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Most electric violinists use standard guitar amplifiers. The advantage with using guitar amps is that they have been used for years and their sound is reliable, though not all guitar amps will give a desired tone. Some prefer the more mellow tone of tube amps over solid state amps and digital PA's for violins. Similar to how electric guitar amplifiers are typically used for electric violins, guitar effect pedals, or
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882:. This design was later refined and turned into a commercial product. Unlike most pickup designs of the time, the Zeta pickup has the ability to output the signal from each string to a separate audio channel. Using a multi-pin cable to their pitch-to-MIDI converter, this allows for polyphonic MIDI control, and each string may be set to an independent MIDI channel.
509:
bridge vibrations are sensed. Some piezo setups have a separate pickup (or two, or even four in the case of some
Barbera Transducer Systems pickups) within the bridge under each string. A few systems use transducers oriented in various directions to differentiate between bowed and plucked string motion. Operating a switch then selects the preferred mode.
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Generally, piezoelectric pickups are inexpensive and more common. Piezo elements come in the shape of ceramic discs, cylinders or a plastic film. They detect physical vibrations directly, sometimes placed in or on the body, or in some cases actual string vibrations directly, but more commonly general
241:
Barcus Berry have been producing electric violins since the mid-1960s and in the early 1970s Max
Mathews began developing an electric violin which reached completion in 1984 During the 1980s more companies were formed producing their own brand of electric violin, such as RAAD or The Amazing Electric
433:
Acoustic 5-string violins are becoming more common, and it is not unusual for an electric violin to have 5, 6, 7 or more strings. The typical solid body also accommodates the extra tension caused by more strings without stressing the instrument too much. The extra strings are usually a low C string
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Essentially, amplifying an electric violin is exactly the same as amplifying a guitar. They both produce an audio output which is transferred through an audio cable into an amp or PA. For this reason, there are few amps that are specifically for violin, and even those can be repurposed for guitar.
711:
have popularized violin "looping". Instead of playing strictly with a band or as a traditional soloist, these musicians use a loop pedal to layer sound and effectively become a one-man band. Using a variety of pedals and techniques on the violin, these musicians yield a wide array of sounds,
356:
bridge or body pickup, or a magnetic pickup attached to the fingerboard end. Alternatively, an electrodynamic pickup can be installed under an acoustic violin's fingerboard avoiding interference with any tone-producing parts of the violin, and therefore keeping its acoustic resonances and tone
885:
In 2010, Keith McMillen, a founder of Zeta Music, announced the StringPort polyphonic string-to-USB 2.0 converter for the Zeta polyphonic pickup and other polyphonic pickup systems. While no other, dedicated, polyphonic, violin-to-MIDI systems are manufactured, there are a number of general,
504:
guitar-style magnetic systems are available, The small body size and arced string arrangement of a violin limit the amount of space available for coil placement. One unusual acoustic/electric violin system uses the string itself as a linear active pickup element. Made to fit standard acoustic
372:(tone color) of a standard unamplified violin is due in large part to these resonances, but so depending on how the signal is picked up, an electric violin may have a "rawer" or "sharper" sound than an acoustic. This raw sound is often preferred in rock, pop and some
524:
is best). This buffers the signal to avoid low frequency loss and microphonic noise pickup in the instrument cable. Preamplification is often done by an external signal processor, but some electric violin body designs provide internal housing for preamp circuitry.
761:
Daiana Mazza is another violinist from Brazil. She appears in works of Rock, Brazilian Music, Brazilian Gospel, Jazz and Folk, like Braia, Kernunna, Carol Carolo, Os
Minervas, Leonardo Araujo, Transfonika Orkestra, Sagrado Coração da Terra, etc.
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Today electric violins are even being used to reinvigorate music education. NBC, for example, recently featured a "music camp that combines rock and orchestra" by Mark Wood, who was chosen as the "person of the day" and featured on
722:
In Brazil, the
Electric Violin appears in the work of Marcus Viana, like "Sagrado Coração da Terra" (Sacred Heart of Earth), a Symphonic Prog/Progressive Rock, and Transfonika Orkestra (soundtracks), besides many others.
