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high amounts of screen time had delayed white matter development, decreased ability to rapidly name objects, and poorer literacy skills. This is in contrast with the 25.5% who reported at least 20 minutes of physical activity per day for a week. Additionally, the likelihood of a child participating in physical activity has been shown to decrease with increasing screen use. Screen use can also affect interpersonal skills. UCLA researchers reported that sixth-graders who went five days without screen use were significantly better at reading human emotions than sixth-graders with average screen use. Lindsay
Kneteman says technology makes kids more aggressive and that it is more difficult to take kids off of electronic devices without having to argue and fight. She argues that screen time releases dopamine, a type of neurotransmitter that is associated with pleasure, which makes it harder for people to get off of their electronic devices. This means that when they stop using their electronic devices, the process of releasing dopamine stops as well, and for some people, this can cause irritability. In a literature review done by Anderson et al. (2017), children who have extensive exposure to particularly violent media are at risk of developing aggressive behaviors and a desensitization towards violence. Researchers reviewed longitudinal studies, meta-analysis, experimental and cross sectional studies from the past 60 years, focusing on video game violence.
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person's mental health, although some have called these findings into question. With screen usage increasing as time progresses, adults have begun spending more and more time focusing their attention of screens. This time spent sitting and viewing a screen has been linked to mental health effects such as anxiety and depression. Adults who spend six hours or greater using screen time are more likely to suffer from moderate to severe depression. This increased use in screen time has been shown to be directly correlated with an increased chance of depression in adults. With this added risk, lack of sleep plays a major role in a healthy mindset, and without proper rest, mental health can degrade at a higher rate.
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use screen time less than two hours, but there are other recommendations that help mitigate negative health effects. For example, breaking up continuous blocks of screen time usage by stretching, maintaining good posture, and intermittently focusing on a distant object for 20 seconds. Furthermore, to mitigate the behavioral effects, adults are encouraged not to eat in front of a screen to avoid habit formation and to keep track of their screen use every day. Specialists also recommend that adults analyze their daily screen time usage and replace some of the unnecessary usage with a physical activity or social event.
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content when online versus their counterparts with less parental control. Educational content consumed during time allotted for digital use is shown to be positively associated with academic achievement. On the other hand, those who only consumed violent media or leisurely video games on school nights, showed a negative associated with academic achievement. Their lower academic performances were marked by decreases in grade averages and in their ability to adjust to a school or academic environment. Inability to adjust to these situations resulted in a negative effect on school performance.
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cognitive development, but further research is required to get a better understanding of how screen time positively affects academic performance. On the other hand, increased screen use has been associated with missing school assignments. Students who used screens for more than two hours a day are twice as likely to not turn in homework on a regular basis. It is yet to be proven that screen time can significantly enhance academic performance, but it is known that increased use in screen time distracts students from focusing on class assignments.
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mechanisms remain unclear", with the most consistent results associating excessive media use with shorter sleep duration and delayed bed times. A 2016 meta-analysis found that "Bedtime access and use of media devices was significantly associated with inadequate sleep quantity; poor sleep quality; and excessive daytime sleepiness". This relationship is because much of the time spent on screens for children is at night, which can cause them to go to sleep later in addition to the blue light from the screens making it more difficult to sleep.
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least 1 hour before bedtime. They recommend that caregivers discourage children and teens to use screens during homework for entertainment purposes. Additionally, they recommend that families come up with a "Family Use Plan" that aligns with their family's needs, values, and goals. This plan should have consistent guidelines and limits for each family member, and families should consider having designated times of the day and areas in the house that are screen-free.
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their phone, or experience disruptive sleep. In a series of nationally representative surveys, 36% of
Americans age 12-18 and 35% of Mexican teens age 13-18 woke up during the night before to check their mobile device. For American children and teens, 54% of those did so because of getting a notification and 51% did so because of the desire to check social media. Content that stirs emotions has been linked with a delay in the onset of sleep.
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seen a shift towards smart phones and tablets. Specifically, a 2011 nationally representative survey of
American parents of children from birth to age 8 suggests that TV accounted for 51% of children's total daily screen time, while mobile devices only accounted for 4%. However, in 2017, TV dropped down to 42% of children's total daily screen time, and mobile media devices jumped up to 35%.
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186:, which thus leads to more time on phones. In children, the divide is much larger. On average in 2011, White children spent 8.5 hours a day with digital media, and Black and Latino children spent about 13 hours a day on screens. Black and Latino children were also more likely to have TVs in their rooms, which contributed to their increased use of screen time.
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also scored lower on school readiness tests, which measured vocabulary, number knowledge, and classroom engagement. The same outcomes are not present in children older than 4. Children who watched more TV were found to have less brain connectivity between language, visual and cognitive control regions of the brain than their peers who watched less TV.
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adolescents spend was limited, the likelihood of obesity can be reduced. However, the associations between discretionary screen time and adverse health outcomes were strongest in those with low grip strength, fitness and physical activity and markedly attenuated in those with the highest levels of grip strength, fitness and physical activity.
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is important because the brain is developing the most rapidly in the first five years," "That's when brains are very plastic and soaking up everything, forming these strong connections that last for life." They also stated that screens changed childhood rapidly. The over exposure also hurts skills of literacy, cognition and language.
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the blue wavelengths are closely correlated to those from sunlight, which is what helps the body keep in sync with the sunrise and sunset. Therefore, using any screen prior to bedtime disrupts the body's production of natural bedtime hormones which can trick the brain to believe it is still daytime making it harder to fall asleep.
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gets purchased and consumed in a household. The effect of advertising was demonstrated in a study where children were shown cartoons with and without food commercials. The children who watched the food commercials along with the cartoons ate 45% more unhealthy snacks than the group who watched the cartoons without food ads.
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More screen time generally leads to less time spent in nature and therefore a weaker connection to it. Studies show nature-inspired activities simultaneously decrease for youth in financially stabilized countries with mental health issues increasing, drawing a connection to higher screen time levels.
