Electrical telegraph - Knowledge (XXG)

911: 683: 352:. Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) to represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each letter of a message; at the recipient's end, the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would watch the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message. This is in contrast to later telegraphs that used a single wire (with ground return). 1400: 1235: 809: 1907:

used in the commercial sector. Government buildings were not inter-connected with telegraph lines, but relied on runners to carry messages back and forth. Before the war the Government saw no need to connect lines within city limits, however, they did see the use in connections between cities. Washington D.C. being the hub of government, it had the most connections, but there were only a few lines running north and south out of the city. It was not until the Civil War that the government saw the true potential of the telegraph system. Soon after the shelling of

2069:. Western Union and Bell were both invested in telegraphy and telephone technology. Western Union's decision to allow Bell to gain the advantage in telephone technology was the result of Western Union's upper management's failure to foresee the surpassing of the telephone over the, at the time, dominant telegraph system. Western Union soon lost the legal battle for the rights to their telephone copyrights. This led to Western Union agreeing to a lesser position in the telephone competition, which in turn led to the lessening of the telegraph. 1382: 616:. The two stations of Schilling's telegraph were connected by eight wires; six were connected with the galvanometers, one served for the return current and one for a signal bell. When at the starting station the operator pressed a key, the corresponding pointer was deflected at the receiving station. Different positions of black and white flags on different disks gave combinations which corresponded to the letters or numbers. Pavel Schilling subsequently improved its apparatus by reducing the number of connecting wires from eight to two. 94:. Many electrical telegraph systems were invented that operated in different ways, but the ones that became widespread fit into two broad categories. First are the needle telegraphs, in which electric current sent down the telegraph line produces electromagnetic force to move a needle-shaped pointer into position over a printed list. Early needle telegraph models used multiple needles, thus requiring multiple wires to be installed between stations. The first commercial needle telegraph system and the most widely used of its type was the 33: 542: 238: 946:, 1848). A common code was a necessary step to allow direct telegraph connection between countries. With different codes, additional operators were required to translate and retransmit the message. In 1865, a conference in Paris adopted Gerke's code as the International Morse code and was henceforth the international standard. The US, however, continued to use American Morse code internally for some time, hence international messages required retransmission in both directions. 1734: 976: 1580:. (While the work toward packing multiple telegraph signals onto one wire led to telephony, later advances would pack multiple voice signals onto one wire by increasing the bandwidth by modulating frequencies much higher than human hearing. Eventually, the bandwidth was widened much further by using laser light signals sent through fiber optic cables. Fiber optic transmission can carry 25,000 telephone signals simultaneously down a single fiber.) 1918:(USMT) had laid approximately 300 miles (480 km) of line. By war's end they had laid approximately 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of line, 8,000 for military and 5,000 for commercial use, and had handled approximately 6.5 million messages. The telegraph was not only important for communication within the armed forces, but also in the civilian sector, helping political leaders to maintain control over their districts. 746: 6025: 1589: 44: 52: 1408: 1329: 445: 6035: 6014: 1274: 1977:, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted, while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide. The British government censored telegraph cable companies in an effort to root out espionage and restrict financial transactions with Central Powers nations. British access to transatlantic cables and its codebreaking expertise led to the 1263:

receiving instrument was developed into a "sounder", an electromagnet that was energized by a current and attracted a small iron lever. When the sounding key was opened or closed, the sounder lever struck an anvil. The Morse operator distinguished a dot and a dash by the short or long interval between the two clicks. The message was then written out in long-hand.

896:. Thus the alternating line voltage moved the indicator's pointer on to the position of the depressed key on the communicator. Pressing another key would then release the pointer and the previous key, and re-connect the magneto to the line. These machines were very robust and simple to operate, and they stayed in use in Britain until well into the 20th century. 6045: 1994: 871: 883:

alphabet (and four punctuation marks) around its circumference. Against each letter was a key that could be pressed. A transmission would begin with the pointers on the dials at both ends set to the start position. The transmitting operator would then press down the key corresponding to the letter to be transmitted. In the base of the communicator was a

419:, in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil. In 1837, Davy invented the much more practical metallic make-and-break relay which became the relay of choice in telegraph systems and a key component for periodically renewing weak signals. Davy demonstrated his telegraph system in 561:, he set up a complete subterranean system in a 175-yard (160 m) long trench as well as an eight-mile (13 km) long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both ends to revolving dials marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his invention to the 691:

and down over a permanent magnet and connecting the coil with the transmission wires by means of the commutator. The page of Gauss's laboratory notebook containing both his code and the first message transmitted, as well as a replica of the telegraph made in the 1850s under the instructions of Weber are kept in the faculty of physics at the

1964:

in February 1863. As the new head of the Signal Corps, Myer tried to get all telegraph and flag signaling under his command, and therefore subject to military discipline. After creating the Signal Corps, Myer pushed to further develop new telegraph systems. While the USMT relied primarily on civilian

1250:

The first system that did not require skilled technicians to operate was Charles Wheatstone's ABC system in 1840 in which the letters of the alphabet were arranged around a clock-face, and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter. This early system required the receiver to be present in real

1242:

A continuing goal in telegraphy was to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate. There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to reduce the

741:

which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet. Any number of needles could be used, depending on the number of characters it was required to code. In May 1837 they patented their system. The patent recommended five needles, which coded twenty of the

3913:

Telegraphic determination of longitudes in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and on the north coast of South America, embracing the meridians of Coatzacoalcos; Salina Cruz; La Libertad; San Juan del Sur; St. Nicolas Mole; Port Plata; Santo Domingo; Curacao; and La Guayra, with

1262:

For a brief period, starting with the New York–Boston line in 1848, some telegraph networks began to employ sound operators, who were trained to understand Morse code aurally. Gradually, the use of sound operators eliminated the need for telegraph receivers to include register and tape. Instead, the

887:

actuated by a handle on the front. This would be turned to apply an alternating voltage to the line. Each half cycle of the current would advance the pointers at both ends by one position. When the pointer reached the position of the depressed key, it would stop and the magneto would be disconnected

1825:

The "telegraphic longitude net" soon became worldwide. Transatlantic links between Europe and North America were established in 1866 and 1870. The US Navy extended observations into the West Indies and Central and South America with an additional transatlantic link from South America to Lisbon

1296:

patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters. Each character was assigned a five-bit code, mechanically interpreted from the state of five on/off switches. Operators had to maintain a steady rhythm, and the usual speed of operation was

1284:

invented the printing telegraph in 1855; it used a keyboard of 26 keys for the alphabet and a spinning type wheel that determined the letter being transmitted by the length of time that had elapsed since the previous transmission. The system allowed for automatic recording on the receiving end. The

853:

in 1843, the system was converted to a one-needle, two-wire configuration with uninsulated wires on poles. The cost of installing wires was ultimately more economically significant than the cost of training operators. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000

1955:

The telegraph system still had its flaws. The USMT, while the main source of telegraphers and cable, was still a civilian agency. Most operators were first hired by the telegraph companies and then contracted out to the War Department. This created tension between generals and their operators. One

1906:

the telegraph proved its value as a tactical, operational, and strategic communication medium and an important contributor to Union victory. By contrast the Confederacy failed to make effective use of the South's much smaller telegraph network. Prior to the War the telegraph systems were primarily

1789:

The telegraph was very important for sending time signals to determine longitude, providing greater accuracy than previously available. Longitude was measured by comparing local time (for example local noon occurs when the sun is at its highest above the horizon) with absolute time (a time that is

1540:

The most expensive aspect of a telegraph system was the installation – the laying of the wire, which was often very long. The costs would be better covered by finding a way to send more than one message at a time through the single wire, thus increasing revenue per wire. Early devices included the

1430:

he created his first keyboard perforator, which used compressed air to punch the holes. He also created a reperforator (receiving perforator) and a printer. The reperforator punched incoming Morse signals onto paper tape and the printer decoded this tape to produce alphanumeric characters on plain

1258:

patented a chemical telegraph in Edinburgh. The signal current moved an iron pen across a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide, decomposing the chemical and producing readable blue marks in Morse code. The speed of the printing telegraph was 16 and a

882:

Wheatstone developed a practical alphabetical system in 1840 called the A.B.C. System, used mostly on private wires. This consisted of a "communicator" at the sending end and an "indicator" at the receiving end. The communicator consisted of a circular dial with a pointer and the 26 letters of the

690:

At first, Gauss and Weber used the telegraph to coordinate time, but soon they developed other signals and finally, their own alphabet. The alphabet was encoded in a binary code that was transmitted by positive or negative voltage pulses which were generated by means of moving an induction coil up

3895:

Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Mexico and Central America and on the West Coast of South America: Embracing the Meridians of Vera Cruz; Guatemala; La Libertad; Salvador; Paita; Lima; Arica; Valparaiso; and the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba; with the Latitudes of the

3759:

The Story of the Telegraph, and a History of the Great Atlantic Cable: A Complete Record of the Inception, Progress, and Final Success of that Undertaking: a General History of Land and Oceanic Telegraphs: Descriptions of Telegraphic Apparatus, and Biographical Sketches of the Principal Persons

1821:

of the U.S. Navy in 1844, over Morse's line between Washington and Baltimore. The method was soon in practical use for longitude determination, in particular by the U.S. Coast Survey, and over longer and longer distances as the telegraph network spread across North America and the world, and as

1893:

in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. These prompt daily news reports energised British public opinion on the war, which brought down the government and led to Lord Palmerston becoming prime minister.

