33:
56:
594:, are well known as one of the most snappy and combative rat snakes. In general, their defense system can be broken down to two levels. The first line of defense involves specific behaviors that they use to warn the intruders. One of the most common ways is by coiling their bodies and vibrating their tails, which simulates a rattle. Fox snakes,
633:
spp. move forward using side-to-side, serpentine movement. They use the curved ventral scales of their bodies to grab the rough ground surfaces and then push against the ground to generate a forward movement. Thus, the smoother the ground is, the harder it is for them to move across it. Many species
544:
spp. seek an appropriate place to lay the developing eggs. They usually lay eggs in the soft heart of a rotten log or in sandy soil under a rock. A good place for laying eggs is one that is damp but not wet, and warm but not hot. After laying eggs, the female snake covers them up with sand or soil,
371:
spp. have very developed sensory organs which support their daily activities. They have internal ears that enables them to detect sounds at low frequencies. The ears consist of a single ear bone connected to a jaw bone. Compared to other snakes, they are considered to have highly developed vision
686:
spp. live in a great variety of environments, depending on species and subspecies. Most are terrestrial or semiarboreal, but some burrow in sand or loose soil. The genus formerly contained species found on every continent except
Antarctica. Taxonomic revisions have renamed most of these former
674:
spp. kill the prey by creating enormous pressure on the prey's chest. As they continue to coil more tightly, the pressure on the chest prevents the blood from circulating into the heart, which eventually leads to heart failure. They usually bite the prey first to maintain their grip on the prey
474:
spp. hibernate in the rock crevices, rock faults, and burrows. However, other species choose to hibernate in rotting logs, roots of trees, and hollow spaces in elevated tree trunks. Some snakes that live close to human communities even hibernate in old wells and barns.
388:
in the palate. To stimulate
Jacobson's organ, they use their tongues to transport air and ground molecules to Jacobson's organ. Then, the organ analyzes the molecules to identify the scent. Among these detectable scents are
466:, which makes their body temperature susceptible to the temperature of their environments. Thus, they need to maintain their body energy by switching locations and remaining physiologically inactive when winter comes. The
525:, as the females pass through their territories. Male Aesculapian snakes pursue female snakes until they can coil around them. They continue in such position, which is then followed by dancing for up to an hour before
447:, among others, are mostly diurnal, but some species are more active in late afternoon or at dusk. Throughout the year, they are usually active from April to October, followed by a period of hibernation.
576:
are known for being nonaggressive and shy. They are prone to freeze their movements when they are shocked or encountering danger. This motionless response has contributed to many road kills of
614:), exemplify this type of defense mechanism; they mimic the rattling vibration of rattlesnakes when they encounter danger. Another common way of defense is by smearing a foul-smelling
299:. generally have slender but sturdy bodies, square heads, and extremely flat bellies. Their sizes range from large medium to very large, growing even as large as 2.75m (108 in).
529:, during which the male snake lines up with the female and holds her in place by wrapping his tail around hers and grasping her with his mouth. Then, the male everts one of his
1617:
1656:
360:. The teeth are small and slightly curved, and occur in several rows. The curved teeth help fix the prey and prevent them from escaping once they are caught.
1748:
311:
spp. are shaped like a loaf of bread, the flat belly meeting the sides of the body at an angle. This special physical characteristic is well observed in
662:
spp. hunt by waiting motionless in a fixed position until the prey comes near enough to attack. Then, they strike the prey and bite it. They use their
564:
lays 10–30 eggs in late May to July. The eggs are generally not protected by the adults. After 60–65 days, the eggs hatch in July through
September.
470:
sites vary depending on the habitats they live in, yet the most important requirement of a hibernaculum site is that it needs to be frost-free. Some
1591:
1630:
552:
lays 12–20 eggs under logs or leaves in late summer, which hatch in the fall. The adult snakes return to their hibernation dens in the late fall.
1108:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). ("Rat Snakes", p. 209;
622:
and the intestinal tract. The second line of defense, generally involves striking the intruder with their teeth if they are further provoked.
1331:
321:), whose belly scales curve upward. The curving of the ventral scales gives them better traction for tree climbing. The color and pattern of
1425:
1141:
1133:
1061:
859:
1705:
1200:
Barnard, S.M.; Hollinger, T.G.; Romaine, T.A. (1979). "Growth and Food
Consumption in the Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata guttata".
