757:
for the specific situation. Liquid argon is typically cheaper and can be stored in a greater quantity as opposed to the gas form, which is more expensive and takes up more tank space. If the instrument is in an environment where it gets infrequent use, then buying argon in the gas state will be most appropriate as it will be more than enough to suit smaller run times and gas in the cylinder will remain stable for longer periods of time, whereas liquid argon will suffer loss to the environment due to venting of the tank when stored over extended time frames. However, if the ICP-MS is to be used routinely and is on and running for eight or more hours each day for several days a week, then going with liquid argon will be the most suitable. If there are to be multiple ICP-MS instruments running for long periods of time, then it will most likely be beneficial for the laboratory to install a bulk or micro bulk argon tank which will be maintained by a gas supply company, thus eliminating the need to change out tanks frequently as well as minimizing loss of argon that is left over in each used tank as well as down time for tank changeover.
640:. An ICP-MS may use multiple scan modes, each one striking a different balance between speed and precision. Using the magnet alone to scan is slow, due to hysteresis, but is precise. Electrostatic plates can be used in addition to the magnet to increase the speed, and this, combined with multiple collectors, can allow a scan of every element from Lithium 6 to Uranium Oxide 256 in less than a quarter of a second. For low detection limits, interfering species and high precision, the counting time can increase substantially. The rapid scanning, large dynamic range and large mass range is ideally suited to measuring multiple unknown concentrations and isotope ratios in samples that have had minimal preparation (an advantage over TIMS), for example seawater, urine, and digested whole rock samples. It also lends well to laser ablated rock samples, where the scanning rate is so quick that a real time plot of any number of isotopes is possible. This also allows easy spatial mapping of mineral grains.
902:, and Indium and/or Gallium. The addition of volatile acids allows for the sample to decompose into its gaseous components in the plasma which minimizes the ability for concentrated salts and solvent loads to clog the cones and contaminate the instrument. Depending on the sample type, usually 5 mL of the internal standard is added to a test tube along with 10–500 microliters of sample. This mixture is then vortexed for several seconds or until mixed well and then loaded onto the autosampler tray. For other applications that may involve very viscous samples or samples that have particulate matter, a process known as sample digestion may have to be carried out, before it can be pipetted and analyzed. This adds an extra first step to the above process, and therefore makes the sample prep more lengthy.
651:, ICP-MS instrument consumes prepared sample material and translates it into mass-spectral data. Actual analytical procedure takes some time; after that time the instrument can be switched to work on the next sample. Series of such sample measurements requires the instrument to have plasma ignited, meanwhile a number of technical parameters has to be stable in order for the results obtained to have feasibly accurate and precise interpretation. Maintaining the plasma requires a constant supply of carrier gas (usually, pure argon) and increased power consumption of the instrument. When these additional running costs are not considered justified, plasma and most of auxiliary systems can be turned off. In such standby mode only pumps are working to keep proper vacuum in mass-spectrometer.
677:. Many varieties of nebulizers have been coupled to ICP-MS, including pneumatic, cross-flow, Babington, ultrasonic, and desolvating types. The aerosol generated is often treated to limit it to only smallest droplets, commonly by means of a Peltier cooled double pass or cyclonic spray chamber. Use of autosamplers makes this easier and faster, especially for routine work and large numbers of samples. A Desolvating Nebuliser (DSN) may also be used; this uses a long heated capillary, coated with a fluoropolymer membrane, to remove most of the solvent and reduce the load on the plasma. Matrix removal introduction systems are sometimes used for samples, such as seawater, where the species of interest are at trace levels, and are surrounded by much more abundant contaminants.
283:(TIMS), that require a two-stage process: Insert sample(s) into a vacuum chamber, seal the vacuum chamber, pump down the vacuum, energize sample, thereby sending ions into the mass analyzer. With ICP-MS the sample to be analyzed is sitting at atmospheric pressure. Through the effective use of differential pumping; multiple vacuum stages separate by differential apertures (holes), the ions created in the argon plasma are, with the aid of various electrostatic focusing techniques, transmitted through the mass analyzer to the detector(s) and counted. Not only does this enable the analyst to radically increase sample throughput (amount of samples over time), but has also made it possible to do what is called "time resolved acquisition". Hyphenated techniques like
324:
remove larger droplets, or a desolvating nebuliser can be used to evaporate most of the solvent before it reaches the torch. Solid samples can also be introduced using laser ablation. The sample enters the central channel of the ICP, evaporates, molecules break apart, and then the constituent atoms ionise. At the temperatures prevailing in the plasma a significant proportion of the atoms of many chemical elements are ionized, each atom losing its most loosely bound electron to form a singly charged ion. The plasma temperature is selected to maximise ionisation efficiency for elements with a high first ionisation energy, while minimising second ionisation (double charging) for elements that have a low second ionisation energy.
477:», will increase the need for ICP-MS technology, where, previously, other analytic methods have been sufficient. Cosmetics, such as lipstick, recovered from a crime scene may provide valuable forensic information. Lipstick smears left on cigarette butts, glassware, clothing, bedding; napkins, paper, etc. may be valuable evidence. Lipstick recovered from clothing or skin may also indicate physical contact between individuals. Forensic analysis of recovered lipstick smear evidence can provide valuable information on the recent activities of a victim or suspect. Trace elemental analysis of lipstick smears could be used to complement existing visual comparative procedures to determine the lipstick brand and color.
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second). The accelerated electrons collide with argon atoms, and sometimes a collision causes an argon atom to part with one of its electrons. The released electron is in turn accelerated by the rapidly changing magnetic field. The process continues until the rate of release of new electrons in collisions is balanced by the rate of recombination of electrons with argon ions (atoms that have lost an electron). This produces a ‘fireball’ that consists mostly of argon atoms with a rather small fraction of free electrons and argon ions. The temperature of the plasma is very high, of the order of 10,000 K. The plasma also produces ultraviolet light, so for safety should not be viewed directly.
