Electoral Count Act - Knowledge (XXG)

1745: 1576:" standards and the state's governor properly submitted one set of electoral votes, the Act stated that this "final" determination "shall govern." However, making or use of "any false writing or document" in the implementation of this procedure was a felony punishable by 5 years imprisonment by 18 U.S. Code 1001 under Chapter 47 Fraud and False Statements. The Act thus relegated Congress to resolving only a narrow class of disputes, such as if a governor had certified two different slates of electors or if a state failed to certify its results under the Act's procedures. Congress could also reject votes under the Act for other specific defects, such as ministerial error, if an elector or candidate was ineligible for office, or if the electoral college votes were not "regularly given." 1984:, alleging that Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin violated both various federal and state laws by changing their election procedures in the run-up to the election. Numerous parties and states filed either in support of Texas or opposing it. Attorneys general of 20 states, two territories, the District of Columbia, and other various parties (only states and the District have voting electors) filed an opposing motion to dismiss the Texas lawsuit. Attorneys general from 18 states, members of defendant state legislatures, and other various parties filed in support of Texas; six of those states filed to join the lawsuit. The attorneys general of 2273: 40: 2069:, which identifies the electors appointed by the state and the votes they received, as well as the names of all other candidates for elector and the votes they received. The electors that are being appointed are determined "under and in pursuance of the laws of such State providing for such ascertainment." The name of the presidential candidate and vice-presidential candidate do not need to appear on the certificate; neither do the number of votes. The certificates only need to state the names of the slate of electors. Each state is free to choose the appearance and layout of the certificate. The 2459: 2328: 2450:) states that the joint session cannot be dissolved "until the count of electoral votes shall be completed and the result declared." No recess can be taken "unless a question shall have arisen in regard to counting any such votes, or otherwise under ," in which case either House, acting separately, can recess itself until 10:00 am the next day (Sunday excepted). But if the counting of the electoral votes and the declaration of the result have not been completed before the fifth calendar day after the joint session began, "no further or other recess shall be taken by either House." 2470:– and that the Senate president must "open all the certificates" in the presence of both houses. However, the sitting vice president is sometimes a candidate for president in the election, is often a candidate for re-election to the vice presidency, and is almost always a partisan with a keen interest in the outcome. Recognizing this, one key purpose of the Electoral Count Act's procedural provisions is "to drain away as much power as possible from the Senate president, whom the appoints to preside at the joint session when Congress counts the votes." 5566: 216: 2439:) states that whenever the two Houses have separated "to decide upon an objection ... or other question arising in the matter," each senator and representative may "speak to such objection or question" for five minutes, and not more than once. After the debate has lasted two hours, the presiding officer of each House must "put the main question without further debate." Once the two houses have both voted, "they shall immediately again meet, and the presiding officer shall then announce the decision of the questions submitted." 283: 2522:), upon reading of "any certificate or paper, the president of the Senate shall call for objections, if any." Every objection must be made in writing, and must "state clearly and concisely, and without argument," the ground for the objection. It must be signed by at least one senator and one member of the House of Representatives before the objection can be received. Once all objections to any vote or paper from a state have been received and read, the Senate withdraws and the two houses consider the objections separately. 2281:

members of Congress have been chosen to serve as electors, in violation of Article II which states that "no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector." OFR has retrieved certificates from a variety of places, "rummaged through mailbags" on Christmas Eve, called on state police to help find electors who forgot to sign the Certificate of Vote, etc., to correct problems before Congress meets to count the votes.

2541:) applies or not. Since safe harbor determinations are supposed to be "conclusive," there is some tension between the provisions since Section 4 still allows for Congress to reject a state's votes. One commentator finds the conflict "more apparent than real," arguing that Section 4 only allows for rejection of safe-harbor electoral votes in cases involving "the electors' post-ascertainment conduct" and to "constitutional infirmities in their status as electors or in the votes they cast." 2386:. The president of the Senate must open all the "certificates" and "papers purporting to be certificates" of the electoral votes, and hand them to the four tellers as they are opened. The certificates and papers must be "opened, presented, and acted upon in the alphabetical order of the States, beginning with the letter A." The tellers, "having read the in the presence and hearing of the two Houses," must "make a list of the votes as they shall appear from the ... certificates." 5559: 2863:

sufficient declaration of the persons, if any, elected President and Vice-President of the United States." An earlier version of the bill would have required the Senate president to announce "the names of persons, if any, elected," but the phrase was stricken with the Conference Report explaining that the reason for the change was "to prevent the President from doing more than announcing the state of the vote as ascertained and delivered to him by the tellers...."

2770:, who introduced the tiebreaker as a floor amendment, mentions it only in the context of the third scenario where there is no safe harbor determination. Senator Hoar stated that "if the amendment which I have proposed shall be adopted no case can arise under this bill of rejecting the vote of any State except in the single case of dual State governments," seemingly referring to the second scenario above. Hoar said the bill tells a State: "Appoint your own 288: 1432: 2252:. The law requires the Archivist to preserve the certificates for one year, make them "a part of the public records of his office," and make them "open to public inspection." At the first meeting of the new Congress, the Archivist must transmit to both houses "copies in full of each and every such certificate so received." In modern practice, these and other administrative tasks related to the Electoral College are handled by the 1628:) opens the electoral certificates. The act clarified the vice president's limited role in the count. Both houses could overrule the vice president's decision to include or exclude votes, and under the Act even if the chambers disagree, the governor's certification, not the vice president, broke the tie. On many occasions, the vice president has had the duty of finalizing his party's defeat, and his own on some of those occasions. 2888:

disagrees, the Electoral Count Act provides no default rule nor any path forward. Nor can the Senate president play any role in deciding the matter, since his or her role in delivering results is strictly limited by the Act to receiving the tellers' lists and "announc the state of the vote.". The Senate president does not announce "the names of persons elected," since Congress specifically rejected that option as explained above.

2949: 2692:) seeks " Congress away from an open ended search for the proper return, and towards the simpler issues of identifying the state's final determination authority and whether that institution had reached its decision according to the terms and conditions of ." It seeks to "reduce to a minimum the cases where any difference can properly arise." In one sentence of 275 words, the law appears to envision three different scenarios: 2526:

votes if both houses agree that such vote(s) have not been "regularly given" by an individual elector or electors. Under the law, Congress may still reject a state's electors if both houses decide to do so, but only when they determine either that the appointment of electors was not "lawfully certified" by the governor under the ascertainment process, or that the votes themselves were not "regularly given" by the electors.

1444: 5925: 2216:. However, a clause in Section 3 required the governor to deliver certificates of ascertainment to the electors, to be "inclosed and transmitted" by them along with their votes. The electors must now make and sign six certificates of vote, and annex to each one of the list of electors that has been "furnished to them by direction of the governor." These are sent along with the certificates of ascertainment to the 3049:, representing Pence in his official capacity, responded with an argument that the issues raised by the suit should be addressed to the House and Senate, not to the Vice President; not doing so, the department said, represented a "walking legal contradiction" as Gohmert was suing the person whose power he sought to further. In an amicus brief, the House of Representatives concurred. On January 1, 2021, Judge 2050: 2201: 2228:. One of each of the two pairs sent to the Archivist and the secretary of state are designated for public inspection, while the others (and the Chief Judge's copy) are "held subject to the order of the President of the United States Senate". The Archivist must receive the certificates by the fourth Wednesday in December, and may take "extraordinary measures to retrieve duplicate originals" otherwise. 2848:. None of these electors was appointed as an elector by any organ of state government, or certified as electors by their state governors. Moreover, all states except Wisconsin had certified their results by the "safe harbor" deadline, which under the Act is "conclusive." None of those certifications included these alternative electors. Observers, including the conservative 2506:) separates the substantive counting rules primarily in two sentences. The first describes the rule for making objections, and includes limits on congressional rejection of votes where "but one return has been received." The second, very lengthy sentence relates to situations where "more than one return or paper purporting to be a return" has been received." 2099: 1580: 2478:"practical joke" were presented to the joint session. Whether the Senate president can be required to present or not present any particular paper is an open question, but one commentator argues that concurrent action by both houses would settle the matter while disagreement between the houses would see the Senate president's decision upheld. 2077:

day and copies must be delivered to the electors on or before the day on which they are required to meet and cast their votes. Details of the processing of the completed certificates varies between elections but, generally, sets of certificates must be sent to various state and federal officials including, by registered mail, to the

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votes not to be the lawful votes of the legally appointed electors of such State." Read in isolation, it would mean that one return can be counted as the true return if both houses agree it complies with state law, unless both houses further agree the votes themselves were not "regularly given" by the electors.