654:., mice and chipmunks), bird eggs, and young birds. Juveniles feed on small lizards, young mice, and occasionally small frogs (
1298:
1270:
1246:
521:
generally starts to mate in late April, May, and early June after the winter hibernation. Males try to attract females with
307:, ribs, and ventral scales, but few rows of dorsal scales, which are characterized by having slight keels. In cross section,
1635:
488:, or Aesculapian snake, may hibernate from October to May, as it is among the northernmost occurring rat snakes. However,
439:
period of females is around 1.5 months, and females can lay up to 30 eggs in a clutch, the number varying between species.
1643:
1391:
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482:
start their hibernation in
October and emerge again the next spring. The length of the hibernation varies by species.
431:
spp. generally reach sexual maturity after 18–24 months. They usually mate with the opposite sex after emerging from
1570:
1661:
1583:
933:
925:
494:, or the twin-spotted rat snake, only needs to hibernate for 2 to 3 months. Species such as black rat snakes, or
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727:
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before they start this deadly mechanism. In addition, they do not chew their food, but swallow it whole.
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Ziesmann, Jurgen. (2010). Vertebrate
Biology Lecture Notes: Reptiles 09. Azusa Pacific University
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798:
163:
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spp. is generally 15 years. Males live a little longer than females, but some species, such as
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and then she leaves. A few species remain with the eggs until they hatch about 9 weeks later.
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1392:"A New Species of the Genus Elaphe (Squamata: Colubridae) from Zoige County, Sichuan, China"
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1021:
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1056:. Complete Pet Owner's Manual (2nd ed.). Hauppauge NY: Barron's Educational Series.
1578:
1565:
1371:
Bateman, G. (1981). Snakes. The
Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians (pp. 115, 117).
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993:
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498:, hibernate with other rat snakes and/or many other snake species, most notably timber
337:
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768:
1183:"Rat snakes – lifecycle, predation, diet, bites, hibernation, pictures and videos."
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1504:
1169:
Evans, A.V.; Garrison, R.W.; Schlager, N.; Hutchins, M.; Murphy, J. (2004). Vol 7.
1017:
1005:
792:
667:
260:
254:
238:
216:
904:– beauty snake, Taiwan beauty snake; Sakishima beauty snake; blue beauty rat snake
1410:
997:
951:
1648:
1604:
1498:
499:
459:
432:
393:, which indicate the presence of other snakes and their reproductive readiness.
232:
1518:
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1126:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America.
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spp. tend to be more defensive if they are continually provoked. For example,
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107:
87:
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1311:
1596:
1221:
875:– blotched rat snake, Sarmatian rat snake, eastern four-lined rat snake
333:
272:
212:
97:
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647:
534:
381:
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on their predators. The musk is originated from the contents of the
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39. Texas snakes: identification, distribution, and natural history
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117:
462:, especially those that live in cold regions, because snakes are
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537:. The mating process lasts from a few minutes to a few hours.
415:), live up to 23 years in captivity. However, species such as
208:, which are found in many regions of the northern hemisphere.
812:
Jablonski, Ribeiro Jr., Simonov, Šoltys, & Meiri, 2023
556:
breeds from March to May. The mating process is similar to
1182:
1128:
Houghton
Mifflin. Boston. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1–48.
1241:(1 ed.), Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press, pp. 33–34,
703:
The following 18 species are recognized as being valid.
384:. In addition, the analysis of scents is carried out by
352:, a modified salivary and digestive gland. In addition,
1318:– Introduction. OnlineHobbyist.com, Inc. (2010-09-22).
425:) usually have lifespans around 2 years and 2 months.
340:
of the lower jaw like any other members of the family
1473:
1160:. Pleasantville, New York: Reader's Digest. p. 174.
1093:
1091:
1089:
1083:(pp. 1909–1910). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corp.
1158:Reptiles. Reader's Digest North American Wild Life
1106:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1052:Bartlett, Patricia; Bartlett, R.D. (2006-05-26).
372:that allows them to detect the movement of their
984:– Qin Emperor rat snake, blade-toothed rat snake
325:spp. are quite variable and hard to generalize.
380:. The eyes are protected by single transparent
1346:
1344:
634:apply similar mechanisms when climbing trees.
1293:, p. 118, Austin: University of Texas Press,
691:, leaving only 10 Eurasian taxa remaining in
348:as part of the Colubridae is the presence of
276:, and others. Nevertheless, the generic name
8:
1079:Burton, M.; Burton, R. (1969). "Rat Snake".
1332:Iowa Reptiles and Amphibians – Rat Snake –
1265:, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, p. 88,
1461:
1326:
1324:
1312:"Ratsnakes of the Genus Elaphe – Species."
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
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31:
20:
1173:(2nd ed., p. 467). Detroit: Thomson-Gale.
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1150:
1081:The International Wildlife Encyclopedia.
