Electromagnetic spectrum - Knowledge (XXG)

2256: 699: 2236: 2433: 31: 3610: 688: 2727: 5072: 3152:; Ellsworth, R. W.; Fleysher, L.; Fleysher, R.; Gebauer, I.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Hays, E.; Hoffman, C. M.; Kolterman, B. E.; Kelley, L. A.; Lansdell, C. P.; Linnemann, J. T.; McEnery, J. E.; Mincer, A. I.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Nemethy, P.; Noyes, D.; Ryan, J. M.; Samuelson, F. W.; Saz Parkinson, P. M.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy". 5108: 5082: 4446: 2356:, but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment. Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long-distance communication. 5120: 2838:. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as 3106:

Ritter demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen, but that existed in a region beyond the violet. Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays, but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term.

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The Sun emits UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they

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Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different

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Ritter hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation. He began working with silver chloride, a substance decomposed by light, measuring the speed at which different colours of light broke it down.

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in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but

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radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes

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radiation. He was studying the temperature of different colours by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays", a type of light ray that could not be seen. The next

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and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not

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is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites

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in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from

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or sub-millimeter radiation is a region of the spectrum from about 100 GHz to 30 terahertz (THz) between microwaves and far infrared which can be regarded as belonging to either band. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy in the so-called

2411:, from 120 THz to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequencies in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state 739:(which is the sub-spectrum of visible light). Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some 650:

to 700 nm in a vacuum. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm. Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in

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He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum and then measured the temperature of each colour. He found that the temperatures of the colours increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. Herschel decided to measure the temperature just

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they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of

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for light), so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum. For example, consider the

229:, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum. They were later renamed 2133:

that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a

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emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light. By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the

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transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons. In general, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so gamma rays are more energetic than X-rays, but exceptions exist. By analogy to electronic transitions,

307:. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various 2696:

relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colours of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.

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At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths.

2772:. UV fluorescence is used by forensics to detect any evidence like blood and urine, that is produced by a crime scene. Also UV fluorescence is used to detect counterfeit money and IDs, as they are laced with material that can glow under UV. 119:

can be used to separate waves of different frequencies, so that the intensity of the radiation can be measured as a function of frequency or wavelength. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.

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in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by

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are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gases limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers.

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of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit.

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transitions are also said to produce X-rays, even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts (0.96 pJ), whereas there are many (77 known to be less than 10 keV (1.6 fJ)) low-energy nuclear transitions

2802:. Due to skin cancer caused by UV, the sunscreen industry was invented to combat UV damage. Mid UV wavelengths are called UVB and UVB lights such as germicidal lamps are used to kill germs and also to sterilize water. 1956:

kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons arising from these qualitative interaction differences.

284:. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known 461:, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be indefinitely long. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion 200:

favouring a wave description and Newton favouring a particle description. Huygens in particular had a well developed theory from which he was able to derive the laws of reflection and refraction. Around 1801,

795:, very high energy EMR (in the > 10 MeV region)—which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray—is not called X-ray or gamma ray, but instead by the generic term of "high-energy photons". 2810:

in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary

475: 188:. Starting in 1666, Newton showed that these colours were intrinsic to light and could be recombined into white light. A debate arose over whether light had a wave nature or a particle nature with 779:

The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus is always called "gamma ray" radiation is the only convention that is universally respected, however. Many astronomical

288:. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite range of frequencies of 2712:

transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves.

346:" and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for this 82:. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. 3483: 404:

in 1905, but never accepted by Planck and many other contemporaries. The modern position of science is that electromagnetic radiation has both a wave and a particle nature, the

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of 1000 g/cm), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water. This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below).

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reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic

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Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei

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If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in

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shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow whilst

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Plot of Earth's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This is the surface-to-space opacity, the atmosphere is transparent to

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atoms, causing chemical reactions. Longer-wavelength radiation such as visible light is nonionizing; the photons do not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms.

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part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm – 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:

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which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in

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Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary

776:), and, despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays, the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin. 601:, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, whatever medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the 54:. The spectrum is divided into separate bands, with different names for the electromagnetic waves within each band. From low to high frequency these are: 457:(~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of 4849: 2834:, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the 735:

There are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a

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the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all.

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does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage.

2432: 4839: 4068: 3548: 2338:) which are used to carry lower-frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called 3280: 3247: 3220: 2214: 827:

to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly (compared to the speed of light) with respect to the cosmos.

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transitions, putting them in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological

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of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist

381:(who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles) and 100:

Gamma rays, at the high-frequency end of the spectrum, have the highest photon energies and the shortest wavelengths—much smaller than an

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and the X-ray range. The UV wavelength spectrum ranges from 399 nm to 10 nm and is divided into 3 sections: UVA, UVB, and UVC.

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but for most of history it was not known that these phenomena were connected or were representatives of a more extensive principle. The

3480: 210: 3507: 2074:. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter. 5140: 3541: 2259:

Plot of atmospheric opacity for terrestrial to terrestrial transmission showing the molecules responsible for some of the resonances

137: 129: 166:. Light was intensively studied from the beginning of the 17th century leading to the invention of important instruments like the 4860: 3119: 558:{\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},} 5085: 5039: 2255: 292:, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. 4920: 4855: 4844: 3061: 2021:

Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only)

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A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths

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At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive.