1101:
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operation—only one pitch can be detected and digitised at a time— but through the use of proprietary pickups, some MIDI polyphony can be achieved. Some pitch to MIDI interfaces from Axon/
242:
Violin and ZETA. There has been a great deal more commercial success for manufacturers of electric violins since the 1990s, both for well known, established companies and new independent makers too.
376:
genres. Several "semi-hollow" designs exist, containing a sealed, but hollow resonating chamber that provides some approximation of acoustic violin sound while reducing susceptibility to feedback.
894:
have been available for decades, and may be adapted to standard, electric violins. Without polyphonic instrument output, these systems tend to be monophonic, allowing only
198:
equipped with an electronic output of its sound. The term most properly refers to an instrument intentionally made to be electrified with built-in pickups, usually with a
886:
pitch-to-MIDI violin systems, and general pitch-to-MIDI computer accessories available today. General, monophonic pickup-to-MIDI systems, such as those manufactured by
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for bringing fresh interest to music education with rock performances all on electric violins where proceeds are donated back to school music programs.
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advertised an electric violin in 1958 (first production model pictured at the head of this page) but withdrew it at the point of production. After
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stated "The perfect blend of classical instruments and rock and roll is giving kids across the country a whole new appreciation for music."
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To avoid feedback from the resonances of the hollow body under high amplification on stage, many instruments have a solid body instead. The
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violins, the only requisite is that the string is electrically conducting, so the common synthetic or steel core strings can be used.
447:, in the same way as an electric guitar, to achieve a desired sound. This could include delay, reverb, chorus, distortion, or other
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1442:- A survey and review of the violin today, including patents, makers, players, recordings, articles and resources for technique.
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A Case For An
Electronically Adjusted ("Electric") Violin" by Dr. Eugene Gratovich, The Strad magazine Vol.84 #999 pg.171-174
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design to keep weight down. Lately, materials such as kevlar, glass and carbon fibres, are used in the build process.
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have adopted electric instruments. The fiddle is quite prominently featured in such bands as the Celtic punk bands
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1272:"Terry Riley on giving up self-publishing and his new concerto for electric violin, being performed this weekend"
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allowing original compositions and arrangements for electric looping violin of popular rock and hip hop tunes.
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1430:— website linking many electric violin players, makers, equipment, and other resources. Not updated since 2001
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Electronic Violin: A Research Tool", M.V.Mathews, Journal of the Violin
Society of America, Nov. 1984 Vol.8 #1
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is generally credited as being one of the first performers to adapt pickups and amplifiers to violins. The
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Electrically amplified violins have been used in one form or another since the 1920s; jazz and blues artist
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has also made extensive use of the electric violin, particularly on her instrumental Laced/Unlaced album.
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1993:
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656:'s electric violin parts. It has also found its way into modern musical theater, a recent example being
1247:"Feb. 4: Electronic violinist Tracy Silverman — Minnesota State University, Mankato (MSU) – 2013-02-05"
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World's first
Electric Strings university degree program (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
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1433:
1805:
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661:
589:. The electric violin is more frequently used by non-classical musicians in popular genres such as
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instruments surviving today first found listed in sales catalogues and contemporaneous advertising
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also puts a lot of emphasis on the electric violin in their compositions. Finnish folk metal band
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of some type, although "amplified violin" or "electro-acoustic violin" are more accurate then.
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will give full per-string polyphony, interfacing with multi-pin output from Zeta MIDI pickup.
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590:
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585:, electric violins are generally employed by classical performers only in the performance of
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2013:
1988:
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426:. Also the instrument features an extra pickup in the tail piece for extra amplification of
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1047:"David Bush, Brian Lepine, Michael Zimmerman. Amazing Electric Violin. 1989 | MoMA"
2003:
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418:. The strings on this instrument are clustered in four groups of three strings tuned
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Listings begin again in 1969 Fender Sales
Catalogues and contemporaneous advertising
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1223:"Vector Electric Instruments – Frequently Asked Questions About Electric Violins"
2020:
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was bought by CBS, the electric violin went into production in 1969 until 1975.
