740:. The liquid-infused film is achieved by locking a liquid lubricant in a porous membrane through the delicate control of wetting properties of the liquid and solid phases. Taking advantage of the negligible contact line pinning at the liquid-liquid interface, the droplet response in EWOLF can be electrically addressed with enhanced degree of switchability and reversibility compared to the conventional EWOD. Moreover, the infiltration of liquid lubricant phase in the porous membrane also efficiently enhances the viscous energy dissipation, suppressing the droplet oscillation and leading to fast response without sacrificing the desired electrowetting reversibility. Meanwhile, the damping effect associated with the EWOLF can be tailored by manipulating the viscosity and thickness of liquid lubricant.
148:
952:
111:(ITO) electrodes to digitally relocate nano droplets in linear, circular, and directed paths, pump or mix fluids, fill reservoirs, and control fluid flow electronically or optically. Later, in collaboration with J. Silver at the NIH, EWOD-based electrowetting was disclosed for single and immiscible fluids to move, separate, hold, and seal arrays of digital PCR sub-samples.
22:
936:
107:
fluids was first investigated by J. Brown in 1980 and later funded in 1984–1988 under NSF Grants 8760730 & 8822197, employing insulating dielectric and hydrophobic layer(s) (EWOD), immiscible fluids, DC or RF power; and mass arrays of miniature interleaved (saw tooth) electrodes with large or matching
134:
Microfluidic manipulation of liquids by electrowetting was demonstrated first with mercury droplets in water and later with water in air and water in oil. Manipulation of droplets on a two-dimensional path was demonstrated later. If the liquid is discretized and programmably manipulated, the approach
114:
Electrowetting using an insulating layer on top of a bare electrode was later studied by Bruno Berge in 1993. Electrowetting on this dielectric-coated surface is called electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) to distinguish it from the conventional electrowetting on the bare electrode. Electrowetting can
106:
drops in 1936. The term electrowetting was first introduced in 1981 by G. Beni and S. Hackwood to describe an effect proposed for designing a new type of display device for which they received a patent. The use of a "fluid transistor" in microfluidic circuits for manipulating chemical and biological
784:
are widely used electrowetting coating materials, and it has been found that the behavior of these fluoropolymers can be enhanced by the appropriate surface patterning. These fluoropolymers coat the necessary conductive electrode, typically made of aluminum foil or indium tin oxide (ITO), to create
779:
For reasons that are still under investigation, only a limited set of surfaces exhibit the theoretically predicted electrowetting behavior. Because of this, alternative materials that can be used to coat and functionalize the surface are used to create the expected wetting behavior. For example,
716:
It has also been experimentally shown by
Chevaloitt that contact angle saturation is invariant to all materials parameters, thus revealing that when good materials are utilized, most saturation theories are invalid. This same paper further suggests that electrohydrodynamic instability may be the
166:
between the solid and the electrolyte". The phenomenon of electrowetting can be understood in terms of the forces that result from the applied electric field. The fringing field at the corners of the electrolyte droplet tends to pull the droplet down onto the electrode, lowering the macroscopic
712:
It was recently shown by
Klarman et al. that contact angle saturation can be explained as a universal effect- regardless of materials used – if electrowetting is observed as a global phenomenon affected by the detailed geometry of the system. Within this framework it is predicted that reversed
179:
The simplest derivation of electrowetting behavior is given by considering its thermodynamic model. While it is possible to obtain a detailed numerical model of electrowetting by considering the precise shape of the electrical fringing field and how it affects the local droplet curvature, such
171:
required to create a certain area of that surface, it contains both chemical and electrical components, and charge becomes a significant term in that equation. The chemical component is just the natural surface tension of the solid/electrolyte interface with no electric field. The electrical
704:
An additional complication is that liquids also exhibit a saturation phenomenon: after certain voltage, the saturation voltage, the further increase of voltage will not change the contact angle, and with extreme voltages the interface will only show instabilities.
699:
708:
However, surface charge is but one component of surface energy, and other components are certainly perturbed by induced charge. So, a complete explanation of electrowetting is unquantified, but it should not be surprising that these limits exist.
950:, Brown, et al., "Method of sampling, amplifying and quantifying segment of nucleic acid, polymerase chain reaction assembly having nanoliter-sized sample chambers, and method of filling assembly", issued November 7, 2000
1306:
1093:
S.-K. Fan, P.-P. de Guzman, and C.-J. Kim, "EWOD Driving of
Droplet on NxM Grid Using Single-Layer Electrode Patterns, Tech. Dig., Solid-State Sensor, Actuator, and Microsystems Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 2002, pp.