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Research shows that children who lack guidance from their mothers are more likely to overuse screen time and also to struggle academically. Those with more prevalent maternal interference in their online activities tend to have more controlled screen time. These children also watched more educational
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that provide educational television. The right content can prove beneficial, but too much screen time distracts students from studying. It is important for parents to establish a limit to how much screen time their children can use per day. Limiting and monitoring children's screen usage can increase
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concluded that preteens who spent over 7 hours on screens a day and children who spend less than 7 hours a day had noticeably different development of their cerebral cortex. This part of the brain usually thins as people mature but the accelerated decrease could potentially be linked to amounts spent
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An increase in screen time has been associated with negative cognitive outcomes for children between 0 and 4. A study on Korean children aged 24–30 months old found that toddlers with 3 hours of TV viewing per day were three times as likely to experience a language delay. Toddlers with higher TV time
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As previously discussed, sleep and screen time are heavily impacted by the other and can lead to affecting one's behavior as well. If someone does not get an adequate amount of sleep, it can affect their behavior and performance for the day. High amounts of screen time also can significantly affect a
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It has been reported that screen time negatively affects health in children independently of their physical activity and eating habits. One possible explanation for the link between TV and obesity is the number of commercials for sugary and unhealthy foods. This advertising can have an effect on what
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All forms of screens are frequently used by children and teens. Nationally representative data of children and teens in the United States show that the daily average of screen time increases with age. TV and video games were once largest contributors to children's screen time, but the past decade has
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recommend for children in age 3 - 5, a screen time not longer than 1 hour per day. According to study published in
November 2019, children who have a longer screen time, have slower brain development, what hurt "skills like imagery, mental control and self-regulation". The scientists add that: "This
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As well as negatively impacting the adult sleep cycle, using screens can also affect one's physical health. Obesity is a common result of spending great amounts of time on screens like a television, video games, a smartphone, or a computer screen. Studies have shown that if the amount of screen time
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Increased use of screens in children has also been shown to have an association with adverse effects on the quality of sleep in children. A 2010 review concluded that "the use of electronic media by children and adolescents does have a negative impact on their sleep, although the precise effects and
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levels start to drop. This hormone reduction is what helps the body's natural rhythm wake up due to the bursts of natural sunlight. The light screens emit are in a similar spectrum of sunlight, but the blue light emission is what human circadian rhythms are most sensitive to. Studies have shown that
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delay. When using any screen before bedtime, the blue light emitted disrupts the body's natural melatonin hormone production. Melatonin is produced by the brain's pineal gland and controls the body's internal clock. This clock is what is referred to as the body's circadian rhythm and it naturally is
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The discrepancy in the amount of screen time can also be attributed to a difference in income. In more affluent private schools, there has been a larger push to remove screens from education in order to limit the negative impacts that have been found from screen time. However, in public schools
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There is no consensus on the safe amount of screen time for adults. Many adults spend up to 11 hours a day looking at a screen. Adults many times work jobs that require viewing screens which leads to the high screen time usage. Adults obligated to view screens for a means of work may not be able to
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This sedentary behavior is largely due to the nature of most electronic activities. Sitting to watch television, playing computer games or surfing the
Internet takes time away from physical activities which leads to an increased risk of weight gain. It has been found that children (kindergarten and
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Research has shown that race and socioeconomic class are associated with overall screen time. Younger demographics and individuals who self-identified as Black and "Other" were associated with above average screen use. Additionally, Black and Latino
Americans had longer screen times because of less
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For children from ages 5 to 18, the AAP came out with recommendations in 2016 that focus less on the amount of screen time and more on how media is being used. They recommend children and teens should keep devices (including TVs) out of the bedroom during bedtime, and screens should be put away at
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Night-time use of screens is common for
Americans ages 12–18: A 2018 nationally representative survey found that 70% use their mobile device within 30 minutes of going to sleep. Data suggests those who had spent more time on their screens were more likely to wake in the night from notifications on
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LeBlanc, Allana G.; Spence, John C.; Carson, Valerie; Connor Gorber, Sarah; Dillman, Carrie; Janssen, Ian; Kho, Michelle E.; Stearns, Jodie A.; Timmons, Brian W.; Tremblay, Mark S. (August 2012). "Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in the early years (aged 0–4 years)".
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Screen use has been implicated with a slew of behavioral effects, especially in children. The primary effect is an increase in sedentary activity. Approximately 47% of
American children spend 2 or more hours per day on screen-based sedentary activities. Research results indicated children who had
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They also recommend that families try to use media with their child so that they can help explain what content is on the screen and how it applies to their own lives. They recommend to turn off devices (including TVs) when the child is not actively using them and to keep bedrooms as screen-free
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1st graders) who watch 1–2 hours of television a day are more likely to be overweight or obese than children who watch less than one hour a day. Additionally, one study showed that the increased use of video games and other forms of media consumption led to more back pain among
Norwegian teens.
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Many apps promise to improve sleep by filtering out blue light produced by media devices; there have been no large studies to assess whether such apps work. Some users express dissatisfaction with the resultant orange tint of screens. Some people use blue-blocking glasses, for the purpose of
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In addition to these screen time guidelines, the AAP recommends that when screen time does occur, the content should be high-quality, educational, slower-paced, and free of violence. Caregivers should avoid giving apps to children that have highly distracting content.
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Anderson, C. A., Bushman, B. J., Bartholow, B. D., Cantor, J., Christakis, D., Coyne, S. M., Donnerstein, E., Brockmyer, J. F., Gentile, D. A., Green, S., Huesmann, R., Hummer, T., Krahé, B., Strasburger, V. C., Warburton, W., Wilson, B. J., & Ybarra, M. (2017).
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with mental and physical harm in child development. The positive or negative health effects of screen time are influenced by levels and content of exposure. To prevent harmful exposure to screen time, some governments have placed regulations on its usage.
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there is more push for the use of technology with some public schools advertising free iPads and laptops to students. Additionally, affluent families are able to afford nannies and extracurriculars that can limit the need for entertainment from screens.
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Since their popularization in 2007, smartphones have become ubiquitous in daily life. In 2023, 85% of
American adults reported owning a smartphone,. An American survey in 2016 found a median of 3.7 minutes per hour of screen time over a 30-day period.
