990:
offence of the Eight Rules with that for an offence of the pÄyantika dharmas. Violation of any of the Eight Rules means that women cannot be ordained. The Eight Rules must be observed throughout the Bhikį¹£unÄ«s lives. However, the pÄyantika dharmas (#175, 145, 124 or 126, 141, 143, 142) require only confession, as there offences of bhikunis are considered to be violations of minor rules. Based on the differences in the gravity of offences between the Eight Rules and the pÄyantika dharmas, she also asserts the probability that the Eight Rules might have been added later.
1018:): "If Mahapajapati Gotami accepts these eight vows of respect, that will be her full ordination." However, Bhikkunī Kusuma in her article "Inaccuracies in Buddhist Women's History" has pointed out a number of inaccuracies in the ways the Eight Garudhammas have been recorded in the Pali Canon and its commentaries. And others point out the plethora of textual problems with the position for garudhammas. Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni published evidence that the Eight Garundhammas are non-historical.
907:
between both bhikkhus and bhikkhunis according to seniority." Those who believe in the garudhammas also recount the story of this rule being altered after six monks lifted up their robes to show their thighs to the nuns. They believe that the Buddha learned about this, and made an exception to that rule so that nuns need not pay respect to such monks. According to the altered rule, a bhikkhuni does not have to bow to every monk, only to a monk who is worthy of respect.
954:. It says that after a probationer has trained with a bhikkhuni for two years, that bhikkhuni preceptor has the responsibility to fully ordain her. However, when the Buddha ordained Mahapajapati, probationer ordination did not exist. He ordained her directly as a bhikkhuni. This is one of the many textual errors in the garudhammas: the Buddha supposedly created one rule that requires probationer training which did not exist in the Buddha's time.
103:
4625:
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22:
2034:
2021:
684:
2011:
887:. How-ever, seven of these rules do in fact have parallels either in word or in con-tent with other rules stated in the BhikkhunÄ«pÄį¹imokkha. Moreover, it is remarkable that these eight rules, although depicted as a precondition for ordination, are not at all mentioned in the ordination formulas for nuns, as given elsewhere in the
993:
Most of these rules are also found in the pÄyantika dharmas as minor rules since they only require confession: "Theriya tradition, which at some stage, seems to have accommodated the idea that the Buddha conceded the abrogation of the minor rules ". This agrees with the fact that rival groups such as
820:
Although modern scholarship questions their validity, traditional renditions of this incident recount that the Buddha hesitated three times before admitting these women to the order, saying "Be cautious, Gautamī, of the going forth of women from home into homelessness in the Dharma and the discipline
985:
Leigh
Brasington has argued that based on textural evidence, Ananda would have been a teenager and therefore according to him: "It seems very implausible to me that a teenager ā someone about the same age as the Buddha's son Rahula ā would have enough influence over the Buddha to get him to change
989:
Hae-ju Chun, a Bhikį¹£unÄ« and assistant professor at
Tongguk University in Seoul, Korea, argues that six of the Eight Rules (#1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8) belong to the Bhikį¹£unÄ« PÄyantika Dharmas, as they are the same as or similar to rules found there. We may compare the differences in the punishment for any
981:
Gurmeet Kaur asserts that "The first, seventh, and eighth garudhamma ensure that Bhikkuį¹Ä« do not under any condition assert their superiority over the
Bhikkhus. To justify this attitude of Buddha, the Theravada tradition attempts to argue that the organization of the monastic order vis-Ć -vis the
906:
Murcott writes about
Mahapajapati's purported later request: "I would ask one thing of the Blessed One, Ananda. It would be good if the Blessed One would allow making salutations, standing up in the presence of another, paying reverence and the proper performance of duties, to take place equally
1070:
stated, while talking about Gender
Equality and Human Rights: "It would be helpful if Tibetan nuns could study the bhikshuni vows before the ordination is established. The traditional custom is that one is only allowed to study the bhikshu or bhikshuni vows after having taken them. Moreover, at
1042:
were also deterred by the prospect of full ordination requiring them keeping the Eight
Garudhammas and therefore having a formal subordination to the monks in addition to existing cultural discrimination. In 2003 the first Thai woman to receive full Bhikkhuni ordination under the
825:." When the Buddha's attendant (and cousin) Änanda questioned him concerning the spiritual capacities of women, the Buddha is said to have replied that women were as capable as men of achieving liberation, a fact verified by the multitude of women who achieved the state of an
937:(5) A nun, offending against an important rule, must undergo manatta discipline for half a month before both orders. Thanissaro Bhikkhu's translation varies: "(5) A bhikkhuni who has broken any of the vows of respect must undergo penance for half a month under both Sanghas."
