501:
over a long period of time, of at least a month, two months or even a year. The compression is performed in real time, as the signals are acquired; it calculates a compression decision before all the compressed data is received. For instance should one parameter remain constant, and various others fluctuate, the compression decision retains only what is relevant from the constant data, and retains all the fluctuation data. It then decomposes the waveform of the power signal of numerous components, over various periods of the waveform. It concludes the process by compressing the values of at least some of these components over different periods, separately. This real time compression algorithm, performed independent of the sampling, prevents data gaps and has a typical 1000:1 compression ratio.
239:"Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute. The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops somewhere between full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power – no light). It comes from the noticeable to significant dimming of regular incandescent lights, during system faults or overloading etc., when insufficient power is available to achieve full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting. This term is in common usage has no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system voltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase system operating margins.
90:
1247:
1826:
305:
site may cause a transient that affects all other customers on the same subsystem. Problems, such as harmonics, arise within the customer’s own installation and may propagate onto the network and affect other customers. Harmonic problems can be dealt with by a combination of good design practice and well proven reduction equipment.
480:
instance, at a sampling rate of 32 samples per cycle, 1,920 samples are collected per second. For three-phase meters that measure both voltage and current waveforms, the data is 6–8 times as much. More practical solutions developed in recent years store data only when an event occurs (for example, when high levels of power system
156:
530:
algorithms can be significant. By using prediction and modeling on the stored time series in the actual power quality archive the efficiency of post processing compression is usually further improved. This combination of simplistic techniques implies savings in both data storage and data acquisition
500:
methods) that enables meters to continuously store the waveform of one or more power signals, regardless whether or not an event of interest was identified. This algorithm referred to as PQZip empowers a processor with a memory that is sufficient to store the waveform, under normal power conditions,
144:
problem: is the equipment connected to the grid compatible with the events on the grid, and is the power delivered by the grid, including the events, compatible with the equipment that is connected? Compatibility problems always have at least two solutions: in this case, either clean up the power,
74:
then moves through the wiring system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variations in weather, generation, demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the
304:
Each of these power quality problems has a different cause. Some problems are a result of the shared infrastructure. For example, a fault on the network may cause a dip that will affect some customers; the higher the level of the fault, the greater the number affected. A problem on one customer’s
33:
is the degree to which the voltage, frequency, and waveform of a power supply system conform to established specifications. Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed range, steady AC frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve
479:
In order to sufficiently monitor unforeseen events, Ribeiro et al. explains that it is not enough to display these parameters, but to also capture voltage waveform data at all times. This is impracticable due to the large amount of data involved, causing what is known the “bottle effect”. For
42:
and the load's ability to function properly. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality, and many more causes of such poor quality power.
334:
atop the sine wave. High-quality UPS units utilize a double conversion topology which breaks down incoming AC power into DC, charges the batteries, then remanufactures an AC sine wave. This remanufactured sine wave is of higher quality than the original AC power feed.
847:
513:
is generation of data archive aggregated over given interval. Most typically 10 minute or 1 minute interval is used as specified by the IEC/IEEE PQ standards. A significant archive sizes are created during an operation of such instrument. As Kraus
407:
used in the analysis of power quality. To provide high quality electric power service, it is essential to monitor the quality of the electric signals also termed as power quality (PQ) at different locations along an electrical
38:). In general, it is useful to consider power quality as the compatibility between what comes out of an electric outlet and the load that is plugged into it. The term is used to describe electric power that drives an
221:" in lighting equipment. Flicker is rapid visible changes of light level. Definition of the characteristics of voltage fluctuations that produce objectionable light flicker has been the subject of ongoing research.
214:
A "dip" (in
British English) or a "sag" (in American English the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.
294:
Typically, generators cause voltage distortions and loads cause current distortions. These distortions occur as oscillations more rapid than the nominal frequency, and are referred to as harmonics.
548:
IEC 61000-4-30 is the standard defining methods for monitoring power quality. Edition 3 (2015) includes current measurements, unlike earlier editions which related to voltage measurement alone.
149:
630:
545:
IEEE-519 is the North
American guideline for power systems. It is defined as "recommended practice" and, unlike EN50160, this guideline refers to current distortion as well as voltage.
383:
features of rapid sensing and automated self healing of anomalies in the network promises to bring higher quality power and less downtime while simultaneously supporting power from
583:
416:
and blackouts. This is particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk (institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, mines, etc.).
484:
are detected) or alternatively to store the RMS value of the electrical signals. This data, however, is not always sufficient to determine the exact nature of problems.
412:. Electrical utilities carefully monitor waveforms and currents at various network locations constantly, to understand what lead up to any unforeseen events such as a
291:
The oscillation of voltage and current ideally follows the form of a sine or cosine function, however it can alter due to imperfections in the generators or loads.