824:
The previous hosts of the electrowetting meeting are: Mons (1999), Eindhoven (2000), Grenoble (2002), Blaubeuren (2004), Rochester (2006), Los
Angeles (2008), Pohang (2010), Athens (2012), Cincinnati (2014), Taipei (2016).
1116:
C.-J. Kim, "Integrated
Digital Microfluidic Circuits Operated by Electrowetting-on-Dielectrics (EWOD) Principle", granted in 2000 by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), award number N66001-0130-3664
583:
471:
1783:
H.Burak Eral, D.Mampallil, M. H. G. Duits, F. Mugele "Suppressing the coffee stain effect: how to control colloidal self-assembly in evaporating drops using electrowetting", Soft Matter, 2011, 7, 4954–4958
785:
the desired electrowetting properties. Three types of such polymers are commercially available: FluoroPel hydrophobic and superhydrophobic V-series polymers are sold by
Cytonix, CYTOP is sold by
167:
contact angle and increasing the droplet contact area. Alternatively, electrowetting can be viewed from a thermodynamic perspective. Since the surface tension of an interface is defined as the
877:
A. Frumkin, Об явлениях смачивания и прилипания пузырьков, I (On the phenomena of wetting and adhesion of the bubbles, I). Zhurnal
Fizicheskoi Khimii (J Phys Chem USSR), 12: 337-345 (1938).
1802:
H. Burak Eral, R. Ruiter, J. Ruiter, J. M. Oh, C. Semprebon, M. Brinkmann, F. Mugele, "Reversible morphological transitions of a drop on a fiber", Soft Matter, 2011, 7 (11), 5138 – 5143
594:
771:
region of the semiconductor, the contact angle of a liquid droplet can be altered in a continuous way. This effect can be explained by a modification of the Young-Lippmann equation.
1125:
C.-J. Kim, "Micropumping by
Electrowetting", Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, November 2001, New York, NY, IMECE2001/HTD-24200.
1345:
793:. Other surface materials such as SiO2 and gold on glass have been used. These materials allow the surfaces themselves to act as the ground electrodes for the electric current.
250:
1144:
Cho, S. K.; Moon, H.; Kim, C.-J. (2003). "Creating, transporting, cutting, and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation for digital microfluidic circuits".
212:
821:
An international meeting for electrowetting is held every two years. The most recent meeting was held on June 18 to 20, 2018, at the
University of Twente, the Netherlands.
310:
280:
508:
977:
J. Lee, "Microactuation by
Continuous Electrowetting and Electrowetting: Theory, Fabrication, and Demonstration," PhD Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 2000
332:
1541:
Park, Sung-Yong; Teitell, Michael A.; Chiou, Eric P. Y. (2010). "Single-sided continuous optoelectrowetting (SCOEW) for droplet manipulation with light patterns".
1857:
1051:
Pollack, Michael G.; Fair, Richard B.; Shenderov, Alexander D. (2000-09-11). "Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications".
387:
354:
180:
solutions are mathematically and computationally complex. The thermodynamic derivation proceeds as follows. Defining the relevant surface tensions as:
43:
30:
1236:
Klarman, Dan; Andelman, David; Urbakh, Michael (2011-05-17). "A Model of Electrowetting, Reversed Electrowetting, and Contact Angle Saturation".
1431:"Electrowetting on liquid-infused film (EWOLF): Complete reversibility and controlled droplet oscillation suppression for fast optical imaging"
1765:
1209:
1506:
Chiou, Pei Yu; Moon, Hyejin; Toshiyoshi, Hiroshi; Kim, Chang-Jin; Wu, Ming C. (2003). "Light actuation of liquid by optoelectrowetting".
516:
399:
1885:
Full system and devices development with specialization in electrowetting prototyping. Collaboration with the University of Cincinnati.
813:. Furthermore, filters with electrowetting functionality has been suggested for cleaning oil spills and separating oil-water mixtures.
123:
is applied to a conducting droplet (e.g. mercury) which has been placed directly onto a semiconductor surface (e.g. silicon) to form a
965:
B. Berge, "Électrocapillarité et mouillage de films isolants par l'eau", C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 317, Série II, p. 157-163, 1993.