564:(MeCAT) were introduced to label proteins quantitatively with metals, especially lanthanides. The MeCAT labelling allows relative and absolute quantification of all kind of proteins or other biomolecules like peptides. MeCAT comprises a site-specific biomolecule tagging group with at least a strong chelate group which binds metals. The MeCAT labelled proteins can be accurately quantified by ICP-MS down to low attomol amount of analyte which is at least 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than other mass spectrometry based quantification methods. By introducing several MeCAT labels to a biomolecule and further optimization of LC-ICP-MS detection limits in the
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is considered one of the best techniques for analysis of glass due to the short time for sample preparation and sample, small sample size of less than 250 nanograms. In addition there is no need for complex procedure and handling of dangerous materials that is used for digestion of the samples. This allows detecting major, minor and tracing elements with high level of precision and accuracy. There are set of properties that are used to measure glass sample such as physical and optical properties including color, thickness, density, refractive index (RI) and also, if necessary, elemental analysis can be conducted in order to enhance the value of an association.
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rings, quadrupoles, hexapoles and octopoles to steer, shape and focus the beam so that the resulting peaks are symmetrical, flat topped and have high transmission. The electrostatic sector may be before or after the magnetic sector depending on the particular instrument, and reduces the spread in kinetic energy caused by the plasma. This spread is particularly large for ICP-MS, being larger than Glow
Discharge and much larger than TIMS. The geometry of the instrument is chosen so that the instrument the combined focal point of the electrostatic and magnetic sectors is at the collector, known as Double Focusing (or Double Focussing).
721:). The accelerated electrons collide with argon atoms, and sometimes a collision causes an argon atom to part with one of its electrons. The released electron is in turn accelerated by the rapidly changing magnetic field. The process continues until the rate of release of new electrons in collisions is balanced by the rate of recombination of electrons with argon ions (atoms that have lost an electron). This produces a ‘fireball’ that consists mostly of argon atoms with a rather small fraction of free electrons and argon ions.
267:. Not all of the gas needs to be ionized for the gas to have the characteristics of a plasma; as little as 1% ionization creates a plasma. The plasmas used in spectrochemical analysis are essentially electrically neutral, with each positive charge on an ion balanced by a free electron. In these plasmas the positive ions are almost all singly charged and there are few negative ions, so there are nearly equal numbers of ions and electrons in each unit volume of plasma.
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from the end of the central tube. A third flow (again usually around 1 liter per minute) of gas is introduced into the central tube of the torch. This gas flow passes through the centre of the plasma, where it forms a channel that is cooler than the surrounding plasma but still much hotter than a chemical flame. Samples to be analyzed are introduced into this central channel, usually as a mist of liquid formed by passing the liquid sample into a nebulizer.
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sensitivity are
Rhodium levels, Cerium/Oxide ratios and DI water blanks. One common standard practice is to measure a standard tuning solution provided by the ICP manufacturer every time the plasma torch is started. Then the instrument is auto-calibrated for optimum sensitivity and the operator obtains a report providing certain parameters such as sensitivity, mass resolution and estimated amount of oxidized species and double-positive charged species.
444:. When the sample of interest is analysed by ICP-MS in a specialised flow cytometer, each antibody can be identified and quantitated by virtue of a distinct ICP "footprint". In theory, hundreds of different biological probes can thus be analysed in an individual cell, at a rate of ca. 1,000 cells per second. Because elements are easily distinguished in ICP-MS, the problem of compensation in multiplex flow cytometry is effectively eliminated.
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current. A flow of argon gas (usually 14 to 18 liters per minute) is introduced between the two outermost tubes of the torch and an electrical spark is applied for a short time to introduce free electrons into the gas stream. These electrons interact with the radio-frequency magnetic field of the induction coil and are accelerated first in one direction, then the other, as the field changes at high frequency (usually
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784:. The high temperature of the plasma is sufficient to cause a very large portion of the sample to form ions. This fraction of ionization can approach 100% for some elements (e.g. sodium), but this is dependent on the ionization potential. A fraction of the formed ions passes through a ~1 mm hole (sampler cone) and then a ~0.4 mm hole (skimmer cone). The purpose of which is to allow a
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ICP-MS instruments have used transmitting ion lens arrangements for this purpose. Examples include the Einzel lens, the Barrel lens, Agilent's Omega Lens and Perkin-Elmer's Shadow Stop. Another approach is to use ion guides (quadrupoles, hexapoles, or octopoles) to guide the ions into mass analyzer along a path away from the trajectory of photons or neutral particles. Yet another approach is
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the plasma. This allows geochemists to spacially map the isotope composition in cross-sections of rock samples, a tool which is lost if the rock is digested and introduced as a liquid sample. Lasers for this task are built to have highly controllable power outputs and uniform radial power distributions, to produce craters which are flat bottomed and of a chosen diameter and depth.
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symposium during the spring 2002 meeting of the EMRS, and in the proceedings in 2003. This study presents the theory of SP ICP-MS and the results of tests carried out on clay particles (montmorillonite) as well as other suspensions of colloids. This method was then tested on thorium dioxide nanoparticles by
Degueldre & Favarger (2004), zirconium dioxide by Degueldre
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lipsticks. However, they all require long sample preparation times and destroy the sample. Nondestructive techniques for the forensic analysis of lipstick smears include UV fluorescence observation combined with purge-and-trap gas chromatography, microspectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy.
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864:), or a mixture of the two, directly into the plasma as it flows through the skimmer cone and/or the sampler cone. The iCRC removed interfering ions using a collisional kinetic energy discrimination (KED) phenomenon and chemical reactions with interfering ions similarly to traditionally used larger collision cells.
