6778:
7303:
7283:
7254:
7212:
7176:
7147:
7118:
7082:
7040:
7004:
6975:
6946:
6910:
6888:
6852:
6823:
6794:
36:
7335:
6358:
5521:
1880:
s aren't attested in any language, even allophonically. An ejective would necessarily be voiceless, but the vibration of the trill, combined with a lack of the intense voiceless airflow of , gives an impression like that of voicing. Similarly, ejective nasals such as (also necessarily voiceless)
833:
may be seen moving when the sound is pronounced. In the languages in which they are more obvious, ejectives are often described as sounding like “spat” consonants, but ejectives are often quite weak. In some contexts and in some languages, they are easy to mistake for tenuis or even voiced stops.
3043:
argues that the geographic correlation between languages with ejectives and mountainous terrains is because of decreased air pressure making ejectives easier to produce, as well as the way ejectives help to reduce water vapor loss. The argument has been criticized as being based on a
2868:
886:
Ejectives occur in about 20% of the world's languages. Ejectives that phonemically contrast with pulmonic consonants occur in about 15% of languages around the world. The occurrence of ejectives often correlates to languages in mountainous regions such as the
2834:
2705:
643:
622:
2906:
2854:
2586:
664:
531:
436:
392:
2735:
1912:(either vocalic or nasal) pronounced as a single sound. Often the constriction of the larynx causes it to rise in the vocal tract, but this is individual variation and not the initiator of the airflow. Such sounds generally remain voiced.
685:
877:
Ejective fricatives are rare for presumably the same reason: with the air escaping from the mouth while the pressure is being raised, like inflating a leaky bicycle tire, it is harder to distinguish the resulting sound as salient as a .
2774:
329:
857:
consonants. The most common ejective is even if it is more difficult to produce than other ejectives like or because the auditory distinction between and is greater than with other ejectives and voiceless consonants of the same
2886:
2627:
2247:
2229:
2140:
552:
413:
2810:
2529:
510:
371:
2922:
2654:
2446:
2353:
2958:
2790:
2685:
2371:
2171:
2054:
828:
and the connected glottis to raise, and the forward articulation (at the velum in the case of ) is held, raising air pressure greatly in the mouth so when the oral articulators separate, there is a dramatic burst of air. The
594:
478:
350:
188:
167:
2937:
2669:
573:
457:
274:
3867:
2295:
251:
2405:
3903:
2486:
295:
209:
2271:
230:
3586:
1840:
Because the complete closing of the glottis required to form an ejective makes voicing impossible, the allophonic voicing of ejective phonemes causes them to lose their glottalization; this occurs in
3877:
1978:⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection. Transcriptions of the Caucasian languages often utilize combining dots above or below a letter to indicate an ejective.
3887:
3872:
1904:
are not known to occur. When sonorants are transcribed with an apostrophe in the literature as if they were ejective, they actually involve a different airstream mechanism: they are
3857:
1818:
is interpreted by many as having an ejective fricative , at least historically, but it has been also analyzed as now being a sociolinguistic variant (Takkele
Taddese 1992).
1161:
It had once been predicted that ejectives and implosives would not be found in the same language but both have been found phonemically at several points of articulation in
3741:
3834:
3824:
1227:
Non-contrastively, ejectives are found in many varieties of
British English, usually replacing word-final fortis plosives in utterance-final or emphatic contexts.
3819:
7401:
6711:
4768:
4514:
3594:
3311:
Esling, John H.; Moisik, Scott R.; Benner, Allison; Crevier-Buchman, Lise (2019). Voice
Quality: The Laryngeal Articulator Model. Cambridge University Press.
4782:
4775:
4521:
4996:
4754:
4500:
3769:
6500:
4789:
4486:
6539:
6462:
6673:
6603:
4761:
4507:
3561:
6546:
6443:
1908:
consonants and vowels whose glottalization partially or fully interrupts an otherwise normal voiced pulmonic airstream, somewhat like
English
7344:
6879:
6668:
6367:
5530:
5291:
5198:
3783:
3457:
715:
6623:
6560:
6372:
5381:
5273:
5180:
4493:
720:
6567:
6513:
6469:
6895:
6716:
5906:
5861:
5368:
5305:
5212:
4663:
4419:
2827:
2698:
1981:
In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In
1711:
1651:
634:
613:
53:
6696:
6481:
6450:
6917:
5872:
5824:
5810:
5752:
5738:
5390:
5298:
5205:
3814:
3252:
2899:
2847:
2722:
2636:
2579:
1666:
1607:
1593:
1519:
1501:
655:
522:
427:
383:
6645:
6630:
6410:
1403:
7394:
6966:
5886:
5408:
5319:
5280:
5226:
5187:
4944:
3571:
3544:
3449:
3202:
2749:
119:
6396:
7138:
5879:
5535:
5462:
5399:
5312:
5219:
4726:
4670:
4635:
4426:
4391:
2728:
1678:
676:
100:
7651:
6506:
6488:
7425:
7203:
6982:
6937:
5444:
4712:
4468:
3778:
1927:
1271:
757:
739:
135:
72:
7624:
6416:
7154:
7109:
6995:
6362:
6357:
5789:
5717:
5525:
5520:
5326:
5233:
4879:
4838:
4574:
4241:
3227:
2767:
2506:
1568:
1472:
938:
320:
57:
7619:
6424:
3977:
7167:
6953:
6814:
6313:
6173:
6141:
5469:
4733:
4649:
4642:
4405:
4398:
4227:
1967:
1890:
1151:
1094:
969:
953:
79:
7631:
7614:
6402:
7606:
7387:
7274:
7125:
7011:
6706:
6304:
6293:
6205:
5817:
5745:
5451:
4909:
4719:
4698:
4621:
4475:
4454:
4377:
3862:
3762:
3094:
2879:
2620:
1600:
1512:
1135:
543:
404:
7646:
7641:
6519:
3701:
Wright, Richard; Hargus, Sharon; Davis, Katharine (2002). "On the categorization of ejectives: data from
Witsuwit'en".
