3023:David E. Mungello (January 1994).
1873:and at strategic points along the
1155:Banner garrisons in China proper.
557:dynasties of China into which all
25:
5565:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
5406:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
5281:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
4433:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
3080:Handbook of Christianity in China
2869:Patrick Taveirne (January 2004).
5376:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
4692:Articles of Favourable Treatment
4448:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3721:
3496:. University Press of Kentucky.
1175:
262:
145:
31:
4423:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
4309:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
3077:N. Standaert (1 January 2001).
1051:, among others. Along with the
960:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
934:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
384:
226:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
42:needs additional citations for
5077:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
4367:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3894:University of California Press
3783:University of California Press
3662:University of California Press
3452:University of California Press
3385:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1990),
2954:Crossley, Pamela (June 1983).
1281:
1247:
1238:
1209:
1200:
802:
793:
762:
753:
658:
523:
446:
360:
346:
316:
1:
5511:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
5286:Islam during the Qing dynasty
5142:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
4826:Provincial military commander
4816:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
4801:Imperial Household Department
4628:Preparative Constitutionalism
4332:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3551:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000),
3186:"我姓阎,满族正黄旗,请问我的满姓可能是什么~_百度知道"
1994:Identity in the Eight Banners
1723:Identity in the Eight Banners
5270:Researches on Manchu Origins
4675:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
4285:Transition from Ming to Qing
4275:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
3006:. Peter Lang. pp. 68–.
1984:Military of the Qing dynasty
1025:transition from Ming to Qing
898:Banners of late 17th century
706:Transition from Ming to Qing
700:Conquest of the Ming dynasty
680:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
573:) and in the Qing dynasty's
200:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
5170:Changzhou School of Thought
4680:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
4655:Railway Protection Movement
4633:1909 Parliamentary election
4618:British expedition to Tibet
4528:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
4488:Self-Strengthening Movement
4463:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
3854:A Military History of China
3702:, in Walthall, Anne (ed.),
3610:The Search for Modern China
3493:A Military History of China
2226:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
1002:Russian Cossacks at Albazin
5647:
5570:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
4458:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
4397:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
4387:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
4357:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
3888:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998),
3844:(1991), Issue 69, pp 59–93
3827:, University of Michigan,
3636:The Fall of Imperial China
3615:W. W. Norton & Company
3529:Rawski, Evelyn S. (1991),
3393:Princeton University Press
3322:Rawski, Evelyn S. (2001).
1816:Qing lists of Manchu clans
1720:
1320:
1315:
1310:
977:
848:was then enthroned in the
820:After Hong Taiji's death,
779:
740:
731:
703:
677:
635:
499:
468:
5580:Names of the Qing dynasty
5228:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4558:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
4553:Gongche Shangshu movement
4498:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
4347:Chinese Rites controversy
4144:Han Chinese Eight Banners
3871:Pacific Historical Review
3515:, Yale University Press,
3428:Stanford University Press
3420:Elliott, Mark C. (2001),
3409:Ho, Dahpon David (2011).
2979:, pp. 113–115, 115–
2662:Pacific Historical Review
2034:Pacific Historical Review
1989:Banners of Inner Mongolia
1960:Marquis of Extended Grace
1290:
1272:
1256:
1218:
1082:; the left is a Bannerman
988:. After the surrender of
811:
771:
667:
649:
542:
512:
484:
430:
421:
407:
323:
300:
5501:Great Qing Treasure Note
5321:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
5031:Administrative divisions
4848:Administrative divisions
4776:Flag of the Qing dynasty
3823:Enatsu, Yoshiki (2004),
3807:Harvard University Press
3474:Harvard University Press
5097:Chengde Mountain Resort
4898:Three Eastern Provinces
4548:First Sino-Japanese War
4523:Northern Chinese Famine
4382:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
4280:Qing invasion of Joseon
4139:Mongolian Eight Banners
4050:(Bordered White Banner)
3777:—— (1999),
3678:Walthall, Anne (2008),
3656:—— (1985),
3607:—— (1990),
2720:Yoshiki Enatsu (2004).