1851:

The ability to send telegrams brought obvious advantages to those conducting war. Secret messages were encoded, so interception alone would not be sufficient for the opposing side to gain an advantage. There were also geographical constraints on intercepting the telegraph cables that improved

1269:

developed and patented a letter-printing telegraph system in 1846 which employed an alphabetic keyboard for the transmitter and automatically printed the letters on paper at the receiver, and followed this up with a steam-powered version in 1852. Advocates of printing telegraphy said it would

2072:

While the telegraph was not the focus of the legal battles that occurred around 1878, the companies that were affected by the effects of the battle were the main powers of telegraphy at the time. Western Union thought that the agreement of 1878 would solidify telegraphy as the long-range

1889:. News from war correspondents kept the public of the nations involved in the war informed of the day-to-day events in a way that had not been possible in any previous war. After the French extended their telegraph lines to the coast of the Black Sea in late 1854, war news began reaching 144:

allowed for the first rapid communication between people on different continents. The telegraph's nearly-instant transmission of messages across continents – and between continents – had widespread social and economic impacts. The electric telegraph led to

370:

suggested that telegraphy could be achieved by placing small magnets under the ends of a set of wires, one pair of wires for each letter of the alphabet. He was apparently unaware of Schweigger's invention at the time, which would have made his system much more sensitive. In 1825,

2224:

Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric

291:

leading to a Charles Marshall of Renfrew being suggested. Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe, but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system.

1549:

which allowed, respectively, one or two telegraph transmissions in each direction. However, an even greater number of channels was desired on the busiest lines. In the latter half of the 1800s, several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that, including

848:

in 1838. This was a five-needle, six-wire system, and had the major advantage of displaying the letter being sent so operators did not need to learn a code. The insulation failed on the underground cables between Paddington and West Drayton, and when the line was extended to

2012:

revived the 'cable war' of 1914–1918. In 1939, German-owned cables across the Atlantic were cut once again, and, in 1940, Italian cables to South America and Spain were cut in retaliation for Italian action against two of the five British cables linking Gibraltar and Malta.

3931:

Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Japan, China, and the East Indies: Embracing the Meridians of Yokohama, Nagasaki, Wladiwostok, Shanghai, Amoy, Hong-Kong, Manila, Cape St. James, Singapore, Batavia, and Madras, with the Latitude of the Several

1717:

Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin. This brought news reports from the rest of the world. The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world.

624:. Schilling's telegraph was tested on a 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) experimental underground and underwater cable, laid around the building of the main Admiralty in Saint Petersburg and was approved for a telegraph between the imperial palace at 1725:. In 1896, there were thirty cable laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent. 619:

On 21 October 1832, Schilling managed a short-distance transmission of signals between two telegraphs in different rooms of his apartment. In 1836, the British government attempted to buy the design but Schilling instead accepted overtures from

1790:

the same for an observer anywhere on earth). If the local times of two places differ by one hour, the difference in longitude between them is 15° (360°/24h). Before telegraphy, absolute time could be obtained from astronomical events, such as

379:

improved on Ampère's design by placing the magnetic needles inside a coil of wire connected to each pair of conductors. He successfully demonstrated it, showing the feasibility of the electromagnetic telegraph, but only within a lecture hall.

1701:

installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long

1305:) was typed onto a piece of perforated tape using a keyboard-like device called the 'Stick Punch'. The transmitter automatically ran the tape through and transmitted the message at the then exceptionally high speed of 70 words per minute. 994:. There was also serious concern that an electrical telegraph could be quickly put out of action by enemy saboteurs, something that was much more difficult to do with optical telegraphs which had no exposed hardware between stations. The 3877:

Telegraphic determination of longitudes on the east coast of South America embracing the meridians of Lisbon, Madeira, St. Vincent, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, and Para, with the latitude of the several

1448:, a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures. In 1901, Baudot's code was modified by 1300:

By this point, reception had been automated, but the speed and accuracy of the transmission were still limited to the skill of the human operator. The first practical automated system was patented by Charles Wheatstone. The message (in

1002:

optical system symbols, making it more familiar to the telegraph operators. The optical system was decommissioned starting in 1846, but not completely until 1855. In that year the Foy-Breguet system was replaced with the Morse system.

399:

improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around the bar, creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires. During his tenure at

1015:. The era of mass personal communication had begun. Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation in major countries: 1573:. These various frequencies, referred to as harmonics, could then be combined into one complex signal and sent down the single wire. On the receiving end, the frequencies would be separated with a matching set of resonators. 4762:

Wonders of electricity and the elements, being a popular account of modern electrical and magnetic discoveries, magnetism and electric machines, the electric telegraph and the electric light, and the metal bases, salt, and

760:

developed an instrument that was called the register for recording the received messages. It embossed dots and dashes on a moving paper tape by a stylus which was operated by an electromagnet. Morse and Vail developed the

1259:

half words per minute, but messages still required translation into English by live copyists. Chemical telegraphy came to an end in the US in 1851, when the Morse group defeated the Bain patent in the US District Court.

1697:, after many mishaps along the way. John Pender, one of the men on the Great Eastern, later founded several telecommunications companies primarily laying cables between Britain and Southeast Asia. Earlier transatlantic 282:

suggested an electrostatic telegraph. Using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of

3102:"The Telegraph Manual: A Complete History and Description of the Semaphoric, Electric and Magnetic Telegraphs of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, Ancient and Modern: with Six Hundred and Twenty-five Illustrations" 1826:

between 1874 and 1890. British, Russian and US observations created a chain from Europe through Suez, Aden, Madras, Singapore, China and Japan, to Vladivostok, thence to Saint Petersburg and back to Western Europe.

933:

In 1851, a conference in Vienna of countries in the German-Austrian Telegraph Union (which included many central European countries) adopted the Morse telegraph as the system for international communications. The

3390: 102:

that makes a click; communication on this type of system relies on sending clicks in coded rhythmic patterns. The archetype of this category was the Morse system and the code associated with it, both invented by

2043:) and the army groups in the field. These contained situation reports, battle plans, and discussions of strategy and tactics. Britain intercepted these signals, diagnosed how the encrypting machine worked, and 1610:

was first proposed. One of the primary technical challenges was to sufficiently insulate the submarine cable to prevent the electric current from leaking out into the water. In 1842, a Scottish surgeon

110:

Electrical telegraphs were used by the emerging railway companies to provide signals for train control systems, minimizing the chances of trains colliding with each other. This was built around the

1829:

Australia's telegraph network was linked to Singapore's via Java in 1871, and the net circled the globe in 1902 with the connection of the Australia and New Zealand networks to Canada's via the

706:

pulse, enabling him to transmit seven letters a minute instead of two. The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own, but they received funding from

6089: 4682: 2812: 910: 1629:

and Wheatstone soon discovered the merits of gutta-percha as an insulator, and in 1845, the latter suggested that it should be employed to cover the wire which was proposed to be laid from

1936:, wanted control over the telegraph lines to maintain the flow of information. Early in the war, one of Stanton's first acts as Secretary of War was to move telegraph lines from ending at 836:

in 1837 for signalling rope-hauling of locomotives. It was rejected in favour of pneumatic whistles. Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a system installed on the

423:

in 1837 and was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. Davy also invented a printing telegraph which used the electric current from the telegraph signal to mark a ribbon of calico infused with

4668: 998:

was eventually adopted. This was a two-needle system using two signal wires but displayed in a uniquely different way to other needle telegraphs. The needles made symbols similar to the

322:

for experimentation. This became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects, and which was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an

1985:. Despite British acquisition of German colonies and expansion into the Middle East, debt from the war led to Britain's control over telegraph cables to weaken while US control grew. 682: 1872:. It was to comprise twenty-five men from the Royal Corps of Sappers & Miners trained by the Electric Telegraph Company to construct and work the first field electric telegraph. 605:. It had a transmitting device that consisted of a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current. The receiving instrument consisted of six 1721:

From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the

878:-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal. 1576:

With a set of frequencies being carried down a single wire, it was realized that the human voice itself could be transmitted electrically through the wire. This effort led to the

1270:

eliminate Morse operators' errors. The House machine was used on four main American telegraph lines by 1852. The speed of the House machine was announced as 2600 words an hour.

930:. Originally, the armature was intended to make marks on paper tape, but operators learned to interpret the clicks and it was more efficient to write down the message directly. 1011:

As well as the rapid expansion of the use of the telegraphs along the railways, they soon spread into the field of mass communication with the instruments being installed in

1868:

and was one of the first to be documented extensively. In 1854, the government in London created a military Telegraph Detachment for the Army commanded by an officer of the

404:

from 1826 to 1832, Henry first demonstrated the theory of the 'magnetic telegraph' by ringing a bell through one-mile (1.6 km) of wire strung around the room in 1831.

107:

in 1838. In 1865, the Morse system became the standard for international communication, using a modified form of Morse's code that had been developed for German railways.

3386: 6084: 1675:

between France and England. The first undersea cable was laid in 1850, connecting the two countries and was followed by connections to Ireland and the Low Countries.

1431:

paper. This was the origin of the Creed High Speed Automatic Printing System, which could run at an unprecedented 200 words per minute. His system was adopted by the

1956:

source of irritation was that USMT operators did not have to follow military authority. Usually they performed without hesitation, but they were not required to, so

2077:

acquired working control of Western Union in 1909 but relinquished it in 1914 under threat of antitrust action. AT&T bought Western Union's electronic mail and

3494:

Müller, Simone (2010). "The Transatlantic Telegraphs and the 'Class of 1866' – the Formative Years of Transnational Networks in Telegraphic Space, 1858–1884/89".

1234: 3818:"The telegraphic longitude net of the United States and its connection with that of Europe, as developed by the Coast and Geodetic Survey between 1866 and 1896" 1399: 1569:

One approach was to have resonators of several different frequencies act as carriers of a modulated on-off signal. This was the harmonic telegraph, a form of

5997: 5969: 5964: 4989: 4672: 1053: 803: 4435: 2820: 2439: 2112: 1686:

in 1856 to undertake to construct a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. It was successfully completed on 18 July 1866 by the ship

1474:

to connect teletypewriters. These resulting systems were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style

888:

from the line. The communicator's pointer was geared to the magneto mechanism. The indicator's pointer was moved by a polarised electromagnet whose

4649:(The Morse Telegraph Club is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy.) 915: 632:. However, the project was cancelled following Schilling's death in 1837. Schilling was also one of the first to put into practice the idea of the 79:, that were devised to send text messages more quickly than physically carrying them. Electrical telegraphy can be considered the first example of 2133: 1940:

headquarters to terminating at the War Department. Stanton himself said " is my right arm". Telegraphy assisted Northern victories, including the

1127:

The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company, for example, was created in 1852 in Rochester, New York and eventually became the

5991: 4714: 4695: 2165: 577: 1911:, the South cut telegraph lines running into D.C., which put the city in a state of panic because they feared an immediate Southern invasion. 168:

pushed telegraphy into only a few specialist uses; its use by the general public dwindled to greetings for special occasions. The rise of the

5986: 5976: 5956: 5758: 4633: 4363: 4323: 4278: 3800: 3546: 2731: 2246: 2085: 1346: 950: 462: 2073:

communication of choice. However, due to the underestimates of telegraph's future and poor contracts, Western Union found itself declining.

