225:. In state run schools, a free breakfast program was organized in that year, with Torres directing the services and even serving many of the meals. In the first year, they fed nearly 3,000 students daily and the following year the number had increased to 12,000 students per day. She fought for improved teacher training and became head of the Bureau of Cultural Missions which targeted improved conditions for primary school teachers, especially those working in rural areas. By 1926, six missions had been established covering over 2,000 rural teachers, expanding to 18 missions and more than 4,000 teachers over the next ten years.
292:. She was appointed as the Professional Director of the Urban and Rural Primary Education Affairs Bureau in 1937. Her most important achievement at the bureau was a survey conducted in 1937 of the economic and social circumstances of the local residents of all 338 villages of Mexico. In 1942, Torres was appointed to the Elementary Education Inspectorate and worked as an inspector until 1955. During this time frame, she also served as an adviser to
158:(The House of the World Worker), an anarchist-union organization which had branches throughout Mexico. Socialist schooling methods, based on "scientific" principals had been brought to Mexico at this time from Spain. Torres and the teachers she worked with became increasingly radicalized and favored the rational Spanish method over the Catholic parochial schools.
150:, to Macedonio Torres and Francisca Cuéllar. She graduated from the public schools and attended night classes at the Guanajuato State Normal School, working at the mine hospital during the day. Studying accounting, typing and drawing, Torres graduated in 1912 and became principal of the Normal School. She also taught at the
217:
with a delegation of
Mexican women. She was elected the association's vice-president for North America. In 1923, she went on to establish the Mexican chapter of the Pan-American Association for the Advancement of Women in Mexico City as well as Mexico's Women's Congress where she played a leading
138:. In 1919, she founded the Mexican Feminist Council campaigning for better social and economic conditions for women as well as the right to vote. She devoted considerable efforts to improving education in Mexico, especially by facilitating the training of primary school teachers in rural areas.
240:
and returned to Mexico in 1926. Originally, she was assigned back to the rural teaching mission project but on 17 May 1926 she was appointed chief professor of the
Faculty of Letters at the Higher Normal School. She lost her post in 1927 due to her criticism of Mexican president
130:(3 June 1893 – 19 October 1970) was a leading Mexican revolutionary, feminist, progressive educator and writer. A member of the communist party, in 1917 she was the only woman to participate on behalf of the Liga Central de Resistencia at the first meeting of the
173:
who provided support for the second feminist congress in
November 1916 at which a wide range of topics were discussed, including employment, education, suffrage, birth control and divorce. Impressed with Torres' performance, Alvarado encouraged her to found a
260:
Torres received an appointment from the
Ministry of Public Education on 1 February 1932 and returned to the rural normal school program. In 1933, in an innovative program she gave
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classes over the radio. The plan was to broadcast the educational programs throughout the country to all the farm village schools. In 1934, Torres was appointed to the
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268:(Corps of Rural Education Technicians) to create a standard curriculum for teaching Home Economics. That same year, she traveled to a regional conference in
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regime, using the pen names of Una
Guanajuatense and Violeta. In 1916, she attended the first National Feminist Congress in
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to talk about rural education in Mexico and visit their educational facilities. A similar trip was made in 1936 to
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in establishing Yucatán's
Socialist Party in which she campaigned for women's rights. In 1919–20, together with
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which supported social rights for women and their right to vote. In 1921, at the Second
Workers' Congress in
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From 1921, Torres played an increasingly important role on the education front under the education minister
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In 1924, Torres was granted an international scholarship to study abroad and she completed her studies at
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in Mérida, the state capital. It was the first such school in Mexico. In 1918, she associated with
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role in settling differences between conservative delegates and feminist radicals from Yucatán.
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Revolution from without : Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880–1924
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Persistencia y cambio: acercamientos a la historia de las mujeres en México
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Elena Torres Cuéllar was born 3 (or 23) June 1893 in
Mineral de Mellado,
530:(Pbk. ed.). Durham: Duke University Press. p. 109–110.