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and all votes from a state that appointed 20 electors are rejected, a majority could either remain as 270 votes out of 538, or be reduced to 260 votes out of 518. Historical precedent is split, and in those previous cases where a state's electors were rejected or considered for rejection (for example,

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L. Kinvin Wroth, writing in 1960, stated that the tiebreaker only applies to the third scenario, in which there has been no safe harbor determination by state authorities. Thus, in the second scenario where two returns claiming the safe harbor are received, "f the Houses cannot agree ... no vote from

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This provision of the law was designed to resolve the significant question in the nineteenth century regarding the proper role of Congress in reviewing controversies about which electors a state had appointed. It has been described as reflecting a balance between giving Congress unfettered ability to

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the certificates," which the Act further describes as "all the certificates and papers purporting to be certificates." In doing so, the goal of the Act "was to reduce the Senate President's discretionary power as gatekeeper to the absolute minimum...." Indeed, in one case from 1889, papers sent as a

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also provides that "if there shall have been any final determination in a state in the manner provided for by law of a controversy or contest," then the governor must, "as soon as practicable after such determination," communicate, "under the seal of the State ... a certificate of such determination

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The certificate must be issued "as soon as practicable after the conclusion of the appointment of electors in State by the final ascertainment, under and in pursuance of the laws of such State providing for such ascertainment ...." The certificates must be prepared as soon as possible after election

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filed neutral motions noting that the United States Supreme Court has a duty to rule on the matter however both expressed no further opinion. The Defendant state attorneys general argued that their claims are incorrect and would disenfranchise voters, while Plaintiffs argued that their mishandling of

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has provided for final determination of contests or controversies by a law made prior to Election Day, that determination shall be conclusive if made at least six days prior to said time of meeting of the electors." In addition, since the section "contains a principle of federal law that would assure

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stated "the state legislature's power to select the manner for appointing electors is plenary; it may, if it so chooses, select the electors itself, which indeed was the manner used by state legislatures in several States for many years after the framing of our Constitution. ... The State, of course,

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The drafting of the act involved large amounts of passionate debate over many of its provisions. The primary questions debated were the "relative balance of power between federal and state authority concerning the counting of electoral votes" and the "distribution of congressional oversight across...

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On January 6, 2021, the plaintiffs (acting as applicants) petitioned Justice Alito for an administrative stay, which was referred to the full court. The applicants asked that the court direct the vice president to refrain from invoking the dispute-resolution provisions of the ECA, pending resolution

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a state's electoral vote, or chooses not to count any of multiple competing returns, "the effect that decision has on the denominator that determines whether a candidate has more than fifty percent of the electoral vote is an entirely open issue." For example, if there are currently 538 total votes,

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that based on punctuation, the tiebreaker provision should be read "as relating to the entire preceding sentence, not just to the clause after the final semicolon." Siegel viewed the main purpose of amendments that led to the tiebreaker being added as being to "respond to congressmen concerned about

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If there are any objections to the returns from any state (see Substantive counting rules below), they must be resolved before the process can continue to the next state: "No votes or papers from any other State shall be acted upon until the objections previously made to the votes or papers from any

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contacted OFR seeking to learn the technical process to revoke the ascertainment of electors certified by the secretary of state, and replace it with a new set of electors to be appointed directly by the Legislature under Article II of the Constitution. OFR advised that while there was no precedent

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Siegel also argues that if the two Houses disagree about whether a return claiming the safe harbor has actually satisfied the safe harbor requirements, the Wroth-Maskell reading would prevent them from counting any other return. That is, "a return that claims (safe harbor) status may not trump all,

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If there has been "no such determination of the question in the State aforesaid," votes will only be counted that the two houses concurrently decide were cast by "lawful electors appointed in accordance with the laws of the State," unless the two Houses, acting separately, concurrently decide "such

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In case the question arises "which of two or more ... State authorities determining what electors have been appointed, as mentioned in , is the lawful tribunal of such State," then votes "regularly given" will only be counted from electors that the two houses, acting separately, concurrently decide

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If more than one return, or paper purporting to be a return, from a state is received by the president of the Senate, then the only votes to be counted are those that have been "regularly given" by those electors (or their validly-appointed successors) who are shown by the "determination" mentioned

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The phrase "regularly given" is generally understood as referring to issues regarding an elector's actual vote, rather than whether the elector has been properly appointed. It could include, for example, situations where an elector cast a particular vote because of bribery or corruption, or mistake

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There are "more than a few things that can go wrong." OFR attorneys must sometimes track down "bewildered bureaucrats" surprised to learn of their duties, with some state officials even claiming that their state has "abolished" the Electoral College. In some instances, federal officials including

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that provides for a "final determination" of such disputes by "judicial or other methods or procedures," and such "determination" is made "at least six days before the time fixed for the meeting of electors." Such determination "shall be conclusive, and shall govern in the counting of the electoral

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Senate and Democratic House with minor concessions to the Democratic position as "a compromise measure in an atmosphere relatively free of partisan pressures" on February 4, 1887. Under the law, while Congress "claimed full power to validate votes, its role was limited to cases in which a state had

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appointed, or is there power to determine the correctness of the state authority's declaration and to examine the validity of the acts of the electors? Thirdly, whatever the scope of the power, how is the evidence necessary to a decision to be presented, and by what means is the decision to be made?

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The Act aimed to minimize congressional involvement in election disputes, instead placing the primary responsibility to resolve disputes upon the states. The Act set out procedures and deadlines for the states to follow in resolving disputes, certifying results, and sending the results to Congress.

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Election of the President: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments...89-2 and 90-1, on S. J. Res. 4, 7, 11, 12, 28, 58, 62, 138, and 139, in the 89th. and S.J. Res. 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 15, 21, 25, 55, 84, and 86, in the 90th, on February 28; March 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1966; May 16,

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in counting electoral votes? More generally: What gives the joint convention the power to judge the validity of electoral votes? The counting function seems to be arithmetic and ministerial. If the joint convention could judge electoral votes, it could reject enough votes to thwart the electors'

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A future joint session "might be called upon to address the effect of this situation" without clear precedents. While Congress would likely be able to decide the issue by a vote of both houses during a future session, if one house finds that a candidate has achieved a majority and the other house

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However, when considering such objections, Section 4 requires that – assuming "but one return has been received" – no electoral votes from electors whose appointment has been "lawfully certified" under the ascertainment process (see above) can be rejected. The two houses may only reject a vote or

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ruled that a number of procedural motions were out of order by extending the Act's formal requirements for substantive objections – that is, to be presented in writing and signed by both a Representative and a Senator – to procedural questions. This suggests that if procedural motions and appeals

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give the President of the Senate sole power to exercise whatever discretion the count involves, or are the two Houses of Congress the final judge of the validity of votes? Secondly, is the power to count merely the power to enumerate votes given by electors declared by state authority to have been

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One commentator has described situations in which ambiguities under the Electoral Count Act could cause the two houses to disagree about whether the electoral count has been completed, or to disagree about whether a new president has been chosen, and describes a situation where this could lead to

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To be elected by the electoral college, the Constitution requires that a candidate receive "a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed." One early virtue of this wording was that if certain states decided not to participate in the election by failing to appoint any electors, a president

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In the current era, OFR mails information packets to the state governors in the fall of each election year. After the election, OFR attorneys "carefully vet the facial legal sufficiency" of the certificates they have received. If correctable errors are discovered, they try to remedy them before

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Under the original version, the clause appears to apply only in situations where the final determination satisfies the Section 2 "safe harbor." The current version requires a certificate to be sent regardless of whether the safe harbor applies. The difference may be relevant since Section 4 (now

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One conceptual possibility is that this new sentence operates upon the immediately preceding clause, the one concerning what to do when none of multiple returns are claimed to have Safe Harbor status. The other conceptual possibility is that this new sentence operates upon all preceding clauses

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Commentators have differed over the interplay between the governor's "tiebreaker" sentence and the lengthy 275-word sentence that precedes it. There is broad agreement that the tiebreaker must modify the third scenario of multiple returns where none can claim the safe harbor. However, a possible

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describes how electors must meet and cast their votes, it did not foresee multiple competing slates of electoral votes from the same state. To help avoid this problem in future elections, Section 3 of the Electoral Count Act created an "ascertainment" process to help Congress determine who the

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Once the votes have been "ascertained and counted in the manner and according to the rules ... provided" by the Act, "the results ... shall be delivered to the president of the Senate." The Senate president "shall thereupon announce the state of the vote, which announcement shall be deemed a

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deadline. A certification for the Democratic votes was issued when a recount resulted in Kennedy being declared winner by 115 votes. When both Democratic and Republican electoral votes from Hawaii were presented for counting, Vice President Nixon graciously, and saying "without the intent of

1934:, the U.S. Supreme Court observed that the state court had said that "the legislature intended the State's electors to 'participate fully in the federal electoral process,' as provided in 3 U.S.C. § 5." With the deadline (safe harbor) date having arrived, the Court held that because 1707:, which occurs "on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November". After Election Day, the electors chosen in each state must then "meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December", with meetings of electors typically held in each state capital. 2268:

convenes the joint session to count the votes. While this process is not set out in statute, "the logic of the law" leaves it to the Office "to inform the officers of the House and Senate of any irregularities and to coordinate state and federal actions for the final counting of votes."

