660:, as researchers have observed that snakes have used this method of tail vibration as a defense mechanism against predation long before the emergence of rattlesnakes. They are also capable of producing a foul-smelling musk, which they will release onto predators if picked up. They spread the musk with their tails in hopes of deterring the threat. When cornered or provoked, black snakes are known to stand their ground and can become aggressive. Counterattacks on large birds of prey, often committed by large snakes in excess of 150 cm (59 in) in length, have resulted in violent prolonged struggles. Utilizing its infamous agility and the great strength of its muscular coils, the black rat snake is sometimes able to overwhelm and kill formidable avian predators such as
113:
88:
44:
463:
68:
538:
are diurnally-active and live in a variety of habitats; some overlap each other. They have adapted to a variety of habitats, including bayou, prairie, and rock outcrops, but they seem to have a particular preference for wooded areas, especially oak trees. Rat snakes are excellent climbers and spend
916:
such as corn snakes, kingsnakes, milksnakes, and hognose snakes. Opinions vary on the western rat snake's disposition, but captive-bred individuals are reported to be more docile than their wild counterparts. With appropriate care, this species may be expected to live 15 years in captivity, and
1720:
Account of an
Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, Performed in the Years 1819 and '20, by Order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War: Under the Command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other Gentlemen of the Exploring Party. Vol.
773:, which are 36–60 mm (1.4–2.4 in) long by 20–26.5 mm (0.79–1.04 in) wide. The eggs hatch about 65 to 70 days later in late August to early October. The hatchlings are 28–41 cm (11–16 in) in total length, and they look like miniature fox snakes.
608:). Darkening occurs rapidly as they grow. Adults are glossy black above with white lips, chin, and throat. Sometimes traces of the "obsolete" juvenile pattern are still discernible in the skin between the scales, especially when stretched after a heavy meal.
691:
to the point of cardiovascular collapse due to obstructive shock, coiling around small animals and tightening its grip until the prey can no longer circulate blood and dies of profound hypotension, before being eaten. Though it will often consume
828:
suggested this species be divided into three species based on geographic patterns of mitochondrial DNA diversity. He assigned new common names and resurrected old scientific names, resulting in the following combinations: eastern ratsnake
586:
can range up to 0.5 to 2.2 kg (1.1 to 4.9 lb) in adults, although most adults are on the smaller end of this scale, per herpetology research sites, with weights most commonly between 0.77 and 1 kg (1.7 and 2.2 lb).
748:
colonies as a single large snake will readily consume a number of eggs, hatchlings, and adults each summer. Several rat snake repelling methods have been offered to those putting up martin houses, but most are mixed in success.
704:, the western rat snake is far from a specialist at this kind of prey and will readily consume any small vertebrate it can catch. Other prey opportunistically eaten by this species can include other
550:. When found in homes, often in groups. This association gave rise to one of its common names, pilot black snake, and the superstition that this nonvenomous species led the venomous ones to the den.
1629:
Gibbs, H. Lisle; Corey, Sarah J.; Blouin-Demers, Gabriel; Prior, Kent A.; Weatherhead, Patrick J. (2006). "Hybridization between mtDNA-defined phylogeographic lineages of black ratsnakes (
620:
include: gray rat snake, black chicken snake, black coluber, chicken snake, mountain black snake, mountain pilot snake, pilot, rat snake, rusty black snake, scaly black snake, cow snake,
1973:
997:
562:
can become quite large, with a reported typical total length (including tail) of 106.5–183 cm (3 ft 6 in – 6 ft 0 in). It is the largest snake found in
761:
mating takes place in late May and early June. The male snake wraps its tail around the female with their vents nearly touching. The male then everts one of its sex organs, a
1409:
1324:
1877:
857:). However, these three species are not morphologically distinct and overlap in all examined morphological characters. More recent investigations have indicated
1929:
744:
eggs. Cavity-nesting bird species are seemingly especially prevalent in this snake's diet. The western rat snake has been noted as perhaps the top predator at
2001:
632:
When not fully grown, rat snakes are subject to predation by many animals, including other snakes. Once they attain maturity, they are readily preyed on by
2031:
1851:
933:
1890:
1057:
945:
2036:
1097:
1390:
648:). When startled, they may freeze and wrinkle themselves into a series of kinks. If they feel further threatened, they may flee quickly or
1155:. (with 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (
2041:
1996:
521:, which is a brown-to-black variant, often with tinges of orange or red, that can be found in southern Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana.