2637:Graff & Higham 2012
2625:Graff & Higham 2012
2613:Graff & Higham 2012
2412:Graff & Higham 2012
2400:Graff & Higham 2012
2388:Graff & Higham 2012
1611:köbegetü ulaɣan qosiɣu
1057:Frederick Townsend Ward
684:Qing invasion of Joseon
222:Qing invasion of Joseon
5478:Great Qing Copper Coin
5366:Convention of Tientsin
5299:Annotated Bibliography
5247:Qing official headwear
4290:Battle of Shanhai Pass
4074:(Bordered Blue Banner)
3965:Bordered Yellow Banner
3763:10.1353/late.1989.0004
3511:Naquin, Susan (1987),
3083:. Brill. p. 444.
2787:Sneath, David (2007).
1897:– participated in the
1853:
1675:
1630:
1585:
1566:köbegetü čaɣan qosiɣu
1556:kubuhe šanggiyan gūsa
1540:
1521:siluɣun ulaɣan qosiɣu
1495:
1450:
1405:
1386:köbegetü sir-a qosiɣu
1364:Bordered Yellow Banner
1359:
1083:
955:
943:
942:Battle of Qurman, 1759
899:
842:Battle of Shanhai Pass
270:This article contains
216:Battle of Shanhai Pass
5552:Draft History of Qing
5411:Treaty of Shimonoseki
5192:performance criticism
4796:Imperial Commissioner
4786:Great Qing Legal Code
4585:Eight-Nation Alliance
4568:Third plague pandemic
4478:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
4402:White Lotus Rebellion
4058:(Bordered Red Banner)
4034:(Upper Three Banners)
3996:Bordered White Banner
3873:18.4 (1949): 469-483
3848:Lococo, Paul (2012),
3736:in the United States.
3700:"Qing Imperial Women"
3591:Yale University Press
2925:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
2664:18.4 (1949): 469-483
2036:18.4 (1949): 469-483
1851:
1701:köbegetü köke qosiɣu
1674:
1629:
1601:kubuhe fulgiyan gūsa
1584:
1545:Bordered White Banner
1539:
1494:
1476:siluɣun čaɣan qosiɣu
1449:
1431:siluɣun sir-a qosiɣu
1404:
1358:
1077:
992:, Koxinga's grandson
974:Territorial expansion
949:
941:
897:
205:Qing conquest of Ming
5483:Great Qing Gold Coin
5416:Treaty of Tarbagatai
5361:Convention of Peking
5241:Pentaglot Dictionary
5223:Literary inquisition
4933:Ever Victorious Army
4766:Deliberative Council
4670:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
4623:1905 Batang uprising
4563:Hundred Days' Reform
4453:Small Swords Society
4134:Manchu Eight Banners
4011:Bordered Blue Banner
3640:Simon & Schuster
3470:China: A New History
1958:. Granted the title
1680:Bordered Blue Banner
1656:siluɣun köke qosiɣu
1466:gulu šanggiyan gūsa
1376:kubuhe suwayan gūsa
1078:Chinese soldiers in
1053:Ever Victorious Army
840:to defeat Li at the
812:Манжийн Найман хошуу
51:improve this article
5536:Anti-Qing sentiment
5386:Treaty of the Bogue
5326:Treaty of Nerchinsk
5258:Complete Tang Poems
4938:Green Standard Army
4821:Provincial governor
4791:Imperial Clan Court
4771:Diplomatic missions
4746:Consultative Bureau
4493:Tongzhi Restoration
4372:Afaqi Khoja revolts
4352:Ten Great Campaigns
4260:Jurchen unification
4066:(Plain Blue Banner)
4001:Bordered Red Banner
3970:Plain Yellow Banner
3958:Upper Three Banners
3802:The Imperial Moment
3751:Late Imperial China
3698:Wang, Shuo (2008),
3583:Spence, Jonathan D.
3571:Ross, John (1891),
3300:, pp. 144–145.
