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Columbia
College, an attempt by Brown to prove AC was more deadly than DC. Technical assistance in these demonstrations was provided by Thomas Edison's West Orange laboratory and there grew to be some form of collusion between Edison Electric and Brown. Back at West Orange on December 5, 1888, Brown set up an experiment with members of the press, members of the Medico-Legal Society including Elbridge Gerry who was also chairman of the death penalty commission, and Thomas Edison looking on. Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human, including 4 calves and a lame horse, all dispatched with 750 volts of AC. Based on these results the Medico-Legal Society recommended the use of 1000–1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities. Westinghouse criticized these tests as a skewed self-serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current and accused Brown of being in the employ of Edison.
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the electric chair inducing instant unconsciousness was based on "underlying assumptions upon which the electric chair is based, dating back to the 1800s, have since been disproven." The decision also called electrocution "inconsistent with both the concepts of evolving standards of decency and the dignity of man", and stated, "Even if an inmate survived only fifteen or thirty seconds, he would suffer the experience of being burned alive—a punishment that has 'long been recognized as manifestly cruel and unusual.'" The ruling led to a permanent injunction being issued against both methods of execution, preventing the state from subjecting death row inmates to death by firing squad or electrocution. In July 2024, the
Supreme Court of South Carolina ruled that electrocution and firing squad was legal .
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greater physiological resistance than others." Over sixty years ago , a prominent physician, contradicting assertions that the initial shock of electricity leaves the victim "brain dead," observed that "he brain has four parts. The current may touch only one of those four parts, so that the individual retains consciousness and a keen sense of agony. For the sufferer, time stands still; and this excruciating torture seems to last for an eternity." In order for consciousness to be lost, or nerve activity destroyed, the electrical current would have to penetrate the brain. However, during an electrocution, the condemned's brain is "incapacitated through relatively slow process of heating up by the passage of electricity through the body. In short, the brain literally cooks until death occurs.
752:". Trying to address such concerns, Nebraska introduced a new electrocution protocol in 2004, which called for the administration of a 15-second application of current at 2,450 volts; after a 15-minute wait, an official then checks for signs of life. In April 2007, new concerns raised regarding the 2004 protocol resulted in the ushering in of a different Nebraska protocol, calling for a 20-second application of current at 2,450 volts. Prior to the 2004 protocol change, an initial eight-second application of current at 2,450 volts was administered, followed by a one-second pause, then a 22-second application at 480 volts. After a 20-second break, the cycle was repeated three more times.
344:, and Columbia College professor Louis H. Laudy, were given the task of working out the details of electrode placement. They again turned to Brown to supply the technical assistance. Brown asked Edison Electric Light to supply equipment for the tests and treasurer Francis S. Hastings (who seemed to be one of the primary movers at the company trying to portray Westinghouse as a peddler of death dealing AC current) tried to obtain a Westinghouse AC generator for the test but found none could be acquired. They ended up using Edison's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests they conducted in mid-March 1889. Superintendent of Prisons
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166:, a type of outdoor street lighting that required high voltages in the range of 3000–6000 volts, was followed by one story after another in newspapers about how the high voltages used were killing people, usually unwary linemen; it was a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead without leaving a mark. One of these accidents, in Buffalo, New York, on August 7, 1881, led to the inception of the electric chair. That evening a drunken dock worker named George Lemuel Smith, looking for the thrill of a tingling sensation he had noticed when grabbing the
433:, came forward to examine Kemmler. After confirming Kemmler was still alive, Spitzka reportedly called out, "Have the current turned on again, quick, no delay." The generator needed time to re-charge, however. In the second attempt, Kemmler received a 2,000 volt AC shock. Blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and the areas around the electrodes singed; some witnesses reported that his body caught fire. The entire execution took about eight minutes. George Westinghouse later commented that, "They would have done better using an axe", and
420:, etc., it would be the duty of the courts to pronounce upon such attempt the condemnation of the Constitution. The question now to be answered is whether the legislative act here assailed is subject to the same condemnation. Certainly, it is not so on its face, for, although the mode of death described is conceded to be unusual, there is no common knowledge or consent that it is cruel; it is a question of fact whether an electric current of sufficient intensity and skillfully applied will produce death without unnecessary suffering.