1075:
1073:
1035:
838:– flower snake, Moellendorf’s rat snake
344:. Another important characteristic of
1263:Uncontrolled Hypothermia. Hibernation
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1255:
7:
1584:99632643-aaa4-4e1d-b98e-7621a7bdc50f
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1231:
1195:
1193:
1191:
889:– Amur rat snake, Siberian rat snake
666:to track and find their prey. Being
1338:HerpNet – Home. Web. 22 Sept. 2010.
1310:Knight, Rex; Korell, Sacha (1997).
1171:Grzimeks' Animal life Encyclopedia
226:analysis results, many species of
14:
1749:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler
1054:Corn Snakes and Other Rat Snakes
332:spp. do not have any observable
54:
849:– Japanese four-lined rat snake
172:Callopeltis, Elaphis, Scotophis
1362:. Accessed September 22, 2010.
230:have been moved to the genera
1:
1452:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1399:Asian Herpetological Research
1411:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2012.00038
1185:Ratsnake.org. (2010-09-23).
591:Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri
356:spp. have equal and smooth
303:spp. have large numbers of
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478:Most members of the genus
1433:www.reptile-database.org.
169:
162:
51:Scientific classification
49:
39:
30:
23:
1454:. Accessed 14 July 2008.
1350:Trepanowski, P. (2003).
788:– Pere David's rat snake
679:Habitat and distribution
284:Physical characteristics
1314:Ratsnakes of the Genus
743:– eastern trinket snake
732:– Chinese leopard snake
646:spp. primarily prey on
1330:LeClere, Jeff (2005).
1156:Wernert, S.J. (1982).
397:Lifecycle and behavior
318:Pantherophis obsoletus
280:is still widely used.
1683:Paleobiology Database
1112:, longevity, p. 220).
854:Elaphe quatuorlineata
601:Pantherophis vulpinus
412:Pantherophis guttatus
1579:Fauna Europaea (new)
1431:The Reptile Database
1390:Huang, Song (2012).
1360:Animal Diversity Web
942:– Urartian rat snake
843:Elaphe quadrivirgata
828:Elaphe moellendorffi
773:– Japanese rat snake
758:– Taiwan stink snake
215:are medium to large
40:Japanese rat snake,
1237:George, L. (2002).
763:Elaphe climacophora
611:Pantherophis gloydi
435:in the spring. The
422:Pantherophis emoryi
200:is one of the main
16:Genus of rat snakes
1261:Roots, C. (2006).
864:– four-lined snake
803:– steppe rat snake
568:Defense mechanisms
540:After copulation,
533:into the female's
1721:
1720:
1670:Open Tree of Life
1467:Taxon identifiers
1239:Mating. Rat Snake
1026:– Zoige rat snake
1025:
989:Elaphe zoigeensis
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947:Elaphe xiphodonta
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880:Elaphe schrenckii
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869:Elaphe sauromates
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742:
741:(Boulenger, 1894)
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723:Elaphe bimaculata
718:
580:. However, some
491:Elaphe bimaculata
485:Elaphe longissima
336:of hind limbs or
288:Like most of the
224:mitochondrial DNA
189:of snakes in the
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664:Jacobson's organ
658:., tree frogs).
608:(now considered
598:(now considered
586:Texas rat snakes
572:Many species of
558:E. obsoleta
550:E. obsoleta
496:E. obsoleta
445:E. obsoleta
419:(now considered
409:(now considered
401:The lifespan of
386:Jacobson's organ
350:Duvernoy's gland
315:(now considered
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909:Elaphe urartica
894:Elaphe taeniura
847:(H. Boie, 1826)
822:(Günther, 1860)
818:Elaphe hodgsoni
748:Elaphe carinata
737:Elaphe cantoris
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562:E. guttata
554:E. guttata
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313:Elaphe obsoleta
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637:
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632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
612:
607:
606:Elaphe gloydi
603:
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587:
583:
579:
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417:E emoryi
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1744:Snake genera
1474:
1457:
1447:Pantherophis
1445:
1424:
1419:
1405:(1): 38–45.
1402:
1398:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1353:
1333:
1315:
1306:
1283:Werler, J.E.
1278:
1205:
1201:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1157:
1144:(paperback).
1125:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1102:Wright, A.A.
1098:Wright, A.H.