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Celis-Morales, Carlos A.; Lyall, Donald M.; Steell, Lewis; Gray, Stuart R.; Iliodromiti, Stamatina; Anderson, Jana; Mackay, Daniel F.; Welsh, Paul; Yates, Thomas; Pell, Jill P.; Sattar, Naveed; Gill, Jason M. R. (24 May 2018).
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Sisson, Susan B.; Broyles, Stephanie T.; Baker, Birgitta L.; Katzmarzyk, Peter T. (September 2010). "Screen Time, Physical Activity, and Overweight in U.S. Youth: National Survey of Children's Health 2003".
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Sisson, Susan B.; Church, Timothy S.; Martin, Corby K.; Tudor-Locke, Catrine; Smith, Steven R.; Bouchard, Claude; Earnest, Conrad P.; Rankinen, Tuomo; Newton, Robert L.; Katzmarzyk, Peter T. (January 2009).
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in 2020 increased screen time as people stayed indoors, adding to concerns about the effects of excessive screen time. Specialists called for limiting screen time and for living a more active lifestyle.
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Peck, Travis; Scharf, Rebecca J.; Conaway, Mark R.; DeBoer, Mark D. (2015). "Viewing as little as 1 hour of TV daily is associated with higher change in BMI between kindergarten and first grade".
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Academic performance can be improved by screen time depending on the length and content of exposure. Toddlers after the age of 18 months can be exposed to high-quality programming such as
1525:"Associations of discretionary screen time with mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer are attenuated by strength, fitness and physical activity: findings from the UK Biobank study"
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Christensen, Matthew A.; Bettencourt, Laura; Kaye, Leanne; Moturu, Sai T.; Nguyen, Kaylin T.; Olgin, Jeffrey E.; Pletcher, Mark J.; Marcus, Gregory M.; Romigi, Andrea (9 November 2016).
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in the year 2019 and the number could be two times larger by the year 2025. For comparison, the paper pulp and print industries emitted together about 1% in 2010 and about 0.9% in 2012.
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More extensive guidelines have been put forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in 2016 for children up to age 5, which include screen time, the quality of content used, and
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Saunders, Travis J.; Vallance, Jeff K. (31 October 2016). "Screen Time and Health Indicators Among Children and Youth: Current Evidence, Limitations and Future Directions".
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1638:"Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits"
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2441:"What are the effects of screen time on emotion regulation and academic achievements? A three-wave longitudinal study on children from 4 to 8 years of age"
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recommends screen time for children be limited for multiple reasons, among them that "Too much screen time can also harm the amount and quality of sleep".
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responsive to light. Melatonin levels increase as the sun sets and remain at that increased state for the remainder of the night. As the sun rises,
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1280:"Impact of Adolescents' Screen Time and Nocturnal Mobile Phone-Related Awakenings on Sleep and General Health Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study"
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However, the higher the count in activities spent experiencing the outdoors produced positive results in mental health among adolescents.
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Cain, Neralie; Gradisar, Michael (15 February 2010). "Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: a review".
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88:(CRT), which was invented in 1897 and commercialized in 1922. CRTs were the most popular choice for display screens until the rise of
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2037:"Profiles of sedentary behavior in children and adolescents: The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006"
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1866:"Relationship between Television Viewing and Language Delay in Toddlers: Evidence from a Korea National Cross-Sectional Survey"
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92:(LCDs) in the early 2000s. Screens are now an essential part of entertainment, advertising, and information technologies.
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2527:"The Mediating Effects of Academic Performance between Screen Time, Executive Function Difficulty, and School Adjustment"
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Rosen, L.D.; Lim, A.F.; Felt, J.; Carrier, L.M.; Cheever, N.A.; Lara-Ruiz, J.M.; Mendoza, J.S.; Rokkum, J. (June 2014).
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2645:"Psychological impacts of "screen time" and "green time" for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review"
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526:"Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: a systematic review of reviews"
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Hutton, John S.; Dudley, Jonathan; Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi; DeWitt, Tom; Holland, Scott K. (4 November 2019).
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Carter, Ben; Rees, Philippa; Hale, Lauren; Bhattacharjee, Darsharna; Paradkar, Mandar S. (1 December 2016).
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attempting to block out blue light both from electronic media and from other artificial light sources. The
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1473:"Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood"
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1985:"Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children"
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1415:"Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: findings from 91 266 participants in the 45 and Up Study"
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In 2019, the World Health Organization came out with guidelines about media use for children under 5:
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Oswald, Tassia K.; Rumbold, Alice R.; Kedzior, Sophie G. E.; Moore, Vivienne M. (4 September 2020).
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Floyd, M. F.; Stevenson, K. T.; Stephens, L. E.; Bowers, E. P.; Szczytko, R.; Larson, L. R. (2018).
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zones. Additionally, they recommend that screens should be put away at least 1 hour before bedtime.
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2794:"Guidelines on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep for Children Under 5 Years of Age"
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864:"Children, Media, and Race: Media Use Among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American Children"
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Foerster, Milena; Henneke, Andrea; Chetty-Mhlanga, Shala; Röösli, Martin (12 February 2019).
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2596:"Outdoor time, screen time, and connection to nature: Troubling trends among rural youth?"
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Banks, Emily; Jorm, Louisa; Rogers, Kris; Clements, Mark; Bauman, Adrian (22 April 2010).
672:"Direct Measurements of Smartphone Screen-Time: Relationships with Demographics and Sleep"
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1187:"Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes"
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2480:"Association Between Television, Movies, and Video Game Exposure and School Performance"
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984:"Our iPhone weekly screen time reports are through the roof, and people are 'horrified'"
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2351:"American Academy of Pediatrics Announces New Recommendations for Children's Media Use"
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parents are using screens with their children. The screen time limits are as follows:
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961:"Coronavirus: how to reduce your children's screen time – and make them more active"
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1776:
Madhav, K.C.; Sherchand, Shardulendra Prasad; Sherchan, Samendra (December 2017).