272:
2046:
1257:
1032:
1555:, Burbrink FT (2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)".
1135:
1116:
2016:
75:
1895:
1738:
1276:
1049:
904:
The western rat snake is available captive-bred in the United States pet trade, and it has been bred for mutations such as
1406:
1320:
1077:
517:
Aside from the usual variety that is black or has patches of black on a lighter background, color variations include the
2026:
1186:
1081:
112:
2021:
835:
1806:
1483:
1934:
1677:
1552:
869:
379:
366:
1169:
566:. The record total length is 256.5 cm (8 ft 5 in), making it (officially) the longest snake in
1293:
970:
1715:
806:
315:
240:
1768:
1224:
845:
598:
578:
543:
1430:
2006:
1340:
949:
217:
982:
590:
Juveniles are strongly patterned with brown blotches on a gray background (like miniature fox snakes:
1815:
1507:
1438:
1228:
1020:
825:
604:
444:
345:
1090:
Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
2011:
1446:
1016:
669:
592:
57:
1921:
896:, 2007. The justification for this nomenclatural change has been removed by more recent research.
769:. The mating lasts a few minutes to a few hours. After five weeks, the female lays about 12 to 20
1658:
1611:
1387:
1148:
547:
249:
107:
1434:
1153:
What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky
Mountains
1882:
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1370:
1955:
1838:
1650:
1572:
1531:
1253:
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1028:
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a significant amount of their time in trees. The black rat snake is also a competent swimmer.
479:
362:
1250:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
1104:, p. 388 + Figure 161 on p. 334 + Plate 36 on p. 335 + Map on p. 385 + Figure 180 on p. 386).
1968:
1960:
1642:
1603:
1564:
1523:
672:, though in many cases the bird is able to kill the snake and both combatants may even die.
665:
425:
289:
1908:
1756:
1511:
1294:"Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle"
893:
349:
1942:
1487:
1413:
1394:
1328:
1120:
661:
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582:), with a portion of its tail missing, measured 111 inches (2.8 m). The body mass of
518:
440:
1442:
1426:
1113:
649:
332:
319:
276:
652:; although this act of tail vibration is indeed a behavior that rat snakes share with
1990:
1903:
1646:
770:
745:
717:
637:
567:
452:
432:
302:
97:
92:
1843:
1662:
794:
781:
This species has previously been placed (and is still placed by many) in the genus
684:
641:
534:
194:
1027:. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Seventh printing, 1985)
1916:
1864:
1800:
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397:
43:
1450:
462:
17:
1706:
913:
572:
436:
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234:
184:
1791:
1514:(2007). "How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World?".
1199:
905:
762:
633:
495:
124:
1654:
1576:
1535:
1947:
1680:(2008). "An alternative classification of the New World Rat Snakes (genus
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725:
721:
511:
503:
491:
487:
164:
144:
1744:
1478:
1292:
Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (July 28, 2016).
1856:
1615:
741:
740:, and bird eggs. One snake was observed to consume an entire clutch of
733:
657:
417:
154:
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that are recognized as being valid. Its color variations include the
1869:
1451:"Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes,
909:
766:
729:
713:
563:
507:
134:
1762:
1607:
983:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T90069553A90069569.en
1407:
Black snake profile at
Smithsonian National Zoological Park website
705:
693:
530:
499:
461:
443:. Along with other snakes of the eastern United States, like the
421:
174:
1750:
1590:
Burbrink FT (2001). "Systematics of the
Eastern Ratsnake complex
1360:. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum Bulletin, no. 170.
1347:. Smithsonian Institution U.S. National Museum Bulletin, no. 167.
1092:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp.
978:
709:
697:
688:
483:
1766:
821:
has been further confirmed by additional phylogenetic studies.
1168:
Found in Gaston county NC 8-21-19 species over 14’ in length.
701:
1455:
Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)"
1252:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
981:
Red List of
Threatened Species 2019: e.T90069553A90069569.
1321:
Fact Sheet at
Smithsonian National Zoological Park Website
640:, which weighs no more than an adult rat snake) and large
576:) are known to exceed it, and one wild-caught pine snake (
51:
Western rat snake swimming on water in northeastern Texas
1239:, pp. 148-150, Figure 40 + Plate 16, center, on p. 336).
