201:, by that time civilians, on a tramway in Munich. Drexler helped her out with the fare, since she had no money with her. Through this incident Baur came into contact with "the movement", from then on she attended meetings in the Sterneckerbräu and was soon one of the first members of the DAP and thus the NSDAP (membership number 506). However, in 1923, she apparently left the NSDAP or was expelled from it because she had not paid membership fees.
158:. Mayr's mother died shortly after her birth and her father remarried. When she was five, Mayr moved to Munich with her father and her stepmother, who treated her badly. When she was still a child, she had to work hard. In Munich, Mayr left school aged 14 to work as a handmaid for a midwife. At 19 she gave birth to an illegitimate son named Wilhelm, whom she gave to her stepmother in order to raise him.
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intervened several times when prisoners were being mistreated. In 1943 she was temporarily banned from camp because she allegedly wanted to smuggle letters from prisoners out of the concentration camp. At
Christmas she made little presents to political prisoners, which they even called "Pia-Packerl".
204:
Baur became one of the most visible Nazi figures in Munich in the spring of 1920, and was arrested on 11 March 1920 for "Incitement to class hatred" following a demonstration at a women's rally in Munich, where she injected the women should not insult the police, but rather focus on those who were to
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Baur played a role in the construction and administration of Dachau and, while there is no evidence Baur physically harmed prisoners, she was accused of bullying prisoners, staff and neighbours. Two former prisoners died inexplicably. She was forcing prisoners to work on the renovations of the villa
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Baur was first arrested on war crimes charges in May 1945 but shortly thereafter released due to insufficient evidence. However, the
Americans re-arrested her in July 1945. In August 1949, an investigation was initiated against her for aiding and abetting murder. Regardless of this, a second charge
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The witnesses' testimonies about Baur in the trial were somewhat contradictory. While the majority of witnesses described her character as unpredictable, moody and hysterical, some, on the other hand, called her "our angel in hopeless hours" and "a rare noble and kind woman". She is said to have
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where she was trained as a nurse. She returned to Munich in 1907, and first worked as a private nurse, then for the "Gelbes Kreuz", an association of free nurses. According to Baur, the nurse in charge named her "Sister Pia", probably to give the impression that they were a ministry like the
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Baur applied for a pension and compensation in 1955 (from the files it is unclear whether this was granted). However, she regained her villa in
Oberhaching, where she died aged 95 in 1981. Until her death she held contact to other National Socialists. Baur never renounced National Socialism.
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She appealed and the court reduced the sentence to eight years in 1951. However, she had been already released from prison in 1950 for health reasons. Investigations by the Munich public prosecutor's office were discontinued due to a lack of evidence.
280:. The only woman allowed in Dachau, She had her own work squad of two to four prisoners and had a garage, a shed, a bathhouse and a bunker built. This squad was suspended in 1942 or, according to some witnesses, only in 1944.
311:
labour camp, which was the harshest punishment in the denazification law, as well as the loss of her civil rights and had her personal property confiscated, except for a remaining amount of 1,000 DM.
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727:
287:, groups of prisoners were "reportedly whipped and ordered to do manual labour" at Baur's home, including "cleaning her house, tending her garden and even building children’s toys".
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Baur continued to be active in German politics, giving speeches and organising Nazi-based charitable events. She took part as a medic in the battles of the
Oberland Freikorps in
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was brought against them under the “Law for
Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism” as part of the denazification process. Baur then appeared before a
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In 1908 or 1909 Eleonore Mayr married Ludwig Baur, a mechanical engineer. The marriage ended in divorce after five or six years. Baur served as a nurse during
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called her "the nurse of the Nazi nation") and her role in the nascent Nazi party was well known. Repeatedly she boasted: "There is only one
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After the failed coup on
November 9, 1923, she stayed away from politics for ten years. Throughout the rise of the Nazis and following their
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in 1919. In 1923 she married for the second time, a hotel manager named
Sponseil ten years her junior. This marriage also ended in divorce.
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In 1934, Eleonore Baur was employed by
Heinrich Himmler as a welfare nurse in the Reich Command of the SS, with the privileges of an SS
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239:. Himmler entrusted her with the task to care for after sick SS men and their relatives. This brought her to the hospital nearby the
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Baur gained a reputation in the camp as someone who "requisitioned anything that was not nailed down". From a small nearby camp,
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blame for all the misfortunes, namely the Jews. Her subsequent acquittal made her a hero of the Nazi movement.
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260:, there is only one Adolf Hitler, and there is only one Sister Pia." Known as a fanatical Nazi who hated
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on 9 November 1923, during which she received minor injuries. For this she later received the so-called "
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223:", being one of only two German and 14 Austrian women to be awarded the party's highest decoration.
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What little is known about her life up to 1919 is based on her own testimonies in court hearings.
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in 1933, Baur remained close to the Nazi leadership (accompanying Hitler on picnic trips).