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This process was used by the state of Florida following the 2000 election when it submitted a "Certificate of Final Determination of Contests Concerning the Appointment of Presidential Electors" that was signed by the governor and secretary of state. As narrated by an attorney in the

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By imposing strict limits on procedures, debate, and recesses, the Electoral Count Act is designed to help Congress achieve an election result before the term of the outgoing president ends. Nevertheless, if no new president (or vice president) has been elected by that time, the

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pored over it for a procedural path to formally end the dispute over Florida's electors. Because federal law did not account for a "re-ascertainment" of electors after a partial recount of votes, we had to devise a new form of document to suit the Court's opinion. The

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including disqualification of provisional ballots, alleged misallocation of voting machines, and disproportionally long waits in poor and predominantly African-American communities. The Senate voted the objection down 1–74; the House voted the objection down 31–267.

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The structure of the Electoral Count Act's procedural provisions generally requires that any questions arising during the counting process be determined by the two houses acting separately, rather than by both houses together on the House floor. Section 5 (now

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This central section of the Electoral Count Act has been significantly criticized. It is a "mammoth section some 814 words in length" that makes for difficult parsing, and "any of its substantive rules are set out in a single sentence that is 275 words long."

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State shall have been finally disposed of." For an objection to be considered and voted on, it must be in writing and made by at least one representative and one senator. This has happened only four times. The first time was in 1969, with an objection to a

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finality of the State's determination if made pursuant to a state law in effect before the election, a legislative wish to take advantage of the 'safe harbor' would counsel against any construction of that Congress might deem to be a change in the law."

2014:, even at the time the bill was enacted, some in Congress doubted whether the Act can bind a future Congress. The district court dismissed the suit for lack of standing on January 1, 2021. The dismissal was upheld by an appeals court panel the next day. 1807:

The Republican Senate passed four versions of the act, in 1878, 1882, 1884, and 1886, before its enactment. The earlier versions all failed in the House of Representatives which was mainly controlled by Democrats, who had a greater sensitivity toward

2884:), it has never determined whether the winning candidate had achieved a majority. "Perhaps because the diversity of strongly held views might imperil the delicate web of compromises supporting the , Congress avoided addressing the issue in the ." 1593:

The central provisions of the law were never seriously tested in a disputed election. Since the bill was enacted, some have doubted whether the Act could bind a future Congress. Since the Constitution gives Congress the power to set its own

1800:, primarily in order to guide electoral disputes in a divided congress, which before the act might have resulted in the disenfranchisement of the state in question or alternatively a unilateral decision by the President of the Senate, the 1942:

procedure in place that would both meet the deadline and comply with due process standards (as identified by the majority), the recounts ordered by the state court would be terminated. This effectively ended the election contest after

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of a petition of a writ of certiorari. On January 7, the application was denied by the court. The entire case became moot because the counting of electoral votes commenced on January 6 and completed in the early morning of January 7.

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This article argues that the Electoral Count Act, specifically 3 U.S.C. § 15, is unconstitutional. The Electoral Count Act violates the text and structure of the Constitution in multiple ways. For example, where is the font of

3951: 2431:) states that "the President of the Senate shall have power to preserve order; and no debate shall be allowed and no question shall be put by the presiding officer except to either House on a motion to withdraw." Section 6 (now 1612:

describing it as "very confused, almost unintelligible." Modern commenters have stated that the law "invites misinterpretation", observing that it is "turgid and repetitious", and that "ts central provisions seem contradictory."

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recused himself from the count. In 2001, 2017 and again in 2021, incumbent vice presidents who were also executive candidates, overruled objections to counting the certificates of votes that were favorable to their opponents.

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report authored by Jack Maskell "embraced Wroth's view of the statute, citing and quoting Wroth's article extensively." Maskell's CRS report also added more arguments based on the legislative history of the Electoral Count Act.

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In 2020, several Republican groups, including some groups of electors slated by the Republican Party and defeated in popular voting, cited the Hawaii precedent and held events naming alternative electors who would vote for

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the election dilutes legal votes with fraudulent votes. The US Supreme Court affirmed that it had jurisdiction over the matter on December 11, 2020, but denied the motion for leave to file a bill of complaint for "lack of

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An act to fix the day for the meeting of the electors of President and Vice-President, and to provide for and regulate the counting of the votes for President and Vice-President, and the decision of questions arising

5279:"Emergency Application To The Honorable Samuel A. Alito As Circuit Justice For The Fifth Circuit For Administrative Stay And Interim Relief Pending Resolution Of A Timely Filed Petition For A Writ Of Certiorari" 1538: 2830:

certified the Republican electors, and they cast Hawaii's three electoral votes for Nixon. When the election was challenged in court, the Democratic electors cast three electoral votes for President-elect

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However, this critical sentence then follows: "But if the two Houses shall disagree in respect of the counting of such votes, then ... the votes of the electors whose appointment has been certified by the

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If there are multiple returns yet only one is compliant with the safe harbor, then the safe harbor return must be counted as the true return, assuming the votes have been "regularly given" by the electors.

1812:. States' rights was a focal point of discussion on the legislation, as there was significant debate over the powers of Congress to determine the validity of electoral votes and set rules for the states. 1675:

on December 29. Simple majorities of a new House and Senate could also set new rules for a subsequent joint session convened to count electoral votes unless constitutional provisions were to be enacted.

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At least one commentator, Vasan Kesavan, has argued at length that the Electoral Count Act is unconstitutional, arguing that the counting scheme must be established by way of constitutional amendment:

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for President in the House of Representatives and for Vice President in the Senate, thereby arrogating to the two Houses of Congress the power to appoint the Nation's two highest executive officers.

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the power of one house of Congress to disenfranchise a state when there were multiple returns." He reads the legislative history differently, and notes that the conference report states as follows:

1784:, the rule provided simply that if any question arose about a state's electoral votes, the affirmative consent of both the House and Senate was required before the state's votes would be counted. 2664:

by pro-Trump protesters. After the crowd was expelled and the Capitol secured, the question was taken up again and the Senate rejected it 6–93 and the House rejected it 121–303. Representative

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is supported by "the decision of such State so authorized by its law." This appears to be Congress' response to the problem of dueling state governments that arose during the election of 1876.

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followed, and again raised the possibility that with no formally established counting procedure in place, partisans in Congress might use the counting process to force a desired result.

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If there are multiple returns yet none can claim the safe harbor, one return can be counted if both houses agree it complies with state law, and were "regularly given" by the electors.

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If two or more returns from a state can claim the safe harbor, then neither will be counted unless both houses agree to count one of them as the true return supported by state law.

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Provide for expedited review, including a three-judge panel with a direct appeal to the Supreme Court, of certain claims related to a state's certificate identifying its electors.

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The general effect of all , and of the bill as report ..., is to provide for the decision of all questions that may arise as to its electoral vote to the State itself, and where,

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In 1865, Congress asserted "total power over the electoral vote" with the adoption of the Twenty-second Joint Rule. Enacted by strong Republican majorities in the wake of the

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and several Arizona Republicans filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court seeking a declaration that the Electoral Count Act was unconstitutional and that Vice President

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to pass the Electoral Count Act? Where does Congress have the power to regulate the manner of presidential election? Where do the Electoral College Clauses provide for

2815:, before the Electoral Count Act was passed. From four states – Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina and Oregon – two sets of returns were transmitted to Washington, D.C. 1663:

made changes to the procedures laid out in the Electoral Count Act, along with adding clarifications on the role of the vice president. The proposal was included in the

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Florida's director of the Division of Elections forwarded that state's Certificate of Final Determination of Electors to Archivist John Carlin on December 14, 2000.

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n December 12, the Supreme Court announced its decision in favor of Governor Bush.... While other lawyers argued over the full meaning of the Court's decision in

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Section 2 does not require a state to make a final determination by that date in order for its electoral votes to ultimately be counted by Congress. Rather, the

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Prohibit state legislatures from declaring a "failed election." They can now move their election only under "extraordinary and catastrophic" circumstances.

3001: 2794:, and such result can only happen when the State shall fail to provide the means for the final and conclusive decision of all controversies as to her vote. 2482: 2481:

The Electoral Count Act's provisions governing debate and procedure, prescribed to be followed by the Senate president as the presiding officer during the

1530: 1468: 1180: 602: 1405: 1400: 5470: 4009: 3902: 2221: 1920: 1884: 1263: 592: 1703:

thereof may direct". All states have been using some form of popular election since 1868. The electors are "appointed" at the national election held on

1410: 2343:), Congress is required to be in session on January 6 following the election to count the votes, although this date can be changed by law. Due to the 1767:

During the nation's first century, at least "three great questions" about the electoral vote counting provisions in the Constitution frequently arose:

5965: 5775: 5097: 3981:"MOTION OF STATES OF MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, SOUTH CAROLINA, AND UTAH TO INTERVENE AND PROPOSED BILL OF COMPLAINT IN INTERVENTION" 3110:

Identify each state's governor as responsible for submitting certificates of ascertainment, unless otherwise specified by state laws or constitutions.

1046: 948: 399: 388: 2073:

ensure that each certificate contains all legally required information, but substantive legal issues must be decided by the Congress and the Courts.