912:, and scaleless. However, it is not as popular as other
1491:
542:
During winter it hibernates in shared dens, often with
1358:
Life
Histories of North American Birds of Prey. Part 2
1345:
Life
Histories of North American Birds of Prey. Part 1
708:(including both those of its own and other species),
1502:
1500:
1233:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1775:
1025:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1547:
1545:
1202:. Herpetological Education & Research Project
1002:, The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
1235:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. xiii + 365 pp. (
1189:. Qrg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1177:. Reptilia.forumpro.fr. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1323:Typically when found in homes, found in groups
1282:. Natural Heritage Endangered Program. mass.gov
1723:Philadelphia: H.C. Carey and I. Lea. 503 pp. (
1416:. Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1331:. Nationalzoo.si.edu. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
892:) in response to the findings of Burbrink and
1039:, pp. 230-234, Figure 72 + Map 24 on p. 235).
8:
1397:. Purplemartin.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1138:. Dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1763:
1751:"Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology
86:
66:
42:
31:
1492:The Center for North American Herpetology
624:, sleepy John, and white-throated racer.
1272:
1270:
1058:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
925:
797:, and placed this species in the genus
1557:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1516:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1220:
1218:
1216:
1131:
1129:
993:
991:
946:Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
570:. Unofficially, indigo snakes (genus
7:
1264:, pp. 193-194 + Plate 28 + Map 149).
1012:
1010:
1008:
789:. However, Utiger et al. found that
2002:IUCN Red List least concern species
942:Natural Heritage Information Centre
431:. The species is native to central
2032:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1753:– University of Florida fact sheet
1159:, pp. 56-58 + Plate 8, Figure 23).
25:
1759:, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa
765:, into the female sex organ, the
1647:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03056.x
1171:Pantherophis obsoletus obsoletus
111:
459:), it is called “black snake”.
1462:Russian Journal of Herpetology
1136:Species profile: Minnesota DNR
865:interbreed freely in Ontario.
1:
2037:Reptiles of the United States
1745:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1686:Journal of Kansas Herpetology
985:. Downloaded on 05 July 2021.
1727:, new species, p. 140).
482:, from eastern and southern
1569:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.008
1528:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.009
1279:Pantherophis alleghaniensis
876:for Burbrink's three taxa (
836:Pantherophis alleghaniensis
2063:
2042:Reptiles described in 1823
1997:NatureServe secure species
849:), and western rat snake (
687:, meaning it squeezes its
1596:Herpetological Monographs
255:
248:
223:
216:
108:Scientific classification
106:
84:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
2047:Taxa named by Thomas Say
1494:. Accessed 20 June 2008.
1262:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1237:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1157:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
1037:Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta
882:Scotophis alleghaniensis
793:is broadly construed as
2017:Snakes of North America
1747:. Accessed 2 June 2008.
801:. In addition, because
616:Other common names for
1821:Pantherophis_obsoletus
1807:Pantherophis obsoletus
1777:Pantherophis obsoletus
1740:Pantherophis obsoletus
1373:Pantherophis obsoletus
1102:Pantherophis obsoletus
999:Pantherophis obsoletus
975:Pantherophis obsoletus
872:resurrected the genus
855:Pantherophis obsoletus
846:Pantherophis spiloides
809:becomes the masculine
656:, it is not a form of
579:Pituophis melanoleucus
498:, westward to eastern
467:
393:Pantherophis obsoletus
374:Pantherophis obsoletus
327:Pantherophis obsoletus
227:Pantherophis obsoletus
36:Pantherophis obsoletus
868:In 2008, Collins and
839:), central ratsnake (
831:Elaphe alleghaniensis
478:is found west of the
465:
1375:(Eastern Rat Snake)"
1187:Black Rat Snake Info
670:red-shouldered hawks
634:mammalian carnivores
502:, northward through
445:eastern indigo snake
382:& Burbrink, 2009
2027:Reptiles of Ontario
890:Scotophis obsoletus
886:Scotophis spiloides
548:timber rattlesnakes
457:Coluber constrictor
449:Drymarchon couperi)
416:, is a nonvenomous
357:Scotophis obsoletus
340:Pituophis obsoletus
284:Scotophis obsoletus
58:Conservation status
2022:Reptiles of Canada
1486:2009-04-14 at the
1412:2016-08-25 at the
1393:2012-11-22 at the
1327:2016-08-25 at the
1277:Eastern Ratsnake.