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An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for spectrometry is sustained in a torch that consists of three concentric tubes, usually made of quartz. The two major designs are the Fassel and
Greenfield torches. The end of this torch is placed inside an induction coil supplied with a radio-frequency electric
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Argon can be purchased for use with the ICP-MS in either a refrigerated liquid or a gas form. However it is important to note that whichever form of argon purchased, it should have a guaranteed purity of 99.9% Argon at a minimum. It is important to determine which type of argon will be best suited
636:, which can only measure a single element at a time, ICP-MS has the capability to scan for all elements simultaneously. This allows rapid sample processing. A simultaneous ICP-MS that can record the entire analytical spectrum from lithium to uranium in every analysis won the Silver Award at the 2010
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is replacing sample and waste tubing on the peristaltic pump, as these tubes can get worn fairly quickly resulting in holes and clogs in the sample line, resulting in skewed results. Other parts that will need regular cleaning and/or replacing are sample tips, nebulizer tips, sample cones, skimmer
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The vacuum is created and maintained by a series of pumps. The first stage is usually based on a roughing pump, most commonly a standard rotary vane pump. This removes most of the gas and typically reaches a pressure of around 133 Pa. Later stages have their vacuum generated by more powerful vacuum
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is another method. While being less common in the past, is rapidly becoming popular has been used as a means of sample introduction, thanks to increased ICP-MS scanning speeds. In this method, a pulsed UV laser is focused on the sample and creates a plume of ablated material which can be swept into
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is used for separation of MeCAT labelled proteins. Flow-injection ICP-MS analysis of protein bands or spots from DPAGE SDS-PAGE gels can be easily performed by dissolving the DPAGE gel after electrophoresis and staining of the gel. MeCAT labelled proteins are identified and relatively quantified on
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stands out as an application for which this technique has great utility to provide highly. Car hit and runs, burglaries, assaults, drive-by shootings and bombings such as these situations may cause glass fragments that could be used as evidence of association in glass transfer conditions. LA-ICP-MS
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One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological issues. Depending on the specific parameters
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ICP-MS (FIA-ICP-MS), etc. have benefited from this relatively new technology. It has stimulated the development new tools for research including geochemistry and forensic chemistry; biochemistry and oceanography. Additionally, increases in sample throughput from dozens of samples a day to hundreds
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If the mass of interest has a low sensitivity and is just below a much larger peak, the low mass tail from this larger peak can intrude onto the mass of interest. A Retardation Filter might be used to reduce this tail. This sits near the collector, and applies a voltage equal but opposite to the
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can be used either in place of, or mixed with, argon for plasma generation. Helium's higher first ionisation energy allows greater ionisation and therefore higher sensitivity for hard-to-ionise elements. The use of pure helium also avoids argon-based interferences such as ArO. However, many of the
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Other methods of sample introduction are also utilized. Electrothermal vaporization (ETV) and in torch vaporization (ITV) use hot surfaces (graphite or metal, generally) to vaporize samples for introduction. These can use very small amounts of liquids, solids, or slurries. Other methods like vapor
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In recent years, industrial and biological monitoring has presented another major need for metal analysis via ICP-MS. Individuals working in factories where exposure to metals is likely and unavoidable, such as a battery factory, are required by their employer to have their blood or urine analyzed
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The ICP can be retained in the quartz torch because the flow of gas between the two outermost tubes keeps the plasma away from the walls of the torch. A second flow of argon (around 1 liter per minute) is usually introduced between the central tube and the intermediate tube to keep the plasma away
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Before mass separation, a beam of positive ions has to be extracted from the plasma and focused into the mass-analyzer. It is important to separate the ions from UV photons, energetic neutrals and from any solid particles that may have been carried into the instrument from the ICP. Traditionally,
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To maximise plasma temperature (and hence ionisation efficiency) and stability, the sample should be introduced through the central tube with as little liquid (solvent load) as possible, and with consistent droplet sizes. A nebuliser can be used for liquid samples, followed by a spray chamber to
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is applied for a short time to introduce free electrons into the gas stream. These electrons interact with the radio-frequency magnetic field of the induction coil and are accelerated first in one direction, then the other, as the field changes at high frequency (usually 27.12 million cycles per
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One of the first things that should be carried out before the calibration of the ICP-MS is a sensitivity check and optimization. This ensures that the operator is aware of any possible issues with the instrument and if so, may address them before beginning a calibration. Typical indicators of
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A sector ICP-MS will commonly have four sections: an extraction acceleration region, steering lenses, an electrostatic sector and a magnetic sector. The first region takes ions from the plasma and accelerates them using a high voltage. The second uses may use a combination of parallel plates,
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Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a powerful technique for the elemental analysis of a wide variety of materials encountered in forensic casework. (LA-ICP-MS) has already successfully been applied to applications in forensics, metals, glasses, soils, car
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A single collector ICP-MS may use a multiplier in pulse counting mode to amplify very low signals, an attenuation grid or a multiplier in analogue mode to detect medium signals, and a
Faraday cup/bucket to detect larger signals. A multi-collector ICP-MS may have more than one of any of these,
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Previous forensic techniques employed for the organic analysis of lipsticks by compositional comparison include thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods provide useful information regarding the identification of
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As with any piece of instrumentation or equipment, there are many aspects of maintenance that need to be encompassed by daily, weekly and annual procedures. The frequency of maintenance is typically determined by the sample volume and cumulative run time that the instrument is subjected to.
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analysis unless the instrumentation is fitted with a reaction chamber. Such interferences can be reduced by using a high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS) which uses two or more slits to constrict the beam and distinguish between nearby peaks. This comes at the cost of sensitivity. For example,
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Single
Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (SP ICP-MS) was designed for particle suspensions in 2000 by Claude Degueldre. He first tested this new methodology at the Forel Institute of the University of Geneva and presented this new analytical approach at the 'Colloid 2oo2'
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The ICPs have two operation modes, called capacitive (E) mode with low plasma density and inductive (H) mode with high plasma density, and E to H heating mode transition occurs with external inputs. The
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry is operated in the H mode.
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ICP-MS 90 degrees reflecting parabolic "Ion Mirror" optics, which are claimed to provide more efficient ion transport into the mass-analyzer, resulting in better sensitivity and reduced background. Analytik Jena ICP-MS PQMS is the most sensitive instrument on the market.
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of samples a day have revolutionized environmental analysis, reducing costs. Fundamentally, this is all due to the fact that while the sample resides at environmental pressure, the analyzer and detector are at 1/10,000,000 of that same pressure during normal operation.