3175:, pp. 103–105.
3071:Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i
3063:Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi
2960:Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i
2910:Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi
2816:Chʻing Shih Wen Tʻi
2639:, pp. 121–122.
2204:, pp. 257–313.
2111:, pp. 182–183.
2099:, pp. 168–169.
1917:– commander in the
1907:– commander in the
1889:Prominent Bannermen
1590:Bordered Red Banner
1511:gulu fulgiyan gūsa
1410:Plain Yellow Banner
1009:Ten Great Campaigns
980:Ten Great Campaigns
964:Green Standard Army
668:Монгол найман хошуу
602:Ten Great Campaigns
598:Green Standard Army
230:Ten Great Campaigns
18:Eight Banner system
5421:Treaty of Tientsin
5132:Western Qing tombs
5127:Eastern Qing tombs
4953:Peking Field Force
4697:Manchu Restoration
4590:Declaration of war
4543:Jindandao incident
4362:Lhasa riot of 1750
4101:Regular households
4042:(Plain Red Banner)
4024:Supreme commanders
3984:Lower Five Banners
3975:Plain White Banner
3880:2022-09-25 at the
2671:2022-09-25 at the
2043:2022-09-25 at the
1854:
1801:Empress Xiaoyichun
1717:Ethnic composition
1691:kubuhe lamun gūsa
1676:
1631:
1586:
1541:
1496:
1455:Plain White Banner
1451:
1421:gulu suwayan gūsa
1406:
1360:
1165:Plain White Banner
1084:
956:
944:
900:
772:Хятад найман хошуу
674:Invasions of Korea
402:Mongolian Cyrillic
211:Battle of Ningyuan
5608:
5607:
5519:
5518:
5431:Treaty of Whampoa
5426:Treaty of Wanghia
5401:Treaty of Nanking
5371:Li–Lobanov Treaty
5346:Chefoo Convention
5341:Burlingame Treaty
5212:Kangxi Dictionary
5117:Old Summer Palace
4948:Firearm Battalion
4751:Cup of Solid Gold
4705:
4704:
4650:Manchurian plague
4613:Late Qing reforms
4604:(1901–1912)
4538:Sikkim expedition
4468:Panthay Rebellion
4438:Taiping Rebellion
4414:(1801–1900)
4392:Sino-Nepalese War
4337:Dzungar–Qing Wars
4323:(1683–1799)
4251:(1616–1683)
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4019:
4018:
4006:Plain Blue Banner
3863:978-0-8131-4067-4
3850:"The Qing Empire"
3834:978-0-89264-165-9
3713:978-0-520-25444-2
3691:978-0-520-25444-2
3632:Wakeman, Frederic
3600:978-0-300-04277-1
3544:978-0-520-07124-7
3522:978-0-300-04602-1
3503:978-0-8131-3584-7
3243:Missing or empty
3090:978-90-04-11431-9
3055:978-0-520-92679-0
3036:978-0-8248-1540-0
3013:978-1-4331-0407-7
2994:978-0-674-05455-4
2930:"Tuan-fang"
2882:978-90-5867-365-7
2855:978-0-295-80412-5
2733:978-0-89264-165-9
2651:, pp. 56–57.
2262:978-0-521-24334-6
2158:978-0-520-92679-0
2058:, pp. 53–54.