1833:. The two determinations of longitudes, one transmitted from east to west and the other from west to east, agreed within one second of arc ( 4805: 4629: 1489:

The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930s as a network used to communicate within the government.

679:

of his own. As a result, he was able to make the distant needle move in the direction set by the commutator on the other end of the line.

719: 5981: 5827: 808: 774: 565:

in July 1816, it was rejected as "wholly unnecessary". His account of the scheme and the possibilities of rapid global communication in

583: 5753: 4946: 4941: 4929: 4924: 4909: 4544: 4424: 3734: 3348: 3049: 2044: 1606:

Soon after the first successful telegraph systems were operational, the possibility of transmitting messages across the sea by way of

1470:

By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used

573:

due to induction. Elements of Ronalds' design were utilised in the subsequent commercialisation of the telegraph over 20 years later.

133:

had commercial telegraph networks with local telegraph offices in most cities and towns, allowing the public to send messages (called

5847: 4503: 4391: 4168: 3579: 3478: 3332: 3265: 3240: 3215: 2314: 1961: 1368: 528: 246: 509: 6069: 5632: 5180: 4982: 2128: 1998: 954: 481: 249:, electrical phenomena were known to travel with great speed, and many experimenters worked on the application of electricity to 1657:, submerged a 2 miles (3.2 km) wire coated with gutta-percha off the coast from Folkestone, which was tested successfully. 229:

to communicate complex messages – usually regarding news of birth, ceremonies, and military conflict – over 4–5 mile distances.

5743: 4615: 2123: 1982: 1501: 5738: 5289: 4746: 4677: 4608: 4529: 4409: 4296: 3302: 3024: 2562: 2508: 2289: 2020: 1926: 1698: 1607: 1601: 1350: 817: 738: 570: 466: 366:, with a coil of wire around a compass, that could be used as a sensitive indicator for an electric current. Also that year, 141: 95: 36: 488: 341: 358:

discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle. In the same year

5763: 2263: 1949: 1915: 1597: 833: 698:

Gauss was convinced that this communication would be of help to his kingdom's towns. Later in the same year, instead of a

273: – were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances. 6048: 4653: 3127:

John Liffen, "The Introduction of the Electric Telegraph in Britain, a Reappraisal of the Work of Cooke and Wheatstone."

6038: 5799: 5696: 5239: 5006: 1496:– considered speedy at the time – up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using 769:. The first telegram in the United States was sent by Morse on 11 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at 372: 4618:, International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Background Reading, Version 1; February 2008. 3735:"Report on the experience of the Coast Survey in regard to telegraph operations, for determination of longitude &c" 1965:

lines and operators, the Signal Corp's new field telegraph could be deployed and dismantled faster than USMT's system.

718:

was able to build a telegraph network within the city in 1835–1836. In 1838, Steinheil installed a telegraph along the

129:

systems such as semaphores, becoming the standard way to send urgent messages. By the latter half of the century, most

6074: 6028: 5535: 4975: 1799: 495: 376: 287:

balls at the far end. The writer has never been positively identified, but the letter was signed C.M. and posted from

4125:

Hills, Jill (June 2006). "What's New? War, Censorship and Global Transmission: From the Telegraph to the Internet".

5887: 5809: 5748: 5455: 2040: 1922: 1679: 1654: 1577: 1529: 1498: 1062: 1058: 922:

The Morse system uses a single wire between offices. At the sending station, an operator taps on a switch called a

855: 692: 1706:. The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870. (Those several companies combined to form the 1381: 1339: 979: 970: 455: 5659: 5620: 5465: 5365: 5294: 5227: 5054: 4843: 4019:

Distant Writing A History of Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 16. Telegraph at War 1854–1868

3893: 2928: 2440:

https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/museum/schweigger-multiplier

1255: 703: 477: 6018: 5260: 5195: 5148: 5034: 4889: 4798: 4354: 3947: 3281: 2143: 1449: 935: 730: 349: 258: 4441: 4186:

Solymar, L. (March 2000). "The effect of the telegraph on law and order, war, diplomacy, and power politics".

1754:

as the founder, although the name was only adopted in 1934. It was formed from successive mergers including:

367: 355: 32: 5857: 5842: 5686: 5637: 5560: 5460: 5138: 5024: 5019: 4884: 3948:"Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph: Imagining North Australia as an Indian Ocean Colony before 1914" 3114:

Richard B. Du Boff, "Business Demand and the Development of the Telegraph in the United States, 1844–1860."

2065:. Western Union was the leading telegraph provider for America and was seen as the best competition for the 1747: 1742: 943: 641: 323: 111: 2023:

in occupied Europe sabotaged communications facilities such as telegraph lines, forcing the Germans to use

1135:

interconnection. Message by post was still the primary means of communication to countries outside Europe.

541: 375:

tried Ampère's idea but only got it to work over 200 feet (61 m) and declared it impractical. In 1830

5779: 5565: 5380: 5325: 5320: 5133: 5098: 4956: 3860:

Report on the telegraphic determination of differences of longitude in the West Indies and Central America

2066: 1876: 821: 782: 723: 707: 299:

realised an early electric telegraph. The telegraph had a separate wire for each of the 26 letters of the

80: 2220:"Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction" 333:

Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an "electrochemical telegraph" created by the

5681: 5485: 5450: 5370: 5350: 5272: 5160: 5081: 1945: 1563: 995: 889: 837: 778: 711: 676: 668: 296: 237: 4774:

The electro magnetic telegraph: with an historical account of its rise, progress, and present condition

4237: 2017:, Cable & Wireless's head office and central cable station, was damaged by German bombing in 1941. 1809:

The idea of using the telegraph to transmit a time signal for longitude determination was suggested by

957:

connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the

4711: 5595: 5555: 5525: 5282: 5217: 4879: 4195: 3998: 3829: 2694: 1783: 1546: 1456: 660: 656: 649: 621: 428: 4334: 114:

in which signal boxes along the line communicate with neighbouring boxes by telegraphic sounding of

6079: 5605: 5545: 5304: 5266: 5123: 5064: 5049: 4919: 4791: 4732: 3645:

Headrick, D.R.; Griset, P. (2001). "Submarine telegraph cables: business and politics, 1838–1939".

2138: 2024: 1978: 1937: 1612: 1535: 1281: 939: 770: 594: 150: 55: 854:

sets were in use at the end of the nineteenth century; some remained in service in the 1930s. The

502: 5832: 5789: 5720: 5590: 5520: 5495: 5430: 5277: 4998: 4934: 4482: 4219: 4150: 4057: 3967: 3670: 3662: 3627: 3552: 3511: 3162: 2646: 1941: 1903: 1803: 1694: 1660: 1542: 1471: 1423: 859: 841: 734: 401: 315: 223: 70: 4833: 4616:

Roots of Interconnection: Communications, Transportation and Phases of the Industrial Revolution

1733: 1460: 975: 4740: 2166:"The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge" 1852:

security, however once radio telegraphy was developed interception became far more widespread.

756:

independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837. Morse's assistant

667:, installed a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) wire above the town's roofs. Gauss combined the 98:, invented in 1837. The second category are armature systems, in which the current activates a 69:

system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electrical

5872: 5794: 5708: 5691: 5654: 5540: 5500: 5330: 5299: 5165: 5059: 4754: 4604: 4569: 4540: 4525: 4509: 4499: 4420: 4405: 4387: 4359: 4340: 4319: 4292: 4274: 4211: 4142: 3796: 3730: 3575: 3542: 3503: 3474: 3328: 3261: 3236: 3211: 3184: 3045: 3020: 2997: 2727: 2558: 2375: 2310: 2285: 2242: 2188: 1810: 1703: 1479: 1411: 1393: 987: 829: 686:

Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G

637: 562: 359: 208: 146: 130: 126: 99: 3910:

Norris, John Alexander; Laird, Charles; Holcombe, John H.L.; Garrett, Le Roy M. (1891).

1925:

censored suspect messages informally to block aid to the secession movement. During the war,

1750:

was a British telecommunications company that traced its origins back to the 1860s, with Sir

5877: 5837: 5817: 5784: 5713: 5671: 5585: 5440: 5425: 5400: 5375: 5335: 5185: 5044: 5039: 5029: 4474: 4203: 4134: 3959: 3837: 3654: 3619: 3534: 3154: 2702: 2638: 2578: 2180: 2089: 1997:

German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at

1687: 1551: 1266: 773:

near Morristown, New Jersey, although it was only later, in 1844, that he sent the message "

602: 424: 420: 384: 307: 270: 119: 87: 3352: 5505: 5360: 5128: 5091: 4838: 4718: 3471:

The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization

2482: 2400: 1869: 1626: 1621: 625: 598: 586: 558: 554: 546: 262: 226: 5103: 3775: 3411:

Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45

3101: 1293: 160:

In the early 20th century, manual operation of telegraph machines was slowly replaced by

17: 4465:

Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914".

4199: 4002: 3986: 3911: 3875: 3858: 3833: 3702: 3610:

Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914".

3529:

Starosielski, Nicole (2015). "Cabled Depths: The Aquatic Afterlives of Signal Traffic".

2698: 2665: 745: 5703: 5575: 5550: 5510: 5480: 5355: 5190: 5076: 4437:

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–1810)

3929: 3688: 3065: 3017:

The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States

2536: 2002: 1957: 1818: 1714:

expedition in 1873–1876 mapped the ocean floor for future underwater telegraph cables.