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Nebulizer converts liquids into an aerosol, and that aerosol can then be swept into the plasma to create the ions. Nebulizers work best with simple liquid samples (i.e. solutions). However, there have been instances of their use with more complex materials like a
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Vladimir N. Epov; R. Douglas Evans; Jian Zheng; O. F. X. Donard; Masatoshi Yamada (2007). "Rapid fingerprinting of Pu and Pu in environmental samples with high U levels using on-line ion chromatography coupled with high-sensitivity quadrupole ICP-MS detection".
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What makes
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) unique to other forms of inorganic mass spectrometry is its ability to sample the analyte continuously, without interruption. This is in contrast to other forms of inorganic mass spectrometry;
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For both Laser
Ablation and Desolvating Nebulisers, a small flow of Nitrogen may also be introduced into the Argon flow. Nitrogen exists as a dimer, so has more vibrational modes and is more efficient at receiving energy from the RF coil around the torch.
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unique to each patient's diagnostic plan, samples collected for analysis can range from whole blood, urine, plasma, serum, to even packed red blood cells. Another primary use for this instrument lies in the environmental field. Such applications include
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ICP-MS is also used widely in the geochemistry field for radiometric dating, in which it is used to analyze relative abundance of different isotopes, in particular uranium and lead. ICP-MS is more suitable for this application than the previously used
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The plasma used in an ICP-MS is made by partially ionizing argon gas (Ar → Ar + e). The energy required for this reaction is obtained by pulsing an alternating electric current in load coil that surrounds the plasma torch with a flow of argon gas.
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The integrated
Collisional Reaction Cell (iCRC) used by Analytik Jena ICP-MS is a mini-collision cell installed in front of the parabolic ion mirror optics that removes interfering ions by injecting a collisional gas (He), or a reactive gas
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For most clinical methods using ICP-MS, there is a relatively simple and quick sample prep process. The main component to the sample is an internal standard, which also serves as the diluent. This internal standard consists primarily of
609:), and sometimes higher. Some masses are prohibited such as 40 due to the abundance of argon in the sample. Other blocked regions may include mass 80 (due to the argon dimer), and mass 56 (due to ArO), the latter of which greatly hinders
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After the sample is injected, the plasma's extreme temperature causes the sample to separate into individual atoms (atomization). Next, the plasma ionizes these atoms (M → M + e) so that they can be detected by the mass spectrometer.
753:. Because of this high ionization energy, the reaction (Ar + e → Ar) is more energetically favorable than the reaction (M + e → M). This ensures that the sample remains ionized (as M) so that the mass spectrometer can detect it.
521:. The toxicity of those elements varies with the oxidation state, so new regulations from food authorities requires speciation of some elements. One of the primary techniques to achieve this is to separate the chemical species with
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distinguishing iron from argon requires a resolving power of about 10,000, which may reduce the iron sensitivity by around 99%. Another solution for some interfering species is the use of a collision chamber, as explained in
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Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), Gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS), Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry
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Nam, Sang Ho.; Masamba, Wellington R. L.; Montaser, Akbar. (1993-10-15). "Investigation of helium inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the detection of metals and nonmetals in aqueous solutions".
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Berry, Jonna Elizabeth (2o15). Trace metal analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and x-ray K-edge densitometry of forensic samples.Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Paper
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cones, injector tubes, torches and lenses. It may also be necessary to change the oil in the interface roughing pump as well as the vacuum backing pump, depending on the workload put on the instrument.
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mass spectrometry (GD-MS), ICP-MS introduces many interfering species: argon from the plasma, component gases of air that leak through the cone orifices, and contamination from glassware and the cones.
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The collision/reaction cell is used to remove interfering ions through ion/neutral reactions. Collision/reaction cells are known under several names. The dynamic reaction cell is located before the
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Tatiana. T, Waleska. C; Jose. R. : Elemental Analysis of Glass and Paint Materials by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for Forensic Application, 2006
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405:, in an effort to protect workers from their work environment and ensure proper rotation of work duties (i.e. rotating employees from a high exposure position to a low exposure position).
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Klotz, Katrin; Weistenhöfer, Wobbeke; Drexler, Hans (2013). "Chapter 4. Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
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Caruso, Joseph A.; Davidson, Timothy M.; Shen, Wei-Lung; Sheppard, Brenda S. (1990-01-01). "Helium-argon inductively coupled plasma for plasma source mass spectrometry".
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Making the plasma from argon, instead of other gases, has several advantages. First, argon is abundant (in the atmosphere, as a result of the radioactive decay of
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Other mass analyzers coupled to ICP systems include double focusing magnetic-electrostatic sector systems with both single and multiple collector, as well as
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normally Faraday buckets which are much less expensive. With this combination, a dynamic range of 12 orders of magnitude, from 1 ppq to 100 ppm is possible.
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can be easily ionized. For high precision ratio work, multiple collector instruments are normally used to reduce the effect noise on the calculated ratios.
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V. Baranov; S. Tanner (1999). "A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 1: The rf-field energy contribution in thermodynamics of ion-molecule reactions".
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Degueldre, C.; Favarger, P.-Y.; Rossé, R.; Wold, S. (2006). "Uranium colloid analysis by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry".
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Degueldre, C.; Favarger, P.-Y.; Wold, S. (2006). "Gold colloid analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in a single particle mode".
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Degueldre, C.; Favarger, P.-Y. (2003). "Colloid analysis by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy: A feasibility study".
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Degueldre, C.; Favarger, P.-Y.; Bitea, C. (2004). "Zirconia colloid analysis by single particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry".
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and their ingredients. New and reduced maximum permitted exposure levels of heavy metals from dietary supplements, introduced in USP (
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An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for spectrometry is sustained in a torch that consists of three concentric tubes, usually made of
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is being used. The end of this torch is placed inside an induction coil supplied with a radio-frequency electric current. A flow of
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Degueldre, C.; Favarger, P. Y. (2004). "Thorium colloid analysis by single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry".
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accelerating voltage; any ions that have lost energy while flying around the instrument will be decelerated to rest by the filter.
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2004:
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S. Tanner; V. Baranov (1999). "A dynamic reaction cell for ICP-MS. Part 2: Reduction of interferences produced within the cell".