1979:Han Eight Banners
1919:Sino-Nepalese War
1730:ethnic components
1714:
1713:
1635:Plain Blue Banner
1434:正黃旗 zhènghuángqí
1389:鑲黃旗 xiānghuángqí
1326:
1325:
1128:Fengtian province
1121:Republic of China
1033:Taiping Rebellion
717:siege of Dalinghe
715:'s forces at the
606:Taiping Rebellion
594:Han Eight Banners
488:
487:
453:
452:
391:
390:
334:Standard Mandarin
278:rendering support
255:
254:
250:Xinhai Revolution
242:Taiping Rebellion
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
5638:
5585:New Qing History
5468:Qianlong Tongbao
5446:
5391:Treaty of Canton
5331:Unequal treaties
5137:Fuling Mausoleum
4736:Advisory Council
4665:Wuchang Uprising
4605:
4508:Tianjin Massacre
4473:Second Opium War
4415:
4377:Sino-Burmese War
4324:
4302:Battle of Penghu
4270:Seven Grievances
4252:
4245:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4124:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
3991:Plain Red Banner
3955:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3914:
3906:
3866:
3837:
3819:
3795:
3773:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3694:
3674:
3660:, Berkeley, CA:
3652:
3627:
3603:
3578:
3567:
3547:
3525:
3507:
3486:
3464:
3440:
3416:
3405:
3371:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
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3277:
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3265:
3259:
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3252:
3246:
3241:
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3224:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3110:. Archived from
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3040:
3017:
2998:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2839:
2830:
2829:《清朝通志·氏族略·满洲八旗姓》
2827:
2821:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2627:, pp. 120–.
2622:
2616:
2615:, pp. 119–.
2610:
2604:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2489:, pp. 868–.
2484:
2478:
2477:, pp. 872–.
2472:
2466:
2465:, pp. 154–.
2460:
2454:
2453:, pp. 481–.
2448:
2442:
2441:, pp. 480–.
2436:
2430:
2429:, pp. 478–.
2424:
2415:
2414:, pp. 118–.
2409:
2403:
2402:, pp. 117–.
2397:
2391:
2390:, pp. 116–.
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2030:
1909:Sino-Burmese War
1899:Sino-Burmese War
1812:Qianlong emperor
1700:
1690:
1655:
1646:gulu lamun gūsa
1645:
1614:鑲紅旗 xiānghóngqí
1610:
1600:
1565:
1555:
1524:正紅旗 zhènghóngqí
1520:
1510:
1500:Plain Red Banner
1475:
1465:
1430:
1420:
1385:
1375:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1179:
952:Qianlong Emperor
813:
804:
795:
783:
773:
764:
755:
744:
735:
669:
660:
651:
639:
548:
547:
535:
525:
516:
503:
470:
449:
448:
432:
426:
425:
424:
416:Mongolian script
410:
409:
387:
386:
363:
362:
349:
348:
325:
319:
318:
293:
284: instead of
266:
265:
238:Second Opium War
155:
151:
149:
148:
132:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5600:Willow Palisade
5546:Chuang Guandong
5515:
5487:
5437:
5396:Treaty of Kulja
5381:Treaty of Aigun
5314:
5306:
5205:History of Ming
5157:
5151:
5089:
5083:
5009:Special regions
5004:
4943:Imperial Guards
4909:
4701:
4660:1911 Revolution
4606:
4603:
4596:
4573:Boxer Rebellion
4533:Sino-French War
4483:Amur Annexation
4428:First Opium War
4416:
4413:
4406:
4325:
4322:
4313:
4297:Great Clearance
4253:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4198:
4189:
4160:Booi Manju Niru
4153:Inner Companies
4148:
4127:Outer Companies
4115:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4015:
3979:
3946:
3941:
3910:
3904:
3887:
3882:Wayback Machine
3864:
3847:
3835:
3822:
3817:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3748:
3745:
3743:Further reading
3740:
3722:
3714:
3697:
3692:
3677:
3672:
3655:
3650:
3630:
3625:
3606:
3601:
3581:
3570:
3565:
3550:
3545:
3528:
3523:
3510:
3504:
3489:
3484:
3467:
3462:
3443:
3438:
3419:
3408:
3403:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3242:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3041:
3037:
3022:
3021:, pp. 87–
3014:
2999:
2995:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2898:, pp. 48–.
2894:
2890:
2883:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2673:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2378:, pp. 44–.
2374:
2370:
2366:, pp. 43–.
2362:
2358:
2354:, pp. 42–.
2350:
2346:
2338:Oriens extremus
2335:
2334:
2330:
2326:, pp. 41–.
2322:
2318:
2314:, pp. 39–.
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2135:, pp. 84–.