62:, or a tablet. The concept is under significant research with related concepts in
2669:
2103:
1890:
696:
104:
Daily Average of Screen Time of American Children & Teens, By Age (in years)
5147:
4906:
4784:
4578:
4490:
4434:
4272:
3756:
3575:
1793:
1163:
541:
342:
221:
2907:
The Art of Screen Time: How Your Family Can Balance Digital Media and Real Life
408:
Birth up to 18–24 months: No screen time (with the exception of video chatting)
5361:
5351:
5109:
4889:
4874:
4867:
4768:
4525:
4520:
4237:
3972:
3512:
3227:
3097:
3085:
3038:
2995:
2052:
1653:
1541:
1431:
1414:
798:
67:
55:
2678:
2611:
2456:
2236:"In our digital world, are young people losing the ability to read emotions?"
1603:
1550:
938:
904:
5042:
4976:
4943:
4187:
2304:
1042:
233:
226:
2887:
2878:
2846:
2837:
2696:
2550:
2503:
2495:
2410:
2312:
2221:
2167:
2159:
2111:
2070:
2020:
1909:
1847:
1811:
1671:
1611:
1568:
1508:
1489:
1450:
1315:
1296:
1223:
1171:
806:
715:
559:
4733:
3364:
2860:
Moreno, Megan A.; Chassiakos, Yolanda (Linda) Reid; Cross, Corinn (2016).
5376:
4998:
4916:
4639:
4399:
4104:
3196:
1244:"The new normal: Parents, teens, screens, and sleep in the United States"
2086:"Screen Time and Toddlers: New Evidence on Potentially Negative Effects"
216:
More screen-time has been linked with shorter sleep duration, decreased
5336:
5142:
4971:
4540:
3326:
1839:
1595:
1441:
3164:
1010:"Why Too Much Screen Time Can Lead to Sleep Deprivation for Alaskans"
626:
893:"The Digital Gap Between Rich and Poor Kids Is Not What We Expected"
601:
2377:"Not all screen time negatively affects kids' academic achievement"
1477:
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
1363:"Apps Can Cut Blue Light From Devices, But Do They Help You Sleep?"
1126:"The health effects of screen time on children: A research roundup"
574:"This Place Just Made it Illegal to Give Kids Too Much Screen Time"
281:
Digital media use and mental health § Screen time and ADHD/NPD
446:
341:
232:
38:
1962:"Too Much Screen Time May Be Slowing Childhood Brain Development"
1284:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1778:"Association between screen time and depression among US adults"
4737:
3368:
2927:
1331:"The new normal: Parents, teens, and mobile devices in Mexico"
1097:"What staring at a screen all day does to your brain and body"
758:"The Common Sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2019"
736:"The Common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight"
335:
862:
Rideout, Vicky; Lauricella, Alexis; Wartella, Ellen (2011).
2439:
Cerniglia, Luca; Cimino, Silvia; Ammaniti, Massimo (2020).
1716:"Have the Hazards and Harms of Screen Time Been Overblown?"
1864:
Byeon, Haewon; Hong, Saemi; Lin, Haotian (18 March 2015).
1329:
Robb, Michael, B.; Bay, Willow; Vennegaard, Tina (2019).
396:
Ages 2–4 No more than 60 minutes of sedentary screen time
2712:"CLIMATE CRISIS: THE UNSUSTAINABLE USE OF ONLINE VIDEO"
959:
Shin, Hyunjae Daniel; Al-Habaibeh, Amin (3 June 2020).
363:
Digital technologies emitted approximately 4% of world
2262:"Here's why screens bring out the worst in your kid"
5282:
5188:
5103:
4942:
4830:
4566:
4448:
4337:
4330:
4228:
4103:
3971:
3895:
3797:
3603:
3596:
3459:
3210:
3128:
3021:
2961:
2862:"Media Use in School-Aged Children and Adolescents"
411:
18–24 months: Limit screen time as much as possible
927:"Silicon Valley Nannies Are Phone Police for Kids"
524:Stiglic, Neza; Viner, Russell M (3 January 2019).
414:Ages 2–5: Limit screen time to about an hour a day
50:is the amount of time spent using a device with a
519:
517:
2525:Choi, Miyoung; Park, Sunghee (22 October 2019).
830:"Zero to eight: Children's use in America, 2011"
2375:Adelantado-Renau, Mireia (26 September 2019).
4749:
3380:
2939:
1828:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
8:
2819:Radesky, Jenny; Christakis, Dimitri (2016).
2332:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2142:"Media Use by Children Younger Than 2 Years"
1347:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1260:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
770:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5252:Political polarization in the United States
602:"The Cathode Ray Tube and its Applications"
4756:
4742:
4734:
4334:
3600:
3387:
3373:
3365:
2946:
2932:
2924:
2531:Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing
2041:International Journal of Pediatric Obesity
1471:; Adair, Linda S; Popkin, Barry M (2007).
787:Applied Health Economics and Health Policy
756:Rideout, Vicky; Robb, Michael, B. (2019).
177:Race, socioeconomic class, and screen time
5305:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
2877:
2836:
2686:
2668:
2573:"Modern conflict: Screen time vs. nature"
2400:
2060:
2010:
2000:
1899:
1889:
1801:
1661:
1558:
1540:
1498:
1488:
1440:
1430:
1305:
1295:
1213:
705:
695:
625:
549:
4551:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3160:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1071:"What is Circadian Rhythm / Body Clock?"
393:Birth to age 1: No sedentary screen time
102:
488:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2638:
2636:
2325:
2194:
2192:
1859:
1857:
1683:
1681:
1631:
1629:
1462:
1460:
1340:
1273:
1271:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1119:
1117:
1065:
1063:
1037:
1035:
886:
884:
857:
855:
763:
27:Time spent on any device with a screen
5347:Psychological effects of Internet use
4043:Psychological effects of Internet use
3290:Psychological effects of Internet use
2740:"World GHG Emissions Flow Chart 2010"
2478:Sharif, Iman; Sargent, James (2006).
2345:
2343:
2260:Kneteman, Lindsay (15 January 2020).