7183:
6830:
6785:
6320:
5803:
5782:
5731:
5478:
4896:
4852:
4845:
4796:
4588:
4581:
4532:
4277:
4248:
4097:
3930:
2803:
2762:
2522:
1584:
1561:
1488:
1116:
934:
501:
362:
7636:
6430:
1347:
86:
7911:
7339:
7334:
7245:
6843:
6334:
6256:
5138:
5031:
4918:
4824:
4740:
4656:
4560:
4412:
4259:
4234:
4213:
2915:
2647:
1955:
6748:
3646:
Lindsey, Geoffrey; Hayward, Katrina; Haruna, Andrew (1992). "Hausa
Glottalic Consonants: A Laryngographic Study".
46:
7558:
7503:
7294:
7031:
6801:
6701:
6327:
6247:
6236:
5838:
5796:
5766:
5724:
5102:
4810:
4705:
4628:
4546:
4461:
4384:
4291:
4142:
4113:
2951:
2783:
2678:
2516:
1625:
1577:
1541:
1481:
1330:
1311:
900:
585:
469:
341:
3391:
Everett, Caleb (2013), "Evidence for Direct
Geographic Influences on Linguistic Sounds: The Case of Ejectives",
7669:
7488:
7421:
7261:
7073:
6859:
6385:
6263:
5831:
5759:
5487:
5084:
5058:
5007:
4927:
4859:
4803:
4539:
4319:
4284:
4124:
4104:
4083:
3062:
2930:
2662:
1616:
1528:
564:
448:
68:
2986:
7872:
7867:
7778:
7310:
7223:
7047:
6277:
5673:
5145:
4978:
4969:
4952:
4831:
4747:
4567:
4305:
4266:
4220:
4156:
3755:
3090:
2258:
1947:
1412:
200:
7889:
7699:
7498:
7473:
7417:
7089:
6270:
6034:
5972:
5664:
5653:
5598:
5564:
5124:
5109:
4989:
4817:
4553:
4298:
4184:
4149:
4040:
4025:
4009:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2982:
2817:
2453:
2428:
2360:
2164:
2047:
2030:
2022:
2006:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1865:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1683:
1671:
1540:
1527:
1500:
1487:
1440:
1427:
1396:
1378:
1318:
1294:
1260:
1252:
1162:
1107:
1071:
843:
839:
753:
749:
735:
179:
158:
2214:
7478:
7455:
7433:
6096:
6023:
6003:
5961:
5941:
5680:
5577:
5091:
5065:
5040:
5014:
4326:
4170:
4131:
4090:
4020:
3981:
3829:
2264:
1894:
1869:
1421:
1287:
918:
867:
859:
221:
3675:
Taddese, Takkele (1992). "Are sʼ and tʼ variants of an
Amharic variable? A sociolinguistic analysis".
1786:
is unusual and perhaps unique in that it has ejective fricatives (alveolar, lateral, and postalveolar
7916:
7879:
7591:
6552:
6085:
6065:
6043:
5981:
5694:
5633:
4960:
4312:
4163:
4065:
3402:
3045:
2398:
2154:
1834:
1790:) but lacks any ejective stop or affricate (Beck 2006). Other languages with ejective fricatives are
1441:
1389:
1359:
1190:
1155:
1054:
1002:
families of North
America along with the many diverse families of the Pacific Northwest from central
991:
981:
957:
265:
7987:
7857:
7834:
7583:
7536:
7508:
7349:
6616:
6227:
6114:
6105:
6014:
5952:
5701:
5687:
5605:
5131:
4191:
4045:
4002:
3102:
3057:
2597:
2552:
2479:
2416:
2322:
2288:
2202:
2089:
1938:, as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in
1905:
1783:
1701:
1555:
1460:
1452:
1428:
1325:
1174:
1139:
1103:
1067:
896:
871:
854:
805:
801:
785:
781:
286:
242:
8058:
7685:
7493:
7450:
6076:
5591:
5570:
4333:
4177:
4035:
4015:
3973:
3718:
3663:
3521:
3489:
3378:
2386:
2194:
2117:
2105:
1845:
1826:
1822:
1767:
1306:
1282:
1045:
999:
866:, is even more common, as would be expected from the very small oral cavity used to pronounce a
838:
in older
American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols: ⟨
800:
that pattern with ejectives phonologically, and other languages have ejectives that pattern with
93:
3039:
A pattern can be observed wherein ejectives correlate geographically with mountainous regions.
7974:
7931:
7808:
7773:
7596:
7563:
7531:
7465:
7060:
6595:
5997:
5848:
5612:
5543:
5157:
4070:
4050:
3992:
3882:
3634:
3567:
3540:
3481:
3453:
3445:
3430:
3248:
3223:
3198:
2979:
2593:
2548:
2412:
2318:
2198:
2125:
2121:
2085:
1939:
1861:
1849:
1799:
1697:
1635:
1337:
1256:
1170:
1147:
1143:
1124:
1112:
1084:
1063:
1031:
1025:
985:
930:
892:
847:
817:
605:
1946:⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions (such as many
7999:
7992:
7847:
7803:
7798:
7661:
7573:
7550:
7526:
7483:
7442:
6870:
6389:
5935:
5626:
5584:
4060:
4030:
3997:
3987:
3710:
3655:
3626:
3582:
3513:
3501:
3473:
3464:
Hogan, John T. (1976-07-01). "An Analysis of the Temporal Features of Ejective Consonants".
3420:
3410:
2841:
2821:
2797:
2716:
2609:
2568:
2536:
2457:
2432:
2390:
2342:
2338:
2310:
2218:
2186:
2109:
2077:
2069:
1857:
1853:
1775:
1354:
1301:
1248:
1221:
1197:
1182:
1131:
1120:
1090:
1076:
1049:
1041:
1020:
1016:
1007:
995:
973:
863:
821:
789:
870:. , on the other hand, is quite rare. That is the opposite pattern to what is found in the
7964:
7862:
7842:
7783:
7751:
7568:
7194:
6928:
5926:
5619:
5052:
4055:
3925:
3747:
3553:
3532:
3098:
2540:
2493:
2382:
2314:
2302:
2190:
2178:
2158:
2113:
2081:
2065:
2061:
1830:
1807:
1745:
1731:
1342:
1213:
1201:
1099:
1012:
961:
2692:
2564:
2334:
2282:
1970:, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨
830:
3504:(1970), "Some generalizations concerning glottalic consonants, especially implosives.",
3406:
1142:), but no extant Indo-European language has retained them. Ejectives are found today in
7936:
7100:
3425:
3115:
2893:
2510:
2471:
2467:
2378:
2278:
2236:
2101:
2073:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1982:
1791:
1766:(Northwest Caucasian, now extinct) had an ejective lateral fricative ; and the related
1763:
1759:
1368:
1236:
1178:
1166:
1080:
1059:
965:
946:
908:
3630:
8052:
8022:
7982:
7959:
7926:
7899:
6759:
6287:
6129:
5547:
3722:
3667:
3557:
3525:
3493:
2605:
2560:
2544:
2424:
2330:
2306:
2210:
2182:
2129:
2097:
1994:
1915:
1841:
1205:
977:
3361:
Beck, David (2006). "The emergence of ejective fricatives in Upper Necaxa Totonac".