489:(2006). Subsequently, the study of uranium dioxide nano- and micro-particles gave rise to a detailed publication, Ref. Degueldre
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The first step in analysis is the introduction of the sample. This has been achieved in ICP-MS through a variety of means.
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for municipalities or private individuals all the way to soil, water and other material analysis for industrial purposes.
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207:, ICP-MS has greater speed, precision, and sensitivity. However, compared with other types of mass spectrometry, such as
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Nam, Sang-Ho; Montaser, Akbar; Cromwell, Evan F. (1998). "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research".
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systems, most often turbomolecular pumps. Older instruments may have used oil diffusion pumps for high vacuum regions.
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Yip, Y.; Sham, W (2007). "Applications of collision/reaction-cell technology in isotope dilution mass spectrometry".
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such as single or multi-element reference standards. ICP-MS also lends itself to quantitative determinations through
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There is an increasing trend of using ICP-MS as a tool in speciation analysis, which normally involves a front end
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The carrier gas is sent through the central channel and into the very hot plasma. The sample is then exposed to
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range are within the realm of possibility. By using different lanthanides MeCAT multiplexing can be used for
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440:(or other biological probes) with fluorochromes, each antibody is labelled with a distinct combinations of
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gas (usually 13 to 18 liters per minute) is introduced between the two outermost tubes of the torch and an
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485:(2004) and gold nanoparticles, which are used as a substrate in nanopharmacy, and published by Degueldre
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for metal toxicity on a regular basis. This monitoring has become a mandatory practice implemented by the
346:. The ions are separated on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio and a detector receives an ion signal
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in the ICP-MS device. The chamber has a quadrupole and can be filled with reaction (or collision) gases (
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342:, the ions from the plasma are extracted through a series of cones into a mass spectrometer, usually a
654:
The constituents of ICP-MS instrument are designed to allow for reproducible and/or stable operation.
3151:
3106:
2881:
2701:
2631:
2388:
2368:
1811:
1731:
1460:
Kenichi Sakata et al., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and method, US patent 6265717 B1.
984:
956:
252:
1320:
Greenfield, S. (1994). "Inductively coupled plasmas in atomic fluorescence spectrometry. A review".
120:
116:
3174:
3128:
3053:
3026:
2924:
2906:
2859:
2797:
2693:
2673:
2542:
2537:
2438:
2136:
2105:
1979:
1949:
1674:
881:
3270:
1472:, Device and method preventing ion source gases from entering reaction cell, US patent 6639665 B2.
124:
3251:
3217:
3079:
3048:
2929:
2871:
2569:
2552:
2547:
2502:
2465:
2455:
2416:
2064:
1655:
1407:
72:
and polyatomic species in plasma, with exceptions; usually interpreted towards concentrations of
3232:
3197:
3180:
3118:
3036:
3031:
2959:
2944:
2914:
2835:
2802:
2773:
2768:
2743:
2733:
2653:
2641:
2520:
2433:
1879:
1829:
1443:
1372:
1337:
1302:
1292:
1261:
1210:
1121:
899:
789:
738:
448:
paints, bones and teeth, printing inks, trace elemental, fingerprint, and paper. Among these,
414:
366:
358:
339:
333:
304:
248:
197:
169:
128:
59:
3275:
3192:
2847:
2706:
2683:
2636:
2577:
2049:
2029:
1994:
1819:
1739:
1713:
1647:
1619:
1591:
1564:
1523:
Shane Elliott; Barry Sturman; Stephen Anderson; Elke Brouwers; Jos Beijnen (April 1, 2007).
1484:
Ion Optical System for a Mass Spectrometer, United States Patent Number 6,614,021 B1 (2003).
1435:
1399:
1364:
1329:
1284:
1251:
1202:
1175:
1148:
1113:
1086:
964:
781:
598:
569:
377:
240:
17:
3133:
3089:
3084:
2978:
2954:
2788:
2751:
2604:
2594:
2477:
1709:
945:"Review of inductively coupled plasmas: Nano-applications and bistable hysteresis physics"
895:
777:
554:
510:
462:
362:
361:, a single point method based on an isotopically enriched standard. In order to increase
1815:
1735:
960:
3017:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2940:
2936:
2919:
2876:
2807:
2668:
2663:
2648:
2460:
2378:
1999:
1717:
987:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2022-12-28. Method No. 200.8.
765:
680:
585:
506:
429:
312:
288:
276:
212:
73:
37:
1743:
1651:
1090:
27:
Type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample
3303:
3222:
3111:
3067:
2792:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2492:
2146:
1906:
810:
572:
of proteins and peptides or the analysis of the differential expression of proteins (
538:
461:
In the pharmaceutical industry, ICP-MS is used for detecting inorganic impurities in
433:
394:
92:
1659:
1411:
3099:
2949:
2864:
2840:
2830:
2822:
2723:
2658:
2557:
2406:
2110:
806:
1206:
1117:
2497:
2151:
2090:
2069:
1288:
734:
441:
100:
1595:
1256:
1239:
3123:
1926:
1179:
1152:
837:
573:
437:
381:
244:
189:
177:
1447:
1403:
1376:
1341:
768:, and the greater cost of helium has prevented its use in commercial ICP-MS.
3185:
2487:
2352:
1720:(2002). "Reaction cells and collision cells for ICP-MS: a tutorial review".
730:
648:
550:
1833:
1306:
1265:
1214:
1125:
557:
in biofluids. Also the phosphorylation status of proteins can be analyzed.
505:
A growing trend in the world of elemental analysis has revolved around the
180:
the sample. It atomizes the sample and creates atomic and small polyatomic
919:
700:
184:, which are then detected. It is known and used for its ability to detect
3207:
2120:
1800:"Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS): a versatile tool"
1368:
1333:
853:
746:
718:
577:
514:
422:
353:
The concentration of a sample can be determined through calibration with
260:
104:
2320:
1768:"Principles and performance of the Collision Reaction Interface for the"
1439:
3227:
1283:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 85–98.