1119:2017-05-06 at the
805:is masculine, the
622:schwartze Schlange
529:Rat snakes of the
486:southward through
468:
268:Elaphis holbrookii
1984:
1983:
1956:Open Tree of Life
1769:Taxon identifiers
1725:Coluber obsoletus
1641:(12): 3755–3767.
1635:Molecular Ecology
1592:(Elaphe obsoleta)
1248:Conant R (1975).
1175:
1098:978-0-544-12997-9
952:on March 22, 2012
859:P. alleghaniensis
666:great horned owls
480:Mississippi River
410:pilot black snake
402:western rat snake
389:
388:
297:Elaphis obsoletus
259:Coluber obsoletus
209:P. obsoletus
101:
79:
16:(Redirected from
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1114:Eastern Ratsnake
1111:
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1046:
1040:
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995:
986:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
948:. Archived from
936:Elaphe obsoleta
930:
841:Elaphe spiloides
807:specific epithet
662:red-tailed hawks
646:red-tailed hawks
510:to southeastern
471:Geographic range
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1700:Further reading
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1608:10.2307/1467037
1589:
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1498:
1488:Wayback Machine
1480:Elaphe obsoleta
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1414:Wayback Machine
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1395:Wayback Machine
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917:possibly more.
902:
851:Elaphe obsoleta
813:. The split of
787:Elaphe obsoleta
779:
755:
678:
636:(including the
630:
614:
556:
527:
519:Texas rat snake
473:
466:Black rat snake
441:Texas rat snake
435:. There are no
406:black rat snake
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1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:(2): 105–124.
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:0-395-19977-8
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:0-8014-0463-0
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
964:
951:
947:
943:
939:
937:
929:
926:
920:
918:
915:
911:
907:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
747:
746:purple martin
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:birds of prey
639:
638:American mink
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
611:
609:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
594:
588:
585:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:North America
565:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
540:
537:
536:
532:
524:
522:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
464:
460:
458:
454:
453:eastern racer
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:North America
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:, also known
395:
394:
381:
375:
372:
368:
364:
358:
355:
351:
347:
341:
338:
334:
328:
325:
321:
317:
311:
308:
304:
298:
295:
291:
285:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
260:
257:
256:
254:
251:
247:
242:
239:
236:
230:
228:
222:
219:
218:Binomial name
215:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
105:
99:
94:
93:Least Concern
83:
77:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2007:Pantherophis
1776:
1739:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1689:
1685:
1682:Pantherophis
1681:
1676:Collins JT,
1671:
1638:
1634:
1631:Pantherophis
1630:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1560:
1556:
1519:
1515:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1421:
1402:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:
1287:
1278:
1261:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1204:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1109:
1101:
1089:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1051:
1044:
1036:
1024:
998:
974:
971:Hammerson GA
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:the original
941:
935:
928:
903:
900:In captivity
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
863:P. spiloides
862:
858:
854:
850:
844:
840:
834:
830:
823:
818:
815:Pantherophis
814:
810:
803:Pantherophis
802:
799:Pantherophis
798:
795:paraphyletic
790:
786:
782:
780:
759:P. obsoletus
758:
756:
753:Reproduction
681:P. obsoletus
680:
679:
654:rattlesnakes
650:tail vibrate
644:(especially
631:
621:
618:P. obsoletus
617:
615:
612:Common names
603:
599:P. ramspotti
597:
591:
589:
584:P. obsoletus
583:
577:
571:
560:P. obsoletus
559:
557:
541:
535:Pantherophis
533:
528:
516:
506:and eastern
476:P. obsoletus
475:
474:
456:
448:
413:
412:, or simply
409:
405:
401:
392:
391:
390:
373:
356:
339:
335:et al., 2002
326:
309:
296:
283:
267:
258:
237:
226:
224:
208:
207:
196:Pantherophis
195:
35:
29:
1917:NatureServe
1865:iNaturalist
1801:Wikispecies
1508:Burbrink FT
1174:(Say, 1823)
1063:29 November
956:October 19,
732:, juvenile
728:, juvenile
685:constrictor
605:P. vulpinus
554:Description
544:copperheads
494:to western
414:black snake
76:NatureServe
2012:Rat snakes
1991:Categories
1678:Taggart TW
1447:Ziswiler V
1388:Rat Snakes
1306:January 2,
1225:Schmidt KP
1206:2015-05-21
1147:Conant R,
1086:Collins JT
921:References
573:Drymarchon
558:Adults of
437:subspecies
429:Colubridae
185:Colubridae
171:Suborder:
1974:obsoletus
1439:Schmidt C
1435:Schätti B
1149:Bridges W
1021:Wright AA
1017:Wright AH
973:(2019). "
914:colubrids
906:leucistic
874:Scotophis
824:In 2001,
811:obsoletus
763:hemipenis
738:songbirds
726:squirrels
722:chipmunks
593:P. gloydi
496:Louisiana
316:Stejneger
290:Kennicott
263:Say, 1823
203:Species:
175:Serpentes
131:Kingdom:
125:Eukaryota
1922:2.840332
1883:10643814
1828:BioLib:
1786:Wikidata
1718:(1823).