8032:
7951:
7941:
7921:
6609:
4342:
3608:
2601:
2592:(in Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Amharic, Archi, Avar, Chechen, Ingush, Bats, Chipewyan,
2556:
2420:
2326:
2206:
2093:
1778:
is an extreme case, with ejective alveolar, lateral, velar, and uvular fricatives,
1255:
are all quite common, and and are not unusual ( is particularly common among the
1194:
1035:
891:
which forms an island of ejective languages. They are also found frequently in the
797:
17:
3415:
2001:, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used:
8037:
8027:
8017:
7904:
7761:
7357:
6771:
6754:
6532:
6059:
4867:
3940:
3918:
3603:
3280:
John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds)
846:⟩ = weakly ejective. Strong and weak ejectives have not been found to be
35:
7820:
7236:
6764:
4077:
3935:
3714:
3659:
3067:
1003:
825:
777:
710:
3638:
3485:
8009:
7815:
7766:
7726:
7721:
7708:
7022:
6528:
5776:
5709:
4599:
4355:
3963:
1951:
1639:
1244:
1240:
793:
774:
766:
493:
312:
3434:
3387:
Chirikba, V.A. Aspects of Phonological Typology. Moscow, 1991 (in Russian).
3271:, Table 25.1, augmented by sources at the articles on individual consonants
7743:
7731:
7328:
6663:
6585:
6579:
6351:
5514:
4352:
3736:
3393:
2712:
1901:
1186:
922:
888:
784:. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with
745:
705:
3118:; in free variation with ; also found in Abkhaz in free variation with .
7716:
6436:
5647:
4207:
3913:
3382:
1815:
150:
3477:
3617:
Lindau, Mona (1984). "Phonetic differences in glottalic consonants".
942:
926:
2715:, Chipewyan, Dahalo, Gwich’in, Haida, Lillooet, Nez Perce, Sandawe,
1247:. is the most common ejective, and is common among languages with
3517:
1848:(creaky voice). A similar historical sound change also occurred in
7756:
6739:
3908:
1217:
904:
3689:
2642:
labialized alveolo-palatal ejective affricate (in Abkhaz, Ubykh)
804:, which has led to phonologists positing a phonological class of
3587:"Ejectives, High Altitudes, and Grandiose Linguistic Hypotheses"
2615:
labialized palato-alveolar ejective affricate (in Abaza, Archi)
2608:, Gwich’in, Hadza, Hausa, Kabardian, Lakota, Quechua, Tigrinya,
1986:
914:
Language families that distinguish ejective consonants include:
7383:
7379:
6737:
3961:
3796:
3751:
1974:⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨
1821:
An ejective retroflex stop is rare. It has been reported from
1930:, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe"
1758:
A few languages have ejective fricatives. In some dialects of
131:
29:
1770:
also has ejective labiodental and alveolopalatal fricatives,
3690:"Ejectives, Altitude, and the Caucasus as a Linguistic Area"
1235:
Almost all ejective consonants in the world's languages are
2438:
palatalized uvular ejective stop (in Abaza, Abkhaz, Ubykh)
1918:
has a set of prenasalized ejectives like /ⁿtʼ, ᵑkʼ, ⁿtsʼ/.
2337:, Gwich’in, Hausa, Kabardian, Lakota, Nez Perce, Quechua,
874:, in which the bilabial is common and the velar is rare.
834:
These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called
2567:, Gwich’in, Hadza, Hausa, Kabardian, Sandawe, Tigrinya,
2744:
labialized velar lateral ejective affricate (in Archi)
1798:(but not the analysis of the Knowledge (XXG) article),
3648:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
2463:
pharyngealized uvular ejective stop (in Archi, Ubykh)
1212:
alongside a series of allophonically ejective stops.
899:). In the Americas, they are extremely common in the
5552:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
3442:
The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives
3155:
The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives
2466:
labialized pharyngealized uvular ejective stop (in
744:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8008:
7973:
7950:
7888:
7833:
7742:
7707:
7698:
7678:
7660:
7605:
7582:
7549:
7519:
7464:
7441:
7432:
7193:
7021:
6869:
6689:
4008:
3980:
3896:
3850:
3807:
3363:
University of Alberta Working Papers in Linguistics
1881:are possible. (An apostrophe is commonly seen with
1856:in the Caucasus, and it has been postulated by the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2967:labialized uvular ejective fricative (in Tlingit)
2574:labialized alveolar ejective affricate (in Archi)
1782:; it may be the only language with the last type.
3703:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2946:labialized velar ejective fricative (in Tlingit)
2535:(in Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Amharic, Archi, Avar,
2411:(in Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi, Bats, Chechen, Ingush,
2149:pharyngealized bilabial ejective stop (in Ubykh)
1150:dialects only because of influence of the nearby
1138:had a series of ejectives (or, in some versions,
3332:
1251:, less so, and is uncommon. Among affricates,
758:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3373:Campbell, Lyle. 1973. On Glottalic Consonants.
3247:(7th ed.). Hodder Education. p. 167.
2863:labialized palato-alveolar ejective fricative
7395:
6712:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
3763:
3744:of languages with ejectives (blue and purple)
3677:Journal of Ethiopian Languages and Literature
3506:International Journal of American Linguistics
3375:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
3164:
3162:
903:. They also frequently occur throughout the
3222:. Cambridge University Press. p. 261.