236:. While there she attended the 1925 Pan-American Women's Conference in
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35:
293:
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151:
500:
Guía de los archivos históricos de la
Universidad Iberoamericana
333:
Mitchell, Stephanie
Evaline; Schell, Patience Alexandra (2007).
27:
Mexican revolutionary, feminist, progressive educator and writer
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Torres represented the Mexican Feminist Council at the 1922
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In 1964, Elena Torres published her autobiographical work
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249:. She returned briefly to Mexico in 1928 to campaign for
587:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 98–99.
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Church and State Education in Revolutionary Mexico City
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Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice
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169:. She collaborated with the governor of Yucatán
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714:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
503:. Universidad Iberoamericana. pp. 38–.
257:won the presidency, she returned to the US.
190:, she founded the Mexican Feminist Council (
336:The Women's Revolution in Mexico, 1910-1953
161:From 1909, she wrote articles opposing the
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360:Melgar-Palacios, Lucía (1 January 2008).
272:and in the fall made subsequent trips to
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366:. El Colegio de Mexico AC. p. 172.
339:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32.
320:
557:Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers
230:Columbia University Teachers' College
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497:Iberoamericana, Universidad (1994).
253:'s failed re-election bid, but when
394:(in Spanish). Veracruz Press Online
674:20th-century Mexican women writers
390:Salguero, Nina (17 October 2012).
25:
478:(in Spanish). VeracruzPressOnLine
266:Cuerpo Técnico de Educación Rural
669:Mexican women's rights activists
524:Joseph, Gilbert Michael (1988).
299:Torres died on 19 October 1970.
215:Pan-American Conference of Women
182:'s Third International, joining
641:(in Spanish). Libros de México.
434:"エレナ・トレス―メキシコ革命期のフェミニスト教育家の軌跡―"
689:20th-century Mexican educators
392:"Por la Verdad y la Confianza"
213:, where she also attended the
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581:Schell, Patience A. (2003).
34:, the first or paternal
476:"Por la verdad y confianza"
444:(1). 同志社大学言語文化学会: 121–140.
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608:Miller, Francesca (1991).
192:Consejo Feminista Mexicano
154:Elementary School and the
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560:. ABC-CLIO. p. 712.
554:Rappaport, Helen (2001).
432:松久, 玲子 (25 August 2007).
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684:Mexican feminist writers
188:María del Refugio García
709:Mexican autobiographers
704:Writers from Guanajuato
694:Mexican women educators
156:Casa del Obrero Mundial
635:Torres, Elena (1964).
207:League of Women Voters
184:Felipe Carrillo Puerto
699:Women autobiographers
243:Plutarco Elías Calles
614:. UPNE. p. 58.
128:Elena Torres Cuéllar
81:Mineral de Mellado,
53:Elena Torres Cuéllar
18:Elena Torres Cuéllar
255:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
134:Socialist Party in
679:Mexican feminists
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567:978-1-57607-101-4
510:978-968-859-178-9
373:978-968-12-1365-7
346:978-0-7425-3731-6
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171:Salvador Alvarado
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196:Mexico City
102:Nationality
78:3 June 1893
653:Categories
638:Fragmentos
315:References
309:Fragmentos
274:Costa Rica
163:Porfiriato
148:Guanajuato
110:Occupation
83:Guanajuato
74:1893-06-03
450:1344-1418
290:Venezuela
211:Baltimore
142:Biography
121:1912–1955
482:16 March
455:18 March
398:18 March
247:Missouri
113:Educator
30:In this
278:Ecuador
180:Trotsky
132:Yucatán
105:Mexican
44:Cuéllar
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282:Panama
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136:Mérida
40:Torres
270:Chile
194:) in
152:Silao
616:ISBN
589:ISBN
562:ISBN
532:ISBN
505:ISBN
484:2015
457:2015
446:ISSN
438:言語文化
400:2015
368:ISBN
341:ISBN
286:Peru
90:Died
68:Born
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