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1771:
1769:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1003:
1001:
868:Described and Captioned Media Program
7:
2289:"Screen violence and youth behavior"
1689:"Television Watching and "Sit Time""
982:Andrews, Travis M. (24 March 2020).
751:
749:
729:
727:
725:
665:
663:
661:
659:
596:
594:
237:A child watching television at night
84:The first electronic screen was the
5410:Digital media use and mental health
5322:Digital media use and mental health
4023:Digital media use and mental health
2955:Digital media use and mental health
2445:Journal of Early Childhood Research
1935:"How Much Screen Time is Too Much?"
1749:"New risk from too much screentime"
298:An ongoing study reported from the
64:digital media use and mental health
3654:Automatic and controlled processes
2084:Beal, Judy A. (July–August 2020).
1960:Nickerson, Sam (8 November 2019).
1095:Anderson, David; Wilkin, Rebecca.
925:Bowles, Nellie (26 October 2018).
891:Bowles, Nellie (26 October 2018).
43:A person reading on an iPad tablet
25:
5327:Effects of violence in mass media
5026:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
4063:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
3317:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
3202:Narcissistic personality disorder
457:Light effects on circadian rhythm
5300:2021 Facebook company files leak
5021:Mobile phones and driving safety
4714:
4701:
4689:
4688:
4088:Mobile phones and driving safety
3280:Mobile phones and driving safety
3238:2021 Facebook company files leak
2575:. Science Daily. 22 October 2018
2393:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3176
2214:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.02.016
2002:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869
1206:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2341
5272:2020 U.S. presidential election
5267:2016 U.S. presidential election
3991:Computer-mediated communication
3049:Computer-mediated communication
4268:Empathising–systemising theory
3571:female intrasexual competition
3508:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1124:Reichel, Chloe (14 May 2019).
650:"US smartphone ownership 2021"
308:American Academy of Pediatrics
252:American Academy of Pediatrics
1:
4838:Betteridge's law of headlines
4628:Standard social science model
3681:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
3148:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
2543:10.1080/24694193.2019.1675805
2514:– via AAP Publications.
300:National Institutes of Health
112:Daily Average of Screen Time
5357:Social aspects of television
5257:Social media use in politics
4902:Missing white woman syndrome
4476:Missing heritability problem
4068:Social aspects of television
3691:Evolution of nervous systems
3659:Computational theory of mind
3305:Social aspects of television
3143:Generalized anxiety disorder
3003:Problematic social media use
2670:10.1371/journal.pone.0237725
2202:Journal of Adolescent Health
2140:Brown, Ari (November 2011).
2104:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000632
1891:10.1371/journal.pone.0120663
697:10.1371/journal.pone.0165331
477:Social aspects of television
442:Delayed sleep phase disorder
194:Effects of COVID-19 pandemic
32:Screen time (disambiguation)
4863:Least objectionable program
4722:Evolutionary biology portal
2976:Internet addiction disorder
1794:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.08.005
1782:Preventive Medicine Reports
1747:Bates, Mary (5 June 2019).
1642:Computers in Human Behavior
1164:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.006
542:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
497:"Definition of SCREEN TIME"
5436:
5203:Algorithmic radicalization
4683:Evolutionary psychologists
4556:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4471:Human–animal communication
4183:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4033:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4001:Human–computer interaction
3064:Human–computer interaction
2991:Problematic smartphone use
2774:. Ecofys. 22 February 2019
2768:"World GHG Emissions 2012"
1242:Robb, Michael, B. (2018).
467:Problematic smartphone use
371:Limitations on screen time
278:
258:Effects on physical health
29:
18:Electronic media and sleep
5317:Cultural impact of TikTok
4775:
4677:
4603:Environmental determinism
4574:Cultural selection theory
4461:Evolutionary epistemology
4375:evolutionary neuroscience
4048:Rank theory of depression
3550:Parent–offspring conflict
3402:
2801:World Health Organization
2053:10.3109/17477160902934777
1753:Science News for Students
1693:Obesity Prevention Source
1654:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.036
1542:10.1186/s12916-018-1063-1
1432:10.1017/S1368980010000674
799:10.1007/s40258-016-0289-3
115:Year Data Were Collected
5389:Violence and video games
5367:Social impact of YouTube
5247:Knowledge gap hypothesis
5170:Social-desirability bias
5063:Information–action ratio
4496:Cultural group selection
4380:Biocultural anthropology
4073:Societal impacts of cars
4006:Media naturalness theory
3696:Fight-or-flight response
3332:Suicide and the Internet
3322:Social media and suicide
3069:Media naturalness theory
2612:10.1177/0013916518806686
2600:Environment and Behavior
2457:10.1177/1476718X20969846
365:greenhouse-gas emissions
58:, computer, television,
5342:Mass shooting contagion
4790:Evolutionary psychology
4696:Evolutionary psychology
4660:Sociocultural evolution
4501:Dual inheritance theory
3958:Personality development
3419:Theoretical foundations
3396:Evolutionary psychology
3153:Social anxiety disorder
2986:Online problem gambling
2821:"Media and Young Minds"
2305:10.1542/peds.2016-1758t
1714:Bergland, Christopher.
1419:Public Health Nutrition
828:Rideout, Vicky (2011).
734:Rideout, Vicky (2017).
612:(3794): 74. July 1942.
501:www.merriam-webster.com
207:Physical health effects
90:liquid crystal displays
5332:Fascination with death
5195:Political polarization
5123:Availability heuristic
5088:Television consumption
4618:Social constructionism
4613:Psychological nativism
4588:Biological determinism
4536:Recent human evolution
4531:Punctuated equilibrium
4354:Behavioral epigenetics
4349:evolutionary economics
4318:Variability hypothesis
4263:Emotional intelligence
3996:Engineering psychology
3686:Evolution of the brain
3310:Television consumption
3265:Evolution of cognition
3190:Body image disturbance
3131:psychiatric conditions
3059:Engineering psychology
2981:Internet sex addiction
2962:Proposed or recognised
2905:Anya Kamenetz (2018).