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in the early 1880s to advocate that this method be used as a more humane replacement for hanging in capital cases, coming to national attention when he published his ideas in scientific journals in 1882 and 1883. He worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a modified version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned, a device that from then on would be called the
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126:, and Tennessee offer the electric chair to those sentenced before a certain date. Inmates not selecting this method or convicted after the specified date face lethal injection. Arkansas currently has no death row inmates sentenced before their select date. These three states also authorize electrocution as an alternative if lethal injection is deemed unconstitutional.
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778:. His case generated significant controversy, as with the first administration of electricity, Tafero's face and head caught fire. Tafero's execution ultimately required three shocks over the course of seven minutes. The error was blamed on prison officials replacing Florida's old natural sea sponge with a kitchen sponge. The 1997 execution of
791:". Davis' face was bloodied, and photographs were taken, which were later posted on the Internet. An investigation concluded that Davis had begun bleeding before the electricity was applied and that the chair had functioned as intended. Florida's Supreme Court ruled that the electric chair did not constitute "cruel and unusual punishment".
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doesn't have any death row inmates sentenced before their select date. Electrocution is also authorized in the three aforementioned states in case lethal injection is found unconstitutional by a court. In May 2014, Tennessee passed a law allowing the use of the electric chair if lethal injection drugs were unavailable.
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and electrocution were both in violation of the South
Carolina State Constitution, which bans methods that are "cruel, unusual, or corporal." The court, in their decision, stated that there was no evidence that electrocution could instantaneously or painlessly kill an inmate, writing that the idea of
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The electric chair was adopted by Ohio (1897), Massachusetts (1900), New Jersey (1906), and
Virginia (1908), and soon became the prevalent method of execution in the United States, replacing hanging. Twenty-six states, the District of Columbia, the federal government, and the U.S. military either had
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in
Florida created controversy when flames burst from his head. An autopsy found that Medina had died instantly when the first surge of electricity had destroyed his brain and brain stem. A judge ruled that the incident arose from "unintentional human error" rather than any faults in the "apparatus,
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and the head of the
Buffalo ASPCA in a series of experiments electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs. They ran trials with the dog in water and out of water, and varied the electrode type and placement until they came up with a repeatable method to euthanize animals using electricity. Southwick went on
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any medical experts throughout this century have noted the unpredictability of electricity's effect on the human body and the inability to ascertain exactly when consciousness is lost and when death takes place. "he space of time before death supervenes varies according to the subject. Some have a
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laws provide for its use should lethal injection ever be held to be unconstitutional. Inmates in the other states must select either it or lethal injection. In
Arkansas, Kentucky and Tennessee, inmates sentenced before a certain date can choose to be executed by electric chair. Arkansas currently
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The bill itself contained no details on the type or amount of electricity that should be used and the New York Medico-Legal
Society, an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers, was given the task of determining these factors. In September 1888, a committee was formed and recommended 3000
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questionnaire to government officials, lawyers, and medical experts all around the state asking for their opinion. A slight majority of respondents recommended hanging over electrocution, with a few instead recommending the abolition of capital punishment. The commission also contacted electrical
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passed a law forcing inmates to be executed by electrocution if lethal injection were not available. The law also mandated electrocution if an inmate refused to select their execution method, between South
Carolina's options of lethal injection, the electric chair, and a firing squad. In 2022, a
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drew up the final designs for a simple oak chair and went against the Medico-Legal
Society recommendations, changing the position of the electrodes to the head and the middle of the back. Brown did take on the job of finding the generators needed to power the chair. He managed to surreptitiously
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as a consultant. Brown had been on his own crusade against alternating current after the shoddy installation of pole-mounted AC arc lighting lines in New York City had caused several deaths in early 1888. Peterson had been an assistant at Brown's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at
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In 1888, the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwick's electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the condemned person's head and feet. They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the individual counties with three electric chairs set up at
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executions during the 1980s, but its use in the United States gradually declined in the 1990s due to the widespread adoption of lethal injection. A number of states still allow the condemned person to choose between electrocution and lethal injection, with the most recent U.S. electrocution, of
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The condemned inmate's head and legs are shaved and they are seated in the chair. Their arms and legs are tightly strapped with leather belts, and a cap with a saltwater-soaked sponge is strapped to the head, and electrodes are attached to the legs. The condemned person is optionally hooded or
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are passed through the individual's body in order to cause lethal damage to the internal organs. The first, more powerful jolt (between 2000 and 2,500 volts) is intended to cause immediate unconsciousness, ventricular fibrillation, and eventual cardiac arrest. The second, less powerful jolt
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generator). They also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting further experiments, electrocuting anesthetized vivisected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject.