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The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes (regions, bands or types):

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This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.

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and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae and frequencies as high as

4900: 4718: 4690: 3400:"Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas" 2302:, coupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as 2187: 43: 4895: 4890: 4885: 5124: 4905: 4368: 3951: 3237: 2275: 1166: 758:

or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process are always termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by

202: 241: 4952: 4910: 4001: 2387: 2323: 2287: 2166: 1439: 787:) are known to be too energetic (in both intensity and wavelength) to be of nuclear origin. Quite often, in 636:. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and 385:

measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths.

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when he identified a new type of radiation that he at first thought consisted of particles similar to known

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Uses of Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World

2945: 277: 3527: 2138:. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the 4834: 4589: 4490: 4478: 4054: 3448: 2235: 408:. The contradictions arising from this position are still being debated by scientists and philosophers. 405: 311:, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree 289: 281: 273: 261: 2862:

must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the

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Abdo, A. A.; Allen, B.; Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Casanova, S.; Chen, C.; Coyne, D. G.; Delay, R. S.;

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The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources: the photons generated from

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Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the

159: 373:, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist 4937: 4522: 4454: 4343: 4145: 3996: 3991: 3966: 3946: 3697: 2889: 2863: 2668: 2346: 2327: 2191: 2170: 2146: 1413: 1384: 1257: 1005: 812: 788: 773: 594: 454: 374: 320: 269: 5112: 4351: 4303: 4251: 4236: 4231: 4209: 4138: 3986: 3834: 3807: 3717: 3702: 3295: 3187: 3161: 3092: 2955: 2922: 2910: 2835: 2762: 2365: 2150: 2046: 1979: 1361: 922: 799: 296: 197: 105: 2842:). X-rays are useful as probes in high-energy physics. In astronomy, the accretion disks around 646:

can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible wavelength range of 400

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recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including

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which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating

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Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons, including ejection of the electrons (

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The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls is

784: 687: 586: 401: 257: 94: 2921:. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of 17: 3175: 2726: 377:

demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914,

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The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of

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Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose

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of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in

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Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in

315:. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of 4790: 4613: 4517: 4361: 4266: 4224: 4219: 4162: 4128: 4030: 3707: 3689: 3585: 3497: 2965: 2906: 2839: 2787: 2741:(UV). In frequency (and thus energy), UV rays sit between the violet end of the 2738: 2731: 2721: 2681: 2244: 2118: 2091: 2026: 764: 625: 347: 335: 230: 71: 5107: 3407: 4942: 4785: 4622: 4505: 4445: 4261: 4202: 4011: 3679: 3674: 3628: 3605: 2940: 2885: 2879: 2847: 2780: 2749: 2688: 2448: 2397: 2291: 2267: 2248: 2230: 2174: 2154: 2139: 1973: 1247: 1176: 1140: 1080: 839: 664: 609: 424: 389: 308: 304: 206: 171: 163: 109: 55: 51: 3428: 2850:

emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by

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traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see

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in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like

5057: 4780: 4388: 4035: 3852: 3830: 3825: 3795: 3595: 3378: 3339: 3166: 2935: 2812: 2753: 2371: 2303: 2279: 2240: 2117:. In artificial generation of radio waves, an electronic device called a 2006: 1995: 1074: 1065: 947: 759: 656: 637: 617: 221: 180: 97:, and pass through the atmosphere, foliage, and most building materials. 63: 4829: 4111: 3904: 3890: 2893: 2855: 2799: 2776: 2677: 2382: 743:

and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for

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photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30

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Radio waves, at the low-frequency end of the spectrum, have the lowest

1982:). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an 608:

Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into

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noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an

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for the range of colours that white light could be split into with a

3353: 1185: 319:. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the 3183: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4635: 4106: 4077: 3770: 3666: 3580: 3511: 2831: 2725: 2561: 2464: 2331: 2319: 2254: 2234: 2199: 2106: 2040: 2016: 1400: 1231: 975: 668: 629: 466: 343: 324: 75: 2790:. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex 811:. It was produced when matter and radiation decoupled, by the de- 4670: 4650: 4630: 4500: 4417: 4046: 3765: 3760: 2730:

The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's

2537: 2513: 2173:. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is 458: 27:

Range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

4050: 3537: 3033:"Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy" 2913:. More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in 469:). These relations are illustrated by the following equations: 4746: 4640: 4405: 3785: 2791: 2663: 2633: 1429: 1351: 1273: 1103: 953: 446: 303:

built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called

104:. Gamma rays, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet rays are called 3263:

Grupen, Claus; Cowan, G.; Eidelman, S. D.; Stroh, T. (2005).

2396:, from 30 THz to 120 THz (10–2.5 μm). Hot objects ( 1459:

Sources Table shows the lower limits for the specified class

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approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as

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Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (

256:). Light was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when 3205:

Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963).

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is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A

465:), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a 2760:. UV, X-rays, and gamma rays are thus collectively called 2213:

is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by the

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Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only)

2896:, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. In 3296:

Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo

772:, the 7.6 eV (1.22 aJ) nuclear transition of 213:

thus conclusively demonstrating that light was a wave.