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They are often seen as "experimental" instruments, being less established than
1932:
1822:
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Commissioned by the
Nashville Symphony for electric violinist Tracy Silverman.
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A traditional acoustic violin and a modern electronic violin from Marc
Capuano
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used the instrument to original effect in the mid 1970s; also using baritone
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that have ferrous (iron-containing, as in steel) metal wraps or cores. A few
1998:
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fiddle (which ZETA later marketed as the "Eileen Ivers Signature Series").
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Notable artists who have performed using a MIDI-enabled violin include
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280: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Richard Smith, "Fender: The Sound Heard Around The World" (pg.180-181)
1957:
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1102:"Plugging Into the Volta Standard 4-String Acoustic-Electric Violin"
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Written for Thomas Gould, Nicholas Collon, and the Aurora Orchestra.
394:. Hence, there are many variations on the standard design, such as
2025:
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1128:"Barbera ultra high performance pickups for stringed instruments"
1036:"The Shock Of The New", The Strad magazine Vol.94 #1126 pg698-700
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811:"Palmian Chord Riddle", concerto for six string electric violin.
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Inspired by the talents of (and written for) electric violinist
610:
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Acoustic-electric violin bridge with piezoelectric element inlay
415:
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In the mid-1980s, Zeta Music developed a prototype violin for
665:
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Solid-body electric violins typically have a non-traditional,
249:
29:
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for 5-strings, a low C and low F for 6, and a low C, F and B
664:. Several popular bands that use the electric violin are
581:
Although the violin is an instrument used extensively in
750:
during the 1990s, later switching to a custom-made blue
443:
Electric violin signals usually pass through electronic
202:. It can also refer to a violin fitted with an electric
840:, for six-string electric violin and chamber orchestra.
496:. Guitar/coil type magnetic pickups require the use of
414:
built a 12 string electric violin for the Belgian band
975:
Forrest White, "Fender: The Inside Story" (pg.108-109)
406:" strings that sound an octave lower than normal, and
1446:
Electric Fiddler: home for the electric violin player
1400:"Six Exquisites International Sound Arts Festival II"
1317:"Nico Muhly: Seeing is Believing / Aurora Orchestra"
1981:
1925:
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Webpage showing a 1948 homebuilt Australian violin.
874:. Through a custom pickup and interface, it sends
170:
154:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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230:sold electric violins in the 1930s and 1940s;
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8:
352:Acoustic violins may be used with an add-on
132:
825:Concerto for Amplified Violin and Orchestra
636:; one prominent exponent in the area being
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1467:
777:Concerto for electric violin and orchestra
538:can be and are used for electric violins.
921:, Gregory Docenko, Dorothy Martirano and
340:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
856:for electric violin and live processing.
950:
512:Piezo pickups have a high (capacitive)
220:Electro Stringed Instrument Corporation
746:electric fiddle during her tours with
224:National String Instrument Corporation
144:Front, back and headstock detail of a
131:
878:data, allowing the violin to control
7:
1451:Fiddle and Alternative Strings Forum
794:, for electric violin and orchestra.
278:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Amplified violin, string instrument
1104:. Strings Magazine. Archived from
859:Written for Electroacoustic Wales.
25:
2064:
2063:
254:
138:
34:
1152:"NS Design Polar Pickup System"
577:Paji playing an electric violin
265:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
715:Classically trained violinist
1:
2097:Electric musical instruments
1100:Olwell, Greg (August 2013).
587:contemporary classical music
1440:The Digital Violin Database
1270:Colter, Seth (2012-12-05).