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Kemmler was executed in New York's Auburn Prison on August 6, 1890; the "state electrician" was Edwin Davis. The first 17-second passage of 1,000 volts AC through Kemmler caused unconsciousness, but failed to stop his heart and breathing. The attending physicians,
759:, who reportedly shrieked, "Take it off! Let me breathe!", after the current was applied. It turned out that the portable electric chair had been improperly set up by an intoxicated prison guard and inmate. A case was brought before the U.S. Supreme Court
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The first person in line to die under New York's new electrocution law was Joseph Chapleau, convicted for beating his neighbor to death with a sled stake, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. The next person scheduled to be executed was
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death by electrocution on the books or actively executed criminals using the method. The electric chair remained the most prominent execution method until the mid-1980s when lethal injection became widely accepted for conducting judicial executions.
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also adopted the electric chair from 1926 to 1987. A well-publicized triple execution took place there in May 1972, when Jaime Jose, Basilio Pineda, and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction and gang-rape of the young actress
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After the cycles are completed, a doctor checks the inmate for any signs of life. If none are present, the doctor reports and records the time of death, and prison officials will wait for the body to cool down before removing it to prepare for
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Once considered a humane alternative to hanging and the firing squad, electrocution is now seen by many people in Florida as the preferred way of exacting justice for a much different reason: because it poses the possibility of
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298:(AC), was not determined, and since tests up to that point had been done on animals smaller than a human (dogs), some members were unsure that the lethality of AC had been conclusively proven.
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which was perceived as more humane. While some states retain electrocution as a legal execution method, it is often a secondary option based on the condemned's preference. Exceptions include
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321:'s alternating current based system. The two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all-out media war in 1888. The committee head,
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of a large electric dynamo. He died instantly. The coroner who investigated the case brought it up that year at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member attending that lecture,
767:, with lawyers for the condemned arguing that although Francis did not die, he had, in fact, been executed. The argument was rejected on the basis that re-execution did not violate the
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The use of the electric chair has declined since the 1979 advent of lethal injection, which is now the default method in all U.S. jurisdictions that authorize capital punishment.
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who had smuggled a camera into the death chamber and photographed her in the electric chair as the current was turned on. It remains one of the best-known examples of
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Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, page 102
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Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, page 74
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On February 15, 2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court declared execution by electrocution to be "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Nebraska Constitution.
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Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, page 4
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prisons. A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889.
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dentist, conceived this execution method in 1881. It was developed over the next decade as a more humane alternative to conventional executions, particularly
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Harold Brown demonstrating the killing power of AC to the New York Medico-Legal Society by electrocuting a horse at Thomas Edison's West Orange laboratory.
460:. The last electric chair execution in the Philippines was in 1976 and was later replaced with lethal injection when executions resumed in that country.
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became the first woman executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on March 20, 1899, for the murder of her 17-year-old stepdaughter, Ida Place.
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Critics of the electric chair dispute whether the first jolt of electricity reliably induces immediate unconsciousness as proponents often claim.
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W. Bernard Carlson, Innovation as a Social Process: Elihu Thomson and the Rise of General Electric, Cambridge University Press – 2003, page 285
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The electric chair has been criticized because of several instances in which the subjects were killed only after being subjected to multiple
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at Sing Sing on the evening of January 12, 1928, for the March 1927 murder of her husband. It was photographed for a front-page story in the
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and cardiac arrest. Despite its historical significance in American capital punishment, electric chair use has declined with the adoption of
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if other execution methods are ruled unconstitutional at the time of execution. A significant shift occurred on February 8, 2008, when the
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Southwick, Alfred Porter (1826–1898), mechanic, dentist, and proponent of the electric chair as a means of administering the death penalty
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We have no doubt that if the Legislature of this State should undertake to proscribe for any offense against its laws the punishment of
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acquire three Westinghouse AC generators that were being decommissioned with the help of Edison and Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the
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Mike Winchell, The Electric War: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Light the World, Henry Holt and Company – 2019, page 10
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Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.
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clause of the 5th Amendment of the United States Constitution, and Francis was returned to the electric chair and executed in 1947.