3500:– Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from 2390:, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm. 2270:, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the 5096: 904: 877: 850: 478: 3477:(from Australian Communications and Media Authority) 3475:

Australian Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Chart

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discovered that light is absorbed only in discrete "

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The wave-particle debate was rekindled in 1901 when

5038: 4951: 4876: 4869: 4820: 4739: 4689: 4621: 4612: 4531: 4464: 4453: 4342: 4289: 4171: 4094: 4085: 4010: 3937: 3866: 3794: 3746: 3688: 3665: 3642: 3429:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5" 2278:frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with 4699:Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate 3379:"Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)" 2748:UV is the lowest energy range energetic enough to 2684:would appear just beyond the opposite violet end. 2045:Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, 1960:Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter 910: 883: 856: 557: 3236:L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003). 605:, although this is not always explicitly stated. 115:Throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum, 2113:, which consist of conductors such as metal rod 702:A visualization of the electromagnetic spectrum. 2436:sRGB rendering of the spectrum of visible light 679:have been detected from astrophysical sources. 437:. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 93:, or more. They can be emitted and received by 3120:"Essential Radio Astronomy: Pulsar Properties" 2318:. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in 4062: 3549: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 108:because their high photon energy is able to 8: 3528:Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum" 593:Whenever electromagnetic waves travel in a 5081: 4873: 4618: 4461: 4091: 4069: 4055: 4047: 3625: 3556: 3542: 3534: 2854:and are strongly emitted by some types of 2427: 1460: 829: 361:was studying the radioactive emissions of 3165: 2314:, and for industrial heating and medical 903: 876: 849: 719:Visible light (light that humans can see) 537: 525: 511: 499: 485: 477: 89:and the longest wavelengths—thousands of 4850:International Commission on Illumination 1958: 697: 686: 29: 5103: 3481:Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations 3012: 2221:to different users for different uses. 2142:which can reflect certain frequencies. 2000:Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation 4840:Color Association of the United States 3208:The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1 2892:in 1900. These are the most energetic 1461: 3522:Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool 2215:International Telecommunication Union 7: 3124:National Radio Astronomy Observatory 3093:"Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776–1810)" 3054:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light" 1462:Explanation of units and prefixes. 4704:Blue–green distinction in language 3239:Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis 2658:Above infrared in frequency comes 2194:, and locating distant objects in 2109:waves are emitted and received by 25: 3524:– Very complete and customizable. 2794:molecules in the cells producing 2687:Electromagnetic radiation with a 146:Humans have always been aware of 138:History of electrical engineering 130:History of electromagnetic theory 5118: 5106: 5080: 5071: 5070: 4861:International Colour Association 4444: 3058:Cool Cosmos Classroom activities 4856:International Colour Consortium 3498:U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart 3406:. March 6, 2005. Archived from 3311:. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu 3211:. US: Addison-Wesley. pp. 2247:but opaque to space due to the 2243:radio transmissions within the 530: 524: 504: 498: 4921:List of Crayola crayon colours 4845:International Colour Authority 3354:"The Electromagnetic Spectrum" 3242:. Academic Press. p. 58. 3095:. The Florida State University 3031:Mehta, Akul (25 August 2011). 2206:, and for industrial heating. 