5955: 5713: 5686: 5582: 5528: 2900: 2896: 2881: 2812: 2808: 2599: 1793: 1749: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1223: 1078: 4169: 5730: 5491: 2533:

Notably, this portion of Section 4 applies to all cases where a single return is received, regardless of whether the safe harbor under Section 2 (

1557: 1214: 227: 5189: 3045:

had the full freedom to reject any and all electoral vote certificates unilaterally, with no recourse to appeal by either House of Congress. The

2530:

or fraud. It may also include situations where the elector did not vote in accordance with applicable constitutional and statutory requirements.

5599: 2611: 2383: 1461: 1276: 1245: 1201: 1175: 1115: 1095: 993: 978: 621: 497: 296: 5809: 5215: 3245: 2925: 1664: 1236: 1120: 967: 416: 4574: 5960: 5641: 4874: 1968: 1797: 1337: 337: 2272: 2394:

in North Carolina. The second was on January 6, 2005, with a formal challenge to Ohio's electoral votes. Two objections were made at the

1959:

set a deadline of December 8 (the safe-harbor date for 2020) for Pennsylvania officials to respond to a request to throw out the state's

5804: 5723: 5696: 5592: 2467: 2360: 2312: 2217: 1897:

has stated that the section "creates a 'safe harbor' insofar as congressional consideration of its electoral votes is concerned. If the

1801: 1719: 1621: 1253: 1130: 650: 441: 366: 4950: 4685: 3854: 1395: 1375: 4245: 3175: 3116:

Require Congress to defer to slates of electors submitted by a state's executive pursuant to the judgments of state or federal courts.

3046: 1894: 1609: 1150: 1145: 1100: 788: 670: 513: 505: 253: 175: 3952:"BRIEF OF STATE OF MISSOURI AND 16 OTHER STATES AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE BILL OF COMPLAINT" 1737:, and the term "governor" includes the mayor of the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia appoints electors pursuant to the 1390: 1385: 1380: 5760: 5326: 4629: 4540: 4395: 4324: 4284: 4220: 3740: 3725: 3320: 2701: 2685: 2661: 2534: 2515: 2499: 2443: 2432: 2424: 2364: 2336: 2304: 2241: 2155: 2123: 2111: 2058: 1898: 1841: 1772: 1700: 1522: 1518: 1283: 1258: 1219: 1110: 1053: 1018: 733: 235: 5406: 2792:

for any reason, that fails, then the Houses circumscribe their power to the minimum under any circumstances to disfranchise a State

2315:

shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted."

2191:

submitted this unique final determination to us, and from our procedural point of view, the Florida electoral fight came to an end.

4117: 1848:) gives each state an opportunity to resolve disputes relating to the appointment of electors if a state has enacted a law before 5574: 4769: 3826: 2584:

raised the objection, which was subsequently rejected by each chamber by a vote of 170–228 in the House and 33–58 in the Senate.

2237: 1824: 1329: 1314: 1290: 1205: 1023: 1005: 1000: 5260: 5624: 4977: 4710: 4417: 3917: 3095: 3073:

dismissed the case on January 2, finding, for the same reasons as did the district court, that "no plaintiff has... standing."

2895:

procedure described in the Twelfth Amendment would be used. The House, voting by states, would elect the president as happened

2622: 2593: 2563: 2550:

reject a state's electoral votes vs. deferring to state determinations, which was a significant topic of discussion during the

2458: 1723: 1696: 1690: 1599: 1526: 1510: 1342: 1193: 1135: 1090: 918: 577: 128: 117: 109: 2212:

simply requires the electors to sign, certify, seal, and transmit their votes (now known as the "certificate of vote") to the

5629: 5494: 5463: 5170: 3291: 2759: 2253: 2249: 2183: 2171: 2078: 2070: 1715: 1160: 1155: 655: 635: 458: 424: 5078: 2289:

for such a "do-over," it would "work out a way to follow the Constitution and federal law." The Supreme Court decision in

2065:) requires the governor of each State to prepare seven original copies of a "certificate of ascertainment", each under the 5533: 5502: 2327: 1140: 1125: 843: 248: 203: 5745: 1828:

failed to settle its own disputes and to questions beyond state competence." The act was stewarded through the Senate by

5538: 3671: 3119:

Clarify that the vice president cannot solely determine, accept, reject, or otherwise adjudicate disputes over electors.

2225: 2044: 1849: 1704: 1668: 582: 474: 5352: 3284:"Counting Electoral Votes: An Overview of Procedures at the Joint Session, Including Objections by Members of Congress" 2568:

The first time an objection occurred was in 1969, in response to a faithless elector from North Carolina who voted for

1722:, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the 1415: 5740: 5636: 5614: 5523: 3862: 3058: 2917: 1863: 1820: 1229: 1013: 938: 883: 848: 60: 4917: 3197: 4040:"'Cacophony Of Bogus Claims': Over 25 States And Territories Slam Texas' Supreme Court Lawsuit To Overturn Election" 3406: 2162:) prohibits Congress from rejecting any electors "whose appointment has been lawfully certified to according to ." ( 1579: 2188: 2023: 1497: 923: 828: 93: 5565: 5928: 5765: 5676: 5456: 4792: 4221:"Why certificates of ascertainment are critical in the 2016 presidential election – National Constitution Center" 3411: 3150: 2466:

The Constitution instructs that electoral votes must be sent to the president of the Senate – who is the sitting

2348: 888: 878: 873: 853: 1971:'s suit at the Supreme Court. On December 8, the Supreme Court denied the application for a writ of injunction. 215: 39: 5873: 5821: 5115: 2732: 2665: 2407: 2032: 1989: 953: 803: 718: 243: 4600: 2928:. Notably, Section 1 of the amendment makes clear that the terms of the outgoing president and vice president 3610: 3554: 3429: 3379: 3017:

The prevailing wisdom, in the Supreme Court and elsewhere, is that the Electoral Count Act is constitutional.

1823:

passed a version of the act similar to the ones passed by the Senate previously, which was then enacted by a

3939:

The application for injunctive relief presented to Justice Alito and by him referred to the Court is denied.

3237: 2490:

were made in that manner, they would be allowed and the two houses would have to separate to consider them.

1625: 838: 833: 708: 2022:

During the election of 1876, Congress received electoral votes from multiple slates of electors in several

5816: 4740: 4350: 2414:. In 2022 the requirement was raised to require signatures from one-fifth of the members of each chamber. 2265: 2208:

The electors meet to vote on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December. As noted above, the

1545: 1319: 928: 893: 798: 773: 274: 266: 4712:

Press Release of Senator Boxer: Statement On Her Objection To The Certification Of Ohio's Electoral Votes

4889:"Trump Campaign Assembling Alternate Electors In Key States In Far-Fetched Attempt To Overturn Election" 4793:"Preparing for a Disputed Presidential Election: An Exercise in Election Risk Assessment and Management" 4453: 2614: 2356: 1985: 1980: 1925: 913: 863: 818: 808: 793: 783: 768: 748: 723: 713: 703: 560: 282: 3698: 2758:

the state in question is counted. This result follows regardless of the governor's action." In 2001, a

5171:"Pence asks judge to reject Gohmert lawsuit asking the VP to interfere in the Electoral College count" 2134:

Old version: "if there shall have been any final determination in a State of a controversy or contest

5855: 5770: 5505: 5380: 4857: 2379: 1734: 1436: 933: 908: 813: 753: 728: 698: 688: 358: 5558: 5295: 5098:"Congressman, other Republicans sue Vice President Pence in last-ditch effort to overturn Biden win" 4143: 4089: 4060: 3931: 2753:

involving multiple returns, both when none claim Safe Harbor status and when more than one so claim.

4369: 3342: 3006: 2892: 2767: 2285: 1829: 1756: 868: 823: 763: 738: 693: 2778:

do it, we shall assume that you desire that the certificate of your governor shall determine it."

2008:

full authority to declare which slate of electors would be accepted by Congress. According to the

5885: 4458: 4434: 4374: 3480: 3384: 3338:"Opinion | It's over. When the electoral college announces Biden's win, Republicans must move on" 2551: 2375: 1915: 1781: 1063: 898: 778: 743: 2577: 5381:"Pence reminds Republicans that he lacked the authority to reject electoral votes on January 6" 5243: 2081:. The Archivist will transmit sets to the House and Senate before the Electoral College meets. 5907: 5900: 5861: 5837: 5661: 5646: 5433: 4925: 3772: 3618: 3584: 3472: 3347: 3259: 3251: 3241: 2985: 2406:, and on January 7, an objection was made to Pennsylvania's electoral votes by Representative 2391: 2352: 1880: 1809: 1714:, ratified in 1804, requires the electors to "make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 1573: 1553: 1073: 943: 903: 858: 758: 660: 555: 4840:

The Presidential Election and Transition, 1960–1961: Brookings Lectures and Additional Papers

4556: 2676:

with the result that the objection was rejected 7–92 in the Senate and 138–282 in the House.

2130:

differs substantively from the original clause in Section 3 of the 1887 law, as shown below:

1853:

votes ... so far as the ascertainment of the electors appointed by such State is concerned."