548:List of electric violinists
2113:
1379:Keith McMillen Instruments
1204:. Electric Violin Lutherie
1202:"Electric Violin Lutherie"
632:It is used extensively in
559:playing an electric violin
545:
2059:
1375:"KMI Releases StringPort"
1178:"Jordan Electric Violins"
481:Electric violins may use
177:
137:
1825:(changing string tuning)
1404:Newsense-intermedium.com
1298:. Nico Muhly. 2008-01-07
1051:The Museum of Modern Art
1346:"Electroacoustic Wales"
163:Bowed string instrument
1132:Barberatransducers.com
709:Daniel Bernard Roumain
578:
570:
560:
478:
365:
2046:Violin musical styles
1994:History of the violin
1630:Electric upright bass
1296:"Seeing is Believing"
1227:Vectorinstruments.com
791:The Dharma at Big Sur
658:Whistle Down the Wind
576:
566:
555:
476:
363:
1897:Double bass concerto
1072:"It's been 21 years"
274:improve this article
54:improve this article
1926:Related instruments
1840:and genres of music
1806:Finger substitution
1321:Auroraorchestra.com
838:Seeing is Believing
662:Andrew Lloyd Webber
408:sympathetic strings
172:Related instruments
134:
1531:Five-string violin
1276:Capitalnewyork.com
927:Dave Matthews Band
779:(1993, rev. 2019).
752:ZETA Music Systems
694:Doctors of Madness
627:experimental music
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557:Ed Alleyne-Johnson
479:
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149:'s Electric Violin
18:Electric violinist
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1428:Bowed Electricity
1078:. 23 January 2013
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428:string resonances
398:, extra strings,
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289:"Electric violin"
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69:"Electric violin"
16:(Redirected from
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1989:Violin acoustics
1943:Hardanger fiddle
1877:String orchestra
1541:Alexander violin
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915:Charles Bisharat
820:Charles Wuorinen
703:Artists such as
652:also focuses in
603:electronic music
522:charge amplifier
514:output impedance
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1953:Lira da braccio
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1882:Violin concerto
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1602:Cello da spalla
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772:Igor KrivokapiÄŤ
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705:Tracy Silverman
670:Operator Please
654:Jaakko Lemmetty
583:classical music
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907:L. Subramaniam
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846:
845:
844:
841:
830:
829:
828:
817:
816:
815:
812:
804:
803:
802:
795:
782:
781:
780:
767:
764:
742:played a blue
732:Flogging Molly
728:Irish fiddlers
638:Dave Swarbrick
543:
540:
530:
527:
498:violin strings
491:electrodynamic
470:
467:
348:
347:
262:
260:
253:
247:
244:
211:
208:
186:
185:
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166:
165:
158:
156:Classification
152:
151:
143:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2109:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
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1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
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1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Violin sonata
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:String sextet
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Shoulder rest
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:Viola pomposa
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Violin family
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1356:on 2016-03-21
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1327:on 2011-03-12
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1001:on 2019-07-03
1000:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
960:
954:
951:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
865:
858:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
842:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
800:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
786:
783:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:The Levellers
733:
729:
724:
720:
718:
717:Emilie Autumn
713:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
569:
565:
558:
554:
549:
541:
539:
537:
536:effects units
529:Amplification
528:
526:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