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:Wayback Machine
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1975:
1956:Imperial Family
1891:
1846:
1844:Banner soldiers
1725:
1719:
1704:鑲藍旗 xiānglánqí
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1659:正藍旗 zhènglánqí
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1569:鑲白旗 xiāngbáiqí
1563:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1479:正白旗 zhèngbáiqí
1473:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1161:
1152:Jahriyya revolt
1088:Boxer Rebellion
1080:Boxer Rebellion
1021:
982:
976:
936:
904:Shunzhi Emperor
846:Shunzhi Emperor
781:
742:
733:
708:
702:
686:
678:Main articles:
676:
637:
623:
618:
545:
543:
501:
422:
291:
290:
289:
286:Manchu alphabet
276:Without proper
267:
263:
258:
246:Boxer Rebellion
244:
240:
236:
234:First Opium War
232:
228:
224:
202:
188:
184:
180:
166:
146:
144:
143:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
66:"Eight Banners"
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5463:Kangxi Tongbao
5460:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Boxer Protocol
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5266:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5102:Forbidden City
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5065:General of Ili
5062:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5048:List of ambans
5045:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
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4900:
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4890:
4885:
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4875:
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4865:
4860:
4850:
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4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4715:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4513:Margary Affair
4510:
4505:
4503:Mudan incident
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Nian Rebellion
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
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4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
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4236:
4235:
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4226:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:Emperor (Khan)
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3885:
3867:
3862:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3820:
3816:978-0674054097
3815:
3796:
3791:
3774:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3690:
3675:
3670:
3653:
3648:
3628:
3623:
3604:
3599:
3579:
3568:
3563:
3548:
3543:
3526:
3521:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3460:
3441:
3436:
3417:
3406:
3401:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3334:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3288:, p. 325.
3278:
3276:, p. 331.
3266:
3264:, p. 324.
3254:
3219:
3214:"此博客只允许博主自己查看"
3205:
3191:
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 128.
3153:
3141:
3127:
3096:
3089:
3054:
3035:
3012:
2993:
2969:
2946:
2927:, ed. (1943).
2916:
2900:
2888:
2881:
2861:
2854:
2831:
2822:
2806:
2800:978-0231511674
2799:
2779:
2767:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2712:
2700:
2698:, p. 174.
2688:
2686:, p. 683.
2676:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2502:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2261:
2242:
2240:, p. 175.
2230:
2228:, p. 146.
2218:
2216:, p. 141.
2206:
2194:
2179:
2164:
2157:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1949:
1944:– grandson of
1942:Zheng Keshuang
1939:
1934:
1928:
1925:Geng Zhongming
1922:
1912:
1902:
1890:
1887:
1861:, followed by
1845:
1842:
1782:Kangxi emperor
1721:Main article:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1263:constituted a
1182:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1157:
1123:to be Manchu.
1037:Nian Rebellion
1020:
1017:
1013:Burma campaign
994:Zheng Keshuang
978:Main article:
975:
972:
935:
932:
850:Forbidden City
704:Main article:
701:
698:
675:
672:
622:
619:
617:
614:
567:Jurchen people
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
466:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:naiman khoshuu
443:
437:
436:
435:Transcriptions
428:
427:
423:ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
418:
412:
411:
404:
398:
397:
396:Mongolian name
393:
392:
389:
388:
381:
372:
371:
365:
364:
357:
351:
350:
343:
337:
336:
330:
329:
328:Transcriptions
321:
320:
313:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
280:, you may see
268:
261:
260:
259:
256:
253:
252:
219:
218:
213:
197:
193:
192:
175:
171:
170:
161:
157:
156:
141:
137:
136:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5643:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Eight Banners
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:Manchu people
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5541:Canton System
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Hubu Guanpiao
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:Society &
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Summer Palace
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5112:Mukden Palace
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:Palaces &
5086:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:Eight Banners
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:Grand Council
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4601:20th century
4599:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4411:19th century
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4111:Banner slaves
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:Eight Banners
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3903:0-520-92679-X
3899:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:0-520-92884-9
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3757:(2): 63–107,
3756:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3734:public domain
3729:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:0-520-04804-0
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3651:
3649:0-02-933680-5
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:0-393-30780-8
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:0-295-98040-0
3560:
3556:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:0-674-01828-1
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3461:9780520230156
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:9780804746847
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:9780691008776
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3315:
3312:, p. 14.