1709:(1823).
1692:: 16–18.
1655:17032272
1633:spp.)".
1602:: 1–53.
1577:19236930
1553:Pyron RA
1536:17113316
1512:Lawson R
1484:Archived
1449:(2002).
1427:Utiger U
1410:Archived
1391:Archived
1343:(1937).
1325:Archived
1231:(1941).
1229:Davis DD
1200:"Snakes"
1151:(1939).
1117:Archived
1088:(2016).
1082:Conant R
1078:Powell R
1023:(1957).
826:Burbrink
777:Taxonomy
734:opossums
628:Behavior
512:Nebraska
504:Oklahoma
492:Arkansas
488:Missouri
451:and the
398:commonly
346:Burbrink
250:Synonyms
181:Family:
165:Squamata
155:Reptilia
145:Chordata
141:Phylum:
135:Animalia
121:Domain:
98:IUCN 3.1
1896:1081826
1857:2455676
1792:Q998324
1743:at the
1716:James E
1663:3727973
1616:1467037
1341:Bent AC
977:". The
870:Taggart
742:mallard
730:rabbits
714:lizards
676:Feeding
658:mimicry
525:Habitat
424:in the
418:species
400:as the
367:Taggart
363:Collins
320:Barbour
243:, 1823)
191:Genus:
161:Order:
151:Class:
96: (
74: (
72:Secure
1961:530777
1948:101976
1661:
1653:
1614:
1575:
1534:
1453:Elaphe
1256:
1096:
1031:
910:albino
894:Lawson
888:, and
853:, now
843:, now
833:, now
819:Elaphe
791:Elaphe
783:Elaphe
767:cloaca
706:snakes
700:, and
602:, and
564:Canada
508:Kansas
426:family
369:, 2008
365:&
352:, 2007
350:Lawson
348:&
333:Utiger
322:, 1917
318:&
305:, 1883
303:Garman
292:, 1860
279:, 1854
277:Bibron
275:&
1935:39099
1909:63864
1878:IRMNG
1870:73888
1844:4CGYF
1831:58574
1707:Say T
1659:S2CID
1612:JSTOR
1458:(PDF)
1443:Ruf M
1297:(PDF)
817:from
785:, as
718:moles
710:frogs
698:voles
683:is a
531:genus
500:Texas
422:snake
380:Pyron
241:James
1930:NCBI
1904:IUCN
1891:ITIS
1852:GBIF
1684:)".
1651:PMID
1573:PMID
1532:PMID
1308:2024
1254:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1065:2006
1029:ISBN
979:IUCN
958:2010
878:i.e.
861:and
771:eggs
702:rats
694:mice
689:prey
668:and
546:and
490:and
484:Iowa
1839:CoL
1816:ADW
1712:In:
1643:doi
1604:doi
1594:".
1565:doi
1524:doi
1490:at
1100:. (
1035:. (
757:In
420:of
235:Say
1993::
1971::
1969:RD
1958::
1945::
1932::
1919::
1906::
1893::
1880::
1867::
1854::
1841::
1818::
1803::
1788::
1721:I.
1690:26
1688:.
1657:.
1649:.
1639:15
1637:.
1610:.
1600:15
1598:.
1571:.
1561:52
1559:.
1544:^
1530:.
1520:43
1518:.
1510:,
1499:^
1464:.
1460:.
1445:,
1441:,
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1433:,
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1269:^
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1128:^
1084:,
1080:,
1056:.
1019:,
1007:^
990:^
944:.
940:.
908:,
884:,
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514:.
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378:—
361:—
344:—
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288:—
238:in
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1606::
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1466:9
1377:.
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1067:.
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938:"
934:"
829:(
455:(
447:(
233:(
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78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