487:piezoelectric
484:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
459:
452:
450:
446:
441:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:machine heads
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
362:
358:
355:
354:piezoelectric
344:
341:
333:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
298:
294:
291: –
290:
286:
285:Find sources:
279:
275:
269:
268:
263:This section
261:
257:
252:
251:
245:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
182:
179:
178:
176:
173:
169:
164:
161:
160:
159:
157:
153:
148:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2068:
2051:Violin octet
2031:Stradivarius
1912:Cello sonata
1907:Viola sonata
1867:String octet
1756:
1574:Tenor violin
1546:Stroh violin
1520:
1408:. Retrieved
1406:. 1997-07-25
1403:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:the original
1350:Bangor.ac.uk
1349:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1320:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:the original
1080:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:the original
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
923:Boyd Tinsley
919:Drew Tretick
904:
884:
880:synthesizers
869:
853:
837:
824:
789:
776:
766:Compositions
760:
744:Barcus-Berry
740:Eileen Ivers
725:
721:
714:
702:
674:Doll Factory
631:
580:
532:
511:
507:
480:
462:
457:
453:
442:
432:
412:Yuri Landman
385:
381:minimalistic
378:
367:
351:
336:
327:
317:
310:
303:
296:
284:
272:Please help
267:verification
264:
240:
228:Vega Company
213:
191:
189:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2021:Jazz violin
1963:Nyckelharpa
1948:Hurdy-gurdy
1852:String trio
1796:Double stop
1699:Fingerboard
1622:Double bass
1592:Bass violin
1505:Instruments
1434:Bowed Radio
866:MIDI violin
807:Terry Riley
686:Urban Blitz
650:Korpiklaani
615:jazz fusion
568:Mia Zabelka
502:single-coil
422:creating a
374:avant-garde
330:August 2017
246:Description
216:Stuff Smith
2086:Categories
1933:Arpeggione
1823:Scordatura
1752:Bow stroke
1739:Techniques
1729:Tuning peg
1719:Sound post
1410:2016-07-09
1360:2016-07-09
1331:2016-07-09
1302:2016-07-09
1281:2016-07-09
1256:2016-07-09
1232:2016-07-09
1208:2016-07-09
1187:2016-07-09
1137:2016-07-09
1005:2018-01-15
945:References
896:monophonic
833:Nico Muhly
785:John Adams
748:Riverdance
692:rock band
682:Yellowcard
642:Folk metal
546:See also:
445:processing
410:. Luthier
300:newspapers
200:solid body
147:Leo Fender
80:newspapers
2014:Slap bass
1999:Jazz bass
1838:Ensembles
1818:Pizzicato
1811:Bariolage
1801:Fingering
1791:Harmonics
1758:Col legno
1724:Tailpiece
854:Crosswire
849:Ed Wright
698:Violectra
690:protopunk
634:folk rock
110:July 2016
2070:Category
2009:Big band
1968:Pochette
1786:Arpeggio
1774:Spiccato
1684:Chinrest
1662:Bass bar
1640:Octobass
1526:Pochette
1384:19 April
1251:Mnsu.edu
1112:9 August
1082:19 April
1056:19 April
933:See also
900:TerraTec
754:Strados
726:Several
678:pop punk
483:magnetic
437:♭
404:baritone
357:intact.
2092:Violins
1973:Quinton
1938:Baryton
1829:Vibrato
1779:Tremolo
1769:Portato
1764:Martelé
1635:Violone
1607:Cellone
1162:May 24,
827:— 1972.
646:Turisas
623:new-age
619:country
599:hip hop
494:pickups
469:Pickups
449:effects
440:for 7.
314:scholar
210:History
94:scholar
1958:Lirone
1747:Bowing
1709:Scroll
1694:F-hole
1689:Endpin
1679:Bridge
1513:Violin
892:Yamaha
888:Roland
734:, and
676:, and
625:, and
542:Genres
518:preamp
424:chorus
420:unison
370:timbre
316:
309:
302:
295:
287:
236:Fender
232:Fender
204:pickup
196:violin
181:Violin
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2026:Rosin
1982:Other
1654:Parts
1584:Cello
1556:Viola
925:from
680:band
644:band
591:metal
489:, or
463:Today
458:Today
396:frets
321:JSTOR
307:books
194:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2036:Viol
1672:Frog
1386:2021
1164:2006
1114:2013
1084:2021
1058:2021
890:and
876:MIDI
707:and
611:jazz
595:rock
416:DAAU
392:bass
293:news
226:and
73:news
1704:Nut
1667:Bow
688:of
666:Zox
660:by
607:pop
520:(a
402:, "
390:or
276:by
190:An
56:by
2088::
1402:.
1377:.
1348:.
1319:.
1274:.
1249:.
1225:.
1180:.
1130:.
1092:^
1074:.
1049:.
929:.
917:,
913:,
909:,
738:.
700:.
684:.
672:,
668:,
640:.
629:.
621:,
617:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
593:,
485:,
451:.
430:.
222:,
1490:e
1483:t
1476:v
1413:.
1388:.
1363:.
1334:.
1305:.
1284:.
1259:.
1235:.
1211:.
1190:.
1166:.
1140:.
1116:.
1086:.
1060:.
1008:.
801:.
613:/
343:)
337:(
332:)
328:(
318:·
311:·
304:·
297:·
270:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