1762:, the standard affricate is a fricative ;
7704:
7516:
7438:
7402:
7388:
7380:
6734:
6686:
3958:
3804:
3793:
3770:
3756:
3748:
853:In strict, technical terms, ejectives are
146:
3825:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
3424:
3414:
3180:
3168:
3138:
1872:, and the ejective release is voiceless.
1259:, where it is the ejective equivalent of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3320:
3149:
3147:
1265:
952:All three families of the Caucasus: the
5566:
4007:
3131:
3082:
3040:
1794:, which some sources analyze as having
929:branches, and in some languages of the
134:
3991:
3472:(4). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 275–284.
842:⟩ = strongly ejective, ⟨
6226:
5925:
5641:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4001:
3996:
3986:
1643:
311:
149:
7:
5599:
3344:
1897:and does not indicate an ejective.)
862:. In proportion to the frequency of
748:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
6717:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
5578:
5542:Symbols to the right in a cell are
3563:The Sounds of the World's Languages
2828:alveolar lateral ejective fricative
2699:alveolar lateral ejective affricate
895:and the South African Plateau (see
5634:
3815:International Phonetic Association
2900:alveolo-palatal ejective fricative
2848:palato-alveolar ejective fricative
2723:palatal lateral ejective affricate
2637:alveolo-palatal ejective affricate
2580:palato-alveolar ejective affricate
2224:labialized alveolar ejective stop
2135:labialized bilabial ejective stop
1950:, where it is transliterating the
1243:, and all ejective consonants are
792:. Some languages have glottalized
25:
7309:
7293:
7273:
7260:
7244:
7222:
7202:
7182:
7166:
7153:
7137:
7124:
7108:
7088:
7072:
7059:
7046:
7030:
7010:
6994:
6981:
6965:
6952:
6936:
6916:
6894:
6878:
6858:
6842:
6829:
6813:
6800:
6784:
6644:
6629:
6622:
6602:
6578:
6566:
6559:
6545:
6538:
6512:
6499:
6487:
6480:
6468:
6461:
6449:
6442:
6423:
6409:
6395:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6303:
6292:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6246:
6235:
6204:
6172:
6140:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6084:
6075:
6064:
6042:
6033:
6022:
6013:
6002:
5980:
5971:
5960:
5951:
5940:
5905:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5860:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5663:
5652:
5606:
5486:
5477:
5468:
5461:
5450:
5443:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5367:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5279:
5272:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5186:
5179:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5108:
5101:
5090:
5083:
5064:
5057:
5039:
5030:
5013:
5006:
4995:
4988:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4943:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4895:
4878:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4265:
4258:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4130:
4123:
4112:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4066:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
3282:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
3245:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
2750:uvular lateral ejective affricate
1868:; however, they actually contain
1710:
1677:
1665:
1650:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1518:
1511:
1480:
1471:
1451:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1377:
1220:, has ejectives, implosives, and
675:
654:
633:
612:
584:
563:
542:
521:
500:
468:
447:
426:
403:
382:
361:
340:
319:
285:
264:
241:
220:
199:
178:
157:
7333:
7301:
7281:
7252:
7210:
7174:
7145:
7116:
7080:
7038:
7002:
6973:
6944:
6908:
6886:
6850:
6821:
6792:
6776:
6356:
5592:
5571:
5519:
3868:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
3218:Wells, John Christopher (1982).
3193:Wells, J.C.; Colson, G. (1971).
2729:velar lateral ejective affricate
2441:labialized uvular ejective stop
2348:palatalized velar ejective stop
34:
7426:International Phonetic Alphabet
5613:
3779:International Phonetic Alphabet
3602:Liberman, Mark (14 June 2013).
2366:labialized velar ejective stop
1928:International Phonetic Alphabet
1864:have voiced ejective stops and
740:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
6697:Nasal labial–velar approximant
5627:
5585:
3888:IPA chart for English dialects
3539:(Second ed.), Blackwell,
3333:Lewis & Pereltsvaig (2013)
3027:ʘ̬k𝼄ʼǀ̬k𝼄ʼǁ̬k𝼄ʼǃ̬k𝼄ʼǂ̬k𝼄ʼ
2840:(in Abaza, Adyghe, Kabardian,
2768:labiodental ejective fricative
2507:labiodental ejective affricate
816:In producing an ejective, the
1:
5620:
3694:Diversity Linguistics Comment
3688:Wier, Thomas (19 June 2013).
3631:10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30861-7
1954:), the apostrophe represents
1891:Americanist phonetic notation
1095:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
970:Northeast Caucasian languages
954:Northwest Caucasian languages
782:glottalic egressive airstream
6707:Voiceless bidental fricative
3830:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
3737:Listen to Ejective Consonant
3416:10.1371/journal.pone.0065275
3267:Bickford & Floyd (2006)
3095:Northwestern Indic languages
2880:retroflex ejective fricative
2621:retroflex ejective affricate
1743:
1729:
1695:
1633:
1553:
1458:
1366:
1278:
1274:and secondary articulations)
1267:Attested ejective consonants
1136:Proto-Indo-European language
911:. Elsewhere, they are rare.
808:, which includes ejectives.
3931:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
3625:(2). Elsevier BV: 147–155.
3220:Accents of English (vol. 1)
2804:alveolar ejective fricative
2763:bilabial ejective fricative
2523:alveolar ejective affricate
2242:labial–velar ejective stop
2017:, double letters are used:
1087:families of southern Africa
780:that are pronounced with a
8075:
3293:Barker, M. A. R. (1963a).
3019:[ʘ̬qχʼǀ̬qχʼǁ̬qχʼǃ̬qχʼǂ̬qχʼ
2916:palatal ejective fricative
2648:palatal ejective affricate
2639:(in Abaza, Abkhaz, Ubykh)
2633:(in Abkhaz, Adyghe, Ubykh)
2452:(in Abaza, Abkhaz, Archi,
2009:. In some conventions for
1749:
1735:
1030:the southern varieties of
7794:
7415:
7235:
7099:
6927:
6770:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6733:
6702:Nasal palatal approximant
6386:Co-articulated consonants
6286:
6231:
6194:
6162:
6127:
6058:
5996:
5934:
5895:
5847:
5775:
5708:
5646:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5423:
5345:
5252:
5156:
5051:
4951:
4866:
4693:
4597:
4449:
4351:
4206:
4076:
3970:
3957:
3803:
3792:
3715:10.1017/S0025100302000142
3660:10.1017/S0041977X00003682
3604:"High-altitude ejectives"
3243:Cruttenden, Alan (2008).