1025:
Buddhism today, the full
Bhikkhuni ordination lineage has been restored in Sri Lanka, but Theravadin nuns in other countries find it extremely difficult to obtain full ordination. Although some expressed an interest in receiving the full ordination via the surviving
756:) that applied to monks. They are controversial because they attempt to proscribe an inferior role for nuns, and bhikkhunis have revealed scholarly evidence that the Eight Garudhammas are not found in the historical teachings of
1331:
1066:. Many Buddhist scholars and laypeople all over the world want to help Tibetans to establish a full ordination. Bhikshuni Prof. Dr. Karma Lekshe Tsomo, University of San Diego, California, US, President of
882:
These eight rules serve not only as admission criteria but also as rules that are to be observed for life by every nun. It is therefore striking that this set of rules in the PÄli Vinaya is not part of the
1098:
831:
during his lifetime. Having thus affirmed women's equal capacity for spiritual enlightenment, the Buddha is said to have relented and agreed to establish the female counterpart of the Bhikį¹£u Sangha.
967:
Scholars such as Akira
Hirakawa, Hae-ju Chun (a bhikį¹£unÄ« and assistant professor at Tongguk University in Seoul, Korea) and in Young-chun argue that these eight rules were added later. In notes:
895:
Bhikkhu AnÄlayo and
Thanissaro Bhikkhu state that garudhammas were initially simply "set out as principles" and did not have the status of a formal training rule until violations occurred.
1067:
902:(1) A nun who has been ordained even for a hundred years must greet respectfully, rise up from her seat, salute with joined palms, do proper homage to a monk ordained but that day.
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1051:
was Dr. Chatumarn
Kabilsingh, a former university professor. Dhammananda Bhikkhuni now heads a temple for Buddhist women, enjoying extremely narrow recognition in Thai society.
1918:
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However, even proponents of the garudhammas concede that amendments were made to these rules. The revised version allows bhikkhunis to perform pavarana by themselves.
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165:
2135:
1972:
1577:
1531:
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2000:
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929:(4) After the rains a nun must 'invite' before both orders in respect of three matters, namely what was seen, what was heard, what was suspected.
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4165:
2145:
1956:
1870:
1501:
1223:
1262:"On the Apparent Non-historicity of the Eight Garudhammas Story As It Stands in the Pali-text Culavagga and Contemporary Vinaya Scholarship"
1129:
is used as an adjective, the wikilink points to the associated sanskrit noun. See The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary entry for
2328:
2170:
744:, translated as 'rules of respect', 'principles of respect', 'principles to be respected') were considered additional precepts required of
4505:
812:. Five years after his enlightenment, she was the spokesperson of a group of women who requested he ordain women as monastics. Bhikį¹£uį¹Ä«
1890:
4402:
3952:
2047:
1978:
714:
160:
117:
4495:
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When giving the Eight Garudhammas to Mahapajapati Gotami, the Buddha supposedly said they would constitute her full ordination (Pali:
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the fact that these same rules are treated only as a minor offence (requiring only confession as expiation) in the pÄyantika dharmas.
942:(6) When, as a probationer, she has trained in the six rules for two years, she should seek higher ordination from both orders.
31:
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1798:
1675:
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1279:
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64:
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1239:
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1973:
A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages
1919:
A Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages
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full Bhikkhuni ordination in the course of the 20th century, it was not simply the difficulties of ordination from a different
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1993:
1261:
1062:, ordained since 1973, it had only a tradition of novice nuns, it has had a number of famous women practitioners who were
920:(3) Every half-month a nun should desire two things from the Order of Monks: the asking as to the date of the Observance (
643:
338:
1937:
Monastic Discipline for the Buddhist Nuns: An English Translation of the Chinese Text of the MahÄsÄį¹ghika-Bhikį¹£uį¹Ä«-Vinaya
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has stated that the historicity of the gurudharmas is "a rather doubtful matter" but notes that they are present in all
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363:
323:
3305:
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3500:
3140:
2785:
2298:
2193:
1755:"A Buddhist View of Women: A comparative study of the rules for bhikį¹£unÄ«s and bhikį¹£us based on the Chinese PrĆ timokĆ¹a"
947:
4610:
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2175:
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35:
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2559:
2180:
1986:
468:
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is one of the five subjects studied and they are not permitted to study it without already being bhikshunis."