3311:
3310:Crossley 1990
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Walthall 2008
3294:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3237:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:Crossley 1999
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:Crossley 1999
3157:
3154:
3151:, p. 84.
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3117:on 2016-02-01
3113:
3106:
3105:"jds.cass.cn"
3100:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
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3057:
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3028:
3027:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2977:Crossley 1999
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:Crossley 1999
2892:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2780:
2777:, p. 79.
2776:
2771:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2713:
2710:, p. 80.
2709:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:Crossley 1990
2692:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:Crossley 1990
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:Di Cosmo 2007
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Di Cosmo 2007
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:Di Cosmo 2007
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:Di Cosmo 2007
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:Walthall 2008
2506:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:Walthall 2008
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:Di Cosmo 2007
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:Di Cosmo 2007
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:Di Cosmo 2007
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2192:, p. 30.
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:Di Cosmo 2007
2171:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 43.
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2087:, p. 59.
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:, p. 54.
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1976:
1972:
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1964:
1961:
1957:
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1950:
1947:
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1938:
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1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
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1892:
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1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:Yangtze River
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1019:Later history
1018:
1016:
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1005:
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857:Central Plain
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621:Establishment
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492:Eight Banners
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464:Manchu script
461:
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135:Eight Banners
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
5595:Treaty ports
5557:
5550:
5524:Other topics
5297:
5290:
5268:
5256:
5239:
5234:Peiwen Yunfu
5232:
5210:
5203:
5174:
4927:
4923:Beiyang Army
4905:Zongli Yamen
4761:Da-Qing Bank
4578:Red Lanterns
4231:Qing dynasty
4097:Feudal lords
4094:Banner lords
4071:Prince Zheng
4055:Prince Keqin
3943:
3909:
3889:
3870:
3853:
3841:
3824:
3801:
3778:
3754:
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3387:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3286:Elliott 2001
3281:
3274:Elliott 2001
3269:
3262:Elliott 2001
3257:
3245:|title=
3222:
3208:
3194:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3149:Elliott 2001
3144:
3130:
3119:. Retrieved
3112:the original
3099:
3079:
3070:
3062:
3044:
3025:
3019:Elliott 2001
3002:
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2903:
2891:
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2825:
2815:
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2789:
2782:
2775:Elliott 2001
2770:
2760:
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2722:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2661:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2581:
2576:, pp. 24–25.
2569:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2505:
2494:
2487:Wakeman 1985
2482:
2475:Wakeman 1985
2470:
2458:
2451:Wakeman 1985
2446:
2439:Wakeman 1985
2434:
2427:Wakeman 1985
2407:
2395:
2383:
2376:Wakeman 1985
2371:
2364:Wakeman 1985
2359:
2352:Wakeman 1985
2347:
2337:
2331:
2324:Wakeman 1985
2319:
2312:Wakeman 1985
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2202:Wakeman 1985
2197:
2190:Elliott 2006
2147:
2140:
2133:Wakeman 1977
2128:
2121:Elliott 2006
2116:
2109:Wakeman 1985
2104:
2097:Wakeman 1985
2092:
2085:Elliott 2001
2068:Wakeman 1985
2063:
2056:Wakeman 1985
2051:
2033:
2028:
1953:Ming dynasty
1855:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1805:
1792:
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1758:
1726:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1246:
1230:
1222:
1208:
1192:
1190:
1169:
1162:
1159:Organization
1136:China proper
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1085:
1067:
1060:
1030:
1022:
1006:
983:
968:
957:
920:
909:
901:
889:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
854:
819:
816:
803:bāqí mǎnzhōu
801:
785:
761:
745:
736:
721:
709:
687:
657:
641:
628:
624:
583:
579:Ming dynasty
532:
522:
504:
491:
489:
476:Romanization
408:Найман хошуу
369:Southern Min
341:Hanyu Pinyin
305:Chinese name
269:
220:
203:
168:Qing dynasty
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
5531:Aisin Gioro
5493:Paper money
5252:Qing poetry
4973:Wuwei Corps
4968:Shuishiying
4729:Family tree
4170:Fandzi Niru
4031:the Emperor
2708:Rhoads 2000
2512:, pp.