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Randall E. Stross, The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World, Crown/Archetype – 2007, page 171–173
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In Execution: The Guillotine, the Pendulum, the thousand cuts, the Spanish donkey, and 66 other ways of putting someone to death
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In Execution: The Guillotine, the Pendulum, the thousand cuts, the Spanish donkey, and 66 other ways of putting someone to death
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402:" and was thus contrary to the constitutions of the United States and the state of New York. On December 30, 1889, the writ of
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Jill Jonnes, Empires Of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To Electrify The World, Random House – 2004, page 166
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Jill Jonnes, Empires Of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To Electrify The World, Random House – 2004, page 420
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Anthony Galvin, Old Sparky: The Electric Chair and the History of the Death Penalty, Skyhorse Publishing – 2015, pages 30–45
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At this point the state's efforts to design the electric chair became intermixed with what has come to be known as the
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Mark Essig, Edison and the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death, Bloomsbury Publishing USA – 2009, pages 152–155
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As of 2024, the only places that still reserve the electric chair as an option for execution are the U.S. states of
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Florida saw three highly controversial botched electrocutions in the 1990s, starting with the 1990 execution of
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1292:"Electric Executions: The New York Court of Appeals Passes on the Question: The Famous Kemmler Case Decided"
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set up a three-member death penalty commission, which was chaired by the human rights advocate and reformer
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A record was set on July 13, 1928, when seven men were executed consecutively in the electric chair at the
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https://apnews.com/article/death-penalty-south-carolina-lethal-injection-418b9f5ef6e5e4257458fab60b2df3c5
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sworn out on Kemmler's behalf was denied by the court, with Judge Dwight writing in a lengthy ruling:
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After a series of botched hangings in the United States, there was mounting criticism of that form of
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Stuart Banner, The Death Penalty: an American history, Harvard University Press – 2009, pages 194–195
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Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, McFarland – 1999, pages 70 and 261
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The last person to be executed by electric chair without the choice of an alternative method was
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Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method, sometimes for special reasons. The
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Terry S. Reynolds, Theodore Bernstein, Edison and "The Chair", Technology and Society Magazine,
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in 1976. He was the first person to be executed in the United States in this manner since 1966.
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arc lighting power house, managed to sneak his way back into the plant at night and grabbed the
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equipment, and electrical circuitry" of Florida's electric chair. In Florida, on July 8, 1999,
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signed a law reintroducing electrocution and also allowing executions to be carried out via
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was executed in the electric chair at New York's Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901, for the
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At the request of death penalty commission chairman Gerry, Medico-Legal Society members;
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Carl Sifakis, The Encyclopedia of American Prisons, Infobase Publishing – 2014, page 39
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took place in Oklahoma in 1966. The electric chair was used quite frequently in post-
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and the death penalty in general. In 1886, newly elected New York State governor
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on the grounds that use of electricity as a means of execution constituted a "
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2071:"Jeff Landry signs bills to expand Louisiana death penalty, eliminate parole"
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1634:"Florida's Messy Executions Put the Electric Chair on Trial (Published 1999)"
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Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, pages 57–58
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Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, page 54
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Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History page 14
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The first photograph of an execution by electric chair was of housewife
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The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a
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Craig Brandon The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History page 82
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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1986:"Tennessee execution: Nicholas Todd Sutton executed by electric chair"
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AC/DC: The Savage Tale of the First Standards War; By Tom McNichol
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asked Brown to design the chair, but Brown turned down the offer.
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1523:"The Effects of Electric Shock on the Body | HealthGuidance"
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and Southwick, to investigate a more humane means of execution.
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On June 16, 1944, an African-American teenager, 14-year-old
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As of 2024, electrocution remains an option in states like
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Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
1762:"Tightening the Nuts and Bolts Of Death by Electric Chair"
1795:"Order Upholding Constitutionality of the Electric Chair"
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Edison and the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death
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1665:"The Shocking Truth About Death in the Electric Chair"
1547:"What happens when you are executed by electrocution?"
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Possibility of consciousness and pain during execution
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The electric chair remains an accepted alternative in
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1684:"Gilbert King – The Two Executions Of Willie Francis"
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Too Young to Die: The Execution of George Stinney Jr.
1367:"On This Day: First Woman Executed by Electric Chair"
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The last judicial electrocution in the U.S. prior to
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became the first person to be electrocuted after the
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William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository
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Various cycles (changes in voltage and duration) of
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1984:Tamburin, Travis Dorman, Natalie Allison and Adam.
1961:"Cases determined in the Supreme Court of Nebraska"
1744:"'Exonerated' blurs facts about death penalty case"
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239:suggested by the Gerry Commission might look like.
1307:Justice Dwight, quoted in "Electric Executions",
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1908:"Death Row - Arkansas Department of Corrections"
507:assassination of then-President William McKinley
162:In the late 1870s to early 1880s, the spread of
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862:, taking place in February 2020 in Tennessee.