1668: 1509: 1475: 1441: 991: 645: 278: 266: 254: 204: 66: 6063: 5852: 5625: 5615: 5530: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5390: 5212: 5071: 4687: 4311: 4303: 4223: 4154: 3971: 3757: 3716: 3674: 3556: 2796: 2650: 2438:

M. (10 December 2014). Schweigger Multiplier – 1820. Retrieved 7 February 2018, from

2184: 2062: 2036: 2014: 1933: 1929: 1642: 1555: 1517: 1128: 999: 923: 633: 388: 250: 219: 115: 4478: 3623: 3421: 3166: 1588: 1444:, telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 43: 5730: 5570: 5515: 5445: 5410: 5345: 5244: 5234: 5086: 4773: 4761: 3142: 2978: 2476: 2031:

by Britain. The Germans developed a highly complex teleprinter attachment (German:

2009: 1886: 1830: 1814: 1795: 1722: 1650: 1616: 1570: 1513: 1505:, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. 1244: 1223: 958: 845: 753: 699: 672: 606: 569:

was the first published work on electric telegraphy and even described the risk of

408: 396: 363: 311: 215: 200: 104: 91: 86:

Text telegraphy consisted of two or more geographically separated stations, called

3963: 2642: 2512: 664: 51: 4727: 2219: 5930: 5580: 5490: 5475: 5435: 5395: 5254: 4853: 4017: 3454: 2118: 2061:

In America, the end of the telegraph era can be associated with the fall of the

1974: 1908: 1861: 1751: 1559: 1445: 1419: 1407: 1328: 1314: 1289: 1012: 825: 757: 444: 412: 319: 161: 858:, the world's first public telegraphy company, was formed in 1845 by financier 5935: 5642: 5340: 5249: 5205: 5175: 5153: 5143: 5118: 4951: 4848: 4814: 4661: 3457: : founded in part on Wünschendorff's 'Traité de télé graphie sous-marine 2942: 2667:

Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus

2056: 2028: 1865: 1433: 1302: 927: 905: 893: 762: 567:

Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus

327: 190: 73:

system and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems called

4513: 4344: 4215: 4146: 4138: 3928:

Green, Francis Mathews; Davis, Charles Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1883).

3507: 2347:

Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture

2192: 1251:

time to record the message and it reached speeds of up to 15 words a minute.

253:

at a distance. All the known effects of electricity – such as

5920: 5385: 5200: 4207: 3210:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 60–61. 3001: 1881: 1672: 1273: 986:

France was slow to adopt the electrical telegraph, because of the extensive

786: 629: 582: 337: 165: 75: 4783: 4730:– a 1902 article about telegraph networks and technology from the magazine 3538: 2035:, "cipher attachment") that was used for enciphering telegrams, using the 1285:

system was very stable and accurate and became accepted around the world.

5915: 5905: 5822: 5647: 5470: 4708:– The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868 1791: 766: 345: 300: 169: 134: 3515: 2629:

Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph".

2613: 1993: 870: 636:

system of signal transmission. His work was taken over and developed by

5910: 5895: 3666: 2947: 2330:

Odden, David (1995). "Tone: African languages". In J. Goldsmith (ed.).

2102: 2074: 1664: 1646: 1464: 1427: 1353: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 884: 875: 469: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 334: 288: 4778: 4767: 4739: 4486: 3631: 3303:"Royal Earl House Steam-Powered Printing-Telegraph Patent #9505, 1852" 2707: 2682: 1486:. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing. 5940: 5900: 5222: 5014: 4967: 4899: 4894: 4646: 3455:

Submarine telegraphs : their history, construction, and working

3158: 3129:

International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

2631:

International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

2107: 1890: 1683: 1634: 1508:

Automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced into Canada by

951:

quickly deployed in the two decades following the first demonstration

850: 715: 196: 195:

Prior to the electric telegraph, visual systems were used, including

90:. The offices were connected by wires, usually supported overhead on 4574:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

3658: 2379: 675:. To change the direction of the electric current, he constructed a 391:, with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished 3842: 3817: 3599:(3 ed.). Australia: Oxford University Press. pp. 305–307. 395:, which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current. 5925: 5862: 5170: 3143:"Spiritualist Writing Machines: Telegraphy,Typtology, Typewriting" 2509:"Joseph Henry: Inventor of the Telegraph? Smithsonian Institution" 2078: 1992: 1638: 1630: 1587: 1406: 1398: 1380: 1318: 1233: 974: 909: 869: 807: 744: 722:, built in 1835 as the first German railroad, which was the first 681: 581: 540: 416: 330:

were the only previously known human-made sources of electricity.

236: 176:

in the 1990s largely made dedicated telegraphy networks obsolete.

173: 154: 58:

telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske

50: 42: 31: 3777:

The recent progress of astronomy, especially in the United States

3186:

A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838–1868

5867: 4721: 4537:

Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier

4316:

Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers

3208:

The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia

2084:

Although commercial "telegraph" services are still available in

1637:. Gutta-percha was used as insulation on a wire laid across the 1493: 1483: 613: 610: 392: 284: 4971: 4787: 4705: 4601:

What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848

3088:

Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920

2943:"Telegraph – A working ABC telegraph from prof. Ch. Wheatstone" 1131:. Although many countries had telegraph networks, there was no 5113: 4874: 4869: 4630:

The Telegraph's Effect on Nineteenth Century Markets and Firms

3066:

The Transcontinental Telegraph and the End of the Pony Express

2478:

The Albany Hand-book: A Strangers' Guide and Residents' Manual

1392:, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by 1322: 553:

The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor

438: 3717:"Origins of the Eastern & Associated Telegraph Companies" 3572:

A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet

3206:

Khalid, Adeeb (1998). "2: The Making of a Colonial Society".

2402:

Electromagnetic Telegraph – Invented by Baron Pavel Schilling

1770:

The Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company

4562:

The Electric Telegraph, Was it invented by Prof. Wheatstone?

4169:"The telegram that brought America into the First World War" 2966:, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., pp. 30, 31 2280:

Williams, Raymond (1974). "The Technology and the Society".

671:

with his magnetometer to build a more sensitive device, the

2962:

Freebody, J. W. (1958), "Historical Survey of Telegraphy",

2745: 2743: 812:

GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument

557:

in 1816 and used static electricity. At the family home on

211:

for visual signals to communicate over distances of land.

4386:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 6–17, 138–141. 2683:"The Bicentennial of Francis Ronalds's Electric Telegraph" 1822:

technical developments improved accuracy and productivity

820:. A demonstration four-needle system was installed on the 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 1784:

History of longitude § Land surveying and telegraphy

4062:, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech 3496:

Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung

3282:"Royal Earl House Printing-Telegraph Patent #4464, 1846" 1520:

started to build a Telex network in the United States.

640:

who invented telegraph equipment that was used by Tsar

4073: 4071: 4069: 3756:

Briggs, Charles Frederick; Maverick, Augustus (1858).

303:

and its range was only between two rooms of his home.

137:) addressed to any person in the country, for a fee. 4496:

The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History

2724:

Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph

1817:

in 1837, and the first test of this idea was made by

3892:

Davis, Chales Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1885).

3351:. Clarkson University. 14 April 2007. Archived from 2422: 2420: 942:, and was based on a code used on Hamburg railways ( 938:

adopted was considerably modified from the original

344:

in 1809, based on an earlier 1804 design by Spanish

5949: 5886: 5808: 5772: 5729: 5670: 5604: 5313: 5005: 4908: 4862: 4821: 4757:, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library 4273:. London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. 3991:

Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada

1764:

The Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company

949:In the United States, the Morse/Vail telegraph was 6090:History of telecommunications in the United States 4336:A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837 2553:McDonald, Donald; Hunt, Leslie B. (January 1982). 2535: 1875:Journalistic recording of the war was provided by 1843: second of time – less than 30 metres). 1437:for daily transmission of the newspaper contents. 816:The first commercial electrical telegraph was the 125:In the 1840s, the electrical telegraph superseded 3068:, Library of Congress, retrieved 3 February 2017. 3795:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 3597:The Daily Miracle: An introduction to Journalism 1758:The Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company 1238:Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment 4460:, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union 4375:Australian Dictionary of Biography: Edward Davy 4570:"The Inventors of the Telegraph And Telephone" 3780:(3rd ed.). New York: Harper and Brothers. 1773:The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies 1761:The British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company 1385:Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from 4983: 4799: 4779:Science History Institute Digital Collections 4768:Science History Institute Digital Collections 4522:The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology 4059:Essential Civil WAR Curriculum: The Telegraph 3459:. Canadiana.org. London: C. Lockwood. p. 251. 2840: 2838: 2307:Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects 2241:. abc (2nd ed.). Ian Allan. p. 16. 1914:Within 6 months of the start of the war, the 1737:The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901 914:1900 illustration of Professor Morse sending 27:Early system for transmitting text over wires 8: 1455:In the 1930s, teleprinters were produced by 157:telecommunication, which he began in 1894. 5998:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4673:A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications 4417:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 3442:. London: Adlard Coles Ltd. pp. 26–27. 2555:A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 918:– "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" – on 24 May, 1844 804:Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom 589:, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy 415:independently invented the mercury dipping 222:drummers used talking drums to mimic human 6034: 4990: 4976: 4968: 4806: 4792: 4784: 4755:Indiana telegraph and telephone collection 4100: 3433: 3431: 3044:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. 2915:The Gentleman's magazine, Volumes 282–283. 2284:. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. 2092:rather than a dedicated wired connection. 1802:, or by transporting an accurate clock (a 777:" over the 44 miles (71 km) from the 3841: 3373: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2761: 2706: 1369:Learn how and when to remove this message 1192:Calcutta in Bengal (east coast of India) 529:Learn how and when to remove this message 214:An auditory predecessor was West African 4252: 3793:Longitude by Wire: Finding North America 3703:"Evolution of Eastern Telegraph Company" 2542:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2481:. Albany: Brandow & Barton. p. 2282:Television: Technology and Cultural Form 2113:American Telephone and Telegraph Company 1732: 1272: 1243:cost per message was the development of 1137: 1017: 549:as part of his electric telegraph (1816) 6085:Western (genre) staples and terminology 4112: 4077: 3595:Conley, David; Lamble, Stephen (2006). 3327:. Mercer University Press. p. 71. 3260:. Mercer University Press. p. 67. 3235:. Mercer University Press. p. 69. 2773: 2495: 2156: 2134:Neutral direct-current telegraph system 2047:a large amount of teleprinter traffic. 545:Revolving alphanumeric dial created by 3533:. Duke University Press. p. 203. 2817:BT Group Connected Earth Online Museum 2108:Aurora#Historically significant events 1864:was one of the first conflicts to use 1667:, sought and obtained permission from 1184:Bombay in India (west coast of India) 659:, together with the physics professor 609:with magnetic needles, suspended from 578:Electric telegraphy in Imperial Russia 241:Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809 4634:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4400:Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, 4043: 4031: 3935:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3917:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3914:the latitudes of the several stations 3899:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3881:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3863:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office. 3100:Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston (1867). 2996:. Philadelphia: A. Hart. p. 77. 2749: 2599: 2581:. Australian Science Archives Project 2426: 2205: 2088:, transmission is usually done via a 7: 6044: 4678:History of electromagnetic telegraph 4654:"Transatlantic Cable Communications" 4239:World War II: German-occupied Europe 3739:American Journal of Science and Arts 3473:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 203. 2615:Pioneers of Electrical Communication 2557:. Johnson Matthey Plc. p. 306. 1351:adding citations to reliable sources 840:over the 13 miles (21 km) from 669:Poggendorff-Schweigger multiplicator 467:adding citations to reliable sources 276:In 1753, an anonymous writer in the 4524:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 4384:The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920 4318:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4127:International Communication Gazette 2268:The Guardian: International Edition 2164:Wenzlhuemer, Roland (August 2007). 1403:A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930 601:von Canstatt in 1832, was an early 4402:The Early History of Data Networks 3574:. Cambridge: Polity. p. 110. 3570:Briggs, Asa; Burke, Peter (2005). 3042:Open Standards and the Digital Age 2726:. London: Imperial College Press. 2373:. Abelard-Schuman. pp. 17–19. 1806:) from one location to the other. 1144:A letter by post from London took 644:to connect the Imperial palace at 25: 4289:Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875 4188:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 3393:from the original on 26 July 2019 3077:Holzmann & Pehrson, pp. 93–94 2264:"Final telegram to be sent. STOP" 1981:incident that contributed to the 1176:Constantinople in Ottoman Turkey 6043: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6012: 5633:Free-space optical communication 4696:Pavel Shilling and his telegraph 4603:, Oxford University Press, 2007 4539:. University of Illinois Press. 3874:Green, Francis Matthews (1880). 3857:Green, Francis Matthews (1877). 3763:. New York: Rudd & Carleton. 3440:Cable Ships and Submarine Cables 3141:Enns, Anthony (September 2015). 2917:p. 545. University of California 2185:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00461.x 2129:Great Northern Telegraph Company 1999:The National Museum of Computing 1414:ASR (Automatic Send and Receive) 1327: 1139:Worldwide postal speeds in 1852 1046:23,000 mi or 37,000 km 1019:Extent of the telegraph in 1852 926:, spelling out text messages in 443: 164:networks. Increasing use of the 4304:"The Electromagnetic Telegraph" 3325:The Story of Telecommunications 3258:The Story of Telecommunications 3233:The Story of Telecommunications 3064:Today in History – 24 October, 2979:"A Short History of Telegraphy" 2681:Ronalds, B.F. (February 2016). 2538:Joseph Henry: His Life and Work 2332:Handbook of Phonological Theory 2124:Geomagnetically induced current 2067:National Bell Telephone Company 2063:Western Union Telegraph Company 2039:, between German High Command ( 1885:newspaper) with photographs by 1608:submarine communications cables 1571:frequency-division multiplexing 1338:needs additional citations for 1129:Western Union Telegraph Company 916:the first long-distance message 454:needs additional citations for 39:five-needle telegraph from 1837 4747:New International Encyclopedia 4456:Michaelis, Anthony R. (1965), 4339:. London: E. & F.N. Spon. 2798:Morse Code & the Telegraph 2390:Holzmann & Pehrson, p. 203 2371:Early Electrical Communication 2309:. Cambridge University Press. 2262:Moss, Stephen (10 July 2013), 2239:Signalling in the Age of Steam 1602:Submarine communications cable 1472:telephone-like rotary dialling 1160:New York in the United States 1094:1,000 mi or 1,600 km 1081:1,400 mi or 2,300 km 1068:2,200 mi or 3,500 km 96:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph 1: 4712:NASA – Carrington Super Flare 4683:The first electric telegraphs 4479:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728 4467:The English Historical Review 3964:10.1080/1031461X.2017.1279196 3952:Australian Historical Studies 3760:Connected with the Great Work 3624:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728 3612:The English Historical Review 3422:"How does fiber optics work?" 2977:Hobbs, Alan G.; Hallas, Sam. 2643:10.1080/17581206.2015.1119481 1916:U.S. Military Telegraph Corps 1767:The Eastern Telegraph Company 1598:Transatlantic telegraph cable 1592:Major telegraph lines in 1891 1492:At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) 1386: 1288:The next improvement was the 1222:Telegraphy was introduced in 892:was coupled to it through an 834:London and Birmingham Railway 6019:Telecommunication portal 5800:Telecommunications equipment 5108: 4658:Canada's Digital Collections 4415:Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). 3791:Stachurski, Richard (2009). 2464:. India: Dorling Kindersley. 1619:, the adhesive juice of the 1119:700 mi or 1,100 km 1106:900 mi or 1,400 km 720:Nuremberg–Fürth railway line 247:early studies of electricity 5536:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4458:From semaphore to satellite 4333:Fahie, John Joseph (1884). 3985:Stewart, R.Meldrum (1924). 3816:Schott, Charles A. (1897). 3647:The Business History Review 3040:Russell, Andrew L. (2014). 2992:Turnbull, Laurence (1853). 2813:"The telegraphic age dawns" 818:Cooke and Wheatstone system 798:Cooke and Wheatstone system 342:Samuel Thomas von Sömmering 6106: 5240:Telecommunications history 4728:How Cables Unite The World 4647:Morse Telegraph Club, Inc. 4494:Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). 4382:Hochfelder, David (2012). 4242:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 4056:Hochfelder, David (2019), 3896:Several Sea-coast Stations 2994:Electro-magnetic telegraph 2795:History.com Staff (2009), 2475:Henry Pitt Phelps (1884). 