2238:Rawski 1991
2214:Naquin 1987
1931:Li Yongfang
1883:Grand Canal
1102:Zhao Erfeng
1092:Wuwei Corps
1086:During the
1041:Zeng Guofan
763:bāqí hànjūn
737:nikan cooha
659:bāqí ménggǔ
642:monggo gūsa
458:Manchu name
196:Engagements
5615:Categories
5199:Four Wangs
5090:mausoleums
5043:Golden Urn
5016:Inner Asia
4993:Xiang Army
4963:Hushenying
4888:Liangguang
4868:Liangjiang
4806:Lifan Yuan
4711:Government
4185:Solho Niru
4175:Hoise Niru
3577:, E. Stock
3335:0520228375
3121:2016-01-28
2015:References
1915:Fuk'anggan
1875:Great Wall
1752:, and the
1740:, and the
1340:Mongolian
1106:Zhao Erxun
1096:Hushenying
1045:Xiang Army
927:clearances
916:Geng Jimao
912:Shang Kexi
826:Li Zicheng
786:manju gūsa
746:ujen cooha
690:Hong Taiji
610:Xiang Army
571:Hong Taiji
529:Wade–Giles
505:jakūn gūsa
480:jakūn gūsa
469:ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
355:Wade–Giles
190:Musketeers
160:Allegiance
77:newspapers
5021:Manchuria
4988:Huai Army
4978:Yong Ying
4863:Shaan-Gan
4319:High Qing
4265:Later Jin
4180:Oros Niru
4165:Cigu Niru
4063:Prince Yu
4047:Prince Su
4039:Prince Li
3771:143342206
2684:Ross 1891
2020:Citations
1966:Zu Dashou
1871:Manchuria
1810:the Qing
1287:Mongolian
1267:(banner,
1253:Mongolian
1215:Mongolian
1069:John Ross
1049:Huai Army
838:Wu Sangui
834:Chongzhen
828:captured
808:Mongolian
768:Mongolian
713:Zu Dashou
664:Mongolian
551:Later Jin
539:Mongolian
178:Artillery
164:Later Jin
107:July 2021
5473:Hongqian
5442:Currency
5312:Treaties
5218:Kaozheng
5165:Booi Aha
5107:Hetu Ala
5060:Timeline
5055:Xinjiang
5026:Mongolia
4983:Chu Army
4958:New Army
4915:Military
4853:Viceroys
4106:Booi Aha
3878:Archived
3634:(1977),
3585:(1988),
3236:cite web
2669:Archived
2603:, p. 17.
2588:, p. 15.
2564:, p. 24.
2514:140-141.
2177:, p. 23.
2041:Archived
1973:See also
1937:Shi Lang
1867:Hangzhou
1823:Booi Aha
1789:Booi Aha
1774:Liaoning
1766:Duanfang
1695:ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ
1605:ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ
1597:ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1560:ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ
1552:ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1507:ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1462:ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
1380:ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠡᠲᠦ
1343:Chinese
1334:English
1140:Russians
1113:New Army
1062:yongying
1047:and the
724:Liaodong
575:conquest
544:ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠨ
441:SASM/GNC
186:Infantry
5458:Zhiqian
5450:Coinage
5187:Economy
5158:culture
4893:Yun-Gui
4883:Min-Zhe
4878:Sichuan
4873:Huguang
4719:Emperor
4240:History
4083:Classes
3951:Banners
3378:Sources
2302:, p. 9.
2290:, p. 7.
2278:, p. 6.
