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The new government was determined to cooperate with the Allies, in the hopes that this would help them achieve a better peace. So on 29 June 1921 Germany officially dissolved the
Citizens' Defense, and the Bavarian government, beginning to fear the goals of the paramilitary, allowed it, although Gustav von Kahr soon resigned as Bavarian Minister-President. Disbanded Citizens' Defense militants went on to join other far-right paramilitaries, like the
232:
All these conflicts may have given the Berlin government justification for the
Citizens' Defense. But Germany was hoping to negotiate a more lenient peace deal with the Allies and did not believe resistance to France and Britain would be successful anyway. The German government was replaced in May.
157:
militia with the purpose of quickly reinforcing cities against revolutionary forces by recruiting small groups of civilians. Its stronghold was its unit in Munich, Bavaria, led by Major Doctor
Forstrat Escherich. This is in part because Bavarian nationalism and anti-republicanism flourished as many
211:
Though the
Citizens' Defense was involved in internal struggle, it soon became entangled in foreign conflict. Indeed, many of its leaders saw its primary purpose as providing defense for Germany's frontiers. In March of 1921, the Allies, citing the Treaty of Versailles, demanded the dissolution of
145:. It was based in Bavaria, where anti-Berlin and anti-republican sentiment attracted such activity. On 29 June 1921 the German government gave in to Allied demands and dissolved the Citizens' Defense. Its militants moved on to fight in other far-right paramilitaries with similar goals.
162:
monarchy in defiance of Berlin. For example, a 1919 order from the
Bavarian Department of the Interior stated that the attitude of the Bavarian administration towards the Citizens' Defense should be that of "advisers and supporters." In addition, Bavarian Minister-President
198:. The Weimar regime became worried that its defense was being entrusted to the far right, and in September 1919 issued a call to its supporters to join the Citizens' Defense. This was not successful and the regime did not pursue the issue. After the failed
202:
of 1920, the
Citizens' Defense was ordered dissolved, but Bavaria refused, keeping its unit in existence for another year. In October 1920, to partially appease Allied demands, the Citizens' Defense surrendered one-third to half of their rifles.
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the illegal paramilitary and occupied two German cities along the Rhine. But
Germany did not disband it. That same month, German Communists attempted a short-lived revolt. And in May, Germany sent the Citizens' Defense to help crush a
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until 29 June 1921. It was established with the goal of defending
Germany against Communist uprisings and foreign attacks, though it was also hostile to the
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Due to its success in
Bavaria, the units of the Citizens' Defense were organized in May 1920 by Bavarian Citizens' Defense leader
731:"Conservative radicals: The Einwohnerwehr, Bund Bayern und Reich, and the limits of paramilitary politics in Bavaria, 1918--1928"
328:"Conservative radicals: The Einwohnerwehr, Bund Bayern und Reich, and the limits of paramilitary politics in Bavaria, 1918--1928"
279:"Conservative radicals: The Einwohnerwehr, Bund Bayern und Reich, and the limits of paramilitary politics in Bavaria, 1918--1928"
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Units of the
Citizens' Defense had existed throughout Germany since the revolution as a modification of the reactionary
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protected the Citizens' Defense by telling the British ambassador that there was "no militarism in the idea".
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Bayerns Kampf gegen den Bolshewismus: geschichte der bayerischen Einwohnerwehren
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to determine whether Upper Silesia would be controlled by Germany or Poland.)
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of its politicians, Army officers, and commoners desired a restoration of the
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190:. The Citizens' Defense was supported and supplied by the government, the
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Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918-1923
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Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918-1923
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Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918-1923
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Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918-1923
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The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923-1925
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The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923-1925
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was a notable commander in the Bavarian Citizens' Defense.
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The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (25 August 2023).
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714:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
691:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
668:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
606:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
583:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
457:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
368:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
262:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
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505:. Harvard University Press. p. 199-200.
775:Paramilitary organisations based in Germany
560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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412:Edgar Vincent D'Abernon, Viscount (1929).
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182:into a unified national force called the "
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770:Anti-communist organizations in Germany
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222:plebiscite that had been held there
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790:1921 disestablishments in Germany
546:Dreyfus, P.; Mayer, Paul (1925).
531:Thoss, Bruno (October 14, 2009).
133:that existed in violation of the
171:commander and close Hitler ally
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629:. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.
785:1920 establishments in Germany
27:Paramilitary in Weimar Germany
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533:Residents' Rescue, 1919-1921
516:Waite, Robert G. L. (1952).
501:Waite, Robert G. L. (1952).
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42:German Revolution of 1918-19
729:Koepp, Roy (January 2010).
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752:. Routledge. pp. 8–9.
383:Axhausen, Günther (1921).
300:. Routledge. pp. 8–9.
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207:On the European Stage
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764:Categories
387:. Leipzig.
241:References
194:, and the
192:Reichswehr
173:Ernst Röhm
101:Ernst Röhm
97:commanders
90:Commanders
623:"Silesia"
556:cite book
482:cite book
476:. Munich.
430:cite book
393:cite book
196:Freikorps
155:Freikorps
137:from the
84:far-right
48:Disbanded
737:: 1–294.
635:cite web
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585:101-102
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184:Orgesch
95:Notable
69:Germany
56:Country
38:Founded
372:, 101.
186:," or
117:, or "
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