1968:Main interactions with matter 449:gamma rays) down to the local 178:was the first to use the term 1: 3508:UK frequency allocation table 3447:Koontz, Steve (26 June 2012) 3118:Condon, J. J.; Ransom, S. M. 2786:, which is the main cause of 4724:Traditional colours of Japan 4501:Achromatic colours (Neutral) 4384:Multi-primary colour display 2756:from them, and thus causing 2177:with an information-bearing 342:. He called this radiation " 4158:Spectral power distribution 3657:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray 2888:, which were discovered by 2072:particle-antiparticle pairs 809:cosmic microwave background 5162: 4584:Colour realism (art style) 4242:Evolution of colour vision 3652:Very-high-energy gamma ray 3516:Radiocommunications Agency 2877: 2866:is opaque to X-rays (with 2823: 2719: 2651: 2363: 2228: 2095: 2089: 1246: 936: 819:. These photons were from 127: 5066: 4901:List of colours (compact) 4719:Colour in Chinese culture 4442: 3571: 3358:The Physics Hypertextbook 3334:December 5, 2013, at the 3154:The Astrophysical Journal 2430: 2266:are radio waves of short 2202:. They are also used for 2188:Global Positioning System 2121:generates an alternating 2049:(for low atomic numbers) 1458: 1438: 1435: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1360: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1072: 1069: 1064: 965: 962: 959: 931: 928: 921: 832: 815:of hydrogen atoms to the 209:of a light beam with his 44:electromagnetic radiation 18:Electro-magnetic spectrum 5141:Electromagnetic spectrum 4906:List of colours by shade 4369:Digital image processing 4102:Electromagnetic spectrum 3565:Electromagnetic spectrum 2911:radiation cancer therapy 2798:making it a very potent 2737:Next in frequency comes 2167:communication satellites 857:{\displaystyle \lambda } 693:electromagnetic spectrum 40:electromagnetic spectrum 4911:List of colour palettes 2884:After hard X-rays come 2388:Submillimetre astronomy 2324:satellite communication 2063: 1990: 1965:Region of the spectrum 802:-dependent (due to the 747:and the working of the 272:developed four partial 4134:Structural colouration 3613: 3518:'s duties, pdf format) 3514:, which inherited the 3502:Department of Commerce 2946:Electroencephalography 2734: 2437: 2260: 2252: 912: 885: 858: 703: 695: 559: 274:differential equations 124:History and discovery 35: 4916:List of colour spaces 4835:Color Marketing Group 4590:On Vision and Colours 4523:Tinctures in heraldry 4506:Polychromatic colours 4491:Complementary colours 4479:Monochromatic colours 3612: 3267:Astroparticle Physics 3091:Davidson, Michael W. 2729: 2716:Ultraviolet radiation 2435: 2334:. The copper cables ( 2330:technologies such as 2258: 2238: 2219:allocates frequencies 2096:Further information: 913: 886: 859: 716:Ultraviolet radiation 701: 690: 560: 406:wave-particle duality 290:electromagnetic waves 282:electromagnetic field 268:). During the 1860s, 262:polarization of light 242:Hans Christian Ørsted 42:is the full range of 33: 4896:List of colours: N–Z 4891:List of colours: G–M 4886:List of colours: A–F 4808:Tint, shade and tone 4691:Cultural differences 3298:slac-pub-0335 (1967) 3271:. Springer. p. 3035:. Pharmaxchange.info 3008:Notes and references 2905:. They are used for 2417:infrared photography 2192:navigational beacons 2033:photoelectric effect 902: 875: 848: 655:. For example, many 476: 4943:List of web colours 4938:List of RAL colours 4344:Colour reproduction 4309:Lüscher colour test 4146:Colour of chemicals 3698:Extreme ultraviolet 3176:2007ApJ...658L..33A 2917:, an example being 2890:Paul Ulrich Villard 2864:atmosphere of Earth 2347:Terahertz radiation 2328:wireless networking 2322:, and are used for 2171:wireless networking 2147:radio communication 1961: 1951:Rationale for names 1930:femto-electronvolt 1924:Energy Per Photon 1903:Energy Per Photon 1882:Energy Per Photon 1867:micro-electronvolt 1861:Energy Per Photon 1846:milli-electronvolt 1840:Energy Per Photon 1826:Energy Per Photon 1805:Energy Per Photon 1463: 789:high-energy physics 725:Microwave radiation 455:interstellar medium 375:William Henry Bragg 278:Maxwell's equations 270:James Clerk Maxwell 240:began in 1820 when 211:two-slit experiment 4352:Colour photography 4304:Colour preferences 4247:Impossible colours 4237:Colour vision test 4232:Colour temperature 4210:Colour calibration 4139:Animal colouration 3703:Vacuum ultraviolet 3614: 3486:2008-12-09 at the 3377:Stimac, Tomislav. 2956:Ionizing radiation 2923:Compton scattering 2763:ionizing radiation 2758:chemical reactions 2752:atoms, separating 2735: 2438: 2403:fingerprint region 2366:Infrared radiation 2360:Infrared radiation 2336:transmission lines 2261: 2253: 2151:radio broadcasting 2081:Types of radiation 2047:Compton scattering 1980:plasma oscillation 1959: 1909:pico-electronvolt 1888:nano-electronvolt 1811:kilo-electronvolt 908: 881: 854: 722:Infrared radiation 704: 696: 555: 321:wireless telegraph 297:electrical circuit 198:Christiaan Huygens 106:ionizing radiation 36: 5125:Telecommunication 5094: 5093: 5034: 5033: 4816: 4815: 4740:Colour dimensions 4729:Human skin colour 4608: 4607: 4598:Theory of Colours 4496:Analogous colours 4440: 4439: 4374:Colour management 4291:Colour psychology 4173:Colour perception 4044: 4043: 3748:Visible (optical) 3410:on 6 January 2010 3282:978-3-540-25312-9 3249:978-0-12-436603-9 3222:978-0-201-02116-5 2701:visual perception 2650: 2649: 2078: 2077: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1943: 911:{\displaystyle E} 884:{\displaystyle f} 783:sources (such as 603:vacuum wavelength 550: 528: 519: 502: 493: 467:femtoelectronvolt 379:Ernest Rutherford 260:noticed that the 246:electric currents 142:History of optics 16:(Redirected