845:
841:
626:
606:
602:
518:
193:
88:
69:
969:
944:
192:
in liquid samples at very low concentrations. It can detect different
1824:
1799:
1623:
1568:
849:
785:
760:
742:
674:
565:
418:
300:
185:
96:
1848:
545:, such as AAS and ICP-MS. For example, ICP-MS may be combined with
1043:. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2013. Archived from
1008:. The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. 2013. Archived from
699:
308:
3202:
1494:
Shane Elliott; Michael Knowles; Iouri Kalinitchenko (Mar 2004).
1240:"A metal-coded affinity tag approach to quantitative proteomics"
1079:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects
750:
610:
181:
2324:
1852:
3212:
1895:
256:
493:(2006). Since 2010 the interest for SP ICP-MS has exploded.
432:, a new technique uses ICP-MS to replace the traditional
303:, although the inner tube (injector) can be sapphire if
196:
of the same element, which makes it a versatile tool in
560:
In 2007, a new type of protein tagging reagents called
529:(FFF) and then measure the concentrations with ICP-MS.
145:
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
625:
ICP-MS is a method of choice for the determination of
365:
and compensate errors but sensitivity variation, an
3144:
2905:
2821:
2742:
2692:
2568:
2511:
2387:
2216:
2165:
2129:
2078:
1925:
150:
140:
135:
80:
65:
55:
47:
403:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1238:Ahrends R, Pieper S, Kühn A, et al. (2007).
985:"Approved Clean Water Act Chemical Test Methods"
2336:
1864:
255:, and contains a sufficient concentration of
8:
576:) e.g. in biological fluids. Breakable PAGE
162:Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
31:Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
30:
764:interferences can be mitigated by use of a
533:Quantification of proteins and biomolecules
2343:
2329:
2321:
1871:
1857:
1849:
1756:I. Kalinitchenko, Patent WO 2004/012223 A1
36:
1823:
1357:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
1322:Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
1255:
968:
1281:Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality
911:
1525:"ICP-MS: When Sensitivity Does Matter"
523:high-performance liquid chromatography
29:
1836:– via Wiley Analytical Science.
665:The most common method is the use of
589:peptide level by MALDI-MS or ESI-MS.
7:
3258:
2291:
1766:Wang, XueDong; Iouri Kalinitchenko.
475:〈232〉Elemental Impurities—Procedures
411:thermal ionization mass spectrometry
281:Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
209:thermal ionization mass spectrometry
3282:
2303:
1798:Ammann, Adrian A. (27 March 2007).
1244:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics
1034:"Elemental Impurities - Procedures"
733:) and therefore cheaper than other
597:The ICP-MS allows determination of
582:two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
880:One of the most frequent forms of
601:with atomic mass ranges 7 to 250 (
25:
1496:"A Change in Direction in ICP-MS"
3281:
3269:
3257:
3246:
3245:
2302:
2290:
2279:
2278:
826:Collision reaction cell and iCRC
737:. Argon also has a higher first
553:for identifying and quantifying
471:〈232〉Elemental Impurities—Limits
436:. Briefly, instead of labelling
277:Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry
1691:from the original on 2006-03-16
999:"Elemental Impurities - Limits"
741:than all other elements except
42:Perkin Elmer NexION 2000 ICP-MS
1675:"A Beginner's Guide to ICP-MS"
1584:Trends in Analytical Chemistry
780:which converts the gas into a
634:atomic absorption spectroscopy
384:accelerators have been used).
205:atomic absorption spectroscopy
1:
2610:Interface and colloid science
2364:Glossary of chemical formulae
1744:10.1016/S0584-8547(02)00069-1
1652:10.1016/S1044-0305(99)00081-1
1207:10.1016/j.talanta.2005.05.006
1118:10.1016/j.talanta.2003.10.016
1091:10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00568-X
547:size exclusion chromatography
1804:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
1684:. Advanstar Communications.
772:Transfer of ions into vacuum
649:In terms of input and output
543:elemental selective detector
355:certified reference material
18:Electro-Thermal Vaporisation
2887:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2374:List of inorganic compounds
2142:Microchannel plate detector
1289:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_4
692:generation are also known.
580:(DPAGE, dissolvable PAGE),
3341:
2813:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2784:Enantioselective synthesis
2764:Physical organic chemistry
2717:Organolanthanide chemistry
1640:J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.
1596:10.1016/j.trac.2007.03.007
1257:10.1074/mcp.M700152-MCP200
829:
513:of certain metals such as
467:United States Pharmacopeia
331:
237:inductively coupled plasma
231:Inductively coupled plasma
228:
225:Inductively coupled plasma
174:inductively coupled plasma
3241:
2402:Electroanalytical methods
2359:
2274:
1886:
1180:10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.021
1153:10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.015
562:metal-coded affinity tags
35:
3157:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3073:Supramolecular chemistry
2712:Organometallic chemistry
2157:Langmuir–Taylor detector
1773:. Varian. Archived from
1404:10.1366/0003702981942500
788:that is required by the
527:field flow fractionation
3095:Combinatorial chemistry
3006:Food physical chemistry
2969:Environmental chemistry
2853:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2779:Retrosynthetic analysis
2600:Chemical thermodynamics
2583:Spectroelectrochemistry
2526:Computational chemistry
1673:Thomas, Robert (2001).
949:Applied Physics Reviews
943:Lee, Hyo-Chang (2018).
832:collision reaction cell
638:Pittcon Editors' Awards
629:in biological samples.
616:collision reaction cell
551:preparative native PAGE
457:Pharmaceutical industry
450:forensic glass analysis
413:, as species with high
265:electrically conductive
3167:of element discoveries
3013:Agricultural chemistry
3001:Carbohydrate chemistry
2892:Bioinorganic chemistry
2757:Alkane stereochemistry
2702:Coordination chemistry
2531:Mathematical chemistry
2397:Instrumental chemistry
2101:Quadrupole mass filter
1612:J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
1557:J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
1470:Scott D. Tanner et al.
1168:Analytica Chimica Acta
1141:Analytica Chimica Acta
705:
704:The atomizer of an ICP
509:, or determination of
350:to the concentration.