834:
1862:
1134:
M. G. Pollack, Electrowetting-Based Microactuation Of Droplets For Digital Microfluidics, PhD Thesis, Duke University, 2001.
737:
805:), electronic outdoor displays, and switches for optical fibers. Electrowetting has recently been evoked for manipulating
1020:
S. Arscott and M. Gaudet "Electrowetting at a liquid metal–semiconductor junction" Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 074104 (2013).
1899:
763:
and can be observed if the conductor in the liquid/insulator/conductor stack used for electrowetting is replaced by a
1661:
Yang, Chun-Guang; Xu, Zhang-Run; Wang, Jian-Hua (February 2010). "Manipulation of droplets in microfluidic systems".
1199:
801:
Electrowetting is now used in a wide range of applications, from modular to adjustable lenses, electronic displays (
1184:
694:{\displaystyle \cos \theta =\left({\frac {\gamma _{s}-\gamma _{ws}^{0}+{\frac {CV^{2}}{2}}}{\gamma _{w}}}\right)\,}
35:
1429:
Hao, Chonglei; Liu, Yahua; Chen, Xuemei; He, Yuncheng; Li, Qiusheng; Li, K. Y.; Wang, Zuankai (2014-10-30).
725:
868:
Gabriel Lippmann, "Relation entre les phénomènes électriques et capillaires." Ann. Chim. Phys, 5:494, 1875
219:
168:
136:
139:". Discretization by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) was first demonstrated by Cho, Moon, and Kim.
1732:
Lu, Yi; Sur, Aritra; Pascente, Carmen; Ravi Annapragada, S.; Ruchhoeft, Paul; Liu, Dong (March 2017).
1690:"Electric field induced reversible spreading of droplets into films on lubricant impregnated surfaces"
947:
1701:
1607:
1452:
1375:
1255:
1060:
903:
717:
source of saturation, a theory that is unproven but being suggested by several other groups as well.
480:
is given by the Young-Dupre equation, with the only complication being that the total surface energy
389:– The effective applied voltage, integral of the electric field from the electrolyte to the conductor
163:
1688:
Brabcova, Zuzana; McHale, Glen; Wells, Gary G.; Brown, Carl V.; Newton, Michael I. (20 March 2017).
1041:", Proc. IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop, Heidelberg, Germany, Jan. 1998, pp. 538–543
186:
1801:
1782:
752:
287:
257:
1835:
1769:
483:
1597:
1442:
1337:
1287:
1245:
810:
748:
1003:
C. Palma and R. Deegan “Electrowetting on semiconductors” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 014106 (2015).
214:– The total, electrical and chemical, surface tension between the electrolyte and the conductor
1643:
1625:
1566:
1558:
1523:
1488:
1470:
1411:
1393:
1329:
1279:
1271:
1205:
1161:
1076:
919:
756:
99:
87:
1750:
1733:
317:
120:
1805:
1786:
1745:
1709:
1670:
1633:
1615:
1550:
1515:
1478:
1460:
1401:
1383:
1321:
1263:
1153:
1068:
1021:
1004:
987:
911:
755:
are both optically-induced electrowetting effects. Optoelectrowetting involves the use of a
124:
108:
95:
588:
Combining the two equations gives the dependence of θ on the effective applied voltage as:
786:
131:
electrical circuit configuration – this effect has been termed ‘Schottky electrowetting’.
1104:
1705:
1611:
1456:
1379:
1259:
1064:
1038:
907:
1638:
1585:
1483:
1430:
1406:
1363:
891:
372:
339:
128:
75:
1519:
1307:"Experimental Validation of the Invariance of Electrowetting Contact Angle Saturation"
252:– The surface tension between the electrolyte and the conductor at zero electric field
1893:
839:
781:
764:
477:
159:
116:
1291:
393:
Relating the total surface tension to its chemical and electrical components gives:
147:
1872:
1341:
887:
768:
728:
can be used to harvest energy via a mechanical-to-electrical engineering scheme.
1105:
Two-Dimensional Digital Microfluidic System by Multi-Layer Printed Circuit Board
844:
806:
156:
71:
1674:
1879:
1157:
760:
1629:
1562:
1527:
1474:
1397:
1333:
1325:
1275:
1165:
1080:
986:
S. Arscott “Electrowetting and semiconductors” RSC Advances 4, 29223 (2014).
923:
173:
1647:
1570:
1492:
1415:
1283:
21:
1364:"Reverse electrowetting as a new approach to high-power energy harvesting"
334:– The macroscopic contact angle between the electrolyte and the dielectric
115:
be demonstrated by replacing the metal electrode in the EWOD system by a
1215:
713:
electrowetting is also possible (contact angle grows with the voltage).