2004:Darugha
1946:Koxinga
1859:Beijing
1742:Mongols
1734:Manchus
1650:ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ
1515:ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ
1470:ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ
1425:ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ
1417:ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ
1372:ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ
1337:Manchu
1331:Banner
1269:Chinese
1248:cānlǐng
1235:Chinese
1227:hunting
1210:zuǒlǐng
1197:Chinese
1148:Muslims
958:In the
923:Koxinga
830:Beijing
790:Chinese
750:Chinese
646:Chinese
616:History
577:of the
563:Nurhaci
534:pa-ch'i
509:Chinese
376:Hokkien
361:pa-ch'i
311:Chinese
182:Cavalry
140:Country
91:scholar
5072:Taiwan
4248:Early
4233:topics
4120:Ethnic
3900:
3875:online
3860:
3831:
3813:
3789:
3769:
3726:
3710:
3688:
3668:
3646:
3621:
3597:
3561:
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3480:
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3434:
3399:
3332:
3087:
3052:
3033:
3010:
2991:
2879:
2852:
2797:
2730:
2666:online
2259:
2155:
2038:online
1905:Fuheng
1877:, the
1833:Mukden
1770:Fushun
1754:Evenks
1748:, the
1736:, the
1732:: the
1710:Lower
1707:Right
1699:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1685:ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡥᡝ
1665:Lower
1654:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1620:Lower
1617:Right
1609:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1607:ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ
1595:ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡥᡝ
1575:Lower
1564:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1550:ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡥᡝ
1530:Lower
1527:Right
1519:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1517:ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ
1485:Upper
1474:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1440:Upper
1437:Right
1429:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1395:Upper
1384:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
1370:ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡥᡝ
1302:jalan
1279::
1277:pinyin
1271::
1257:Заланг
1245::
1243:pinyin
1237::
1207::
1205:pinyin
1199::
1144:Oirats
998:rattan
822:Dorgon
800::
798:pinyin
792::
776:Manchu
760::
758:pinyin
752::
728:Manchu
694:Joseon
688:Under
656::
654:pinyin
648::
632:Manchu
586:Mongol
559:Manchu
546:ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ
531::
521::
519:pinyin
511::
496:Manchu
385:Pat-kî
272:Manchu
150:
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
5264:Queue
5182:Dibao
5038:Tibet
4858:Zhili
4741:Amban
3767:S2CID
3115:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
1863:Xi'an
1793:Taiqi
1778:Jilin
1687:ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ
1662:Left
1642:ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ
1572:Left
1562:ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ
1482:Left
1472:ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ
1392:Left
1316:ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ
1305:niru
1299:gūsa
1291:Хошуу
1261:jalan
1259:). 4
1231:jalan
780:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
743:ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
734:ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
732:ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
636:ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
500:ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
274:text.
153:China
98:JSTOR
84:books
5000:Navy
4841:Ejen
4724:List
3898:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3787:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3686:ISBN
3666:ISBN
3644:ISBN
3619:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3559:ISBN
3539:ISBN
3517:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3249:help
3085:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2795:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2153:ISBN
2009:Ejen
1895:Agui
1881:and
1865:and
1750:Daur
1746:Xibe
1697:ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
1689:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1652:ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
1644:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1640:ᡤᡠᠯᡠ
1599:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1554:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1509:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1505:ᡤᡠᠯᡠ
1464:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1460:ᡤᡠᠯᡠ
1427:ᠰᠢᠷᠠ
1419:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1415:ᡤᡠᠯᡠ
1382:ᠰᠢᠷᠠ
1374:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1349:U/L
1346:L/R
1321:ᠨᡳᡵᡠ
1311:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
1265:gūsa
1223:niru
1193:niru
1146:and
1104:and
1035:and
914:and
794:八旗滿洲
782:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
754:八旗漢軍
741:ᡠᠵᡝᠨ
682:and
650:八旗蒙古
638:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
588:and
555:Qing
553:and
524:bāqí
502:ᡤᡡᠰᠠ
494:(in
490:The
347:bāqí
174:Type
70:news
3759:doi
1772:in
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1055:of
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