3310:Scientific techniques
3162:Timeline of chemistry
3059:Post-mortem chemistry
3044:Clandestine chemistry
2974:Atmospheric chemistry
2897:Biophysical chemistry
2729:Solid-state chemistry
2679:Equilibrium chemistry
2588:Photoelectrochemistry
1723:Spectrochimica Acta B
1529:Spectroscopy Magazine
703:
668:analytical nebulizers
291:ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS);
285:Liquid Chromatography
3325:Analytical chemistry
3320:Laboratory equipment
3152:History of chemistry
3107:Chemical engineering
2882:Bioorganic chemistry
2632:Structural chemistry
2369:List of biomolecules
1428:Analytical Chemistry
1392:Applied Spectroscopy
1369:10.1039/JA9900500697
1334:10.1039/ja9940900565
739:ionization potential
287:ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS);
253:electromagnetic coil
3175:The central science
3129:Ceramic engineering
3054:Forensic toxicology
3027:Chemistry education
2925:Radiation chemistry
2907:Interdisciplinarity
2860:Medicinal chemistry
2798:Fullerene chemistry
2674:Microwave chemistry
2543:Molecular mechanics
2538:Molecular modelling
2137:Electron multiplier
2106:Quadrupole ion trap
1816:2007JMSp...42..419A
1736:2002AcSpe..57.1361T
1503:American Laboratory
1482:Iouri Kalinitchenko
1440:10.1021/ac00068a014
961:2018ApPRv...5a1108L
924:Plasma-Universe.com
882:routine maintenance
868:Routine maintenance
719:27.12 MHz or 40 MHz
658:Sample introduction
249:inductively heating
243:that is energized (
32:
3218:Chemical substance
3080:Chemical synthesis
3049:Forensic chemistry
2930:Actinide chemistry
2872:Clinical chemistry
2553:Molecular geometry
2548:Molecular dynamics
2503:Elemental analysis
2456:Separation process
889:Sample preparation
725:Advantage of argon
706:
593:Elemental analysis
541:separation and an
3315:Mass spectrometry
3297:
3296:
3233:Quantum mechanics
3198:Chemical compound
3181:Chemical reaction
3119:Materials science
3037:General chemistry
3032:Amateur chemistry
2960:Photogeochemistry
2945:Stellar chemistry
2915:Nuclear chemistry
2836:Molecular biology
2803:Polymer chemistry
2774:Organic synthesis
2769:Organic reactions
2734:Ceramic chemistry
2724:Cluster chemistry
2654:Chemical kinetics
2642:Molecular physics
2521:Quantum chemistry
2434:Mass spectrometry
2318:
2317:
1880:Mass spectrometry
1646:(11): 1083–1094.
1434:(20): 2784–2790.
1298:978-94-007-5178-1
1250:(11): 1907–1916.
1041:Revision Bulletin
1006:Revision Bulletin
970:10.1063/1.5012001
900:hydrochloric acid
898:, with nitric or
809:patented used by
790:mass spectrometer
415:ionization energy
367:internal standard
340:mass spectrometry
334:Mass spectrometry
328:Mass spectrometry
305:hydrofluoric acid
198:isotopic labeling
170:mass spectrometry
159:
158:
129:Standard BioTools
74:chemical elements
60:Mass spectrometry
16:(Redirected from
3332:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3193:Chemical element
2848:Chemical biology
2707:Magnetochemistry
2684:Mechanochemistry
2637:Chemical physics
2578:Electrochemistry
2483:Characterization
2345:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2281:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1825:10.1002/jms.1206
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1730:(9): 1361–1452.
1714:Vladimir Baranov
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:10.1039/a809889a
1618:(8): 1133–1142.
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:10.1039/b704901c
1563:(9): 1131–1137.
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1531:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:. Archived from
1500:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1147:(1–2): 137–142.
1136:
1130:
1129:
1112:(5): 1051–1054.
1101:
1095:
1094:
1085:(1–3): 137–142.
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1003:
995:
989:
988:
981:
975:
974:
972:
940:
934:
933:
931:
930:
916:
570:pharmacokinetics
501:Metal speciation
428:In the field of
359:isotope dilution
338:For coupling to
263:to make the gas
251:the gas with an
136:Other techniques
99:(only ICP-OES),
40:
33:
21:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3237:
3140:
3134:Polymer science
3090:Click chemistry
3085:Green chemistry
2979:Ocean chemistry
2955:Biogeochemistry
2901:
2817:
2789:Total synthesis
2752:Stereochemistry
2738:
2688:
2605:Surface science
2595:Thermochemistry
2564:
2507:
2478:Crystallography
2383:
2355:
2349:
2319:
2314:
2270:
2212:
2161:
2125:
2074:
1921:
1882:
1877:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1710:Scott D. Tanner
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
983:
982:
978:
942:
941:
937:
928:
926:
918:
917:
913:
908:
896:deionized water
891:
870:
863:
834:
828:
802:
778:radio frequency
774:
727:
698:
660:
646:
595:
555:metalloproteins
535:
511:oxidation state
503:
463:pharmaceuticals
459:
390:
363:reproducibility
336:
330:
233:
227:
222:
168:) is a type of
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:Soil chemistry
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2996:Food chemistry
2993:
2991:Carbochemistry
2988:
2986:Clay chemistry
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2941:Astrochemistry
2937:Cosmochemistry
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Radiochemistry
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Neurochemistry
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Petrochemistry
2805:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Spin chemistry
2666:
2664:Photochemistry
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Femtochemistry
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2461:Chromatography
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2379:Periodic table
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2166:MS combination
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Time-of-flight
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1846:
1845:External links
1843:
1840:
1839:
1810:(4): 419–427.
1790:
1758:
1749:
1718:Dmitry Bandura
1701:
1665:
1629:
1601:
1574:
1545:
1515:
1512:on 2007-12-13.
1486:
1474:
1462:
1453:
1417:
1382:
1363:(8): 697–700.
1347:
1312:
1297:
1271:
1230:
1220:
1201:(3): 623–628.
1185:
1174:(2): 263–268.
1158:
1131:
1096:
1069:
1060:
1025:
990:
976:
935:
910:
909:
907:
904:
890:
887:
869:
866:
861:
830:Main article:
827:
824:
801:
798:
773:
770:
766:collision cell
726:
723:
697:
694:
681:Laser ablation
659:
656:
645:
642:
594:
591:
586:chromatography
534:
531:
502:
499:
458:
455:
430:flow cytometry
389:
386:
376:systems (both
374:time of flight
369:can be added.