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The United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945
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By the court, Baur was categorised as a major criminal, sentenced to ten years at
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Der Ort des
Terrors – Geschichte der Nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
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Der Ort des Terrors – Geschichte der Nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
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Der Ort des Terrors – Geschichte der Nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
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Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism
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where she was several times present at the cruel hypothermia experiments by
272:, the Blood order, the Silver Medal for Bravery, and the Baltic cross.
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and was wounded during the storming of the Annaberg on May 21, 1921.
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Hitler's Voice: the Völkischer Beobachter, 1920–1933: Volume 2
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She was promoted under the Nazi regime as the ideal Nazi woman (
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481:, "Hitler Escapes Assassins' Plot", 9 November 1939, p.10.
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In German, “Sister” is a common form of address for nurses
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561:"Schwester Pia". Nutznießerin zwischen Opfern und Tätern
124:(7 September 1885 – 18 May 1981), also known as
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Prisoners and detainees of the United States military
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and the only woman known to have participated in the
161:In 1905, she moved together with a nurse friend to
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376:"Hitler-Putsch: Blutschwester Pia, die Nazi-Ikone"
268:, Baur received a number of medals, including the
563:, in: Dachauer Hefte. 10, Täter und Opfer. 1994
423:, "Sentenced to 10 Years", 29 April 1949, p. 1.
728:Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
215:She was the only woman to participate in the
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115:Female bearer of the Blood Order, war crimes
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667:Täterinnen: Frauen im Nationalsozialismus
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345:, "Pioneer Nazi", 2 September 1949, p 1.
524:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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177:troops during their battle against the
588:"The Holocaust Just Got More Shocking"
623:Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (Ed.),
610:Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (Ed.),
572:Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (Ed.),
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357:
355:
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300:court in Munich in September 1949.
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748:Dachau concentration camp personnel
458:. Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG
778:Prisoners and detainees of Germany
738:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
669:(in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag.
627:, Vol. 2, p. 447, C. H. Beck, 2005
614:, Vol. 2, p. 447, C. H. Beck, 2005
576:, Vol. 2, p. 447, C. H. Beck, 2005
550:(Melbourne), 31 August 1949, p. 9.
516:"Dachau subcamp MĂĽnchen-Schwabing"
166:deaconesses or religious sisters.
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723:20th-century Freikorps personnel
586:Lichtblau, Eric (3 March 2013).
773:German prisoners and detainees
1:
128:, was an early member of the
753:German Workers Party members
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665:Kompisch, Kathrin (2008).
150:Eleonore Mayr was born in
768:Nazis convicted of crimes
432:Hastings, pp. 84–5.
241:Dachau concentration camp
276:Hitler had given her in
179:Bavarian Soviet Republic
733:People from Bad Aibling
683:MĂĽhlberger, D. (2004).
647:Oxford University Press
342:The Adelaide Advertiser
687:, Peter Lang: Oxford;
544:Woman Nazi faces court
478:The Lewiston Daily Sun
247:, a doctor of the SS.
173:and then assisted the
788:Women in Nazi Germany
641:Hastings, D. (2010).
270:Silesian Eagle Order
758:German women nurses
258:Frederick the Great
743:Nazi propagandists
496:Dachau Booklets 10
193:In 1919, Baur met
175:Freikorps Oberland
51:Kingdom of Bavaria
693:978-3-906769-72-1
676:978-3-41220-188-3
659:978 0 195390 24 7
559:Hans Holzhaider,
285:MĂĽnchen-Schwabing
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365:Hastings, p. 85.
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217:Beer Hall Putsch
189:Political career
137:Beer Hall Putsch
96:Other names
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43:7 September 1885
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378:. 17 May 2010.
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298:denazification
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291:Post-war trial
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112:Known for
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69:(aged 95)
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16:Nazi official
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635:Bibliography
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595:. Retrieved
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527:. Retrieved
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195:Adolf Hitler
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126:"Sister Pia"
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99:"Sister Pia"
81:West Germany
67:(1981-05-18)
718:1981 deaths
713:1885 births
456:Der Spiegel
278:Oberhaching
253:Der Spiegel
221:Blood Order
181:and in the
171:World War I
152:Bad Aibling
88:Nationality
73:Oberhaching
65:18 May 1981
47:Bad Aibling
707:Categories
597:2013-03-02
548:The Herald
323:References
237:OberfĂĽhrer
143:Early life
130:Nazi Party
104:Occupation
39:1885-09-07
462:28 April
498:, 1994.
309:Rebdorf
210:Silesia
156:Bavaria
77:Bavaria
691:
673:
657:
651:Oxford
529:7 June
134:Munich
91:German
546:, in
266:Poles
163:Cairo
107:Nurse
689:ISBN
671:ISBN
655:ISBN
531:2017
464:2012
264:and
262:Jews
197:and
62:Died
29:Born
709::
653:;
649::
645:,
590:.
522:.
518:.
503:^
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350:^
331:^
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49:,
695:.
679:.
661:.
600:.
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37:(
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