3023:ʘ̬kxʼǀ̬kxʼǁ̬kxʼǃ̬kxʼǂ̬kxʼ
3014:ʘk𝼄ʼǀk𝼄ʼǁk𝼄ʼǃk𝼄ʼǂk𝼄ʼ
2952:uvular ejective fricative
2784:dental ejective fricative
2679:uvular ejective affricate
2517:dental ejective affricate
1740:
1692:
1688:
1656:
1015:, as well as neighboring
901:North American Cordillera
850:in any natural language.
604:
492:
3063:List of phonetics topics
2931:velar ejective fricative
2663:velar ejective affricate
2519:(in Chipewyan, Gwich’in)
2305:, Amharic, Archi, Avar,
1948:romanisations of Russian
1889:and nasals, but that is
1860:for Indo-European. Some
5562:Non-pulmonic consonants
4694:Non-sibilant fricative
4450:Non-sibilant affricate
3820:History of the alphabet
3035:The Mountain Hypothesis
2993:Ejective-contour clicks
2259:retroflex ejective stop
1962:⟩ = IPA ⟨
1125:Japonic-Ryukyuan family
736:phonetic transcriptions
7418:Articulatory phonetics
3878:Sinological extensions
3269:Articulatory Phonetics
2980:Simple ejective clicks
2431:, Nez Perce, Quechua,
2217:, Nez Perce, Quechua,
2165:alveolar ejective stop
2048:bilabial ejective stop
1968:Americanist traditions
1866:voiced ejective clicks
1163:Nilo-Saharan languages
1072:Nilo-Saharan languages
824:contract, causing the
733:This article contains
7592:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
3566:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3537:Vowels and Consonants
3302:Heselwood (2013: 148)
3197:. Pitman. p. 3.
3006:[ʘqχʼǀqχʼǁqχʼǃqχʼǂqχʼ
2816:(in Chiwere, Lakota,
2780:(in Abaza, Kabardian)
2265:palatal ejective stop
1895:glottalized consonant
919:Afroasiatic languages
868:voiceless uvular stop
860:place of articulation
7917:Labio-palatalization
5346:Lateral approximant
3619:Journal of Phonetics
3502:Greenberg, Joseph H.
3440:Fallon, Paul. 2002.
3046:spurious correlation
3010:ʘkxʼǀkxʼǁkxʼǃkxʼǂkxʼ
2860:(in Adyghe, Lakota)
2399:uvular ejective stop
2235:(in Abkhaz, Adyghe,
2155:dental ejective stop
1985:, the hooked letter
1942:linguistics ⟨
1784:Upper Necaxa Totonac
982:Kartvelian languages
939:Modern South Arabian
921:, especially in the
872:implosive consonants
806:glottalic consonants
69:"Ejective consonant"
54:improve this article
7607:Double articulation
3974:Pulmonic consonants
3407:2013PLoSO...865275E
3195:Practical Phonetics
3058:Glottalic consonant
2480:epiglottal ejective
2359:(in Abaza, Abkhaz,
2301:(in Abaza, Abkhaz,
2289:velar ejective stop
2161:, Lakota, Tigrinya)
1276:
1156:Kartvelian language
1152:Northeast Caucasian
1108:Austronesian family
1070:and possibly other
897:Geography of Africa
855:glottalic egressive
771:ejective consonants
140:Ejective consonants
18:Ejective consonants
5896:Lateral fricative
5546:, to the left are
5253:Lateral fricative
4041:Postalveolar
4026:Linguolabial
3873:Naming conventions
3836:Journal of the IPA
3581:Lewis, Martin W.;
2752:(in Gǀui, ǂʼAmkoe)
2725:(in Dahalo, Hadza)
2253:(in Abkhaz, Ubykh)
2181:, Amharic, Archi,
1966:⟩. In some
1844:(modal voice) and
1266:
1208:have an implosive
8046:
8045:
7932:Pharyngealization
7829:
7828:
7694:
7693:
7652:Uvular–epiglottal
7545:
7544:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7368:
7367:
7320:
7319:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6682:
6681:
6507:Uvular–epiglottal
6381:
6380:
6343:
6342:
5558:
5557:
5506:
5505:
5424:Lateral tap/flap
4021:Labiodental
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3883:World Orthography
3597:on 17 April 2014.
3583:Pereltsvaig, Asya
3478:10.1159/000259776
3458:978-0-415-93800-6
3284:, 2nd ed., p 700.
2741:(in Archi, Gǀui)
2007:/pʼtʼkʼtsʼtʃʼkxʼ/
1862:Khoisan languages
1756:
1755:
1466:
1374:
1275:
1257:Khoisan languages
1130:According to the
1123:varieties of the
1117:Northern Ryukyuan
1055:Alacalufan family
893:East African Rift
864:uvular consonants
818:stylohyoid muscle
790:tenuis consonants
729:
728:
697:
696:
130:
129:
122:
104:
27:Consonantal sound
16:(Redirected from
8066:
8000:Voice onset time
7705:
7625:Labial–retroflex
7517:
7439:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7381:
7361:
7337:
7314:
7313:
7305:
7304:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7265:
7264:
7256:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7227:
7226:
7214:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7187:
7186:
7178:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7158:
7157:
7149:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7129:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7093:
7092:
7084:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7064:
7063:
7051:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7015:
7014:
7006:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6986:
6985:
6977:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6957:
6956:
6948:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6911:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6863:
6862:
6854:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6834:
6833:
6825:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6805:
6804:
6796:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6780:
6779:
6749:
6735:
6687:
6648:
6633:
6626:
6606:
6582:
6570:
6563:
6549:
6542:
6516:
6503:
6491:
6484:
6475:Labial–retroflex
6472:
6465:
6453:
6446:
6427:
6417:Labial–retroflex
6413:
6399:
6360:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6307:
6296:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6250:
6239:
6210:
6178:
6146:
6117:
6110:
6101:
6090:
6081:
6070:
6048:
6039:
6028:
6019:
6008:
5986:
5977:
5966:
5957:
5946:
5932:bottom: uvular)
5909:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5864:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5667:
5656:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5553:
5523:
5490:
5481:
5472:
5465:
5454:
5447:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5371:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5283:
5276:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5190:
5183:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5112:
5105:
5094:
5087:
5068:
5061:
5043:
5034:
5017:
5010:
4999:
4992:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4947:
4930:
4921:
4912:
4899:
4882:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4345:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4269:
4262:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4134:
4127:
4116:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
3978:
3959:
3805:
3794:
3787:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3726:
3697:
3684:
3671:
3642:
3613:
3598:
3593:. Archived from
3585:(17 June 2013).