1699:. The Constitution gives each state the power to appoint its electors "in such Manner as the 5914: 5849: 5703: 5666: 5548: 5479: 5362: 4677: 4426: 3464: 2827: 2359:

at "1 o'clock in the afternoon" on January 6, and the president of the Senate – the sitting

1939: 665: 287: 152: 2473:

As the custodian for papers, the Senate president is required by the Constitution to "open

2398:. On January 6, 2021, an objection was made to Arizona's electoral votes by Representative 17: 5656: 4601:"Senators reach deal to clarify 1887 law at center of Jan. 6 attempt to overturn election" 3855:"Safe at Any Speed: Legislative Intent, the Electoral Count Act of 1887, and Bush v. Gore" 3675: 3227: 3167: 3099: 3050: 2850: 2832: 2799:

but it does forestall all," which Siegel argues is not what Congress could have intended.

2351:

is conducted by the new Congress whose term begins on January 3, rather than the outgoing

2010: 1928:, asking it to consider the implications of this section and the "safe harbor." Later, in 1448: 1068: 550: 533: 523: 466: 402: 329: 5750: 4481: 2854:, described these electors as "extralegal," "bizarro," and "hav no actual significance." 5004:"'Kraken' Lawyers Astonish Legal Experts by Blaming Filing Error on Supreme Court Clerk" 5879: 5843: 5791: 5755: 3054: 2932:

end on January 20 at noon; they cannot be extended except by constitutional amendment.

2569: 1994: 1960: 1633: 1367: 1294: 4010:"MOTION FOR LEAVE TO FILE AND BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE OHIO IN SUPPORT OF NEITHER PARTY" 2948: 1443: 5944: 5867: 5735: 4706: 3091: 3038: 2997: 2989: 2840:

establishing a precedent", permitted the Democratic votes for Kennedy to be counted.

2823: 2603: 2581: 2573: 2411: 2204:

The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland's delegation to the Electoral College

2001: 1629: 449: 391: 369: 318: 5052:"Louie Gohmert sues Pence in far-fetched bid to overturn election results on Jan. 6" 4716: 3643: 2049: 1726:, directed to the President of the Senate". It also specifies, as did the clause in 3883: 3796: 2993: 2845: 2673: 2291: 2200: 1956: 1930: 1888: 1858: 1604: 545: 528: 516: 380: 307: 184: 2102: 1695:

The president and vice president of the United States are formally elected by the

1506: 102: 5437: 4838: 4575:"WATCH LIVE: Joint Session of Congress for Counting of Electoral College Ballots" 3122:

Raise objection threshold from one member of each chamber to 20% of each chamber.

2708:("safe harbor") to have been appointed, assuming the determination has been made. 2103:

2020 Presidential Election Certificates of Vote and Certificates of Ascertainment

5708: 2669: 1645: 538: 4815:

Counting Electoral Votes in Congress: Multiple Lists of Electors from One State

4633: 4544: 4328: 2689: 2660:. The two houses withdrew and debated the objection, but were evacuated during 2519: 2503: 2447: 2436: 2428: 2368: 2340: 2308: 2159: 5190:"Pence, House Seek to Dismiss GOP Suit Aimed at Letting Him Overturn Election" 4399: 4288: 4246:"The 2020 Presidential Election: Provisions of the Constitution and U.S. Code" 3744: 3729: 3324: 3042: 2782: 2705: 2649: 2607: 2538: 2399: 2245: 2127: 2115: 2062: 2005: 1975: 1845: 1653: 1637: 4929: 4503: 3699:"Biden signs $ 1.7 trillion government spending bill into law | CNN Politics" 3622: 3588: 3476: 3351: 3263: 2684:

In cases where multiple returns have been submitted from a state, Section 4 (

5671: 5366: 4090:"Rep. Gohmert Sues Pence in Last-Ditch Attempt to Overturn Election Results" 3233:

Ballot battles : the history of disputed elections in the United States

2771: 1672: 1649: 432: 3283: 3094:, acting as chairman of the joint session counting electoral votes for the 1656:

all notably presided over counts that handed them, or their party, a loss.

1583:

The counting of ballots under the act made the cover of the first issue of

5079:"Gohmert suit may force Pence's hand in effort to overturn Trump's defeat" 4645: 3555:"The Conscientious Congressman's Guide to the Electoral Count Act of 1887" 3430:"The Conscientious Congressman's Guide to the Electoral Count Act of 1887" 3231: 2141:

New version: "if there shall have been any final determination in a State

1661:

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022

1602:, the law's timing provisions did play a role in court decisions, such as 169:

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022

5543: 3648: 2653: 2403: 1585: 1521:) is a United States federal law that added to procedures set out in the 4918:"No, there aren't 'alternate electors' who can vote for President Trump" 3932:"ORDER IN PENDING CASE 20A98 KELLY, MIKE, ET AL. V. PENNSYLVANIA, ET AL" 3380:

The Conscientious Congressman's Guide to the Electoral Count Act of 1887

5311:

Lesavan, Vasan (2002). "Is the Electoral Count Act Unconstitutional?".

3485: 3452: 2657: 2486: 1944: 1935: 1641: 1514: 132: 121: 4978:"Electoral College Rejects Trump Coup and Confirms Biden as President" 4438: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 2236:

Section 3 originally required the transmission of certificates to the

2147:

concerning the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State

5353:"Trump Electoral college win certified despite Democratic objections" 4557:"CNN.com – Bush carries Electoral College after delay – Jan 6, 2005" 3468: 5448: 4430: 4370:"Here's What Will Happen Between Election Day and Inauguration Day" 3611:"Can Congress Overturn the Electoral College Results? Probably Not" 2621:

in filing a congressional objection to the certification of Ohio's

5351:

Theodore Schleifer; Deirdre Walsh; Ted Barrett (January 6, 2017).

3255: 2872:

could still be elected by a majority of those who were appointed.

2656:

filed an objection to the certification of the electoral votes of

1539:

Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act

4875:

What the 1960 Hawaii Presidential Election Meant for Bush v. Gore

4454:"The Electoral College Is Voting Tomorrow. Here's What to Expect" 2744:

ambiguity involves the second scenario in which multiple returns

2646:

attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election

2004:

filed a suit in US District Court seeking to give Vice President

1560:

was unable to resolve the deadlock for weeks. Close elections in

5220: 4877:." Point of Order. January 4, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2020. 3098:, made a ruling allowing late-filed votes against him. In 1969, 3037:

required to take place on January 6, 2021, Texas Representative

2618: 2331:

Electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress, 2017

1357: 5452: 4170:"Appeals court dismisses Gohmert's election suit against Pence" 5357: 5244:"Decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, Jan. 2, 2021" 4646:"Muskie archive CONGRESSIONAL RECORD – SENATE January 6, 1969" 4605: 4482:"The Electoral College: A 2020 Presidential Election Timeline" 3644:"House passes the $ 1.7tn US spending bill. But what's in it?" 3033:

On December 27, 2020, seeking to change results expected from

2943: 1533:. In its unamended form, it last governed at the time of the 1362: 5145:"East Texas judge sets deadline for Pence in Gohmert lawsuit" 5216:"Federal judge dismisses Gohmert's lawsuit against VP Pence" 3577:"EXPLAINER: How Congress will count Electoral College votes" 2899:, and the Senate would elect the vice president as happened 214: 3797:

Roles and Responsibilities in the Electoral College Process

2891:

If no candidate is determined to have a majority, then the

2826:

won the popular vote by a narrow 141 vote margin: Governor

2371:) specifies the seating arrangements in the House chamber. 27:

United States law governing the counting of electoral votes

2648:

leading up to congressional certification, Representative

1792:

The act was proposed soon after the extremely contentious

4118:"Alternative Pro-Trump Slates of Electors Are a Dead End" 1733:

In discussions of the law, the term "state" includes the

1608:. The law has been criticized since it was enacted, with 5440:

17, 18; July 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 25; August 23, 1967

4452:

Grullón Paz, Isabella; Lerer, Lisa (December 13, 2020).

3937:. Supreme Court of the United States. December 8, 2020. 3896: 3894: 2960: 2774:

in your own fashion to determine this question; if you

1867:

after granting the franchise in the special context of

1816:

the two chambers... and within the federal judiciary."

4916:

Corasaniti, Nick; Rutenberg, Jim (December 15, 2020).

3853:

Schickler, Eric; Bimes, Terri; Mickey, Robert (2000).

3151:"49 Congressional Record, Vol. -1805, Page 1887 (373)" 3000:(of 1887) the authority to bind future Congresses and 2119:

in form and manner as the same shall have been made."