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believes them to have been intended as temporary rules. Ute HĆ¼sken agrees that there is inconsistency saying
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social order of the time combined with moral and ethical values, loomed large in the mind of the Buddha."
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When evaluated from the viewpoint of their narrative context, it seems clear that the formulations of the
707:
443:
428:
333:
328:
150:
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rule No. 5. The authenticity of these rules is contested; they were supposedly added to the (bhikkhunis)
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reflect an earlier version. This earlier version did not yet stipulate the necessity of training as a
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2494:
2140:
2070:
1705:
1681:
1212:
Kusuma, Bhikuni (2000). "Inaccuracies in Buddhist Women's History". In Karma Lekshe Tsomo (ed.).
813:
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2421:
2308:
2266:
2065:
1952:
1891:"A New Possibility: Introducing Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition"
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2155:
1946:
1894:
1663:
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1534:. Summary Report of the 2007 International Congress on the Women's Role in the Sangha. 2007.
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318:
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3315:
3193:
2549:
2544:
1733:"The Questionable Authenticity of AN 8.51/Cv.X.1: The Founding of the Order of Nuns"
1486:
HĆ¼sken, Ute (2010). "The Eight Garudhammas". In Thea, Mohr; Tsedroen, Jampa (eds.).
792:"to allow more acceptance" of a monastic order for women, during the Buddha's time.
4455:
4440:
4360:
4350:
4192:
3987:
3480:
2981:
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2674:
2010:
1059:
413:
298:
216:
102:
46:
3238:
3223:
3183:
2120:
1788:
1518:"On Ordaining Bhikkhunīs Unilaterally | the Question of Bhikkhunī Ordination"
822:
1935:
1860:
1213:
4425:
4415:
4254:
3395:
3380:
3163:
2971:
2899:
2679:
2509:
2411:
2258:
2130:
1044:
483:
4635:
2569:
874:
has noted the inconsistency of the Garudhammas in various Buddhist scriptures.
4370:
4328:
4204:
4010:
3935:
3549:
3533:
3495:
3475:
3390:
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3345:
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3168:
2914:
2845:
2716:
2599:
2504:
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2112:
2102:
2075:
1667:
915:, 3 months rainy season retreat) in a residence where there are no monks.
888:
884:
488:
248:
145:
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1401:
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his mind about something he had rejected three times on multiple occasions."
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951:
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and it prescribed ordination given by bhikį¹£us only, not by both communities.
745:
533:
508:
42:
4118:
2954:
2808:
2574:
2356:
2225:
2217:
2880:
1424:"Feminist Debate in Taiwan's Buddhism: The Issue of the Eight Garudhammas"
736:
683:
4475:
4430:
4375:
4340:
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3258:
3233:
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3128:
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2396:
2318:
2015:
1548:
The First Buddhist Women: Translations and commentaries on the Therigatha
1027:
921:
871:
732:
543:
523:
518:
398:
94:
1383:"The Gurudharmaon Bhikį¹£uį¹Ä« Ordination in the MÅ«lasarvÄstivÄda Tradition"
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3445:
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3003:
2944:
2939:
2835:
2793:
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2534:
2484:
2271:
2097:
1790:
Gender and Salvation Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of Women
1732:
995:
223:
898:
The English translation of the Eight Garudhammas is reproduced below:
859:
ordination found in the MÅ«lasarvÄstivÄda, SarvÄstivÄda, and Saį¹mitÄ«ya
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4445:
4281:
4143:
4123:
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2341:
2085:
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1076:
1063:
1035:
972:
844:
751:
238:
233:
228:
191:
1489:
Dignity & Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns
1487:
748:(fully ordained Buddhist nuns) above and beyond the monastic rule (
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4435:
4293:
4259:
4239:
4209:
4138:
3555:
3400:
3278:
3273:
3243:
3198:
3045:
3040:
2919:
2624:
2449:
2416:
2406:
1157:"Bhikkhunīs | the Buddhist Monastic Code, Volumes I & II"
1072:
912:
827:
473:
4470:
3263:
2929:
2426:
1182:
1180:
738:
1982:
4128:
2664:
1329:
On the Apparent Non-historicity of the Eight Garudhammas Story
15:
1099:
International Congress on Buddhist Women's Role in the Sangha
958:(7) A monk must not be abused or reviled in any way by a nun.