625:Please review the contents of the article and
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1228:(Volume 8, Issue 1) March 1989, pages 19 – 28
260:(who also recommended AC, as well as using a
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2008:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1576:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 85.
1501:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 85.
439:ran the headline: "Far worse than hanging".
218:and included New York lawyer and politician
2076:The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate
755:In 1946, the electric chair failed to kill
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2140:
1433:South Carolina Killers: Crimes of Passion
1057:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.2001919
290:volts, although the type of electricity,
2510:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
980:
81:capital punishment in the United States
2001:
1742:Mcgarrahan, Ellen (December 7, 2003),
1425:Jones, Mark R. (2007). "Chapter Five:
1082:
1072:
99:, where it is the primary method, and
2021:
2019:
1824:"431.220 Execution of death sentence"
1540:
1538:
1536:
1369:. Findingdulcinea.com. Archived from
882:On March 5, 2024, Louisiana Governor
763:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
488:. The electric chair is a replica of
7:
2515:Capital punishment for homosexuality
915:Nicknames of various electric chairs
587:on February 20, 2020, in Tennessee.
1860:"431.224 Retroactive applicability"
1686:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
1401:"Kentucky: Other Interesting Facts"
865:In 2021, South Carolina's governor
317:'s direct current power system and
145:ruled electric chair execution as "
2083:from the original on March 6, 2024
571:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2438:Most recent executions by country
1545:Juan, Stephen (20 October 2006).
52:is a specialized device used for
2104:
1801:. August 3, 1999. Archived from
1632:Bragg, Rick (18 November 1999).
1347:from the original on May 3, 2020
900:
691:
599:
550:Central Correctional Institution
355:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
340:expert Alphonse David Rockwell,
285:New York Medico-Legal Commission
250:Thomson-Houston Electric Company
2490:Religion and capital punishment
2040:from the original on 2023-06-25
1682:King, Gilbert (July 19, 2006).
1247:Essig, Mark (October 1, 2005).
464:Key events in the United States
32:Electric chair (disambiguation)
627:add the appropriate references
64:attached to the head and leg.
1:
2433:Enforcement or use by country
2069:Finn, James (March 5, 2024).
1932:Berman, Mark (May 23, 2014).
1760:Kuntz, Tom (August 3, 1997).
1390:Time-Life Books, 1969, p. 185
1253:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
580:on May 10, 2002, in Alabama.
559:On May 25, 1979, in Florida,
369:) for the State of New York.
2117:"Kemmler's Death by Torture"
1862:. lrc.ky.gov. Archived from
1844:. lrc.ky.gov. Archived from
1826:. lrc.ky.gov. Archived from
750:cruel and unusual punishment
727:Controversies and criticisms
482:Louisiana State Penitentiary
400:cruel and unusual punishment
147:cruel and unusual punishment
2360:Hanged, drawn and quartered
2026:Urell, Aaryn (2022-09-12).
1886:"Arkansas's Electric Chair"
1748:The San Francisco Chronicle
1597:Nugent, Philip (May 1993).
612:reliable medical references
535:Kentucky State Penitentiary
328:, enlisted the services of
189:Southwick joined physician
2572:
950:New York State Electrician
795:Decline and current status
431:Carlos Frederick MacDonald
342:Carlos Frederick MacDonald
29:
1572:Abbott, Geoffrey (2006).
1497:Abbott, Geoffrey (2006).
1263:– via Google Books.
618:or relies too heavily on
476:execution chamber at the
396:New York Court of Appeals
235:illustration of what the
2179:Current judicial methods
2033:Equal Justice Initiative
1331:"Far Worse Than Hanging"
313:, a competition between
89:ventricular fibrillation
2127:Death Penalty Worldwide
1478:www.clarkprosecutor.org
1474:"Lynda Lyon Block #775"
1527:www.healthguidance.org
1309:Lawrence Daily Record,
1296:Lawrence Daily Record,
493:
427:Edward Charles Spitzka
422:
386:
306:
240:
172:Brush Electric Company
143:Nebraska Supreme Court
45:
41:Electric chair at the
591:Process and mechanism
486:West Feliciana Parish
471:
418:breaking at the wheel
410:
380:
304:
228:
216:Elbridge Thomas Gerry
40:
2113:at Wikimedia Commons
1896:on December 15, 2005
1866:on February 17, 2017
1405:deathpenaltyinfo.org
1311:Jan. 1, 1890; pg. 1.