2879:10.1542/peds.2016-2592
2838:10.1542/peds.2016-2591
2496:10.1542/peds.2005-2854
2160:10.1542/peds.2011-1753
1490:10.1186/1479-5868-4-26
1297:10.3390/ijerph16030518
462:Night Shift (software)
347:
346:A child using a tablet
238:
44:
5295:Criticism of Facebook
5175:Social influence bias
5058:Information pollution
5048:Information explosion
5031:Texting while driving
4987:Low information voter
4885:Pink-slime journalism
4645:Multilineal evolution
4608:Nature versus nurture
4567:Theoretical positions
4415:Functional psychology
4410:Evolutionary medicine
4385:Biological psychiatry
4093:Texting while driving
4083:Lead–crime hypothesis
3943:Cognitive development
3928:Caregiver deprivation
3439:Gene selection theory
3354:Texting while driving
3285:Promotion of anorexia
3270:Evolutionary mismatch
3233:Criticism of Facebook
2964:diagnostic categories
1130:Journalist's Resource
355:Environmental effects
345:
275:Mental health effects
236:
109:Age Group (in years)
42:
5312:Criticism of Netflix
5118:Availability cascade
5053:Information overload
4962:Attention management
4957:Attention inequality
4853:Human-interest story
4795:Behavioral modernity
4780:Cognitive psychology
4598:Cultural determinism
4405:Evolutionary biology
4390:Cognitive psychology
4338:Academic disciplines
3986:Cognitive ergonomics
3953:Language acquisition
3933:Childhood attachment
3746:Wason selection task
3640:Behavioral modernity
3429:Cognitive revolution
3412:Evolutionary thought
3223:Behavioral modernity
3218:Behavioral addiction
3044:Cognitive ergonomics
3029:Digital anthropology
3022:Disciplines involved
3013:Video game addiction
3008:Television addiction
2710:Efoui-Hess, Maxime.
1469:Gordon-Larsen, Penny
1043:"What Is Melatonin?"
324:Academic performance
123:42 minutes per week
30:For other uses, see
5420:Medical terminology
5225:Post-truth politics
5155:Mean world syndrome
4665:Unilineal evolution
4430:Population genetics
4215:Sexy son hypothesis
4153:Hormonal motivation
4133:Concealed ovulation
3674:Dual process theory
3545:Parental investment
3275:Fear of missing out
2661:2020PLoSO..1537725O
1882:2015PLoSO..1020663B
1014:www.alaskasleep.com
688:2016PLoSO..1165331C
618:1942Natur.150S..74.
472:Red Moon (software)
105:
5038:Influence-for-hire
5016:Media multitasking
5011:Human multitasking
4929:Tabloid television
4880:Media manipulation
4623:Social determinism
4506:Fisher's principle
4466:Great ape language
4456:Cultural evolution
4425:Philosophy of mind
4258:Division of labour
4220:Westermarck effect
4168:Mating preferences
4078:Distracted driving
3812:Literary criticism
3669:Domain specificity
3649:modularity of mind
2971:Computer addiction
1335:Common Sense Media
1248:Common Sense Media
1020:on 4 November 2019
963:. The Conversation
931:The New York Times
897:The New York Times
840:on 9 November 2020
834:Common Sense Media
740:Common Sense Media
348:
239:
103:
60:video game console
45:
5397:
5396:
5220:Fake news website
5180:Spiral of silence
5133:Confirmation bias
4952:Attention economy
4934:Yellow journalism
4822:Social psychology
4731:
4730:
4709:Psychology portal
4673:
4672:
4516:Hologenome theory
4486:Unit of selection
4481:Primate cognition
4395:Cognitive science
4326:
4325:
4197:Sexual attraction
4173:Mating strategies
3938:Cinderella effect
3868:Moral foundations
3772:Visual perception
3664:Domain generality
3633:Facial expression
3581:Sexual dimorphism
3540:Natural selection
3486:Hamiltonian spite
3362:
3361:
3034:Digital sociology
2909:. PublicAffairs.
2719:The Shift Project
2387:(11): 1058–1067.
1941:. 8 February 2019
1840:10.1139/h2012-063
1695:. 21 October 2012
1596:10.1002/oby.21132
1200:(12): 1202–1208.
1008:Hines, Jennifer.
986:. Washington Post
315:Behavioral impact
290:Brain development
200:COVID-19 pandemic
184:desktop computers
174:
173:
145:2 hours per week
134:2 hours per week
66:. Screen time is
16:(Redirected from
5427:
5242:Knowledge divide
5138:Crowd psychology
5128:Bandwagon effect
4895:Public relations
4812:Media psychology
4758:
4751:
4744:
4735:
4718:
4705:
4692:
4691:
4335:
4331:Related subjects
4118:Adult attachment
3645:Cognitive module
3601:
3588:Social selection
3562:Costly signaling
3557:Sexual selection
3444:Modern synthesis
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3185:Anorexia nervosa
3170:Bipolar disorder
3138:Anxiety disorder
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2872:(5): e20162592.
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2831:(5): e20162591.
2816:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2672:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2490:(4): 1061–1070.
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:– via ECR.
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2404:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2154:(5): 1040–1045.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1720:Psychology Today
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1590:(8): 1680–1686.
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1544:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1467:Boone, Janne E;
1464:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1101:Business Insider
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:. Archived from
1005:
996:
995:
993:
991:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
888:
879:
878:
876:
874:
859:
850:
849:
847:
845:
836:. Archived from
825:
819:
818:
782:
776:
775:
769:
761:
753:
744:
743:
731:
720:
719:
709:
699:
682:(11): e0165331.