1071:
present, the Tibetan nuns are prevented from completing the
963:(8) From today, admonition of monks by nuns is forbidden.
1948:
Innovative Buddhist Women: Swimming Against the Stream
1215:
Innovative Buddhist Women: Swimming Against the Stream
1124:
1118:
1068:
Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women
1034:
that deterred them. Ellison Banks Findly reports that
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
749:
1356:
1354:
1914:
1912:
1618:
1616:
1614:
4571:
4486:
4401:
4099:
4001:
3884:
3581:
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3336:
3209:
3149:
2784:
2650:
2590:
2435:
2327:
2257:
2111:
2056:
1576:Dr. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh (28 December 1999).
998:also had the first rule for women according to the
950:, who train for two years in preparation to become
1207:
1205:
1058:has not had a bhikshuni ordination lineage, until
1006:, denies both women's ordination and liberation.)
971:there is a discrepancy between the Pali bhikkhuni
1814:Buddhist Monastic Code II, Chapter 23, Bhikkhunis
1280:"The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary"
77:Controversial Buddhist nun gender hierarchy rules
1455:"Bhikkhuni Ordination: Buddhism's Glass Ceiling"
1255:
1253:
774:, it means "heavy offense that entails penance (
1240:"A conversation with a sceptic ā Bhikkhuni FAQ"
961:
956:
940:
935:
927:
918:
909:
900:
880:
849:
818:
1838:"Bhikkhuni FAQ: A conversation with a sceptic"
1002:school. (The other surviving Jain school, the
1994:
1625:"Women and the religious order of the Buddha"
708:
8:
2776:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
1793:. University of California Press, Berkeley.
768:literally means 'heavy' and when applied to
1940:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute.
1823:Thanissaro Bhikkhu (For free distribution).
1373:
1371:
1369:
924:) day, and the coming for the exhortation .
796:Narrative of the first bhikkhuni ordination
2001:
1987:
1979:
1532:"Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages"
715:
701:
81:
45:. Please do not remove this message until
780:) consisting of 2 weeks" as described in
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:
1347:Gender Discrimination and the Pali Canon
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3963:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1148:
1110:
808:), the aunt and adoptive mother of the
93:
4166:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1713:
1703:
1578:"The History of the Bhikkhuni Sangha"
1360:
7:
1660:Bloomsbury Religion in North America
911:(2) A nun must not spend the rains (
1865:. Wisdom Publications. p. 47.
1608:Bhikkhuni Pac. 57: Vin. IV.314
3953:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1862:Women's Buddhism, Buddhism's Women
1623:Ven. Professor Dhammavihari.
1010:Effects on the ordination of women
166:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
161:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
1692:from the original on 28 June 2021
4634:
4624:
4623:
4181:Thai temple art and architecture
3926:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2166:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2032:
2019:
2009:
1278:Society, Pali Text (1921ā1925).
682:
101:
20:
4662:Ordination of women in Buddhism
2033:
1428:Journal of Feminist Scholarship
4171:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3973:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3053:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2244:Places where the Buddha stayed
1859:Banks Findly, Ellison (2000).
946:The sixth gurudharma mentions
1:
4186:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1599:Bhikkhuni Pac.59: Vin.IV. 315
1590:Bhikkhuni Pac.56: Vin.IV. 313
3943:Buddhism and the Roman world
3919:Decline of Buddhism in India
3914:History of Buddhism in India
2014: Topics in
1945:Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (2013).
1460:Tricycle:The Buddhist Review
1218:. Routledge. pp. 5ā13.
364:Buddhist Paths to liberation
3141:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2881:
1975:Study Buddhism (2007-08-00)
1787:Padmanabh S. Jaini (1991).
1422:Chen, Chiung Hwang (2011).
1242:. Buddhanet. Archived from
1125:
1119:
836:Authenticity and researches
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
750:
737:
47:conditions to do so are met
4688:
4091:The unanswerable questions
1762:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
1731:Brasington, Leigh (2010).