1298:Jan. 1, 1890, pg. 1.
1045:Marc, David (2009).
874:, declared that the
860:Nicholas Todd Sutton
585:Nicholas Todd Sutton
414:burning at the stake
43:Florida State Prison
30:For other uses, see
2551:Execution equipment
2541:American inventions
2323:Republican marriage
2252:Damnatio ad bestias
1939:The Washington Post
1830:on January 31, 2017
708:alternating current
519:New York Daily News
319:George Westinghouse
311:war of the currents
296:alternating current
248:experts, including
232:Scientific American
184:Alfred P. Southwick
66:Alfred P. Southwick
2495:Wrongful execution
2407:Suffocation in ash
2263:Blowing from a gun
2171:Capital punishment
2132:2013-11-13 at the
1766:The New York Times
1639:The New York Times
1340:. August 7, 1890.
1338:The New York Times
944:State electricians
740:Botched executions
494:
478:Red Hat Cell Block
436:The New York Times
387:
326:Frederick Peterson
307:
241:
208:capital punishment
79:Closely linked to
54:capital punishment
46:
2556:Execution methods
2523:
2522:
2500:Botched execution
2109:Media related to
1890:users.bestweb.net
1452:978-1-59629-395-3
1439:The History Press
1066:978-0-19-860669-7
960:Robert G. Elliott
848:Furman v. Georgia
700:
699:
676:
458:Maggie de la Riva
381:The execution of
363:state electrician
346:Austin E. Lathrop
229:A June 30, 1888,
70:Buffalo, New York
16:(Redirected from
2563:
2209:Nitrogen hypoxia
2204:Lethal injection
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1912:doc.arkansas.gov
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641:"Electric chair"
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603:
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578:Lynda Lyon Block
569:decision by the
566:Gregg v. Georgia
385:, August 6, 1890
202:Gerry Commission
93:lethal injection
27:Execution method
21:
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2485:List of methods
2470:Final statement
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2168:
2134:Wayback Machine
2123:August 7, 1890.
2111:Electric chairs
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769:double jeopardy
746:electric shocks
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528:photojournalism
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383:William Kemmler
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1990:The Tennessean
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1973:on 2008-04-13.
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2293:Crucifixion
2268:Brazen bull
2258:Blood eagle
2239:Ancient and
2219:Gas chamber
1707: (1947)
1441:. pp.
936:Yellow Mama
884:Jeff Landry
832:Mississippi
610:needs more
514:Ruth Snyder
472:The former
453:Philippines
367:executioner
350:George Fell
323:neurologist
135:Mississippi
85:Philippines
2530:Categories
2417:Waist chop
2381:Mazzatello
2375:Ishikozume
2370:Impalement
2365:Immurement
2355:Guillotine
2303:Decimation
2044:2023-06-25
1995:2020-09-28
1809:2014-04-17
1645:2 December
1613:2 December
1558:2019-02-01
1483:2017-01-05
1377:2014-02-11
976:References
931:Old Sparky
926:Old Smokey
908:Law portal
789:Old Sparky
652:newspapers
524:Tom Howard
168:guard rail
153:Background
62:electrodes
2475:Last meal
2448:Death row
2350:Gibbeting
2224:Beheading
1774:0362-4331
1727:March 18,
1429:(1944)".
1085:ignored (
1075:cite book
970:Dow Hover
870:judge in
828:Tennessee
820:Louisiana
539:Eddyville
474:Louisiana
279:Sing Sing
158:Invention
131:Louisiana
101:Tennessee
2480:Penology
2392:Scaphism
2330:Elephant
2318:Drowning
2298:Crushing
2192:Shooting
2130:Archived
2081:Archived
2038:Archived
2004:cite web
1900:March 4,
1870:April 9,
1852:April 9,
1834:April 9,
1779:April 8,
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1342:Archived
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816:Kentucky
808:Arkansas
682:May 2022
554:Columbia
443:Adoption
294:(DC) or
139:Oklahoma
124:Kentucky
120:Arkansas
56:through
2402:Stoning
2345:Garrote
2340:Flaying
2335:Falling
2288:Burning
2273:Boiling
2243:methods
2229:Stoning
2187:Hanging
2087:May 21,
1945:May 23,
1917:4 March
812:Florida
804:Alabama
717:autopsy
666:scholar
631:removed
480:in the
275:Clinton
116:Florida
108:Alabama
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659:books
176:brush
170:in a
2458:list
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2010:link
1947:2014
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1770:ISSN
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