267:, miles of wiring and electro-pneumatic relays have given way to electronic and computerized control and relay systems, which have made the control of pipe organs much more efficient. But for its time, the electro-pneumatic action was considered a great success, and even today modernized versions of this action are used in many new pipe organs, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom.
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A separate "stop action" system is used to control the admittance of air or "wind" into the pipes of the rank or ranks selected by the organist's selection of stops, while other ranks are "stopped" from playing. The stop action can also be an electro-pneumatic action, or may be another type of action
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An electro-pneumatic action requires less current to operate than a direct electric action. This causes less demand on switch contacts. An organ using electro-pneumatic action was more reliable in operation than early direct electric organs until improvements were made in direct electric components.
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The console of an organ which uses either type of electric action is connected to the other mechanisms by an electrical cable. This makes it possible for the console to be placed in any desirable location. It also permits the console to be movable, or to be installed on a "lift", as was the practice
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associated with the key that is pressed becomes energized. This causes a very small valve to open. This, in turn, allows wind pressure to activate a bellows or "pneumatic" which operates a larger valve. This valve causes a change of air pressure within a channel that leads to all pipes of that note.
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A disadvantage of an electro-pneumatic organ is its use of large quantities of thin perishable leather, usually lambskin. This requires an extensive "re-leathering" of the windchests every twenty-five to forty years depending upon the quality of the material used, the atmospheric conditions and the
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A drawback to older electric action organs was the large amount of wiring required for operation. With each stop tab and key being wired, the transmission cable could easily contain several hundred wires. The great number of wires required between the keyboards, the banks of relays and the organ
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Like tracker and tubular action, electro-pneumatic action—when employing the commonly used pitman-style windchests—is less flexible in operation than direct electric action . When electro-pneumatic action uses unit windchests (as does the electro-pneumatic action constructed by organ builder
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to speak. This system also allows the console to be physically detached from the organ itself. The only connection was via an electrical cable from the console to the relay, with some early organ consoles utilizing a separate wind supply to operate combination pistons.
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When an organ key is depressed, an electric circuit is completed by means of a switch connected to that key. This causes a low-voltage current to flow through a cable to the windchest, upon which a rank, or multiple ranks of pipes are set. Within the chest, a small
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itself, with each solenoid requiring its own signal wire, made the situation worse, especially if a wire was broken (this was particularly true with consoles located on lifts and/or turntables), which made tracing the break very difficult.
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While many consider tracker action organs to be more sensitive to the player's control, others find some tracker organs heavy to play and tubular-pneumatic organs to be sluggish, and so prefer electro-pneumatic or direct electric actions.
236:), then it works similarly to direct electric action, in which each rank operates independently, allowing "unification", where each individual rank on a windchest can be played at various octave ranges.
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These problems increased with the size of the instrument, and it would not be unusual for a particular organ to contain over a hundred miles of wiring. The largest pipe organ in the world, the
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Although early experiments with Barker lever, tubular-pneumatic and electro-pneumatic actions date as far back as the 1850s, credit for a feasible design is generally given to the
English
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166:. He overcame the difficulties inherent in earlier designs by including a rotating centrifugal air blower and replacing banks of batteries with a DC
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This pneumatically assisted valve action is in contrast to a
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in which each pipe's valve is opened directly by an
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is a control system by the mean of air pressure for
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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289:The Recent Revolution in Organ Building
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255:In the years after the advent of the
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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203:which is attached to the valve.
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311:The Contemporary American Organ
245:Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ
137:and operated by the keys of an
34:needs additional citations for
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286:George Laing Miller (1909).
207:Advantages and disadvantages
16:System of pipe organ control
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308:William H. Barnes (1959).
58:"Electro-pneumatic action"
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367:The Art of Organ Building
345:Foort, Reginald (1970).
176:tubular-pneumatic action
123:electro-pneumatic action
363:George Ashdown Audsley
197:direct electric action
709:Pipe organ components
234:Schoenstein & Co.
43:improve this article
605:Trompette militaire
476:Combination action
329:www.schoenstein.com
261:integrated circuits
133:, controlled by an
658:Historical Society
228:use of the organ.
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485:Tubular-pneumatic
480:Electro-pneumatic
201:electric solenoid
164:Robert Hope-Jones
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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610:Voix céleste
600:Registration
570:Tibia Clausa
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417:Construction
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333:the original
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41:Please help
36:verification
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620:Zimbelstern
404:Pipe organs
292:. (also at
127:pipe organs
673:Repertoire
643:Fairground
615:Vox humana
590:Ophicleide
510:En chamade
271:References
257:transistor
99:April 2009
69:newspapers
663:Portative
595:Plein-jeu
467:Swell box
462:Tremulant
182:Operation
168:generator
150:Invention
703:Category
668:Positive
425:Builders
160:inventor
156:organist
131:pressure
683:Theatre
585:Mixture
580:Gedackt
560:Bourdon
525:Voicing
520:Scaling
472:Tracker
430:Console
83:scholar
653:German
648:French
633:Barrel
575:Cornet
537:Tuning
445:Pedals
440:Manual
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688:Water
678:Shoes
638:Crawl
565:Tibia
547:Stops
502:Pipes
212:with
143:pipes
90:JSTOR
76:books
551:List
532:Reed
515:Flue
490:Stop
408:list
263:and
158:and
121:The
62:news
45:by
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