1809:
1790:
1388:
1201:
Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices
991:
849:
802:
67:
1714:
1689:
1620:
1465:
1267:
1152:(1). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 70–80.
1072:
1025:
1008:
312:– The surface tension between the electrolyte and the external ambient
1852:
1841:
1554:
790:
91:
1847:
915:
282:– The surface tension between the conductor and the external ambient
1766:"Varioptic - the Liquid Lens Company | Liquid Lens Technology"
578:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ws}=\gamma _{s}-\gamma _{w}\cos(\theta )\,}
466:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ws}=\gamma _{ws}^{0}-{\frac {CV^{2}}{2}}\,}
155:
The electrowetting effect has been defined as "the change in solid-
1868:
Nanoelectronics Laboratory at UC NanoLab, University of Cincinnati
1602:
1586:"Moving liquids with light: Photoelectrowetting on semiconductors"
1447:
1250:
103:
1820:
1305:
Chevalliot, Stéphanie; Kuiper, Stein; Heikenfeld, Jason (2012).
364:/t, for a uniform dielectric of thickness t and permittivity є
15:
1867:
1107:", Proc. IEEE Conf. MEMS, Orlando, FL, Jan. 2005, pp. 726–729
94:
on variably charged surfaces was probably first explained by
1884:
1880:
Liquidvista Low Frequency Electrowetting 6.2-inch Display
1181:
Electrokinetically Driven Microfluidics and Nanofluidics
767:. By optically modulating the number of carriers in the
1734:"Dynamics of droplet motion induced by Electrowetting"
1039:
Liquid Micromotor Driven by Continuous Electrowetting
597:
519:
486:
402:
375:
342:
320:
290:
260:
222:
189:
1441:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6846.
1374:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 448.
693:
577:
502:
465:
381:
348:
326:
304:
274:
244:
206:
176:formed between the conductor and the electrolyte.
1853:Physics of Complex Fluids at University of Twente
1549:(13). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 1655–61.
98:in 1875 and was certainly observed much earlier.
1873:NanoLab Research at the University of Cincinnati
1362:Krupenkin, Tom; Taylor, J. Ashley (2011-08-23).
1738:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
356:– The capacitance per area of the interface, є
135:is called "Digital Microfluidic Circuits" or "
732:Electrowetting on liquid-infused film (EWOLF)
8:
1848:Digital Microfluidics Lab at Duke University
1821:International Electrowetting Conference 2018
973:
971:
70:properties of a surface (which is typically
102:used surface charge to change the shape of
1836:Fan-TASY Lab at National Taiwan University
1314:Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
894:(1981-02-15). "Electro-wetting displays".
1749:
1713:
1637:
1619:
1601:
1482:
1464:
1446:
1405:
1387:
1249:
1146:Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems
690:
678:
661:
651:
642:
634:
621:
614:
596:
574:
553:
540:
524:
518:
491:
485:
462:
450:
440:
431:
423:
407:
401:
374:
341:
319:
301:
295:
289:
271:
265:
259:
241:
235:
227:
221:
203:
194:
188:
119:. Electrowetting is also observed when a
1751:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.10.040
736:Another electrowetting configuration is
146:
46:of all important aspects of the article.
861:
172:component is the energy stored in the
42:Please consider expanding the lead to
1863:Progress with electrowetting displays
1727:
1725:
738:electrowetting on liquid-infused film
7:
1663:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
759:whereas photoelectrowetting use a
245:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ws}^{0}\,}
14:
1858:Diagram explaining electrowetting
1508:Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
1059:(11). AIP Publishing: 1725–1726.
1842:Wheeler Microfluidics Laboratory
20:
34:may be too short to adequately
1204:. Cambridge University Press.
1179:Chang, H. C.; Yeo, L. (2009).
902:(4). AIP Publishing: 207–209.
571:
565:
207:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ws}\,}
44:provide an accessible overview
1:
1520:10.1016/s0924-4247(03)00024-4
744:Opto- and photoelectrowetting
305:{\displaystyle \gamma _{w}\,}
275:{\displaystyle \gamma _{s}\,}
1844:at the University of Toronto
835:Metal–semiconductor junction
503:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ws}}
1514:(3). Elsevier BV: 222–228.