667:
654:
653:
646:
640:
639:
629:
627:10.1038/150074d0
598:
589:
588:
586:
584:
570:
564:
563:
553:
521:
512:
511:
509:
507:
493:
218:sleep efficiency
167:8 hours per day
156:7 hours per day
106:
86:cathode ray tube
21:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5278:
5193:
5184:
5160:Negativity bias
5108:
5099:
5068:One weird trick
4982:Cognitive miser
4938:
4831:Media practices
4826:
4771:
4762:
4732:
4727:
4669:
4655:Neoevolutionism
4562:
4546:Species complex
4511:Group selection
4449:Research topics
4444:
4420:Neuropsychology
4322:
4308:Substance abuse
4230:Sex differences
4224:
4138:Coolidge effect
4099:
4011:Neuroergonomics
3976:
3967:
3891:
3793:
3727:Folk psychology
3608:
3592:
3462:
3455:
3398:
3393:
3363:
3358:
3206:
3180:Eating disorder
3130:
3124:
3074:Neuroergonomics
3054:Cyberpsychology
3017:
2963:
2957:
2952:
2917:
2904:
2901:
2899:Further reading
2896:
2895:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2772:SANKEY DIAGRAMS
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2655:(9): e0237725.
2642:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2381:JAMA Pediatrics
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1989:JAMA Pediatrics
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1917:
1876:(3): e0120663.
1863:
1862:
1855:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1194:JAMA Pediatrics
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1007:
1006:
999:
989:
987:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
890:
889:
882:
872:
870:
861:
860:
853:
843:
841:
827:
826:
822:
784:
783:
779:
762:
755:
754:
747:
733:
732:
723:
669:
668:
657:
648:
647:
643:
600:
599:
592:
582:
580:
572:
571:
567:
523:
522:
515:
505:
503:
495:
494:
490:
485:
452:Gaming disorder
433:
387:
378:
373:
357:
326:
317:
292:
283:
277:
260:
214:
209:
196:
179:
82:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5283:Related topics
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5199:
5197:
5190:Digital divide
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5105:Cognitive bias
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5095:Sticky content
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5083:Binge-watching
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4994:Digital zombie
4991:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:Attention span
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4912:Sensationalism
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:Junk food news
4855:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4712:
4699:
4686:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4360:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4199:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Mind-blindness
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3982:
3980:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3731:theory of mind
3724:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3614:
3612:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Baldwin effect
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3300:Binge-watching
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3260:Digital zombie
3257:
3252:
3250:Cyberpathology
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3211:Related topics
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2916:978-1610396721
2915:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2852:
2806:
2785:
2759:
2731:
2702:
2632:
2606:(8): 966–991.
2586:
2564:
2537:(4): 334–347.
2517:
2470:
2451:(2): 145–160.
2431:
2367:
2339:
2278:
2266:Today's Parent
2252:
2227:
2208:(3): 309–311.
2188:
2132:
2076:
2047:(4): 353–359.
2026:
1995:(1): e193869.
1975:
1952:
1939:Scripps Health
1915:
1853:
1834:(4): 753–772.
1817:
1765:
1732:
1706:
1677:
1625:
1574:
1514:
1456:
1405:
1380:
1354:
1321:
1267:
1229:
1177:
1158:(8): 735–742.
1152:Sleep Medicine
1142:
1113:
1087:
1059:
1031:
997:
974:
951:
917:
880:
851:
820:
793:(3): 323–331.
777:
745:
721:
655:
641:
590:
565:
536:(1): e023191.
513:
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
432:
429:
416:
415:
412:
409:
398:
397:
394:
386:
383:
377:
374:
372:
369:
356:
353:
325:
322:
316:
313:
291:
288:
279:Main article:
276:
273:
259:
256:
213:
210:
208:
205:
195:
192:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
110:
81:
78:
76:
73:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5432:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Computer rage
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5262:United States
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Filter bubble
5235:
5231:
5230:United States
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Peer pressure
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Doomscrolling
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Media studies
4815:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4769:human factors
4766:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Neo-Darwinism
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Functionalism
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Connectionism
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4583:indeterminism
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Schizophrenia
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Mental health
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Mate guarding
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Age disparity
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Schizophrenia
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3978:Mental health
3974:
3973:Human factors
3970:
3964:
3963:Socialization
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:paternal bond
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3787:NaĂŻve physics
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:Motor control
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3711:Ophidiophobia
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Arachnophobia
3699:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Display rules
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:Kin selection
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Adaptationism
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Digital detox
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Cyberbullying
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:: S142–S147.
2298:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
998:
985:
978:
975:
962:
955:
952:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
918:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
881:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
839:
835:
831:
824:
821:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
778:
773:
767:
759:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
717:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
666:
664:
662:
660:
656:
651:
645:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
579:
575:
569:
566:
561:
557:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
518:
514:
502:
498:
492:
489:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
403:
395:
392:
391:
390:
384:
382:
375:
370:
368:
366:
361:
354:
352:
344:
340:
337:
333:
332:
331:Sesame Street
323:
321:
314:
312:
309:
304:
301:
296:
289:
287:
282:
274:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
253:
247:
243:
235:
231:
228:
223:
220:, and longer
219:
211:
206:
204:
201:
193:
191:
187:
185:
176:
169:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
108:
107:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
79:
74:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5384:Technophobia
5372:Technophilia
5215:Echo chamber
5077:
5073:Rage farming
4848:Infotainment
4720:
4707:
4694:
4681:
4440:Sociobiology
4298:Neuroscience
4278:Intelligence
4057:
3824:Anthropology
3777:Color vision
3762:Multitasking
3741:Flynn effect
3736:Intelligence
3718:Folk biology
3461:Evolutionary
3349:Technostress
3342:Technophobia
3337:Technophilia
3294:
3113:Evolutionary
3091:Evolutionary
3081:Neuroscience
2906:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2828:
2824:
2800:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:
2705:
2652:
2648:
2623:. Retrieved
2603:
2599:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2567:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2384:
2380:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2328:cite journal
2316:. Retrieved
2296:
2292:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2205:
2201:
2179:. Retrieved
2151:
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2095:
2089:
2079:
2044:
2040:
2029:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1938:
1873:
1869:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1785:
1781:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1692:
1645:
1641:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1532:
1529:BMC Medicine
1528:
1517:
1480:
1476:
1425:(1): 34–43.