from 5153: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5073: 4874: 4619: 4551:Secondary colour 4462: 4448: 4324:National colours 4319:Political colour 4299:Colour symbolism 4257:Opponent process 4215:Colour constancy 4193:Colour blindness 4124:Spectral colours 4092: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4048: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3535: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3169: 3167:astro-ph/0611691 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3126:. Archived from 3115: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3060:. Archived from 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3028: 2986:Spectral imaging 2915:nuclear medicine 2860:X-ray telescopes 2743:visible spectrum 2654:Visible spectrum 2630: 2606: 2582: 2558: 2534: 2510: 2486: 2428: 2419:and videography. 2290:devices such as 2286:tubes, and with 2149:systems such as 2123:electric current 1962: 1939: 1937: 1918: 1916: 1897: 1895: 1876: 1874: 1855: 1853: 1820: 1818: 1785: 1783: 1764: 1762: 1743: 1741: 1722: 1720: 1701: 1699: 1680: 1678: 1659: 1657: 1638: 1636: 1603: 1601: 1582: 1580: 1561: 1559: 1540: 1538: 1519: 1517: 1498: 1496: 1464: 1051:Visible spectrum 1030:Near ultraviolet 917: 915: 914: 909: 890: 888: 887: 882: 863: 861: 860: 855: 830: 785:gamma ray bursts 678: 676: 564: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 538: 529: 526: 520: 512: 503: 500: 494: 486: 451:plasma frequency 444: 442: 309:dielectric media 244:discovered that 238:electromagnetism 218:William Herschel 134:History of radio 21: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5117: 5105: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5062: 5030: 4947: 4865: 4822: 4812: 4735: 4714:Blue in culture 4710:Colour history 4685: 4604: 4578:Colour analysis 4573:Colour triangle 4527: 4484:black-and-white 4456: 4449: 4436: 4379:Colour printing 4338: 4285: 4167: 4081: 4075: 4045: 4040: 4006: 3933: 3908: 3894: 3862: 3790: 3742: 3684: 3661: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3567: 3562: 3492:Industry Canada 3488:Wayback Machine 3471: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336:Wayback Machine 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3098: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3067: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2951:Infrared window 2931: 2882: 2876: 2828: 2822: 2724: 2718: 2656: 2637: 2628: 2613: 2604: 2589: 2580: 2565: 2556: 2541: 2532: 2517: 2508: 2493: 2484: 2473: 2462: 2451: 2426: 2368: 2362: 2312:microwave ovens 2300:polar molecules 2233: 2227: 2209:The use of the 2131:magnetic fields 2104: 2098:Radio frequency 2094: 2088: 2083: 1953: 1935: 1933: 1914: 1912: 1893: 1891: 1872: 1870: 1851: 1849: 1835:1 electronvolt 1816: 1814: 1781: 1779: 1760: 1758: 1739: 1737: 1718: 1716: 1697: 1695: 1676: 1674: 1655: 1653: 1634: 1632: 1599: 1597: 1578: 1576: 1557: 1555: 1536: 1534: 1515: 1513: 1494: 1492: 1441: 1415: 1386: 1363: 1337: 1308: 1285: 1259: 1249: 1223: 1197: 1168: 1158: 1032: 1007: 924: 900: 899: 898: 895: 873: 872: 871: 868: 846: 845: 844: 841: 800:reference frame 791:and in medical 713:X-ray radiation 710:Gamma radiation 685: 674: 672: 587:Planck constant 539: 474: 473: 453:of the ionized 440: 438: 414: 402:Albert Einstein 338:subjected to a 332:Wilhelm Röntgen 258:Michael Faraday 250:magnetic fields 144: 126: 46:, organized by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5115: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4764:Pastel colours 4756: 4755: 4754: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4594: 4593:(Schopenhauer) 4586: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4546:Primary colour 4537: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4432:Colour mapping 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4357:Colour balance 4348: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Kruithof curve 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4186:Sonochromatism 4177: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4098: 4096: 4095:Colour physics 4089: 4087:Colour science 4083: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3828: 3823: 3800: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3505: 3495: 3478: 3470: 3469:External links 3467: 3465: 3464: 3453: 3440: 3420: 3391: 3369: 3352:Elert, Glenn. 3344: 3342:lecture slides 3329:What is Light? 3321: 3300: 3288: 3281: 3255: 3248: 3228: 3221: 3197: 3184:10.1086/513696 3160:(1): L33–L36. 