1551:. Parallax Press. p.
1390:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
4619:
4176:Buddhist temples in Korea
2739:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2642:Three planes of existence
2249:Buddha in world religions
2028:
1668:10.5040/9781350971066.003
3958:Persecution of Buddhists
3179:Four stages of awakening
2560:Three marks of existence
2146:Physical characteristics
1934:Hirakawa, Akira (1999).
1819:22 November 2005 at the
1309:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
3321:Ten principal disciples
2204:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1753:In Young Chung (1999).
1334:3 November 2013 at the
1193:Ordination Controversy"
384:Philosophical reasoning
4031:Buddhism and democracy
3544:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3539:Chinese Buddhist canon
2771:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2766:Early Buddhist schools
1654:Kaur, Gurmeet (2021).
1545:Susan Murcott (1991).
1260:Tathaaloka Bhikkhuni.
965:
960:
944:
939:
931:
926:
917:
904:
893:
869:
833:
151:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
4041:Eight Consciousnesses
2151:Life of Buddha in art
1453:Talbot, Mary (2016).
806:Mahaprajapati Gautami
419:Aids to Enlightenment
244:Dependent Origination
4672:Buddhist monasticism
4518:East Asian religions
3948:Buddhism in the West
3519:Early Buddhist texts
3134:Four Right Exertions
2600:Ten spiritual realms
2093:Noble Eightfold Path
1897:on 28 September 2007
1656:"Buddhism and Women"
389:Devotional practices
212:Noble Eightfold Path
4641:Religion portal
4388:Temple of the Tooth
4267:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3306:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
2799:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
2582:Two truths doctrine
2402:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2202:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1494:Wisdom Publications
1305:"Eight Garudhammas"
885:BhikkhunÄ«pÄį¹imokkha
802:Mahapajapati Gotami
689:Buddhism portal
562:Buddhism by country
324:Sanskrit literature
34:of this article is
4563:Western philosophy
4161:Dzong architecture
3983:Vipassana movement
3978:Buddhist modernism
3406:Emperor Wen of Sui
3174:PratyekabuddhayÄna
3107:Threefold Training
2909:Vipassana movement
2625:Hungry Ghost realm
2445:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
2392:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
2141:Great Renunciation
2136:Eight Great Events
2018:
1246:on 9 January 2009.
1032:school of Buddhism
821:proclaimed by the
814:Karma Lekshe Tsomo
800:The first nun was
727:The controversial
176:Buddhist modernism
4649:
4648:
4287:Om mani padme hum
3993:Women in Buddhism
3909:Buddhist councils
3779:Western countries
3567:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
3328:Shaolin Monastery
2905:Samatha-vipassanÄ
2515:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
2319:Metteyya/Maitreya
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2066:Four Noble Truths
1958:978-1-136-11426-7
1872:978-0-86171-165-9
1836:(13 April 2008).
1503:978-0-86171-588-6
1284:dsal.uchicago.edu
1225:978-0-7007-1219-9
1187:Bhikkhu AnÄlayo.
1094:Women in Buddhism
1060:Ven. Tenzin Palmo
729:Eight Garudhammas
725:
724:
207:Four Noble Truths
75:
74:
67:
4679:
4639:
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4466:Sacred languages
4314:Maya Devi Temple
4277:Mahabodhi Temple
4081:Secular Buddhism
4046:Engaged Buddhism
2886:
2734:Tibetan Buddhism
2685:Vietnamese Thiį»n
2284:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
2235:
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1893:. Archived from
1887:Chodron, Thubten
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3968:Buddhist crisis
3880:
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3529:Mahayana sutras
3505:
3501:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
3332:
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3145:
3095:Bodhisattva vow
2780:
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2480:Five hindrances
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1496:. p. 134.
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4403:Miscellaneous
4400:
4394:
4393:Vegetarianism
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:Buddha in art
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:United States
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Padmasambhava
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3338:Major figures
3335:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3284:Western tulku
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Five precepts
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Dhamma vicaya
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
2829:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Enlightenment
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Dhamma theory
2463:
2461:
2460:Buddha-nature
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Samantabhadra
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1951:. Routledge.
1950:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1800:0-520-06820-3
1796:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:9781350971066
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1644:, p. 37.