3577:
3554:Ladefoged, Peter
3549:
3533:Ladefoged, Peter
3528:
3497:
3437:
3428:
3418:
3370:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3087:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2984:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2675:(in Hadza, Zulu)
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2032:
2024:
2019:tt kk qq ttl tts
2008:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1945:
1937:
1879:
1878:
1858:glottalic theory
1827:Yokuts languages
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1714:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1654:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1464:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1277:
1269:
1262:
1254:
1222:click consonants
1132:glottalic theory
1050:Chonan languages
1021:Xincan languages
1017:Lencan languages
1008:British Columbia
845:
841:
822:digastric muscle
755:
751:
689:
688:
687:
679:
668:
667:
666:
658:
647:
646:
645:
637:
626:
625:
624:
616:
598:
597:
596:
588:
577:
576:
575:
567:
556:
555:
554:
546:
535:
534:
533:
525:
514:
513:
512:
504:
482:
481:
480:
472:
461:
460:
459:
451:
440:
439:
438:
430:
417:
416:
415:
407:
396:
395:
394:
386:
375:
374:
373:
365:
354:
353:
352:
344:
333:
332:
331:
323:
299:
298:
297:
289:
278:
277:
276:
268:
255:
254:
253:
245:
234:
233:
232:
224:
213:
212:
211:
203:
192:
191:
190:
182:
171:
170:
169:
161:
147:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8004:
7969:
7946:
7891:
7884:
7825:
7790:
7738:
7690:
7674:
7656:
7620:Labial–alveolar
7601:
7578:
7559:Alveolo-palatal
7541:
7515:
7504:Palato-alveolar
7460:
7428:
7422:Co-articulation
7411:
7408:
7378:
7369:
7359:
7358:unrounded
7354:
7316:
7315:
7308:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7272:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7243:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7201:
7189:
7188:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7165:
7160:
7159:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7114:
7107:
7095:
7094:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7065:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7029:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6964:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6935:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6900:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6877:
6865:
6864:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6783:
6777:
6742:
6721:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6651:Labial–alveolar
6649:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6627:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6583:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6535:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6509:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6485:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6466:
6458:
6457:
6456:Labial–alveolar
6454:
6447:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6403:Labial–alveolar
6400:
6392:
6382:
6377:
6207:
6175:
6163:Voiced lateral
6143:
6118:
6107:
6098:
6087:
6078:
6067:
6045:
6036:
6025:
6016:
6005:
5983:
5974:
5963:
5954:
5943:
5931:
5929:
5551:
5540:
4046:Retroflex
3966:
3945:
3904:ASCII encodings
3892:
3846:
3799:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3733:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3645:
3616:
3601:
3580:
3574:
3552:
3547:
3531:
3500:
3463:
3390:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3321:Liberman (2013)
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3181:Greenberg (1970
3179:
3175:
3169:Ladefoged (2005
3167:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3139:Ladefoged (2005
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3054:
3037:
2976:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2612:, Ubykh, Zulu)
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2503:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2031:/tsʼtʃʼc𝼆ʼkxʼ/
2003:p t k ts tsh kr
1931:
1924:
1900:Other ejective
1876:
1875:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1531:
1505:
1504:
1492:
1491:
1463:
1445:
1444:
1432:
1431:
1371:
1361:
1349:
1332:
1320:
1313:
1296:
1289:
1272:ejective clicks
1268:
1233:
1202:Nguni languages
945:branches (e.g.
884:
814:
763:
762:
761:
725:
691:
690:
684:
683:
682:
680:
670:
669:
663:
662:
661:
659:
649:
648:
642:
641:
640:
638:
628:
627:
621:
620:
619:
617:
600:
599:
593:
592:
591:
589:
579:
578:
572:
571:
570:
568:
558:
557:
551:
550:
549:
547:
537:
536:
530:
529:
528:
526:
516:
515:
509:
508:
507:
505:
484:
483:
477:
476:
475:
473:
463:
462:
456:
455:
454:
452:
442:
441:
435:
434:
433:
431:
419:
418:
412:
411:
410:
408:
398:
397:
391:
390:
389:
387:
377:
376:
370:
369:
368:
366:
356:
355:
349:
348:
347:
345:
335:
334:
328:
327:
326:
324:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
290:
280:
279:
273:
272:
271:
269:
257:
256:
250:
249:
248:
246:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:
225:
215:
214:
208:
207:
206:
204:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
183:
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8072:
8070:
8062:
8061:
8051:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7990:
7979:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7956:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7937:Glottalization
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7912:Palatalization
7909:
7908:
7907:
7896:
7894:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7670:Velopharyngeal
7666:
7664:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7632:Labial–palatal
7629:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7615:Labial–coronal
7611:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7555:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7489:Denti-alveolar
7486:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7447:
7445:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7331:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7307:
7300:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7280:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7258:
7251:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7209:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7173:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7151:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7122:
7115:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7079:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7044:
7037:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7008:
7001:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6979:
6972:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6950:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6914:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6892:
6885:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6849:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6827:
6820:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6798:
6791:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6643:
6638:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6584:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6557:
6553:Labial–palatal
6551:
6544:
6537:
6536:
6527:
6526:
6518:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6251:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6233:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6195:Nasal lateral
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6091:
6082:
6073:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6009:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5969:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5947:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5405:
5403:
5396:
5394:
5387:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4110:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Bilabial
4013:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3851:Special topics
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3731:External links
3729:
3728:
3727:
3698:
3685:
3672:
3654:(3): 511–527.