1537:. The Act has since been substantially amended by the 4225:

National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org

2031:

state's valid electors are, including a role for the

4196:"The Certificate Of Ascertainment Records Each Vote" 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 2462:

Biden presiding over the 2017 electoral college vote

5830: 5784: 5573: 5516: 4951:"Tuesday's safe harbor deadline is boost for Biden" 4827:

18 Cong. Rec. 668 (1886) (emphasis added by Siegel)

2672:later filed an objection to the electoral votes of 2091: 174: 162: 139: 108: 89: 84: 66: 55: 46: 4772:(statement of Sen. George Hoar) (February 1, 1886) 4351:"The Electoral College: A Message from the 'Dean'" 1498: 94: 5327:"The Deadline That Could Hand Trump the Election" 4864:. November 18, 2000. Retrieved December 19, 2020. 4765: 4763: 4761: 4741:"Counting of electoral votes (January 6-7, 2021)" 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 613:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 4671: 4669: 4667: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3053:dismissed the case saying all of the plaintiffs 1871:, can take back the power to appoint electors." 4735: 4733: 4415:G. (June 1950). "Electoral College Procedure". 3015: 2981: 2788: 2750: 2640:2021 United States Electoral College vote count 2396:2021 United States Electoral College vote count 2176: 1769: 1535:2021 United States Electoral College vote count 4808: 4806: 4357:. Vol. 40, no. 3. National Archives. 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3407:"Is the Electoral Count Act Unconstitutional?" 1552:, in which several states submitted competing 5464: 5261:"Search – Supreme Court of the United States" 3918:"Search – Supreme Court of the United States" 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3424: 3422: 2735:, under the seal thereof, shall be counted." 1469: 8: 5652:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4678:"Bush carries Electoral College after delay" 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4257:National Archives and Records Administration 4215: 4213: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3198:"The Origins of the 1887 Election Count Act" 2996:in counting electoral votes? What gives the 2258:National Archives and Records Administration 1974:On December 7, 2020, Texas Attorney General 1671:. The bill was signed into law by President 1667:, which passed during the final days of the 32: 4852: 4850: 2000:On December 27, 2020, Texas Representative 1955:On December 3, 2020, Supreme Court Justice 5951:United States federal election legislation 5471: 5457: 5449: 5434:"Election Contests and the Electoral Vote" 5325:Dovere, Edward-Isaac (September 9, 2020). 5188:Jess Bravin, Sadie Gurman (January 2021). 4320: 4318: 4316: 3903:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 3827:"Election Contests and the Electoral Vote" 2303:Section 4 of the Electoral Count Act (now 2136:as provided for in section two of this act 1921:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 1885:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 1476: 1462: 192: 5443:. United States Senate. pp. 774–794. 4858:Hawaii was the 'Florida' of 1960 election 4625: 4623: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 3484: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 2355:. The Senate and House must meet in the 5529:New York Institute for Special Education 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 3721: 3719: 3282:Rybicki, Elizabeth; Whitaker, L. Paige. 3069:On appeal, the three-judge panel of the 2813:1876 United States presidential election 2807:These provisions were a reaction to the 2600:2004 United States presidential election 2457: 2326: 2271: 2199: 2149:, it shall be the duty of the governor " 2138:, it shall be the duty of the governor " 2053:2012 Oregon Certificate of Ascertainment 2048: 1743: 1578: 5096:Breuninger, Kevin (December 28, 2020). 5037: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3135: 2820:its first presidential election in 1960 2363:– is the presiding officer. Section 7 ( 1947:declined to pursue further litigation. 608:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 598:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 202: 197:This article is part of a series on the 3609:Fandos, Nicholas (December 14, 2020). 2781:In contrast, Stephen A. Siegel argues 2378:must be "previously appointed" by the 2088: 1548:in 1887, ten years after the disputed 31: 4911: 4909: 4843:. Brookings Institution. p. 152. 4797:Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 4480:Neale, Thomas H. (October 22, 2020). 4194:Friedmann, Sarah (November 3, 2016). 4116:McLaughlin, Dan (December 18, 2020). 3920:. Supreme Court of the United States. 3907:, 531 U.S. 70 (2000). 3888:, 531 U.S. 98 (2000). 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3697:Carvajal, Nikki (December 29, 2022). 2248:) assigns the relevant duties to the 2224:, and the chief judge of the closest 1924:remanded the election contest to the 1665:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 968:Elections in the District of Columbia 7: 5642:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 5407:"ELECTORAL COUNT REFORM ACT OF 2022" 5143:Wellerman, Zak (December 30, 2020). 4038:Durkee, Alison (December 10, 2020). 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3106:Some of the provisions of the bill: 3057:and therefore the court "is without 2936:competing claims to the presidency. 1836:State determination of controversies 1338:United States and the United Nations 570:Inferior Courts of the United States 5615:Presidential Succession Act of 1886 4688:from the original on April 23, 2009 4524:U.S. Const. art. II § 1 cl. 2. 4368:Astor, Maggie (November 12, 2020). 2468:vice president of the United States 2361:vice president of the United States 2166:Substantive counting rules below.) 2110:If an election had been contested, 1978:filed a suit in the Supreme Court, 442:Vice President of the United States 5077:Cheney, Kyle (December 28, 2020). 5002:Lambe, Jerry (December 18, 2020). 4652:. Bates University. August 5, 2020 4599:Parks, Miles (December 23, 2022). 4425:(2). University of Utah: 214–224. 3196:Koger, Gregory (January 4, 2021). 3176:Office of the Law Revision Counsel 2818:Hawaii became a state in 1959. In 2085:Certificate of final determination 1718:, and of all persons voted for as 1503:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 506:Supreme Court of the United States 99:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 5761:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 5677:Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 4976:Kilgore, Ed (December 14, 2020). 4817:. Congressional Research Service. 4506:. National Archives. May 20, 2019 2284:Following the 2000 election, the 2143:in the manner provided for by law 1523:Constitution of the United States 236:Constitution of the United States 5966:Presidencies of Grover Cleveland 5924: 5923: 5564: 5557: 4676:Ted, Barrett (January 6, 2005), 4484:. Congressional Research Service 4168:Kruzel, John (January 2, 2021). 3453:"The Law of the Electoral Count" 3295:. Congressional Research Service 2947: 2836: 2122:Notably, the relevant clause in 2097: 1963:results, or possibly the entire 1442: 1430: 681:Elections by State and Territory 286: 281: 38: 5956:United States Electoral College 5625:Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 4837:Institution, Brookings (1961). 4418:The Western Political Quarterly 3096:1960 U.S. presidential election 2835:, but cast them later than the 2594:2004 U.S. Presidential Election 2564:1968 U.S. Presidential Election 1755:electoral vote certificate for 1724:government of the United States 1691:United States Electoral College 1600:2000 U.S. presidential election 1343:United Nations Security Council 1246:District of Columbia Government 5724:Democratic National Convention 5697:Democratic National Convention 5630:Interstate Commerce Commission 5593:Democratic National Convention 5495:President of the United States 5296:"Order in Pending Case 20A115" 5196:. Dow Jones & Company, Inc 4253:Office of the Federal Register 3292:Congressional Research Service 3071:Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals 2760:Congressional Research Service 2739:Scope of governor's tiebreaker 2254:Office of the Federal Register 2250:Archivist of the United States 2184:Office of the Federal Register 2172:Office of the Federal Register 2079:Archivist of the United States 2071:Office of the Federal Register 1832:throughout its many versions. 459:United States Attorney General 425:President of the United States 1: 5796:Grover Cleveland High School 5534:1881 Buffalo mayoral election 5315:. Vol. 80. p. 1702. 3783:U.S. Const. art. II § 1. 3415:. Vol. 80. p. 1653. 2220:, the Archivist, the state's 603:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 5539:1882 New York state election 4799:. Vol. 51. p. 309. 4349:White, Michael (Fall 2008). 3833:. Vol. 65. p. 321. 3564:. Vol. 56. p. 541. 3378:Siegel, Stephen A. (2004). " 3086:Clarifications and revisions 2498:The structure of Section 4 ( 2323:Procedures for joint session 2226:United States district court 2145:of a controversy or contest 2045:Certificate of ascertainment 2039:Certificate of ascertainment 1669:117th United States Congress 593:Court of International Trade 5961:49th United States Congress 5741:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 5524:Grover Cleveland Birthplace 3863:Journal of Law and Politics 3575:Jalonick | AP, Mary Clare. 3553:Siegel, Stephen A. (2004). 3457:Political Science Quarterly 3428:Siegel, Stephen A. (2004). 3168:"Positive Law Codification" 3059:subject matter jurisdiction 3035:counting of electoral votes 2918:Presidential Succession Act 2907:Failure to complete process 2809:problem of multiple returns 1864:United States Supreme Court 1572:If a state followed these " 1490:Electoral Count Act of 1887 176:United States Supreme Court 61:49th United States Congress 33:Electoral Count Act of 1887 18:Electoral Count Act of 1887 5982: 5714:1892 presidential election 5687:1888 presidential election 5583:1884 presidential election 2738: 2637: 2591: 2561: 2494:Substantive counting rules 2454:Role of the vice president 2189:Florida Secretary of State 2042: 1878: 1794:1876 presidential election 1688: 1550:1876 presidential election 5895: 5776:National Democratic Party 5766:Venezuelan crisis of 1895 5605:Wedding to Frances Folsom 5555: 5486: 5432:Wroth, Kinvin L. (1968). 