1643:
1642:Hirakawa 1999
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1562:0-938077-42-2
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
987:
983:
976:
974:
970:
969:
968:
964:
959:
955:
953:
949:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
916:
914:
908:
903:
899:
896:
892:
890:
886:
879:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
846:
842:
835:
832:
830:
829:
824:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
747:
742:
740:
734:
730:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
679:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
453:
452:
445:
444:Vegetarianism
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
399:Recollections
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Five precepts
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
348:
347:
340:
337:
335:
334:Chinese canon
332:
330:
329:Tibetan canon
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
135:
130:
129:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:
80:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
33:
27:
18:
17:
4581:Bodhisattvas
4501:Christianity
4496:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
4361:Dharmachakra
4351:Prayer wheel
4341:Prayer beads
4109:Architecture
3988:969 Movement
3772:Saudi Arabia
3750:Central Asia
3743:South Africa
3565:
3548:
3481:Panchen Lama
3386:BuddhapÄlita
2982:Satipatthana
2977:Mindful Yoga
2890:Recollection
2804:Brahmavihara
2675:Japanese Zen
2670:Chinese Chan
2630:Animal realm
2437:Key concepts
2259:Bodhisattvas
2071:Three Jewels
1947:
1936:
1928:Bibliography
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1881:
1861:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1828:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1761:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1726:
1694:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1637:
1628:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1571:
1547:
1540:
1526:
1512:
1488:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1427:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1393:
1389:
1363:, p. 6.
1342:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:
1244:the original
1234:
1214:
1190:
1165:
1151:
1113:
1053:
1020:
1015:
1013:
992:
988:
984:
980:
966:
962:
957:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
919:
910:
905:
901:
897:
894:
881:
870:
864:
860:
856:
852:
850:
839:
826:
819:
805:
799:
762:
728:
726:
394:Merit making
359:Three Jewels
299:Buddhavacana
229:Impermanence
217:Dharma wheel
79:
61:
52:
30:
4426:Dharma talk
4255:Asalha Puja
4051:Eschatology
3854:Switzerland
3834:New Zealand
3762:Middle East
3671:Philippines
3591:Afghanistan
3396:Bodhidharma
3381:Buddhaghosa
3301:Householder
3211:Monasticism
3164:Bodhisattva
3019:Prostration
2972:Mindfulness
2900:Anapanasati
2883:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
2680:Korean Seon
2620:Asura realm
2615:Human realm
2555:Ten Fetters
2510:Parinirvana
2412:Uppalavanna
2377:MahÄkaccana
2362:MahÄkassapa
2294:Kį¹£itigarbha
2289:ÄkÄÅagarbha
2186:SuddhodÄna
2131:Four sights
2058:Foundations
1840:. Santipada
1049:Dhammananda
1045:dharma name
855:concerning
629:New Zealand
484:Bodhisattva
469:Four Stages
424:Monasticism
404:Mindfulness
374:Perfections
304:Early Texts
55:August 2024
4656:Categories
4543:Psychology
4523:Gnosticism
4511:Comparison
4506:Influences
4488:Comparison
4371:Bhavacakra
4329:Kushinagar
4304:Pilgrimage
4250:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
4205:Bodhi Tree
4021:Buddhology
4011:Abhidharma
4003:Philosophy
3936:Menander I
3804:Costa Rica
3755:Uzbekistan
3596:Bangladesh
3550:Dhammapada
3534:Pali Canon