3643:
3614:
3599:
3578:
3572:
3558:Maddieson, Ian
3550:
3545:
3529:
3518:10.1086/465105
3512:(2): 123–145,
3498:
3461:
3438:
3388:
3385:
3371:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3254:978-0340958773
3253:
3235:
3228:
3210:
3203:
3185:
3173:
3158:
3153:Fallon, 2002.
3143:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3107:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3041:Everett (2013)
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3016:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2928:
2913:
2912:(in Kabardian)
2897:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2845:
2825:
2801:
2781:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2726:
2720:
2696:
2676:
2660:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2520:
2514:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2461:
2439:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2364:
2286:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2023:/tʼkʼqʼtɬʼtsʼ/
1956:palatalization
1923:
1920:
1877:Ejective trill
1800:Keres dialects
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:(theoretical)
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1736:(theoretical)
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1536:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1438:
1436:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1232:
1229:
1179:Mayan language
1128:
1127:
1110:
1097:
1088:
1074:
1057:
1052:
1039:
1028:
1026:Aymaran family
1023:
1010:
988:
950:
909:Maya Mountains
883:
880:
813:
810:
756:⟩, see
732:
731:
730:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
692:
681:
674:
673:
671:
660:
653:
652:
650:
639:
632:
631:
629:
618:
611:
610:
608:
602:
601:
590:
583:
582:
580:
569:
562:
561:
559:
548:
541:
540:
538:
527:
520:
519:
517:
506:
499:
498:
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
474:
467:
466:
464:
453:
446:
445:
443:
432:
425:
424:
421:
420:
409:
402:
401:
399:
388:
381:
380:
378:
367:
360:
359:
357:
346:
339:
338:
336:
325:
318:
317:
315:
309:
308:
306:
304:
302:
291:
284:
283:
281:
270:
263:
262:
259:
258:
247:
240:
239:
237:
226:
219:
218:
216:
205:
198:
197:
195:
184:
177:
176:
174:
163:
156:
155:
153:
143:
142:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8071:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7927:Uvularization
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7900:Labialization
7898:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7887:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7832:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7793:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7647:Coronal–velar
7645:
7643:
7642:Labial–uvular
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7414:
7405:
7400:
7398:
7393:
7391:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7364:
7363:
7362: rounded
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7312:
7296:
7289:
7276:
7269:
7263:
7247:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7225:
7218:
7205:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7169:
7162:
7156:
7140:
7133:
7127:
7111:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7075:
7068:
7062:
7055:
7049:
7033:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7013:
6997:
6990:
6984:
6968:
6961:
6955:
6939:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6905:
6903:
6897:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6816:
6809:
6803:
6787:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6647:
6641:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6605:
6597:
6590:
6588:
6581:
6569:
6562:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6530:
6521:
6520:Labial–uvular
6515:
6508:
6502:
6490:
6483:
6471:
6464:
6452:
6445:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6083:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5563:
5554:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
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4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Case variants
3861:
3859:
3858:Cursive forms
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3573:0-631-19815-6
3569:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:0-631-21411-9
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:0-415-93800-7
3447:
3444:. Routledge.
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:(6): e65275,
3400:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3204:9780273016816
3200:
3196:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3017:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:(all five in
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2964:(in Tlingit)
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:(in Tlingit)
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:(in Gwich’in)
2260:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1870:mixed voicing
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:Labial–
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:Ethio-Semitic
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
881:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
851:
849:
837:
836:intermediates
832:
827:
823:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:, voiced and
787:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
759:
747:
743:
741:
737:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
700:
693:
686:
678:
672:
665:
657:
651:
644:
636:
630:
623:
615:
609:
607:
603:
595:
587:
581:
574:
566:
560:
553:
545:
539:
532:
524:
518:
511:
503:
497:
495:
491:
488:
486:
479:
471:
465:
458:
450:
444:
437:
429:
423:
422:
414:
406:
400:
393:
385:
379:
372:
364:
358:
351:
343:
337:
330:
322:
316:
314:
310:
307:
305:
303:
296:
288:
282:
275:
267:
261:
260:
252:
244:
238:
231:
223:
217:
210:
202:
196:
189:
181:
175:
168:
160:
154:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
137:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7952:Tongue shape
7942:Nasalization
7922:Velarization
7892:articulation
7852:
7662:Pathological
7637:Labial–velar
7520:Active place
7499:Postalveolar
7474:Linguolabial
7410:Articulation
7355:
6639:
6636:Labial–velar
6586:
6573:Labial–velar
6494:Labial–velar
6431:Labial–velar
6384:
5930:(top: velar;
5642:
5561:
5541:
3972:
3839:
3835:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3680:
3676:
3651:
3647:
3622:
3618:
3609:Language Log
3607:
3595:the original
3590:
3562:
3536:
3509:
3505:
3469:
3465:
3441:
3398:
3392:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3355:Bibliography
3340:
3328:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3219:
3213:
3194:
3188:
3176:
3154:
3134:
3110:
3085:
3072:
3038:
2341:, Tigrinya,
2285:, Nez Perce)
2177:(in Abkhaz,
2026:
2025:(Haida) and
2018:
2002:
1989:is used for
1980:
1933:
1925:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1839:
1820:
1757:
1234:
1226:
1209:
1195:Oto-Manguean
1160:
1129:
1115:and several
1036:Qusqu-Qullaw
1013:Mayan family
913:
885:
876:
852:
835:
831:Adam's apple
815:
798:creaky voice
773:are usually
770:
764:
752:and ⟨
734:
139:
116:
110:January 2010
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7762:Approximant
7479:Interdental
7456:Labiodental
6598:approximant
6533:approximant
4868:Approximant
3941:IPA Braille
3919:Kirshenbaum
3591:GeoCurrents
3377:39, 44–46.