789:, and Teflon AF is sold by
151:Liquid, Isolator, Substrate
66:is the modification of the
1916:
1675:10.1016/j.trac.2009.11.002
1185:Cambridge University Press
809:particularly, suppressing
1158:10.1109/jmems.2002.807467
1326:10.1163/156856111x599580
1103:J. Gong and C.-J. Kim, "
1694:Applied Physics Letters
1584:Arscott, Steve (2011).
1053:Applied Physics Letters
1037:J. Lee and C.-J. Kim, "
896:Applied Physics Letters
327:{\displaystyle \theta }
1320:(12–17). Brill: 1–22.
726:Reverse electrowetting
721:Reverse electrowetting
695:
579:
504:
467:
383:
350:
328:
306:
276:
246:
208:
152:
86:The electrowetting of
1368:Nature Communications
1198:Kirby, B. J. (2010).
948:US patent 6143496
817:International meeting
696:
580:
505:
468:
384:
351:
329:
307:
277:
247:
209:
169:Helmholtz free energy
150:
143:Electrowetting theory
137:Digital Microfluidics
595:
517:
484:
400:
373:
340:
318:
288:
258:
220:
187:
164:potential difference
1706:2017ApPhL.110l1603B
1612:2011NatSR...1E.184A
1457:2014NatSR...4E6846H
1380:2011NatCo...2..448K
1260:2011arXiv1102.0791K
1065:2000ApPhL..77.1725P
908:1981ApPhL..38..207B
753:photoelectrowetting
647:
436:
240:
1900:Display technology
1810:10.1039/C0SM01403F
1791:10.1039/C1SM05183K
1590:Scientific Reports
1435:Scientific Reports
1389:10.1038/ncomms1454
992:10.1039/C4RA04187A
811:coffee ring effect
749:Optoelectrowetting
691:
630:
575:
500:
463:
419:
379:
346:
324:
302:
272:
242:
223:
204:
162:due to an applied
153:
74:) with an applied
1715:10.1063/1.4978859
1621:10.1038/srep00184
1466:10.1038/srep06846
1268:10.1021/la2004326
1244:(10): 6031–6041.
1211:978-0-521-11903-0
1073:10.1063/1.1308534
1026:10.1063/1.4818715
1009:10.1063/1.4905348
684:
671:
460:
382:{\displaystyle V}
349:{\displaystyle C}
61:
60:
1907:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:. Archived from
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1658:
1652:
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1641:
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1581:
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1574:
1555:10.1039/c001324b
1538:
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1497:
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1486:
1468:
1450:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1391:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1344:. Archived from
1311:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1253:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1214:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
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1101:
1095:
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1084:
1048:
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978:
975:
966:
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957:
956:
955:
951:
944:
938:
934:
928:
927:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
761:photocapacitance
700:
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689:
685:
683:
682:
673:
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584:
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251:
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234:
213:
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205:
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201:
125:Schottky contact
109:indium tin oxide
96:Gabriel Lippmann
56:
53:
47:
24:
16:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1838:(archived 2020)
1832:
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1192:
1178:
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1120:
1115:
1111:
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1098:
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985:
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946:
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935:
931:
916:10.1063/1.92322
886:
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867:
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831:
819:
799:
787:Asahi Glass Co.
777:
746:
734:
723:
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610:
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1744:: 920–931.
845:Soft matter
807:soft matter
157:electrolyte
72:hydrophobic
1596:(1): 184.
1222:2011-01-08
856:References
780:amorphous
90:and other
1630:2045-2322
1603:1108.4935
1563:1473-0197
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1475:2045-2322
1448:1409.6989
1398:2041-1723
1334:0169-4243
1276:0743-7463
1251:1102.0791
1166:1057-7157
1081:0003-6951
924:0003-6951
775:Materials
676:γ
632:γ
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510:is used:
489:γ
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174:capacitor
52:June 2023
36:summarize
1894:Category
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1493:25355005
1416:21863015
1292:18448044
1284:21510663
1238:Langmuir
888:Beni, G.
829:See also
1702:Bibcode
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1376:Bibcode
1342:1760297
1256:Bibcode
1094:134–137
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850:Wetting
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92:liquids
88:mercury
82:History
68:wetting
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1349:(PDF)
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127:in a
104:water
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