3496:Ajahn Chah
3476:Dalai Lama
3376:KumÄrajÄ«va
3371:Vasubandhu
3346:The Buddha
3254:Zen master
3189:Sakadagami
3169:Buddhahood
3100:Pratimokį¹£a
2915:Shikantaza
2871:Meditation
2846:Deity yoga
2717:Madhyamaka
2610:Deva realm
2505:Mindstream
2455:Bodhicitta
2367:Aį¹
gulimÄla
2234:Devadatta
2210:YaÅodharÄ
2113:The Buddha
2103:Middle Way
1772:7 November
1696:24 October
1361:Tsomo 2013
1143:References
1016:upasampada
1000:ÅvÄtÄmbara
952:bhikkhunis
948:Åikį¹£amÄį¹Äs
889:Cullavagga
853:gurudharma
847:. He says
804:(Sanskrit
783:garudhamma
746:bhikkhunis
502:Traditions
439:Pilgrimage
379:Meditation
339:Post-canon
319:PÄli Canon
249:Middle Way
146:The Buddha
32:neutrality
4611:Festivals
4591:Buddhists
4553:Theosophy
4356:Symbolism
4346:Hama yumi
4319:Bodh Gaya
4086:Socialism
4061:Evolution
4036:Economics
3874:Venezuela
3789:Australia
3784:Argentina
3708:Sri Lanka
3703:Singapore
3621:Indonesia
3583:Countries
3524:Tripiį¹aka
3486:Ajahn Mun
3361:Nagarjuna
3356:AÅvaghoį¹£a
3239:AnagÄrika
3234:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
3229:ÅrÄmaį¹era
3224:Bhikkhunī
3184:SotÄpanna
3073:Passaddhi
3014:Offerings
2989:Nekkhamma
2866:Iddhipada
2786:Practices
2756:Theravada
2729:Vajrayana
2722:Yogachara
2692:Pure Land
2605:Six Paths
2592:Cosmology
2372:Anuruddha
2347:SÄriputta
2337:Kaundinya
2329:Disciples
2304:VajrapÄį¹i
2156:Footprint
2121:TathÄgata
1901:17 August
1844:17 August
1738:17 August
1716:ignored (
1706:cite book
1686:236681200
1471:17 August
1438:17 August
1407:17 August
1402:1076-9005
1191:Bhikkhunī
1089:Bhikkhuni
1054:Although
1023:Theravada
1004:Digambara
865:sikį¹£amÄna
823:TathÄgata
649:Sri Lanka
639:Singapore
594:Indonesia
534:VajrayÄna
509:TheravÄda
464:Awakening
352:Practices
309:Tripiį¹aka
279:Cosmology
254:Emptiness
234:Suffering
43:talk page
4629:Category
4558:Violence
4528:Hinduism
4476:Sanskrit
4431:Hinayana
4416:AmitÄbha
4376:Swastika
4245:Uposatha
4235:Holidays
4220:Calendar
4066:Humanism
3904:Kanishka
3894:Timeline
3718:Thailand
3686:Kalmykia
3681:Buryatia
3666:Pakistan
3651:Mongolia
3646:Maldives
3641:Malaysia
3606:Cambodia
3471:Shamarpa
3466:Nichiren
3416:Xuanzang
3351:Nagasena
3269:Rinpoche
2999:PÄramitÄ
2841:Devotion
2761:Navayana
2749:Dzogchen
2712:Nichiren
2660:Mahayana
2652:Branches
2530:Saį¹
khÄra
2279:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
2236:(cousin)
2228:(cousin)
2196:(mother)
2188:(father)
2176:Miracles
2126:Birthday
2043:Glossary
2016:Buddhism
1817:Archived
1768:: 29ā105
1690:Archived
1381:(2013).
1332:Archived
1189:"On the
1083:See also
1040:Thailand
1028:Mahayana
922:uposatha
872:Yin Shun
857:bhikį¹£uį¹Ä«
816:writes,
733:Sanskrit
659:Thailand
619:Mongolia
614:Malaysia
579:Cambodia
544:Navayana
524:Hinayana
519:MahÄyÄna
429:Lay life
259:Morality
239:Not-self
197:Concepts
156:Councils
141:Timeline
113:Glossary
95:Buddhism
87:a series
85:Part of
36:disputed
4606:Temples
4586:Buddhas
4548:Science
4538:Judaism
4533:Jainism
4451:Lineage
4411:AbhijƱÄ
4381:Thangka
4324:Sarnath
4309:Lumbini
4230:Funeral
4225:Cuisine
4101:Culture
4076:Reality
4026:Creator
4016:Atomism
3886:History
3859:Ukraine
3819:Germany
3738:Senegal
3728:Vietnam
3656:Myanmar
3456:Shinran
3446:Karmapa
3421:Shandao
3391:DignÄga
3316:ÅrÄvaka
3296:Donchee
3291:Kappiya
3249:Sayadaw
3219:Bhikkhu
3194:AnÄgÄmi
3151:Nirvana
3117:Samadhi
3004:Paritta
2945:Tonglen
2940:Mandala
2895:Smarana
2876:Mantras
2824:Upekkha
2794:Bhavana
2744:Shingon
2697:Tiantai
2550:TathÄtÄ
2540:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
2535:Skandha
2525:Saį¹sÄra
2520:Rebirth
2495:Kleshas
2485:Indriya
2387:Subhūti
2272:Guanyin
2226:Änanda
2218:RÄhula
2098:Nirvana
2038:Outline
1396:: 752.