3140: 3110: 3083: 3045: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2971:Radiant energy 2968: 2963: 2961:Optical window 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2852:stellar corona 2836:Compton effect 2830:After UV come 2824:Main article: 2821: 2818: 2796:thymine dimers 2720:Main article: 2717: 2714: 2652:Main article: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2457: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2406: 2391: 2364:Main article: 2361: 2358: 2229:Main article: 2226: 2223: 2211:radio spectrum 2204:remote control 2159:two way radios 2136:radio receiver 2102:Radio spectrum 2090:Main article: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1988: 1987: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940:electronvolts 1931: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1919:electronvolts 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1898:electronvolts 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1877:electronvolts 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1856:electronvolts 1847: 1844: 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5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5087: 5079: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823:organisations 4819: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4759:Colourfulness 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4541:Colour mixing 4539: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4533:Colour theory 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4513:Light-on-dark 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4466:Colour scheme 4463: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4447: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4334:Chromotherapy 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4274:Tetrachromacy 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4198:Achromatopsia 4196: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4181:Chromesthesia 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3530:(992 kB) 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3322: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150:Dingus, B. L. 3144: 3141: 3130:on 2011-05-04 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3064:on 2012-02-25 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:radioisotopes 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2868:areal density 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844:neutron stars 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2710:Optical fiber 2705: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2674:visual system 2670: 2665: 2661: 2660:visible light 2655: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2471:Photon energy 2469: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2424:Visible light 2423: 2418: 2414: 2413:image sensors 2410: 2409:Near-infrared 2407: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2353:terahertz gap 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:visible light 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:IMPATT diodes 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:radiolocation 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:mobile phones 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1957: 1950: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1832:electronvolt 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1470:Abbreviation 1469: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1440:Extremely low 1434: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1379: 1368: 1365: 1356: 1353: 1342: 1339: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1310: 1301: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1275: 1264: 1261: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1127: 1116: 1113:Mid infrared 1108: 1105: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 977: 973: 970: 969: 958: 955: 951: 949: 945: 943: 939: 934: 926: 920: 905: 897: 892: 878: 870: 865: 851: 843: 838: 835: 831: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 804:Doppler shift 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 766: 761: 757: 756:nuclear decay 752: 750: 749:visual system 746: 742: 738: 733: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 708: 707: 700: 694: 689: 682: 680: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:visible light 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 588: 584: 581: 578: 574: 571: 570: 569: 552: 547: 543: 540: 534: 531: 521: 516: 513: 508: 505: 495: 490: 487: 482: 479: 472: 471: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 436: 433: 432:photon energy 429: 426: 422: 419: 411: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 254:Oersted's law 251: 247: 243: 239: 236:The study of 234: 232: 228: 227:Johann Ritter 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 205:measured the 204: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148:visible light 143: 139: 135: 131: 123: 121: 118: 113: 111: 107: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 87:photon energy 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:visible light 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 32: 19: 4933:Colour chart 4796:Fluorescence 4752:Dichromatism 4614:Colour terms 4596: 4588: 4568:Colour wheel 4563:Colour solid 4558:Chromaticity 4427:Colour space 4396:Colour model 4329:Chromophobia 4278: 4101: 3616: 3564: 3456: 3443: 3432:. Retrieved 3423: 3412:. Retrieved 3408:the original 3403: 3394: 3383:. Retrieved 3372: 