2414:Prevost, 1805, pp. 176–178 2334:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 2237:Vanns, Michael A. (2012). 2054: 1950:Sherman's March to the Sea 1923:American Telegraph Company 1740: 1729:Cable and Wireless Company 1680:Atlantic Telegraph Company 1595: 1578:invention of the telephone 1533: 1530:Invention of the telephone 1527: 1516:in July 1957 and in 1958, 1499:voice frequency telegraphy 1440:With the invention of the 1312: 1063:Magnetic Telegraph Company 1059:Electric Telegraph Company 968: 903: 856:Electric Telegraph Company 801: 575: 188: 142:submarine telegraph cables 6007: 5848:Public Switched Telephone 5660:telecommunication circuit 5621:Fiber-optic communication 5366:Francis Blake (telephone) 5161:Optical telecommunication 4844:Modulated continuous wave 4434:Jones, R. Victor (1999). 4373:Gibberd, William (1966). 3019:. McFarland. p. 69. 2664:Ronalds, Francis (1823). 2305:Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). 1921:Even before the war, the 1708:Eastern Telegraph Company 1673:telegraphic communication 1292:of 1874. French engineer 1143: 982:displaying the letter "Q" 622:Nicholas I of Russia 340:, anatomist and inventor 18:Electromagnetic telegraph 5759:Orbital angular-momentum 5196:Satellite communications 5035:Communications satellite 4890:Morse code abbreviations 4815:International Morse code 4355:Crimea: The Last Crusade 4139:10.1177/1748048506063761 4016:Roberts, Steven (2012), 3946:Martinez, Julia (2017). 3822:The Astronomical Journal 3452:Bright, Charles (1898). 3323:Oslin, George P (1992). 3256:Oslin, George P (1992). 3231:Oslin, George P (1992). 3183:Roberts, Steven (2012), 2144:Western Electric Company 2051:End of the telegraph era 1782:Main article § Section: 1778:Telegraphy and longitude 1743:Cable & Wireless plc 1584:Oceanic telegraph cables 1482:, and then sent data by 1230:Telegraphic improvements 1116:optical systems dominant 990:system built during the 936:international Morse code 866:Wheatstone ABC telegraph 731:William Fothergill Cooke 350:Francisco Salva Campillo 259:electrostatic attraction 6070:19th-century inventions 5638:Molecular communication 5461:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5290:Undersea telegraph line 5025:Cable protection system 4885:Prosigns for Morse code 4535:Schwoch, James (2018). 4352:Figes, Orlando (2010). 4302:Calvert, J. B. (2008). 4269:Beauchamp, Ken (2001). 4208:10.1179/030801800679233 3469:Wilson, Arthur (1994). 3116:Business History Review 2534:Thomas Coulson (1950). 2460:R. V. G. Menon (2011). 2369:Marland, A. E. (1964). 1277:A Baudot keyboard, 1884 742:alphabet's 26 letters. 693:University of Göttingen 218:. In the 19th century, 112:signalling block system 5780:Communication protocol 5566:Charles Sumner Tainter 5381:Walter Houser Brattain 5326:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5134:Information revolution 4957:Chinese telegraph code 4688:The Dawn of Telegraphy 4596:, Göttingen 1863–1933. 4358:. London: Allen Lane. 3774:Loomis, Elias (1856). 3387:"Telegraphy and Telex" 3086:Christine Rider, ed., 2929:"Victorian Technology" 2913:Nichols, John (1967). 2722:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 2612:Appleyard, R. (1930). 2462:Technology and Society 2027:, which could then be 2006: 1962:U.S. Army Signal Corps 1877:William Howard Russell 1738: 1593: 1524:The harmonic telegraph 1415: 1404: 1396: 1278: 1239: 983: 919: 879: 813: 750: 724:earth-return telegraph 708:Alexander von Humboldt 687: 628:and the naval base at 590: 550: 478:"Electrical telegraph" 242: 81:electrical engineering 59: 48: 40: 37:Cooke and Wheatstone's 5754:Polarization-division 5486:Narinder Singh Kapany 5451:Erna Schneider Hoover 5371:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5351:Alexander Graham Bell 5082:online video platform 4910:Other writing systems 4717:29 March 2010 at the 4599:Howe, Daniel Walker, 4568:Gray, Thomas (1892). 4498:. David and Charles. 4271:History of Telegraphy 4173:BBC History Magazin e 3539:10.1215/9780822376224 3349:"David Edward Hughes" 3118:54#4 (1980): 459–479. 2055:Further information: 1996: 1946:Battle of Chickamauga 1736: 1671:in 1847 to establish 1655:South Eastern Railway 1653:, electrician to the 1591: 1564:Alexander Graham Bell 1410: 1402: 1384: 1297:30 words per minute. 1276: 1237: 996:Foy-Breguet telegraph 980:Foy–Breguet telegraph 978: 971:Foy–Breguet telegraph 913: 873: 838:Great Western Railway 811: 793:Commercial telegraphy 781:in Washington to the 775:WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT 749:Morse key and sounder 748: 712:Carl August Steinheil 685: 585: 544: 435:First working systems 356:Hans Christian Ørsted 324:electrostatic machine 297:Georges-Louis Le Sage 240: 153:, the first means of 63:Electrical telegraphy 54: 46: 35: 5596:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5556:Almon Brown Strowger 5526:Charles Grafton Page 5181:Prepaid mobile phone 5109:Electrical telegraph 4880:Morse code mnemonics 4829:Electrical telegraph 4822:Transmission methods 4671:, an exhibit of the 4669:Shilling's telegraph 3531:The Undersea Network 3502:(1 (131)): 237–259. 2345:Ong, Walter (1977). 2081:businesses in 1990. 2021:Resistance movements 1748:Cable & Wireless 1418:An early successful 1347:improve this article 1216:Sydney in Australia 1168:Alexandria in Egypt 657:Carl Friedrich Gauss 650:Kronstadt Naval Base 463:improve this article 429:calcium hypochlorite 65:is a point-to-point 5546:Johann Philipp Reis 5305:Wireless revolution 5267:The Telephone Cases 5124:Hydraulic telegraph 4920:American Morse code 4636:, pp. 149–163. 4419:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4200:2000ISRv...25..203S 4046:, pp. 304–311. 4034:, pp. 306–309. 4003:1924JRASC..18....1S 3834:1897AJ.....18...25S 3438:Haigh, K R (1968). 3376:, pp. 394–395. 3015:Coe, Lewis (2003). 2823:on 19 February 2013 2752:, pp. 307–325. 2699:2016PhT....69b..26R 2139:Radiogram (message) 2025:wireless telegraphy 1979:Zimmermann Telegram 1663:, an engineer from 1613:William Montgomerie 1536:Acoustic telegraphy 1282:David Edward Hughes 1140: 1030:Miles or kilometers 1020: 940:American Morse code 783:old Mt. Clare Depot 771:Speedwell Ironworks 737:had co-developed a 595:Schilling telegraph 151:wireless telegraphy 140:Beginning in 1850, 118:and three-position 116:single-stroke bells 6075:British inventions 5744:Frequency-division 5721:Telephone exchange 5591:Charles Wheatstone 5521:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5496:Innocenzo Manzetti 5431:Reginald Fessenden 5166:Optical telegraphy 4999:Telecommunications 4702:, Russian edition. 4664:on 29 August 2005. 4444:on 11 October 2012 4175:. 17 January 2017. 2450:Fahie, pp. 302–306 2007: 1983:US joining the war 1942:Battle of Antietam 1904:American Civil War 1898:American Civil War 1739: 1710:in 1872.) The HMS 1704:transmission lines 1695:Sir James Anderson 1661:John Watkins Brett 1594: 1424:Frederick G. Creed 1416: 1405: 1397: 1279: 1240: 1226:during the 1870s. 1208:Shanghai in China 1138: 1018: 984: 965:Foy–Breguet system 955:overland telegraph 920: 880: 860:John Lewis Ricardo 842:Paddington station 814: 751: 735:Charles Wheatstone 726:put into service. 688: 591: 571:signal retardation 551: 402:The Albany Academy 368:André-Marie Ampère 316:continuous current 243: 209:optical telegraphs 71:telecommunications 60: 49: 41: 6057: 6056: 5795:Store and forward 5790:Data transmission 5704:Network switching 5655:Transmission line 5501:Guglielmo Marconi 5466:Internet pioneers 5331:Mohamed M. Atalla 5300:Whistled language 4965: 4964: 4741:"Telegraph" 4623:Ueber Telegraphie 4621:Steinheil, C.A., 4365:978-0-7139-9704-0 4325:978-0-19-284055-4 4312:Copeland, B. Jack 4280:978-0-85296-792-8 3802:978-1-57003-801-3 3689:"Sir John Pender" 3548:978-0-8223-7622-4 2904:, pp. 67–69. 2868:, pp. 67–68. 2733:978-1-78326-917-4 2708:10.1063/PT.3.3079 2670:. London: Hunter. 2602:, pp. 23–24. 2248:978-0-7110-3536-2 2218:Roberts, Steven. 1847:Telegraphy in war 1625:tree, to Europe. 1480:circuit switching 1412:Teletype Model 33 1394:George May Phelps 1379: 1378: 1371: 1220: 1219: 1125: 1124: 1027:Company or system 988:optical telegraph 830:Robert Stephenson 638:Moritz von Jacobi 539: 538: 531: 513: 360:Johann Schweigger 147:Guglielmo Marconi 131:developed nations 127:optical telegraph 100:telegraph sounder 88:telegraph offices 16:(Redirected from 6097: 6047: 6046: 6037: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6015: 5888:Notable networks 5878:Wireless network 5818:Cellular network 5810:Types of network 5785:Computer network 5672:Network topology 5586:Thomas A. Watson 5441:Oliver Heaviside 5426:Philo Farnsworth 5401:Daniel Davis Jr. 5376:Charles Bourseul 5336:John Logie Baird 5045:Data compression 5040:Computer network 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4785: 4751: 4743: 4733:The World's Work 4692: 4665: 4660:. Archived from 4589: 4587: 4585: 4550: 4517: 4490: 4473:(341): 728–752. 4461: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4440:. Archived from 4430: 4397: 4378: 4369: 4348: 4329: 4307: 4284: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4081: 4075: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3987:"Dr. Otto Klotz" 3982: 3976: 3975: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3618:(341): 728–752. 3607: 3601: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3355:on 22 April 2008 3345: 3339: 3338: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3159:10.7275/R5M61H51 3147:Communication +1 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2927:Paul Atterbury. 2924: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819:. Archived from 2809: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2511:. Archived from 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2486: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2179:(5): 1720–1742. 2170: 2161: 2090:computer network 2033:Schlüssel-Zusatz 1989:Second World War 1927:Secretary of War 1842: 1841: 1837: 1699:submarine cables 1552:Charles Bourseul 1422:was invented by 1391: 1388: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1331: 1323: 1267:Royal Earl House 1141: 1021: 739:telegraph system 702:, Gauss used an 603:needle telegraph 559:Hammersmith Mall 534: 527: 523: 520: 514: 512: 471: 447: 439: 425:potassium iodide 417:electrical relay 385:William Sturgeon 308:Alessandro Volta 271:electromagnetism 263:chemical changes 149:'s invention of 120:needle telegraph 21: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6013: 6011: 6003: 5945: 5882: 5804: 5768: 5725: 5674: 5666: 5607: 5600: 5506:Robert Metcalfe 5361:Tim Berners-Lee 5309: 5129:Information Age 5001: 4996: 4966: 4961: 4930:Cyrillic script 4911: 4904: 4863:Notable signals 4858: 4839:Continuous wave 4817: 4812: 4738: 4719:Wayback Machine 4706:Distant Writing 4690: 4652: 4643: 4628:Yates, JoAnne. 4625:, München 1838. 