1080:
1053:
987:
945:
907:
892:
878:
867:
852:
841:
826:
816:
806:
793:Elaphe dione
791:
776:
761:
746:
735:
721:
707:
702:
692:
688:
683:
682:
671:
668:constrictors
659:
655:
651:
643:
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630:
629:
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589:
581:
577:
573:
571:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
541:
539:
518:
517:
514:Reproduction
500:rattlesnakes
495:
489:
483:
479:
477:
471:
464:cold-blooded
455:
454:
444:
440:
428:
427:
420:
416:
410:
406:
402:
400:
368:
367:
353:
345:
329:
328:Internally,
327:
322:
316:
312:
308:
300:
293:
287:
277:
271:
265:
259:
255:Pantherophis
253:
249:
243:
239:Coelognathus
237:
231:
227:
221:
219:by nature.
217:constrictors
209:
197:
181:
180:
179:
171:
170:
148:
147:
41:
24:
18:
1605:iNaturalist
1499:Wikispecies
1287:Dixon, J.R.
519:E. obsoleta
508:bull snakes
468:hibernacula
451:Hibernation
433:hibernation
250:Orthriophis
233:Bogertophis
134:Subfamily:
1739:Rat snakes
1728:Categories
1299:0292791305
1271:0313335443
1247:0736809090
1031:References
626:Locomotion
620:anal gland
548:Oviparous
527:copulation
523:pheromones
391:pheromones
342:Colubridae
290:rat snakes
267:Senticolis
206:rat snakes
194:Colubridae
138:Colubrinae
128:Colubridae
114:Suborder:
926:Bunyatova
918:Kukushkin
914:Jablonski
715:Boulenger
638:Predation
531:hemipenes
460:hibernate
437:gestation
374:predators
305:vertebrae
261:Rhinechis
245:Gonyosoma
118:Serpentes
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1490:Q1924850
1484:Wikidata
1289:(2000).
1124:(1975).
1104:(1957).
1002:Burbrink
860:Lacépède
834:Boettger
334:vestiges
164:Synonyms
124:Family:
108:Squamata
98:Reptilia
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1711:1391288
1698:8328199
1623:1048054
1597:2458369
1450:at the
1222:1443884
972:Grismer
938:Jandzik
934:Tuniyev
902:, 1861)
885:Strauch
862:, 1789)
836:, 1886)
801:, 1773)
786:, 1884)
784:Sauvage
771:, 1826)
769:H. Boie
756:, 1864)
754:Günther
728:Schmidt
717:, 1916)
699:Species
648:rodents
382:brilles
273:Zamenis
213:species
204:of the
144:Genus:
104:Order:
94:Class:
1734:Elaphe
1695:uBio:
1675:764402
1636:174174
1571:214736
1558:1ELPEG
1519:Elaphe
1505:Elaphe
1475:Elaphe
1426:Elaphe
1423:Genus
1316:Elaphe
1297:
1269:
1245:
1220:
1202:Copeia
1140:
1132:
1060:
1024:, 2012
1020:&
982:, 2021
978:&
940:, 2019
936:&
887:, 1873
799:Pallas
730:, 1925
693:Elaphe
689:Elaphe
684:Elaphe
672:Elaphe
660:Elaphe
644:Elaphe
642:Adult
631:Elaphe
604:) and
582:Elaphe
578:Elaphe
574:Elaphe
542:Elaphe
535:cloaca
506:, and
504:racers
480:Elaphe
472:Elaphe
458:spp.
456:Elaphe
429:Elaphe
403:Elaphe
369:Elaphe
364:Senses
354:Elaphe
346:Elaphe
330:Elaphe
323:Elaphe
309:Elaphe
301:Elaphe
294:Elaphe
278:Elaphe
228:Elaphe
210:Elaphe
202:genera
198:Elaphe
191:family
182:Elaphe
157:, 1833
155:Wagler
149:Elaphe
25:Elaphe
1706:WoRMS
1688:38134
1618:IRMNG
1610:30207
1545:14778
1532:6332J
1395:(PDF)
1218:JSTOR
1022:Zhang
1010:Huang
994:Huang
930:Ilgaz
187:genus
185:is a
1662:8579
1657:NCBI
1631:ITIS
1592:GBIF
1553:EPPO
1295:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1018:Chen
1014:Ling
1006:Yang
998:Ding
980:Wang
922:Avcı
900:Cope
616:musk
443:and
378:prey
376:and
1644:NBN
1540:EoL
1527:CoL
1514:ADW
1429:at
1407:doi
1210:doi
964:Gao
956:Shi
656:i.e
652:i.e
588:,
297:spp
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1607::
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1516::
1501::
1486::
1401:.
1397:.
1358:,
1343:^
1323:^
1285:;
1254:^
1230:^
1216:.
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1100:;
1088:^
1072:^
1038:^
1016:,
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1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
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960:Ma
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