5313:North Carolina Law Review 5123:The Ohio State University 5116:"Gohmert et al. v. Pence" 5058:. The Dallas Morning News 5028:18 Cong. Rec. 668 (1886). 4791:Foley, Edward B. (2020). 4061:"Supreme Court Documents" 3825:Wroth, L. Kinvin (1960). 3451:Burgess, John W. (1888). 3412:North Carolina Law Review 3013:However, Kesavan admits: 2096: 1034:List of political parties 182: 167: 144: 37: 5874:Richard Falley Cleveland 5822:Mount Cleveland (Alaska) 5746:Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act 5682:Federal judges appointed 4650:Bates university archive 3672:"Bill Signed: H.R. 2617" 3436:. Vol. 56, pp. 550, 560. 2662:an attack on the Capitol 2384:House of Representatives 1748:Pre-Electoral Count Act 1437:United States portal 949:Northern Mariana Islands 297:House of Representatives 5151:. Longview news-journal 5056:The Dallas Morning News 4504:"The Electoral College" 3405:Kesavan, Vasan (2002). 3388:. Vol. 56, p. 652. 3238:Oxford University Press 3023:Gohmert et al. v. Pence 2875:However, when Congress 2748:claim the safe harbor: 2382:and two tellers by the 2313:President of the Senate 2218:president of the Senate 2214:president of the Senate 1626:President of the Senate 1544:The Act was enacted by 1166:Individualist anarchism 338:Congressional districts 72:; 137 years ago 5817:Cleveland, Mississippi 5497:(1885–1889, 1893–1897) 4862:Honolulu Star-Bulletin 4813:Maskell, Jack (2001). 3019: 3011: 2796: 2755: 2733:executive of the State 2627:alleged irregularities 2463: 2332: 2295:made the matter moot. 2277: 2205: 2193: 2054: 1778: 1759: 1739:Twenty-third Amendment 1590: 1303:Diplomatic missions of 1181:Political polarization 651:Presidential elections 275:United States Congress 219: 5414:Senator Susan Collins 5149:Longview news-journal 5050:Thompson, Elizabeth. 4148:www.courtlistener.com 3795:, National Archives, 2924:would be sworn in as 2766:For example, Senator 2615:Stephanie Tubbs Jones 2461: 2330: 2275: 2232:Role of the Archivist 2203: 2052: 2018:Ascertainment process 1981:Texas v. Pennsylvania 1965:Pennsylvania election 1926:Florida Supreme Court 1912:2000 election recount 1763:Pre-enactment history 1747: 1582: 1531:presidential election 378:President Pro Tempore 218: 70:February 3, 1887 5856:Richard F. Cleveland 5771:Enabling Act of 1889 5637:Tenure of Office Act 5506:Governor of New York 5265:www.supremecourt.gov 4142:Kernodle, Jeremy D. 4096:. December 28, 2020. 4068:www.supremecourt.gov 4017:www.supremecourt.gov 3988:www.supremecourt.gov 3959:www.supremecourt.gov 3831:Dickinson Law Review 3202:Mischiefs of Faction 3007:contingency election 2922:Speaker of the House 2920:would mean that the 2867:Majority of electors 1735:District of Columbia 1525:for the counting of 1517:, later codified at 1307:in the United States 1047:Political ideologies 671:Presidential primary 5908:←Benjamin Harrison→ 5901:← Chester A. Arthur 5888:(great-grandfather) 5731:Second inauguration 5620:Electoral Count Act 5194:Wall Street Journal 4856:Burlingame, Burl. " 4709:(January 6, 2005), 3678:. December 29, 2022 3652:. December 23, 2022 3581:The Washington Post 3343:The Washington Post 2914:Twentieth Amendment 2893:contingent election 2811:encountered in the 2299:Counting procedures 2286:Florida Legislature 2240:. The current law ( 2196:Certificate of vote 1830:George Frisbie Hoar 1798:Hayes-Tilden crisis 1757:Rutherford B. Hayes 1449:Politics portal 1284:Department of State 959:U.S. Virgin Islands 155:on February 3, 1887 140:Legislative history 34: 5915:William McKinley → 5886:Richard Falley Jr. 5600:First inauguration 5177:. January 1, 2021. 4957:. December 8, 2020 4922:The New York Times 4770:17 Cong. Rec. 1019 4459:The New York Times 4375:The New York Times 3615:The New York Times 3562:Florida Law Review 3489:– via JSTOR. 3434:Florida Law Review 3385:Florida Law Review 3047:Justice Department 3005:will or trigger a 2959:. You can help by 2464: 2353:lame-duck Congress 2333: 2278: 2238:Secretary of State 2222:secretary of state 2206: 2055: 1967:in Representative 1916:U.S. Supreme Court 1760: 1610:an early commenter 1591: 1554:slates of electors 1519:Title 3, Chapter 1 1291:Secretary of State 661:Off-year elections 643:National Elections 350:Non-voting members 228:Federal government 220: 5938: 5937: 5862:Francis Cleveland 5838:Frances Cleveland 5800:Buffalo, New York 5662:Berlin Conference 5647:Hatch Act of 1887 5224:. January 2, 2021 4873:Stern, Michael. " 4355:Prologue Magazine 4144:"FINAL JUDGEMENT" 3773:U.S. Constitution 3336:Foley, Edward B. 3247:978-0-19-023528-4 3002:joint conventions 2977: 2976: 2940:Constitutionality 2822:, Vice President 2623:Electoral College 2576:. Representative 2514:Under Section 4 ( 2392:faithless elector 2335:Under Section 4 ( 2256:(OFR) within the 2210:Twelfth Amendment 2108: 2107: 2067:seal of the state 2028:Twelfth Amendment 1899:state legislature 1881:Safe harbor (law) 1856:In the ruling of 1712:Twelfth Amendment 1697:Electoral College 1685:Electoral College 1618:Twelfth Amendment 1486: 1485: 1325:Visa requirements 1277:Foreign relations 1176:Political culture 1116:Constitutionalism 994:Political parties 979:List of Elections 666:Primary elections 656:Midterm elections 578:Courts of appeals 206: 191: 190: 111:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 5973: 5927: 5926: 5850:Esther Cleveland 5704:Murchison letter 5568: 5561: 5549:Westland Mansion 5509: 5498: 5480:Grover Cleveland 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5444: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4887:Durkee, Alison. 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4715:, archived from 4703: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4673: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4642: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4346: 4331: 4322: 4291: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4250: 4242: 4229: 4228: 4217: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4113: 4098: 4097: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3868: 3867: 3859: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3822: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3775: 3766: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3448: 3437: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3288: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3224: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3172:uscode.house.gov 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3065:Court of Appeals 2972: 2969: 2951: 2944: 2926:acting president 2680:Multiple returns 2101: 2100: 2089: 1821:Democratic House 1771:First, does the 1596:procedural rules 1558:divided Congress 1504: 1500: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1447: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1254:District Council 1237:Local government 1121:Environmentalism 485:Executive Office 480:Federal agencies 290: 285: 205:Politics of the 204: 193: 163:Major amendments 153:Grover Cleveland 112: 100: 96: 80: 78: 73: 42: 35: 21: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5891: 5870:(granddaughter) 5826: 5780: 5657:Texas Seed Bill 5569: 5563: 5562: 5553: 5512: 5501: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5425:Further reading 5422: 5421: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5387:. June 24, 2021 5385:www.cbsnews.com 5379: 5378: 5374: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5040:, p. 1660. 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5010:. 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Kennedy 2805: 2741: 2682: 2642: 2636: 2596: 2590: 2566: 2560: 2547: 2512: 2496: 2456: 2442:Section 7 (now 2420: 2325: 2301: 2234: 2198: 2098: 2087: 2057:Section 3 (now 2047: 2041: 2024:Southern states 2020: 2011:National Review 1953: 1938:did not have a 1908: 1891: 1877: 1840:Section 2 (now 1838: 1790: 1765: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1527:electoral votes 1502: 1482: 1453: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1372: 1354: 1334: 1315:Nationality law 1311: 1299: 1279: 1269: 1268: 1241: 1196: 1186: 1185: 1172: 1107: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1010: 996: 986: 985: 973: 963: 685: 677: 647: 638: 628: 627: 622:Other tribunals 617: 583:District courts 565: 500: 490: 489: 471: 467:Merrick Garland 419: 409: 408: 403:Mitch McConnell 400:Minority Leader 389:Majority Leader 354: 330:Hakeem Jeffries 327:Minority Leader 316:Majority Leader 292: 269: 259: 258: 230: 207: 158: 149:Signed into law 110: 98: 76: 74: 71: 56:Enacted by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5935: 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Boxer 4698: 4663: 4637: 4619: 4591: 4579:www.c-span.org 4566: 4548: 4526: 4517: 4495: 4472: 4444: 4431:10.2307/443484 4403: 4388: 4360: 4332: 4292: 4270: 4230: 4209: 4186: 4160: 4134: 4099: 4094:news.yahoo.com 4081: 4052: 4030: 4001: 3972: 3943: 3923: 3909: 3890: 3869: 3836: 3800: 3785: 3776: 3769:12th Amendment 3748: 3733: 3715: 3689: 3663: 3635: 3601: 3567: 3492: 3463:(4): 633–653. 