3361:. Retrieved 3357: 3347: 3324: 3313:. Retrieved 3309:"Gamma-Rays" 3303: 3291: 3266: 3258: 3238: 3231: 3207: 3200: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3132:. Retrieved 3128:the original 3113: 3104: 3097:. Retrieved 3086: 3076: 3073: 3066:. Retrieved 3062:the original 3057: 3048: 3037:. Retrieved 2991:Spectroscopy 2981:Radio window 2883: 2829: 2804: 2774: 2769:fluorescence 2767: 2761: 2747: 2736: 2706: 2698: 2691:between 380 2686: 2657: 2632: 2608: 2584: 2560: 2536: 2512: 2489: 2408: 2402: 2394:Mid-infrared 2393: 2379:Far-infrared 2378: 2369: 2351: 2345: 2262: 2217:(ITU) which 2208: 2184:demodulation 2144: 2105: 2070:Creation of 2064:High-energy 1994:through far 1954: 1476: 1448:100 Mm 1370:100 km 1347:30 kHz 1269:30 MHz 1181:30 GHz 1133:Far infrared 1055:700 nm 1035:400 nm 1012:121 nm 985:Soft X-rays 821:Lyman series 817:ground state 797: 793:radiotherapy 778: 774:thorium-229m 769: 753: 734: 731: 705: 692: 653:astrophysics 644:Spectroscopy 642: 607: 602: 592: 582: 572: 567: 434: 420: 415: 387: 359:Paul Villard 352: 340:high voltage 329: 294: 235: 215: 203:Thomas Young 194:Robert Hooke 179: 176:Isaac Newton 152:radiant heat 145: 117:spectroscopy 114: 99: 84: 39: 37: 5113:Electronics 4791:Iridescence 4623:Basic terms 4518:Web colours 4474:Colour tool 4413:subtractive 4362:Colour cast 4267:Unique hues 4225:Colour code 4220:Colour task 4163:Colorimetry 4129:Chromophore 4031:Medium wave 3708:Lyman-alpha 3690:Ultraviolet 3629:wavelengths 3622:frequencies 3586:Ultraviolet 3404:India Daily 2966:Ozone layer 2907:irradiation 2858:. However, 2848:black holes 2840:radiography 2788:skin cancer 2739:ultraviolet 2722:Ultraviolet 2682:ultraviolet 2401:called the 2288:solid state 2245:troposphere 2119:transmitter 2092:Radio waves 2086:Radio waves 2027:Ultraviolet 1644:Wavelength 1623:Wavelength 1609:Wavelength 1588:Wavelength 1573:centimeter 1567:Wavelength 1552:millimeter 1546:Wavelength 1531:micrometer 1525:Wavelength 1504:Wavelength 1483:Wavelength 1425:30 Hz 1422:10 Mm 1373:3 kHz 1344:10 km 1295:3 MHz 1210:3 GHz 1008:ultraviolet 988:10 nm 765:muonic atom 728:Radio waves 626:ultraviolet 357:. In 1900, 348:radiography 305:radio waves 233:radiation. 231:ultraviolet 220:discovered 72:ultraviolet 56:radio waves 5135:Categories 4953:Shades of: 4786:Brightness 4457:philosophy 4262:Afterimage 4252:Metamerism 4203:Dichromacy 4012:Wavelength 3868:Microwaves 3680:Hard X-ray 3675:Soft X-ray 3644:Gamma rays 3576:Gamma rays 3434:2009-11-12 3414:2010-09-27 3385:2022-01-21 3363:2022-01-21 3315:2010-10-16 3134:2008-01-05 3039:2011-11-08 2941:Cosmic ray 2886:gamma rays 2880:Gamma rays 2874:Gamma rays 2689:wavelength 2672:the human 2646:1.65–1.98 2622:1.98–2.10 2598:2.10–2.19 2574:2.19–2.48 2550:2.48–2.56 2526:2.56–2.75 2502:2.75–3.26 2449:Wavelength 2398:black-body 2340:waveguides 2268:wavelength 2264:Microwaves 2249:ionosphere 2231:Microwaves 2225:Microwaves 2190:(GPS) and 2155:television 2140:ionosphere 2115:resonators 2066:gamma rays 2055:Gamma rays 1791:Frequency 1776:kiloHertz 1770:Frequency 1755:megaHertz 1749:Frequency 1734:gigaHertz 1728:Frequency 1713:teraHertz 1707:Frequency 1692:petaHertz 1686:Frequency 1665:Frequency 1650:megameter 1629:kilometer 1594:decimeter 1510:nanometer 1489:picometer 1451:3 Hz 1222:Ultra high 1196:Super high 933:Gamma rays 894:Energy per 813:excitation 760:electronic 677:10 Hz 665:radio wave 634:gamma rays 610:radio wave 443:10 Hz 425:wavelength 390:Max Planck 355:gamma rays 317:microwaves 280:) for the 207:wavelength 172:microscope 164:refraction 160:reflection 128:See also: 91:kilometers 80:gamma rays 60:microwaves 52:wavelength 4803:Grayscale 4776:Lightness 4771:Luminance 4580:(fashion) 4280:The dress 4026:Shortwave 4021:Microwave 3601:Microwave 2976:Radiation 2919:PET scans 2898:astronomy 2754:electrons 2669:human eye 2460:Frequency 2316:diathermy 2284:magnetron 2175:modulated 1992:Microwave 1671:exaHertz 1454:12.4 feV 1442:frequency 1416:frequency 1414:Super low 1405:1.24 peV 1387:frequency 1385:Ultra low 1376:12.4 peV 1364:frequency 1338:frequency 1327:1.24 neV 1309:frequency 1298:12.4 neV 1286:frequency 1260:frequency 1258:Very high 1242:1.24 μeV 1224:frequency 1213:12.4 μeV 1198:frequency 1169:frequency 1151:1.24 meV 1124:12.4 meV 966:12.4 keV 925:radiation 852:λ 825:red shift 781:gamma ray 638:molecules 614:microwave 579:in vacuum 548:λ 491:λ 418:frequency 330:In 1895, 216:In 1800, 168:telescope 48:frequency 5076:Category 5058:Lighting 4781:Darkness 4601:(Goethe) 4401:additive 4389:Quattron 4036:Longwave 3796:Infrared 3596:Infrared 3484:Archived 3381:. vlf.it 3340:UC Davis 3332:Archived 3192:17886934 2936:Bandplan 2929:See also 2813:dioxygen 2643:400–480 2640:625–750 2619:480–510 2616:590–625 2595:510–530 2592:565–590 2571:530–600 2568:500–565 2547:600–620 2544:485–500 2523:620–670 2520:450–485 2499:670–790 2496:380–450 2372:infrared 2304:infrared 2280:klystron 2241:longwave 2127:electric 2111:antennas 2007:infrared 1996:infrared 1800:1 Hertz 1618:1 meter 1362:Very low 1099:30 THz 1091:1.24 eV 1075:infrared 