1422:
1418:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1334:
1324:
1287:
1283:
1247:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1013:
988:. Retrieved
977:
965:. Retrieved
954:
942:. Retrieved
930:
920:
908:. Retrieved
896:
871:. Retrieved
867:
842:. Retrieved
838:the original
833:
823:
790:
786:
780:
739:
679:
675:
644:
609:
605:
581:. Retrieved
577:
568:
533:
529:
504:. Retrieved
500:
491:
437:Dark therapy
425:
421:
417:
401:
399:
388:
379:
362:
358:
349:
329:
327:
318:
305:
303:on screens.
297:
293:
284:
269:
265:
261:
248:
244:
240:
215:
197:
188:
180:
98:
94:
83:
47:
46:
36:
5148:Moral panic
5078:Screen time
4907:News values
4843:Gatekeeping
4785:Externality
4579:Determinism
4491:Coevolution
4435:Primatology
4273:Gender role
4178:Orientation
4058:Screen time
3915:Affectional
3897:Development
3576:Mate choice
3503:By-products
3471:Adaptations
3434:Cognitivism
3295:Screen time
2271:22 February
1968:10 November
1648:: 364–375.
1393:www.aap.org
222:sleep onset
48:Screen time
5415:Lifestyles
5404:Categories
5362:Social bot
5352:Sealioning
5110:Conformity
4890:Propaganda
4875:Media bias
4868:Soft media
4526:Population
4521:Lamarckism
4367:behavioral
4345:Behavioral
4293:Narcissism
4238:Aggression
4028:Hypophobia
4018:Depression
3905:Attachment
3887:Universals
3851:Psychology
3829:Biological
3817:Musicology
3807:Aesthetics
3706:Basophobia
3513:Exaptation
3491:Reciprocal
3228:Body image
3175:Depression
3129:Associated
3098:Psychology
3086:Psychiatry
3039:Ergonomics
2996:Nomophobia
2866:Pediatrics
2825:Pediatrics
2484:Pediatrics
2424:9 November
2360:9 November
2293:Pediatrics
2245:9 November
2147:Pediatrics
2098:(4): 241.
1964:. Ecowatch
1945:8 November
1758:8 November
1699:9 November
1442:1885/33646
1290:(3): 518.
1135:9 November
1106:9 November
1080:9 November
1052:9 November
1024:8 November
944:9 November
910:9 November
873:9 November
844:14 October
583:8 November
506:9 November
483:References
182:access to
80:Statistics
68:correlated
56:smartphone
54:such as a
5043:Infodemic
4977:Clickbait
4944:Attention
4800:Cognition
4371:cognitive
4363:Affective
4248:Cognition
4202:Sexuality
4188:Pair bond
3948:Education
3605:Cognition
3523:Inclusive
3463:processes
3451:Criticism
3108:Cognitive
2679:1932-6203
2620:149504052
2559:204833517
2465:230612549
2419:202730903
2120:220287589
1788:: 67–71.
1604:1930-739X
1551:1741-7015
1535:(1): 77.
1483:(1): 26.
1075:Sleep.org
1047:Sleep.org
939:0362-4331
905:0362-4331
227:melatonin
5377:Neophile
4999:Phubbing
4917:Hot take
4805:Mismatch
4640:Memetics
4400:Ethology
4358:genetics
4193:Physical
4158:Jealousy
4113:Activity
3919:maternal
3875:Religion
3863:Morality
3841:Language
3722:taxonomy
3535:Mismatch
3481:Cheating
3476:Altruism
3197:Insomnia
3103:Clinical
2888:27940794
2847:27940793
2697:32886665
2649:PLOS ONE
2551:31638438
2504:17015499
2411:31545344
2313:29093050
2222:20708572
2168:22007002
2112:32604184
2071:19922052
2021:31682712
1910:25785449
1870:PLOS ONE
1848:22765839
1812:28879072
1672:25717216
1620:22305164
1612:26179163
1569:29792209
1509:17559668
1451:20409356
1398:13 March
1373:13 March
1343:cite web
1316:30759792
1256:cite web
1224:27802500
1172:20673649
807:27798796
766:cite web
716:27829040
676:PLOS ONE
636:39816863
560:30606703
530:BMJ Open
431:See also
385:Children
120:Under 2
5337:Griefer
5143:Mobbing
4972:Chumbox
4924:Spiking
4541:Species
4313:Suicide
4148:Fantasy
4128:Arousal
3910:Bonding
3799:Culture
3623:Display
3610:Emotion
3518:Fitness
3407:History
3327:Spaving
2803:. 2019.
2688:7473739
2657:Bibcode
2512:6311996
2402:6764013
2355:AAP.org
2318:3 March
2176:7963981
2062:2891818
2012:6830442
1901:4365020
1878:Bibcode
1803:5574844
1725:17 June
1663:4338000
1584:Obesity
1560:5966877
1500:1906831
1367:NPR.org
1307:6388165
1215:5380441
815:4756037
707:5102460
684:Bibcode
614:Bibcode
551:6326346
75:History
4719:
4706:
4693:
4283:Memory
4243:Autism
4210:female
4143:Desire
3880:Origin
3856:Speech
3846:Origin
3618:Affect
3165:Autism
3118:Social
2913:
2886:
2845:
2778:5 July
2752:5 July
2747:Ecofys
2724:5 July
2695:
2685:
2677:
2625:5 July
2618:
2579:5 July
2557:
2549:
2510:
2502:
2463:
2417:
2409:
2399:
2311:
2220:
2174:
2166:
2118:
2110:
2069:
2059:
2019:
2009:
1908:
1898:
1846:
1810:
1800:
1670:
1660:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1507:
1497:
1449:
1369:. 2017
1314:
1304:
1222:
1212:
1170:
990:6 July
967:6 July
937:
903:
813:
805:
714:
704:
634:
606:Nature
558:
548:
376:Adults
164:13-18
52:screen
5208:Youth
4765:Media
4253:Crime
3836:Crime
3767:Sleep
3757:skill
3597:Areas
2797:(PDF)
2743:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2616:S2CID
2555:S2CID
2508:S2CID
2461:S2CID
2415:S2CID
2181:2 May
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