3438: 3418: 3390: 3364: 3328: 3306: 3269: 3246: 3214: 3188: 3159: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3066: 3063: 3030: 3029:District Court 3027: 3025: 3020: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2952: 2941: 2938: 2908: 2905: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2856: 2804: 2801: 2740: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2681: 2678: 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2612:Representative 2592:Main article: 2589: 2586: 2570:George Wallace 2562:Main article: 2559: 2556: 2552:Reconstruction 2546: 2543: 2511: 2508: 2495: 2492: 2455: 2452: 2419: 2416: 2345:20th Amendment 2324: 2321: 2300: 2297: 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1105: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084:Traditionalist 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1009: 1008: 1003: 997: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 972: 971: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 939:American Samoa 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:South Carolina 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 849:North Carolina 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 684: 683: 676: 675: 674: 673: 663: 658: 653: 646: 645: 639: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 580: 574: 573: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 520: 519: 510: 509: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 482: 477: 470: 469: 463: 462: 454: 453: 446: 445: 437: 436: 429: 428: 420: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 396: 395: 385: 384: 374: 373: 363: 362: 353: 352: 346: 345: 334: 333: 323: 322: 312: 311: 301: 300: 279: 278: 270: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 231: 226: 225: 222: 221: 211: 210: 200: 199: 189: 188: 180: 179: 172: 171: 165: 164: 160: 159: 157: 156: 145: 142: 141: 137: 136: 114: 106: 105: 91: 87: 86: 82: 81: 68: 64: 63: 57: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5978: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5931: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5868:Philippa Foot 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Panic of 1893 5734: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492:22nd and 24th 5489: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5344: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5236: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5136: 5124: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5070: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5009: 5008:Law and Crime 5005: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4982:Intelligencer 4979: 4972: 4969: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4630:3 U.S.C. 4626: 4624: 4620: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4595: 4592: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4541:3 U.S.C. 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4510:September 12, 4505: 4499: 4496: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4396:3 U.S.C. 4392: 4389: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4325:3 U.S.C. 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4285:3 U.S.C. 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4018: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3960: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3741:3 U.S.C. 3737: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3726:3 U.S.C. 3722: 3720: 3716: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3321:3 U.S.C. 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3228:Foley, Edward 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:Richard Nixon 3085: 3083: 3077:Supreme Court 3076: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055:lack standing 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Louie Gohmert 3036: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998:49th Congress 2995: 2991: 2990:implied power 2987: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2955:This section 2953: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2828:William Quinn 2825: 2824:Richard Nixon 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2702:3 U.S.C. 2698: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2686:3 U.S.C. 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2644:Following on 2641: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625:votes due to 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Barbara Boxer 2601: 2595: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2582:Edmund Muskie 2579: 2575: 2574:Richard Nixon 2571: 2565: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2535:3 U.S.C. 2531: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516:3 U.S.C. 2510:Single return 2509: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500:3 U.S.C. 2493: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2483:joint session 2479: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2444:3 U.S.C. 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433:3 U.S.C. 2430: 2426: 2425:3 U.S.C. 2417: 2415: 2413: 2412:Joshua Hawley 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:3 U.S.C. 2362: 2358: 2357:House Chamber 2354: 2350: 2349:joint session 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:3 U.S.C. 2329: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:3 U.S.C. 2298: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:3 U.S.C. 2239: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2174:at the time: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:3 U.S.C. 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124:3 U.S.C. 2120: 2117: 2113: 2112:3 U.S.C. 2104: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:3 U.S.C. 2051: 2046: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2002:Louis Gohmert 1998: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951:2020 election 1950: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1906:2000 election 1905: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895:Supreme Court 1890: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:3 U.S.C. 1835: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1819:In 1886, the 1817: 1813: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:Richard Nixon 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Latin America 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1151:Republicanism 1149: 1147: 1146:Protectionism 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101:Progressivism 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014:Third parties 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 990: 989: 982: 980: 975: 974: 970: 969: 965: 964: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 924:West Virginia 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 829:New Hampshire 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 789:Massachusetts 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 679: 678: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 640: 637: 632: 631: 624: 623: 619: 618: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 588: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 567: 566: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 514:Chief Justice 512: 511: 508: 507: 503: 502: 499: 494: 493: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 456: 455: 451: 450:Kamala Harris 448: 447: 444: 443: 439: 438: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 413: 412: 404: 401: 398: 397: 393: 392:Chuck Schumer 390: 387: 386: 382: 379: 376: 375: 371: 370:Kamala Harris 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 356: 355: 351: 348: 347: 343: 339: 336: 335: 331: 328: 325: 324: 320: 319:Steve Scalise 317: 314: 313: 309: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 294: 293: 291: 289: 284: 277: 276: 272: 271: 268: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 233: 232: 229: 224: 223: 217: 213: 212: 209: 208:United States 201: 198: 195: 194: 187: 186: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 161: 154: 151:by President 150: 147: 146: 143: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 115: 113: 107: 104: 97: 92: 88: 83: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5922: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5785:Public image 5751:Coxey's Army 5619: 5575:Presidencies 5438: 5413: 5401: 5389:. Retrieved 5384: 5375: 5356: 5346: 5336:December 28, 5334:. Retrieved 5331:The Atlantic 5330: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5290: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5238: 5226:. Retrieved 5219: 5210: 5198:. Retrieved 5193: 5183: 5175:CNN politics 5174: 5165: 5155:December 31, 5153:. Retrieved 5148: 5138: 5128:December 31, 5126:. Retrieved 5122: 5110: 5101: 5091: 5082: 5072: 5062:December 29, 5060:. Retrieved 5055: 5045: 5038:Kesavan 2002 5033: 5024: 5014:December 18, 5012:. Retrieved 5007: 4997: 4987:December 24, 4985:. Retrieved 4981: 4971: 4961:December 31, 4959:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4935:December 24, 4933:. Retrieved 4921: 4898:December 31, 4896:. Retrieved 4892: 4882: 4869: 4861: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4796: 4750:February 12, 4748:. Retrieved 4744: 4721:, retrieved 4717:the original 4711: 4701: 4690:, retrieved 4681: 4656:December 20, 4654:. Retrieved 4649: 4640: 4612:February 27, 4610:. Retrieved 4604: 4594: 4582:. Retrieved 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4498: 4488:November 19, 4486:. Retrieved 4475: 4465:December 14, 4463:. Retrieved 4457: 4447: 4422: 4416: 4406: 4391: 4381:November 19, 4379:. Retrieved 4373: 4363: 4354: 4263:November 19, 4261:. Retrieved 4252: 4224: 4202:November 19, 4200:. Retrieved 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173: 4163: 4151:. Retrieved 4147: 4137: 4127:December 21, 4125:. Retrieved 4121: 4093: 4084: 4074:December 29, 4072:. Retrieved 4067: 4055: 4045:December 10, 4043:. Retrieved 4033: 4023:December 29, 4021:. Retrieved 4016: 4004: 3994:December 29, 3992:. Retrieved 3987: 3975: 3965:December 29, 3963:. Retrieved 3958: 3946: 3938: 3926: 3912: 3901: 3884:Bush v. Gore 3882: 3861: 3830: 3792: 3788: 3779: 3736: 3708:December 30, 3706:. Retrieved 3702: 3692: 3682:December 29, 3680:. Retrieved 3666: 3656:December 23, 3654:. Retrieved 3647: 3638: 3628:December 28, 3626:. Retrieved 3614: 3604: 3594:December 28, 3592:. Retrieved 3580: 3570: 3561: 3460: 3456: 3433: 3410: 3383: 3357:December 28, 3355:. Retrieved 3341: 3331: 3299:December 22, 3297:. Retrieved 3290: 3236:. New York: 3232: 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3191: 3179:. Retrieved 3171: 3162: 3105: 3089: 3080: 3068: 3032: 3022: 3016: 3012: 2994:bicameralism 2982: 2978: 2965: 2961:adding to it 2956: 2934: 2929: 2910: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2849: 2846:Donald Trump 2842: 2817: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2775: 2765: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2729: 2722: 2713: 2696: 2683: 2674:Pennsylvania 2668:and Senator 2652:and Senator 2643: 2597: 2580:and Senator 2578:James O'Hara 2567: 2548: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2513: 2497: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2465: 2441: 2421: 2418:Debate rules 2410:and Senator 2402:and Senator 2388: 2373: 2334: 2317: 2302: 2292:Bush v. Gore 2290: 2283: 2279: 2262: 2235: 2207: 2180:Bush v. Gore 2179: 2177: 2168: 2163: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2121: 2109: 2075: 2056: 2026:. While the 2021: 2009: 1999: 1979: 1973: 1957:Samuel Alito 1954: 1931:Bush v. Gore 1929: 1919: 1909: 1892: 1889:Bush v. Gore 1859:Bush v. 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