1314:8 April
1289:8 April
1073:Geshema
1064:yoginis
1036:mae jis
996:Jainism
861:Vinayas
845:Vinayas
777:mÄnatta
741:-dharma
669:Vietnam
624:Myanmar
539:Tibetan
529:Chinese
457:NirvÄį¹a
274:Saį¹sÄra
269:Rebirth
134:History
123:Outline
4601:Sutras
4596:Suttas
4461:Siddhi
4446:Koliya
4421:BrahmÄ
4336:Poetry
4282:Mantra
4272:Kasaya
4144:Pagoda
4124:Kyaung
4119:VihÄra
4114:Temple
4056:Ethics
3899:Ashoka
3849:Sweden
3844:Poland
3839:Norway
3829:Mexico
3814:France
3799:Canada
3794:Brazil
3733:Africa
3713:Taiwan
3676:Russia
3601:Bhutan
3561:Vinaya
3441:Naropa
3431:Saraha
3366:Asanga
3122:PrajƱÄ
3031:Refuge
2994:Nianfo
2955:Tertƶn
2950:Tantra
2935:Ganana
2925:Tukdam
2851:DhyÄna
2819:Mudita
2814:Karuį¹Ä
2707:Risshū
2702:Huayan
2635:Naraka
2575:AnattÄ
2570:Dukkha
2565:Anicca
2470:Dharma
2422:Channa
2357:Änanda
2342:Assaji
2309:Skanda
2212:(wife)
2181:Family
2161:Relics
2086:Sangha
2081:Dharma
2076:Buddha
1955:
1869:
1797:
1684:
1674:
1559:
1500:
1400:
1222:
1132:"garu"
1077:Vinaya
973:Vinaya
810:Buddha
789:vinaya
771:vinaya
752:vinaya
654:Taiwan
634:Russia
574:Brazil
569:Bhutan
489:Buddha
409:Wisdom
192:Dharma
4573:Lists
4441:Kalpa
4436:Iddhi
4299:Music
4294:Mudra
4260:Vassa
4240:Vesak
4210:Budai
4156:Candi
4139:Stupa
4071:Logic
3824:Italy
3723:Tibet
3661:Nepal
3631:Korea
3626:Japan
3616:India
3611:China
3556:Sutra
3511:Texts
3461:DÅgen
3451:HÅnen
3436:AtiÅa
3401:Zhiyi
3311:Achar
3279:Tulku
3274:Geshe
3259:RÅshi
3244:Ajahn
3199:Arhat
3159:Bodhi
3129:VÄ«rya
3046:Sacca
3041:Satya
3036:SÄdhu
3024:Music
2967:Merit
2960:Terma
2920:Zazen
2856:Faith
2809:MettÄ
2490:Karma
2450:Bardo
2417:Asita
2407:Khema
2397:UpÄli
2382:Nanda
2220:(son)
2194:MÄyÄ
2171:Films
2048:Index
1758:(PDF)
1682:S2CID
1386:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1196:(PDF)
1117:Here
1105:Notes
913:vassa
828:arhat
664:Tibet
604:Korea
599:Japan
589:India
584:China
549:Newar
474:Arhat
264:Karma
118:Index
4471:PÄįø·i
4456:MÄra
4366:Flag
3767:Iran
3691:Tuva
3636:Laos
3264:Lama
3112:ÅÄ«la
3080:ÅÄ«la
3068:PÄ«ti
3058:Sati
3009:Puja
2930:Koan
2836:DÄna
2427:Yasa
2314:TÄrÄ
1953:ISBN
1903:2019
1867:ISBN
1846:2019
1795:ISBN
1774:2010
1740:2019
1718:help
1698:2021
1672:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1473:2019
1465:XXVI
1440:2019
1409:2019
1398:ISSN
1316:2022
1291:2022
1220:ISBN
1126:guru
1120:garu
765:Garu
739:guru
609:Laos
514:PÄli
29:The
4193:Art
4129:Wat
2665:Zen
1664:doi
1467:(1)
1434:(1)
1123:or
1047:of
1038:in
1021:In
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3695:ru
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