1066:Infrared 1058:480 THz 1038:750 THz 1018:10.2 eV 923:Ionizing 683:Regions 657:hydrogen 618:infrared 323:and the 248:produce 222:infrared 181:spectrum 95:antennas 64:infrared 5099:Portals 5040:Related 5001:Magenta 4926:history 4830:Pantone 4117:Visible 4112:Rainbow 3627:longer 3620:higher 3591:Visible 3172:Bibcode 3099:5 March 3068:4 March 2894:photons 2856:nebulae 2800:mutagen 2777:Sunburn 2678:rainbow 2383:phonons 2017:Visible 1984:antenna 1660:meters 1639:meters 1604:meters 1583:meters 1562:meters 1541:meters 1520:meters 1499:meters 1118:100 μm 1096:10 μm 1045: 1023: 1006:Extreme 991:30 PHz 960:100 pm 937: 836: 737:rainbow 585:is the 575:is the 568:where: 398:photons 5053:Qualia 5048:Vision 4996:Purple 4991:Violet 4971:Yellow 4966:Orange 4821:Colour 4661:Orange 4656:Purple 4646:Yellow 4455:Colour 4080:topics 4078:Colour 3929:L band 3924:S band 3919:C band 3914:X band 3900:K band 3886:Q band 3881:V band 3876:W band 3781:Orange 3776:Yellow 3756:Violet 3667:X-rays 3581:X-rays 3510:(from 3490:(from 3279: 3246: 3219: 3190: 3077:beyond 3001:W band 2996:V band 2832:X-rays 2826:X-rays 2820:X-rays 2808:oxygen 2750:ionize 2662:. The 2631: 2629: 2610:orange 2607: 2605: 2586:yellow 2583: 2581: 2559: 2557: 2535: 2533: 2511: 2509: 2490:violet 2487: 2485: 2444:Colour 2326:, and 2179:signal 2169:, and 2041:X-rays 1797:Hertz 1786:hertz 1765:hertz 1744:hertz 1723:hertz 1702:hertz 1681:hertz 1615:meter 1307:Medium 1292:100 m 1157:Micro- 1121:3 THz 1015:3 PHz 976:X-rays 963:3 EHz 896:photon 842:length 833:Class 659:atoms 630:X-rays 599:matter 595:medium 394:quanta 363:radium 344:x-rays 225:year, 140:, and 110:ionize 78:, and 76:X-rays 5146:Waves 5086:Index 5026:Black 5016:White 5011:Brown 4976:Green 4878:Lists 4870:Names 4852:(CIE) 4681:Brown 4676:White 4666:Black 4636:Green 4151:Water 4107:Light 4014:types 3939:Radio 3835:Bands 3808:Bands 3771:Green 3606:Radio 3512:Ofcom 3188:S2CID 3162:arXiv 2784:cells 2732:ozone 2562:green 2332:Wi-Fi 2320:radar 2200:radar 2107:Radio 2005:Near 1974:Radio 1477:Scale 1473:Name 1467:Unit 1266:10 m 1250:waves 1248:Radio 1159:waves 1145:300 1073:Near 974:Hard 869:uency 867:Freq- 840:Wave- 597:with 459:atoms 430:, or 412:Range 367:alpha 325:radio 313:resin 186:prism 5021:Gray 5006:Pink 4986:Blue 4981:Cyan 4671:Grey 4651:Pink 4631:Blue 4418:CMYK 3909:band 3895:band 3853:LWIR 3831:MWIR 3826:SWIR 3766:Cyan 3761:Blue 3277:ISBN 3244:ISBN 3217:ISBN 3101:2013 3070:2013 2846:and 2781:skin 2538:cyan 2514:blue 2415:for 2370:The 2306:and 2294:and 2292:Gunn 2282:and 2274:and 2198:and 2129:and 2100:and 1927:feV 1906:peV 1885:neV 1864:µeV 1843:meV 1808:keV 1773:KHz 1752:MHz 1731:GHz 1710:THz 1689:PHz 1668:EHz 1436:ELF 1428:124 1410:SLF 1399:300 1381:ULF 1358:VLF 1350:124 1321:300 1284:High 1272:124 1254:VHF 1236:300 1218:UHF 1192:SHF 1184:124 1163:EHF 1129:FIR 1110:MIR 1102:124 1085:300 1070:NIR 1026:NUV 1002:EUV 994:124 952:124 770:e.g. 691:The 661:emit 632:and 369:and 196:and 170:and 162:and 150:and 38:The 4961:Red 4747:Hue 4641:Red 4406:RGB 4002:ELF 3997:SLF 3992:ULF 3987:VLF 3967:VHF 3962:UHF 3957:SHF 3952:EHF 3947:THF 3858:FIR 3804:NIR 3786:Red 3738:UVA 3733:UVB 3728:UVC 3723:NUV 3718:MUV 3713:FUV 3273:109 3213:2–5 3180:doi 3158:658 2792:DNA 2664:Sun 2634:red 2465:THz 2276:EHF 2272:SHF 1829:eV 1794:Hz 1647:Mm 1626:km 1591:dm 1570:cm 1549:mm 1528:µm 1507:nm 1486:pm 1430:feV 1352:peV 1336:Low 1332:LF 1323:kHz 1303:MF 1280:HF 1274:neV 1238:MHz 1230:1 1186:μeV 1175:1 1147:GHz 1104:meV 1087:THz 982:SX 971:HX 954:keV 948:EHz 946:30 940:10 673:2.9 447:GeV 445:(1 439:2.4 50:or 5137:: 3982:LF 3977:MF 3972:HF 3845:, 3841:, 3837:: 3818:, 3814:, 3810:: 3402:. 3356:. 3338:– 3275:. 3215:. 3186:. 3178:. 3170:. 3156:. 3122:. 3103:. 3072:. 3056:. 3015:^ 2925:. 2693:nm 2478:) 2476:eV 2467:) 2456:) 2454:nm 2165:, 2161:, 2157:, 2153:, 2035:) 1986:. 1938:10 1917:10 1896:10 1875:10 1854:10 1819:10 1784:10 1763:10 1742:10 1721:10 1700:10 1679:10 1658:10 1637:10 1612:m 1602:10 1581:10 1560:10 1539:10 1518:10 1497:10 1401:Hz 1395:Mm 1393:1 1317:km 1315:1 1206:dm 1204:1 1177:cm 1141:mm 1139:1 1081:μm 1079:1 996:eV 942:pm 929:γ 751:. 669:Hz 663:a 648:nm 628:, 624:, 620:, 616:, 612:, 527:or 501:or 423:, 350:. 327:. 192:, 174:. 136:, 132:, 74:, 70:, 66:, 62:, 58:, 5101:: 4070:e 4063:t 4056:v 3907:u 3905:K 3893:a 3891:K 3849:) 3847:N 3843:M 3839:L 3833:( 3822:) 3820:H 3816:K 3812:J 3806:( 3632:→ 3618:← 3557:e 3550:t 3543:v 3504:) 3494:) 3437:. 3417:. 3388:. 3366:. 3318:. 3285:. 3252:. 3225:. 3194:. 3182:: 3174:: 3164:: 3137:. 3042:. 2474:( 2463:( 2452:( 2251:. 1936:× 1934:1 1915:× 1913:1 1894:× 1892:1 1873:× 1871:1 1852:× 1850:1 1817:× 1815:1 1782:× 1780:1 1761:× 1759:1 1740:× 1738:1 1719:× 1717:1 1698:× 1696:1 1677:× 1675:1 1656:× 1654:1 1635:× 1633:1 1600:× 1598:1 1579:× 1577:1 1558:× 1556:1 1537:× 1535:1 1516:× 1514:1 1495:× 1493:1 1232:m 906:E 879:f 768:( 675:× 589:. 583:h 573:c 553:, 544:c 541:h 535:= 532:E 522:, 517:h 514:E 509:= 506:f 496:, 488:c 483:= 480:f 441:× 435:E 428:λ 421:f 276:( 252:( 20:)

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