4614:Peterson, M.J. 4583: 4581: 4567: 4557: 4555:Further reading 4547: 4534: 4520:Mercer, David, 4506: 4493: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4445: 4433: 4427: 4414: 4394: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4351: 4332: 4326: 4310: 4301: 4287:Bowers, Brian, 4281: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4255:, pp. 1–6. 4251: 4247: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4101:Hochfelder 2012 4099: 4084: 4076: 4067: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3731:Walker, Sears C 3729: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3659:10.2307/3116386 3644: 3643: 3639: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3549: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3424:. 11 June 2006. 3420: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2515:on 26 June 2006 2507: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2173:History Compass 2168: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2098: 2059: 2053: 1991: 1971: 1969:First World War 1900: 1870:Royal Engineers 1858: 1849: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1800:lunar distances 1780: 1745: 1731: 1693:, captained by 1627:Michael Faraday 1622:Palaquium gutta 1604: 1596:Main articles: 1586: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1463:in Britain and 1389: 1375: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1344: 1332: 1321: 1313:Main articles: 1311: 1232: 1031: 1009: 973: 967: 908: 902: 868: 806: 800: 795: 599:Baron Schilling 587:Pavel Schilling 580: 555:Francis Ronalds 547:Francis Ronalds 535: 524: 518: 515: 472: 470: 460: 448: 437: 377:William Ritchie 267:electric shocks 235: 193: 187: 182: 47:Morse telegraph 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6031: 6021: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5739:Space-division 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:Camille Tissot 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:Claude Shannon 5548: 5543: 5541:Tivadar Puskás 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5511:Antonio Meucci 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5481:Charles K. Kao 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:Harold Hopkins 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5356:Emile Berliner 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:Videotelephony 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5193: 5191:Radiotelephone 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5077:Internet video 5069: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4925:Greek alphabet 4922: 4916: 4914: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4770: 4758: 4752: 4736: 4725: 4709: 4703: 4693: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4650: 4642: 4641:External links 4639: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4597: 4590: 4565: 4564:, London 1856. 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546:978-0252041778 4545: 4532: 4518: 4504: 4491: 4462: 4454:Attributed to 4431: 4426:978-0471205050 4425: 4412: 4404:, Wiley, 1995 4398: 4392: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4349: 4330: 4324: 4314:, ed. (2006). 4308: 4299: 4285: 4279: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4245: 4229: 4194:(3): 203–210. 4178: 4160: 4133:(3): 195–216. 4117: 4105: 4082: 4065: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4008: 3977: 3958:(2): 227–243. 3938: 3920: 3902: 3884: 3866: 3849: 3843:10.1086/102749 3808: 3801: 3783: 3766: 3748: 3745:(28): 151–160. 3722: 3708: 3694: 3680: 3653:(3): 543–578. 3637: 3602: 3587: 3580: 3562: 3547: 3521: 3486: 3479: 3461: 3445: 3427: 3413: 3404: 3378: 3374:Beauchamp 2001 3366: 3340: 3333: 3315: 3294: 3273: 3266: 3248: 3241: 3223: 3216: 3198: 3175: 3133: 3120: 3107: 3092: 3079: 3070: 3057: 3051:978-1107039193 3050: 3032: 3025: 3007: 2984: 2969: 2954: 2951:. 5 June 2018. 2934: 2919: 2906: 2902:Huurdeman 2003 2894: 2890:Huurdeman 2003 2882: 2878:Beauchamp 2001 2870: 2866:Huurdeman 2003 2858: 2854:Huurdeman 2003 2846: 2844:Bowers, p. 129 2834: 2804: 2801:, A+E Networks 2787: 2778: 2766: 2762:Huurdeman 2003 2754: 2739: 2732: 2714: 2673: 2656: 2621: 2604: 2592: 2570: 2563: 2545: 2526: 2500: 2488: 2467: 2452: 2443: 2431: 2416: 2407: 2392: 2383: 2361: 2352: 2349:. p. 101. 2337: 2322: 2315: 2297: 2290: 2272: 2254: 2247: 2229: 2210: 2198: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2086:many countries 2052: 2049: 2003:Bletchley Park 1990: 1987: 1970: 1967: 1899: 1896: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1811:François Arago 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1741:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1682:was formed in 1669:Louis-Philippe 1585: 1582: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1510:CPR Telegraphs 1476:pulse dialling 1442:teletypewriter 1377: 1376: 1335: 1333: 1326: 1310: 1307: 1256:Alexander Bain 1231: 1228: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091:Siemens system 1089: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078:Siemens system 1076: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1056: 1054:United Kingdom 1050: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1008: 1005: 992:Napoleonic era 969:Main article: 966: 963: 904:Main article: 901: 898: 867: 864: 799: 796: 794: 791: 695:, in Germany. 646:Tsarskoye Selo 597:, invented by 576:Main article: 537: 536: 451: 449: 442: 436: 433: 348:and scientist 314:, providing a 279:Scots Magazine 251:communications 234: 231: 205:flag semaphore 189:Main article: 186: 183: 181: 178: 67:text messaging 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6102: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6030: 6022: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6006: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5764:Code-division 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Time-division 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675:and switching 5673: 5669: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5626:optical fiber 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Coaxial cable 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Radia Perlman 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:Lee de Forest 5419: 5417: 5416:Thomas Edison 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5406:Donald Davies 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Claude Chappe 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Smoke signals 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213:Semiconductor 5211: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5072:Digital media 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Arabic script 4945: 4943: 4942:Hebrew script 4940: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4912:in Morse code 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:On–off keying 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698:- article in 4697: 4694: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592:Gauß, C. F., 4591: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4560:Cooke, W.F., 4559: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4505:0-7153-5883-9 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4393:9781421407470 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4253:Copeland 2006 4249: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3581:9780745635118 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480:9781855733015 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3334:9780865544185 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3267:9780865544185 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3242:9780865544185 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3217:0-520-21356-4 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3090:(2007) 2:440. 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2892:, p. 69. 2891: 2886: 2883: 2880:, p. 35. 2879: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2856:, p. 67. 2855: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764:, p. 54. 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Physics Today 2684: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2579:"Edward Davy" 2574: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2316:9780521033404 2312: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2208:, p. 13. 2207: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Lorenz cipher 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2016: 2015:Electra House 2011: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Edwin Stanton 1931: 1930:Simon Cameron 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1879:(writing for 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1785: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1690:Great Eastern 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Thomas Edison 1553: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1531: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1518:Western Union 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1450:Donald Murray 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1383: 1373: 1370: 1362: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1336:This section 1334: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1040:United States 1039: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1006: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 977: 972: 964: 962: 960: 956: 953:in 1844. The 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 931: 929: 925: 924:telegraph key 917: 912: 907: 899: 897: 895: 891: 886: 877: 872: 865: 863: 861: 857: 852: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 810: 805: 797: 792: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 755: 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 684: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Wilhelm Weber 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 642:Alexander III 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 615: 612: 608: 607:galvanometers 604: 600: 596: 588: 584: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 548: 543: 533: 530: 522: 511: 508: 504: 501: 497: 494: 490: 487: 483: 480: – 479: 475: 474:Find sources: 468: 464: 458: 457: 452:This section 450: 446: 441: 440: 434: 432: 430: 426: 422: 421:Regent's Park 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 398: 394: 390: 389:electromagnet 387:invented the 386: 381: 378: 374: 369: 365: 362:invented the 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 331: 329: 326:, which with 325: 321: 317: 313: 310:invented the 309: 304: 302: 298: 293: 290: 286: 281: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 239: 232: 230: 228: 225: 221: 217: 216:talking drums 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:smoke signals 198: 192: 184: 179: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 123: 122:instruments. 