332:Main article:
329:
326:
313:electric spark
293:Flow Injection
289:Laser Ablation
229:Main article:
226:
223:
221:
218:
213:glow discharge
157:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
121:Nu Instruments
117:GBC Scientific
82:
78:
77:
67:
63:
62:
57:
56:Classification
53:
52:
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44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3337:
3326:
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3318:
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3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Chemical bond
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
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3182:
3179:
3176:
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3147:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:Stoichiometry
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:Nanochemistry
3066:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
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3019:
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3007:
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2999:
2998:
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2916:
2913:
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2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Semisynthesis
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
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2718:
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2710:
2708:
2705:
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2699:
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2667:
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2662:
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2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Sonochemistry
2625:
2623:
2622:Cryochemistry
2620:
2616:
2615:Micromeritics
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
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2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Wet chemistry
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2218:Fragmentation
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Daly detector
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:Mass analyzer
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Mass spectrum
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2008-11-23
1776:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1546:
1535:on 2007-12-02
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1050:on 2014-07-02
1046:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1015:on 2015-03-19
1011:
1007:
1000:
994:
991:
986:
980:
977:
971:
966:
962:
958:
955:(1): 011108.
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
925:
921:
915:
912:
905:
903:
901:
897:
888:
886:
883:
878:
874:
867:
865:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
833:
825:
823:
819:
815:
812:
811:Analytik Jena
808:
799:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
714:
710:
702:
695:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
676:
671:
669:
663:
657:
655:
652:
650:
643:
641:
639:
635:
630:
628:
623:
619:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:chromatograph
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
451:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:fluorochromes
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
398:
396:
395:water testing
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
335:
327:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
224:
219:
217:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:that uses an
171:
167:
163:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Analytik Jena
90:
86:
83:
81:Manufacturers
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3100:Biosynthesis
2950:Geochemistry
2865:Pharmacology
2841:Cell biology
2831:Biochemistry
2659:Spectroscopy
2558:VSEPR theory
2443:
2407:Spectroscopy
2351:Branches of
2307:
2295:
2283:
2111:Penning trap
2009:
1900:
1896:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1761:
1752:
1727:
1721:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1682:Spectroscopy
1681:
1668:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1528:
1518:
1507:the original
1502:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1280:
1274:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1040:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1010:the original
1005:
993:
979:
952:
948:
938:
927:. Retrieved
923:
914:
892:
879:
875:
871:
858:
835:
820:
816:
803:
794:
775:
759:
755:
728:
715:
711:
707:
696:Plasma torch
690:
686:
679:
666:
664:
661:
653:
647:
631:
624:
620:
596:
559:
536:
504:
495:
490:
486:
482:
479:
474:
470:
460:
446:
427:
407:
399:
391:
388:Applications
371:
352:
348:proportional
337:
322:
318:
298:
273:
269:
234:
203:Compared to
202:
188:and several
165:
161:
160:
125:DVS Sciences
3288:WikiProject
2513:Theoretical
2498:Calorimetry
2309:WikiProject
2152:Faraday cup
2091:Wien filter
1912:MS software
1398:: 161–167.
735:noble gases
473:» and USP «
442:lanthanides
279:(GDMS) and
211:(TIMS) and
155:(LA-ICP-MS)
101:PerkinElmer
3304:Categories
3124:Metallurgy
2823:Biological
2389:Analytical
1927:Ion source
1784:2009-01-20
1695:2014-05-09
1590:(7): 727.
1539:2007-10-16
1328:(5): 565.
1054:2015-02-20
1019:2015-02-20
929:2020-11-23
906:References
838:quadrupole
800:Ion optics
574:proteomics
525:(HPLC) or
507:speciation
438:antibodies
382:orthogonal
344:quadrupole
220:Components
190:non-metals
151:Hyphenated
3186:Catalysis
2694:Inorganic
2488:Titration
2353:chemistry
2188:Hybrid MS
1448:0003-2700
1377:1364-5544
1342:0267-9477
731:potassium
618:article.
261:electrons
76:in sample
3252:Category
3208:Molecule
3145:See also
2570:Physical
2285:Category
2130:Detector
2121:Orbitrap
1917:Acronyms
1834:17385793
1686:Archived
1660:93608392
1412:95039168
1307:23430771
1266:17627934
1215:18970366
1126:18969397
920:"Plasma"
854:hydrogen
644:Hardware
599:elements
578:SDS-PAGE
566:zeptomol
515:chromium
423:tungsten
417:such as
194:isotopes
105:Shimadzu
66:Analytes
3264:Commons
3228:Alchemy
2744:Organic
2297:Commons
2025:MALDESI
1812:Bibcode
1732:Bibcode
1195:Talanta
1106:Talanta
957:Bibcode
846:methane
842:ammonia
632:Unlike
627:cadmium
519:arsenic
245:ionized
141:Related
109:Spectro
89:Agilent
48:Acronym
3276:Portal
2422:UV-Vis
2203:IMS/MS
2116:FT-ICR
2086:Sector
1832:
1658:
1446:
1410:
1375:
1340:
1305:
1295:
1264:
1228:14675.
1213:
1124:
850:oxygen
807:Varian
786:vacuum
782:plasma
761:Helium
749:, and
675:slurry
419:osmium
301:quartz
241:plasma
186:metals
178:ionize
166:ICP-MS
113:Thermo
97:Horiba
85:Skyray
70:atomic
51:ICP-MS
2449:MALDI
2417:Raman
2256:IRMPD
2208:CE-MS
2198:LC/MS
2193:GC/MS
2173:MS/MS
2060:SELDI
2020:MALDI
2015:LAESI
1955:DAPPI
1778:(PDF)
1771:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1656:S2CID
1510:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1408:S2CID
1048:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
1013:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
491:et al
487:et al
483:et al
378:axial
309:argon
247:) by
239:is a
127:(now
3203:Atom
2471:HPLC
2261:NETD
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