3345:Wier (2013)
2874:(in Adyghe)
2695:, Lillooet)
2146:(in Adyghe)
2027:zz jj dl gg
1922:Orthography
1906:glottalized
1270:(excluding
1193:), and the
1191:Lushootseed
848:contrastive
812:Description
7890:Secondary
7880:Percussive
7848:Ingressive
7821:Continuant
7345:full chart
6871:Near-close
6669:full chart
6591:(variable)
6368:full chart
5851:affricate
5531:full chart
5160:affricate
3964:Consonants
3936:IPA number
3798:IPA topics
3229:0521297192
3126:References
3103:implosives
3068:Beatboxing
2757:Fricatives
2691:(in Avar,
2598:Mingrelian
2553:Mingrelian
2501:Affricates
2417:Mingrelian
2381:, Abkhaz,
2323:Mingrelian
2277:(in Bats,
2203:Mingrelian
2090:Mingrelian
1958:: ⟨
1825:and other
1245:obstruents
1241:affricates
1204:, such as
1158:families.
1140:implosives
1083:, and the
1004:California
992:Athabaskan
980:; and the
958:Circassian
882:Occurrence
826:hyoid bone
802:implosives
778:consonants
716:full chart
711:audio help
80:newspapers
8059:Ejectives
8010:Phonation
7988:Aspirated
7983:Voiceless
7858:Implosive
7843:Egressive
7835:Airstream
7816:Occlusive
7767:Semivowel
7727:Fricative
7722:Affricate
7709:Obstruent
7584:Laryngeal
7537:Subapical
7509:Retroflex
7195:Near-open
6929:Close-mid
6617:Implosive
6610:Velarized
6529:Fricative
6288:Voiceless
6228:Implosive
5777:Fricative
5710:Affricate
5548:voiceless
4600:fricative
4598:Sibilant
4356:affricate
4003:Laryngeal
3897:Encodings
3723:145579984
3709:: 43–77.
3683:: 104–21.
3668:143934037
3639:0095-4470
3526:143225017
3494:144724070
3486:1423-0321
3466:Phonetica
3141::147–148)
2571:, Ubykh)
2387:Kabardian
2385:, Archi,
2195:Kabardian
2118:Nez Perce
2106:Kabardian
2033:(Hadza).
1952:soft sign
1902:sonorants
1846:Kabardian
1823:Yawelmani
1768:Kabardian
1702:fricative
1640:affricate
1556:Fricative
1461:Affricate
1326:Retroflex
1146:and some
1046:Tehuelche
794:sonorants
786:aspirated
775:voiceless
767:phonetics
494:Affricate
313:Fricative
8053:Category
7905:Rounding
7873:Ejective
7868:Pulmonic
7853:Ejective
7779:Tap/flap
7744:Sonorant
7732:Sibilant
7686:Bidental
7494:Alveolar
7451:Bilabial
7356:Legend:
7350:template
7329:IPA help
7101:Open-mid
6674:template
6664:IPA help
6640:Ejective
6612:alveolar
6373:template
6352:IPA help
5643:Ejective
5536:template
5515:IPA help
4953:Tap/flap
4353:Sibilant
4036:Alveolar
3742:WALS map
3560:(1996).
3535:(2005),
3435:23776463
3394:PLOS One
3052:See also
2844:, Ubykh)
2713:Baslaney
2594:Georgian
2549:Georgian
2460:, Ubykh)
2413:Georgian
2393:, Ubykh)
2363:, Ubykh)
2345:, Zulu)
2319:Georgian
2221:, Zulu)
2215:Gwich’in
2199:Georgian
2185:, Bats,
2126:Tigrinya
2086:Georgian
1944:pʼ tʼ kʼ
1940:Armenian
1936:⟩
1932:⟨
1835:Gwich'in
1465:(voiced)
1373:(voiced)
1331:Alveolo-
1321:alveolar
1314:alveolar
1307:Alveolar
1283:Bilabial
1187:Salishan
1148:Armenian
1144:Ossetian
1113:Kunigami
1000:Salishan
986:Georgian
984:such as
972:such as
923:Cushitic
889:Caucasus
750:/ /
746:Help:IPA
721:template
706:IPA help
8023:Breathy
7809:Lateral
7774:Vibrant
7717:Plosive
7597:Glottal
7564:Palatal
7532:Laminal
7466:Coronal
7360:•
6760:Central
6596:Lateral
6437:Plosive
6232:Voiced
6130:lateral
6128:Tenuis
6119:
5849:Lateral
5158:Lateral
4208:Plosive
4071:Glottal
4051:Palatal
3993:Coronal
3914:X-SAMPA
3426:3680446
3403:Bibcode
3383:1264659
3369:: 1–18.
3091:western
2987:ǂ’Amkoe
2842:Tlingit
2822:Tlingit
2818:Shapsug
2798:Chiwere
2719:, Tsez)
2717:Tlingit
2610:Tlingit
2569:Tlingit
2537:Chechen
2458:Tlingit
2454:Hakuchi
2433:Tlingit
2429:Hakuchi
2391:Tlingit
2361:Shapsug
2343:Tlingit
2339:Sandawe
2311:Chechen
2219:Tlingit
2187:Chechen
2122:Quechua
2110:Lezgian
2078:Chechen
2070:Amharic
1976:kʼ, kʼʼ
1972:k̓ , k!
1926:In the
1850:Veinakh
1816:Amharic
1810:, with
1806:, and
1802:, with
1776:Tlingit
1698:Lateral
1636:Lateral
1362:glottal
1338:Palatal
1333:palatal
1312:Labial-
1295:Linguo-
1249:uvulars
1198:Mazahua
1183:Yucatec
1175:T'wampa
1154:and/or
1121:Yaeyama
1106:of the
1104:Waima'a
1093:of the
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1085:Khoisan
1077:Sandawe
1068:Tʼwampa
1048:of the
1042:Puelche
1032:Quechua
974:Chechen
968:); the
931:Semitic
738:in the
606:Lateral
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8033:Creaky
7993:Tenuis
7960:Sulcal
7804:Rhotic
7799:Liquid
7700:Manner
7574:Uvular
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7527:Apical
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6740:Vowels
6589:-sound
6361:
5998:Voiced
5936:Tenuis
5544:voiced
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2303:Adyghe
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2179:Adyghe
2159:Dahalo
2114:Lakota
2082:Ingush
2066:Adyghe
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1893:for a
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1831:Tolowa
1808:Lakota
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1290:dental
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