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 101: 97: 93: 92:utility poles 89: 84: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 45: 38: 34: 30: 19: 5731:Multiplexing 5606:Transmission 5571:Nikola Tesla 5561:Henry Sutton 5516:Samuel Morse 5446:Robert Hooke 5411:Amos Dolbear 5346:John Bardeen 5265: 5245:Telautograph 5149:Mobile phone 5104:Edholm's law 5087:social media 5020:Broadcasting 4828: 4772: 4760: 4745: 4731: 4699: 4691:(in Russian) 4662:the original 4657: 4622: 4600: 4593: 4582:. Retrieved 4577: 4573: 4561: 4536: 4521: 4495: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4446:. Retrieved 4442:the original 4436: 4416: 4401: 4383: 4374: 4353: 4335: 4315: 4291:, IET, 2001 4288: 4270: 4263:Bibliography 4248: 4238: 4232: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4113:Kennedy 1971 4108: 4078:Schwoch 2018 4058: 4051: 4039: 4027: 4018: 4011: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3930: 3923: 3912: 3905: 3894: 3887: 3876: 3869: 3859: 3852: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3792: 3786: 3776: 3769: 3758: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3725: 3711: 3697: 3683: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3596: 3590: 3571: 3565: 3530: 3524: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3470: 3464: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3416: 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3381: 3369: 3359:29 September 3357:. Retrieved 3353:the original 3343: 3324: 3318: 3306:. Retrieved 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3276: 3257: 3251: 3232: 3226: 3207: 3201: 3190:, retrieved 3185: 3178: 3170: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3128: 3123: 3115: 3110: 3095: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3060: 3041: 3035: 3016: 3010: 2993: 2987: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2937: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2825:. Retrieved 2821:the original 2816: 2807: 2797: 2790: 2781: 2774:Calvert 2008 2769: 2757: 2723: 2717: 2693:(2): 26–31. 2690: 2686: 2676: 2666: 2659: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2618:. Macmillan. 2614: 2607: 2595: 2583:. Retrieved 2573: 2554: 2548: 2537: 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2513:the original 2503: 2496:Gibberd 1966 2491: 2477: 2470: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2434: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2306: 2300: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2257: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2213: 2201: 2176: 2172: 2159: 2083: 2071: 2060: 2032: 2019: 2010:World War II 2008: 1972: 1954: 1948:(1863), and 1944:(1862), the 1932:, and later 1920: 1913: 1901: 1887:Roger Fenton 1880: 1874: 1859: 1850: 1831:All Red Line 1828: 1824: 1819:Capt. Wilkes 1815:Samuel Morse 1808: 1796:occultations 1788: 1781: 1746: 1723:All Red Line 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1689: 1677: 1659: 1651:C. V. Walker 1620: 1617:gutta-percha 1605: 1575: 1568: 1539: 1514:CN Telegraph 1507: 1502:multiplexing 1497: 1491: 1488: 1469: 1467:in Germany. 1454: 1439: 1432: 1417: 1365: 1359:January 2020 1356: 1345:Please help 1340:verification 1337: 1309:Teleprinters 1299: 1294:Émile Baudot 1287: 1280: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1245:telegraphese 1241: 1224:Central Asia 1221: 1132: 1126: 1065:, and others 1043:20 companies 1013:post offices 1010: 985: 959:Pony Express 948: 932: 921: 900:Morse system 881: 846:West Drayton 815: 754:Samuel Morse 752: 728: 700:voltaic pile 697: 689: 673:galvanometer 654: 618: 592: 566: 552: 525: 519:January 2021 516: 506: 499: 492: 485: 473: 461:Please help 456:verification 453: 409:Joseph Henry 406: 397:Joseph Henry 382: 373:Peter Barlow 364:galvanometer 354: 332: 312:voltaic pile 305: 294: 277: 275: 269:, and later 244: 213: 194: 159: 139: 124: 109: 105:Samuel Morse 85: 74: 62: 61: 29: 5931:NPL network 5643:Radio waves 5581:Alfred Vail 5491:Hedy Lamarr 5476:Dawon Kahng 5436:Elisha Gray 5396:Yogen Dalal 5321:Nasir Ahmed 5255:Teleprinter 5119:Heliographs 4854:Signal lamp 2119:Bell Canada 2029:intercepted 1975:World War I 1958:Albert Myer 1938:McClellan's 1909:Fort Sumter 1902:During the 1862:Crimean War 1856:Crimean War 1804:chronometer 1752:John Pender 1649:. In 1849, 1615:introduced 1560:Elisha Gray 1459:in the US, 1446:Baudot code 1420:teleprinter 1390: 1880 1315:Teleprinter 1290:Baudot code 862:and Cooke. 828:section of 826:Camden Town 765:signalling 758:Alfred Vail 413:Edward Davy 328:Leyden jars 320:electricity 162:teleprinter 6080:Telegraphy 6064:Categories 5977:Antarctica 5936:Toasternet 5858:Television 5341:Paul Baran 5273:Television 5257:(teletype) 5250:Telegraphy 5228:transistor 5206:Phryctoria 5176:Photophone 5154:Smartphone 5144:Mass media 4952:Wabun code 4849:Heliograph 4724:6 May 2008 4609:0199743797 4530:031333207X 4410:0818667826 4297:0852961030 4044:Figes 2010 4032:Figes 2010 3171:Article 11 3026:0786418087 2964:Telegraphy 2827:1 December 2785:Howe, p. 7 2750:Fahie 1884 2600:Kieve 1973 2564:0905118839 2427:Jones 1999 2291:0819562599 2225:telegraph. 2206:Kieve 1973 2151:References 2115:(AT&T) 2057:Telegraphy 1960:created a 1866:telegraphs 1712:Challenger 1547:quadruplex 1534:See also: 1434:Daily Mail 1303:Morse code 1200:Singapore 928:Morse code 906:Morse code 894:escapement 802:See also: 763:Morse code 677:commutator 489:newspapers 233:Early work 191:Telegraphy 185:Precursors 76:telegraphs 5961:Americas 5950:Locations 5921:Internet2 5682:Bandwidth 5386:Vint Cerf 5283:streaming 5261:Telephone 5201:Semaphore 5092:streaming 4580:: 639–659 4514:655205099 4345:559318239 4224:144107714 4216:0308-0188 4155:153879238 4147:1748-0485 3972:149205560 3828:: 25–28. 3675:153560358 3557:114607440 3508:0172-6404 2651:113256632 2637:: 42–55. 2193:1478-0542 2045:decrypted 2005:, England 1882:The Times 1254:In 1846, 1152:to reach 1133:worldwide 1007:Expansion 787:Baltimore 729:By 1837, 704:induction 665:Göttingen 655:In 1833, 630:Kronstadt 563:Admiralty 407:In 1835, 383:In 1825, 338:physician 306:In 1800, 295:In 1774, 166:telephone 155:radiowave 135:telegrams 6029:Category 5916:Internet 5906:CYCLADES 5823:Ethernet 5773:Concepts 5697:terminal 5648:wireless 5471:Bob Kahn 5314:Pioneers 5139:Internet 5030:Cable TV 4715:Archived 4584:7 August 3932:Stations 3878:stations 3733:(1850). 3516:20762437 3397:25 March 3391:Archived 3308:25 April 3287:25 April 3167:14674389 3002:60717772 2380:64-20875 2096:See also 2075:AT&T 1952:(1864). 1792:eclipses 1641:between 1545:and the 1457:Teletype 890:armature 767:alphabet 626:Peterhof 346:polymath 301:alphabet 227:language 170:Internet 6049:Commons 6039:Outline 5992:Oceania 5911:FidoNet 5896:ARPANET 5709:circuit 5278:digital 5007:History 4935:Russian 4750:. 1905. 4196:Bibcode 3999:Bibcode 3997:: 1–8. 3830:Bibcode 3667:3116386 3131:(2013). 2948:YouTube 2695:Bibcode 2519:29 June 2103:92 Code 1973:During 1838:⁄ 1665:Bristol 1647:Cologne 1465:Siemens 1428:Glasgow 1088:Austria 1075:Prussia 1032:of wire 1024:Country 885:magneto 876:magneto 779:Capitol 614:threads 503:scholar 289:Renfrew 197:beacons 180:History 5987:Europe 5957:Africa 5941:Usenet 5901:BITNET 5838:Mobile 5714:packet 5223:MOSFET 5218:device 5015:Beacon 4900:Z code 4895:Q code 4700:PCWeek 4607: 4543: 4528: 4512: 4502: 4487:563928 4485: 4423: 4408: 4390: 4362: 4343: 4322: 4295: 4277: 4222: 4214: 4153: 4145: 3970: 3799: 3673: 3665: 3632:563928 3630: 3578: 3555: 3545: 3514: 3506: 3477: 3331: 3264: 3239: 3214: 3165: 3048: 3023: 3000: 2931:. BBC. 2730: 2649: 2585:7 June 2561: 2378: 2313: 2288: 2245: 2191: 1891:London 1684:London 1635:Calais 1562:, and 1543:duplex 1113:France 1101:Canada 1000:Chappe 851:Slough 822:Euston 716:Munich 634:binary 505: 498: 491: 484: 476: 335:German 255:sparks 220:Yoruba 207:, and 56:Hughes 5970:South 5965:North 5926:JANET 5863:Telex 5853:Radio 5692:Nodes 5687:Links 5608:media 5186:Radio 5171:Pager 5099:Drums 5065:video 5060:image 5050:audio 4777:from 4766:from 4763:acids 4594:Works 4483:JSTOR 4448:1 May 4220:S2CID 4151:S2CID 3968:S2CID 3671:S2CID 3663:JSTOR 3628:JSTOR 3553:S2CID 3512:JSTOR 3192:8 May 3163:S2CID 3153:(1). 2647:S2CID 2359:Fahie 2169:(PDF) 2079:Telex 1643:Deutz 1639:Rhine 1631:Dover 1461:Creed 1426:. In 1319:Telex 944:Gerke 510:JSTOR 496:books 245:From 224:tonal 174:email 5982:Asia 5868:UUCP 5828:ISDN 4722:NASA 4605:ISBN 4586:2009 4541:ISBN 4526:ISBN 4510:OCLC 4500:ISBN 4450:2009 4421:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4388:ISBN 4360:ISBN 4341:OCLC 4320:ISBN 4293:ISBN 4275:ISBN 4212:ISSN 4143:ISSN 3797:ISBN 3576:ISBN 3543:ISBN 3504:ISSN 3475:ISBN 3399:2021 3361:2010 3329:ISBN 3310:2014 3289:2014 3262:ISBN 3237:ISBN 3212:ISBN 3194:2017 3046:ISBN 3021:ISBN 2998:OCLC 2829:2010 2728:ISBN 2587:2012 2559:ISBN 2521:2006 2376:LCCN 2311:ISBN 2286:ISBN 2243:ISBN 2189:ISSN 1860:The 1678:The 1645:and 1600:and 1512:and 1494:baud 1484:ITA2 1478:for 1317:and 1149:days 1035:ref 733:and 648:and 611:silk 593:The 482:news 427:and 411:and 393:iron 285:pith 172:and 5873:WAN 5843:NGN 5833:LAN 5114:Fax 5055:DCT 4875:CQD 4870:SOS 4475:doi 4204:doi 4135:doi 3960:doi 3838:doi 3655:doi 3620:doi 3535:doi 3155:doi 2703:doi 2639:doi 2181:doi 2041:OKW 2001:on 1813:to 1798:or 1688:SS 1633:to 1349:by 844:to 832:'s 824:to 785:in 714:in 663:in 465:by 318:of 83:. 6066:: 4744:. 4656:. 4632:, 4578:71 4576:. 4572:. 4508:. 4481:. 4471:86 4469:. 4218:. 4210:. 4202:. 4192:25 4190:. 4171:. 4149:. 4141:. 4131:68 4129:. 4085:^ 4068:^ 3995:18 3993:. 3989:. 3966:. 3956:48 3954:. 3950:. 3836:. 3826:18 3824:. 3820:. 3743:10 3741:. 3737:. 3669:. 3661:. 3651:75 3649:. 3626:. 3616:86 3614:. 3551:. 3541:. 3510:. 3500:35 3498:. 3430:^ 3389:. 3169:. 3161:. 3149:. 3145:. 2945:. 2837:^ 2815:. 2742:^ 2701:. 2691:69 2689:. 2685:. 2645:. 2635:86 2633:. 2419:^ 2266:, 2222:. 2187:. 2175:. 2171:. 1840:15 1794:, 1786:. 1566:. 1558:, 1554:, 1452:. 1387:c. 1247:. 1213:73 1205:57 1197:45 1189:44 1181:33 1173:19 1165:13 1157:12 1061:, 961:. 874:A 789:. 710:. 652:. 431:. 265:, 261:, 257:, 203:, 199:, 6000:) 5996:( 4991:e 4984:t 4977:v 4807:e 4800:t 4793:v 4611:. 4588:. 4549:. 4516:. 4489:. 4477:: 4452:. 4429:. 4396:. 4377:. 4368:. 4347:. 4328:. 4306:. 4283:. 4226:. 4206:: 4198:: 4157:. 4137:: 4115:. 4103:. 4080:. 4005:. 4001:: 3974:. 3962:: 3846:. 3840:: 3832:: 3805:. 3719:. 3705:. 3691:. 3677:. 3657:: 3634:. 3622:: 3584:. 3559:. 3537:: 3518:. 3483:. 3401:. 3363:. 3337:. 3312:. 3291:. 3270:. 3245:. 3220:. 3157:: 3151:4 3104:. 3054:. 3029:. 3004:. 2981:. 2831:. 2776:. 2736:. 2711:. 2705:: 2697:: 2653:. 2641:: 2589:. 2567:. 2523:. 2498:. 2485:. 2483:6 2429:. 2319:. 2294:. 2251:. 2195:. 2183:: 2177:5 1836:1 1372:) 1366:( 1361:) 1357:( 1343:. 532:) 526:( 521:) 517:( 507:· 500:· 493:· 486:· 459:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index