1098:
300:
Low harmonic content in a waveform is ideal because harmonics can cause vibrations, buzzing, equipment distortions, and losses and overheating in transformers.
1771:
424:
Engineers use many kinds of meters, that read and display electrical power waveforms and calculate parameters of the waveforms. They measure, for example:
542:
EN50160 is the
European standard for power quality, setting the acceptable limits of distortion for the different parameters defining voltage in AC power.
845:, Nisenblat, Pol; Broshi, Amir M. & Efrati, Ofir, "Power Quality Monitoring", published April 18, 2004, issued September 21, 2006
519:
641:
327:(temporary) condition on the line. However, cheaper UPS units create poor-quality power themselves, akin to imposing a higher-frequency and lower-
1066:
1043:
1024:
1005:
929:
339:
86:—that is actually described by the term. Power is simply the flow of energy, and the current demanded by a load is largely uncontrollable.
1829:
874:
702:
539:
The quality of electricity supplied is set forth in international standards and their local derivatives, adopted by different countries:
270:
Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current, then suddenly stops demanding it, there will be a dip or
1668:
1776:
1246:
1091:
967:
948:
678:
1855:
1396:
986:
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762:. Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2001, IEEE, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Vol. 1. pp. 676–681.
605:
281:
at lower frequencies (usually less than 3 kHz) and described as Common Mode
Distortion or Interharmonics at higher frequencies.
379:(PMU) distributed throughout their network to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Using such
1850:
1559:
1484:
1355:
1731:
1663:
1653:
1529:
1429:
1084:
781:
Ribeiro; et al. (Apr 2004). "An improved method for signal processing and compression in power quality evaluation".
297:
The relative contribution of harmonics to the distortion of the ideal waveform is called total harmonic distortion (THD).
1584:
1544:
1121:
320:
278:
133:
211:
When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell".
1811:
1806:
1524:
1499:
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1166:
557:
63:
59:
217:
Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomenon known as "
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1860:
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1444:
1414:
1191:
384:
1781:
1270:
1231:
451:
1756:
1564:
1504:
1161:
758:
Ribeiro; et al. (2001). "An enhanced data compression method for applications in power quality analysis".
1695:
1685:
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376:
324:
127:
47:
891:"IEEE 519-2014 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems"
106:
1616:
1479:
1262:
869:. 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, 8–11 June 2009. pp. 1–4.
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118:
51:
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172:
510:
171:) or system specifications (in the case of a power feed not directly attached to the mains) with an
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1141:
89:
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1201:
816:
804:
409:
358:
218:
710:
148:
The tolerance of data-processing equipment to voltage variations is often characterized by the
1741:
1621:
1226:
1062:
1039:
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1001:
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963:
944:
925:
870:
867:
CIRED 2009 - 20th
International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution - Part 1
794:
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364:
313:
257:
168:
67:
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No real-life power source is ideal and generally can deviate in at least the following ways:
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205:
110:
102:
The quality of electrical power may be described as a set of values of parameters, such as:
83:
1721:
1680:
1658:
1539:
1509:
1474:
1434:
1236:
828:
346:
39:
703:"Harmonic filtering in a data center? [A Power Quality discussion on UPS design]"
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1736:
1534:
1146:
229:
141:
1844:
1766:
1554:
1439:
1419:
1350:
1340:
1297:
1181:
1136:
271:
225:
152:, which give the duration and magnitude of voltage variations that can be tolerated.
114:
808:
1786:
1761:
1626:
1595:
1409:
1211:
441:
413:
17:
863:"Lossless encodings and compression algorithms applied on power quality datasets"
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331:
243:
71:
862:
1574:
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1382:
1365:
1221:
767:
380:
167:
having an amplitude and frequency given by national standards (in the case of
78:
While "power quality" is a convenient term for many, it is the quality of the
790:
688:
1290:
1285:
1171:
1131:
890:
783:
2003 IEEE Power
Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491)
481:
404:
350:
328:
233:
201:
180:
164:
35:
731:
Galli; et al. (Oct 1996). "Exploring the power of wavelet analysis".
246:" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute.
117:
or overages below or above a threshold level thereby causing blackouts or
1404:
920:
Dugan, Roger C.; Mark McGranaghan; Surya
Santoso; H. Wayne Beaty (2003).
354:
55:
1053:
Chattopadhyay, Surajit; Mitra, Madhuchhanda; Sengupta, Samarjit (2011).
155:
1325:
1315:
1076:
432:
79:
744:
1320:
496:
proposes the idea of power quality compression algorithm (similar to
979:
Understanding Power
Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions
70:
located at the premises of the end user of the electric power. The
154:
88:
208:(RMS) voltage are both important to different types of equipment.
1275:
962:. Stars in a Circle Publications. Library Of Congress 621.3191.
895:
523:
518:
have demonstrated the compression ratio on such archives using
274:
in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line).
1080:
176:
323:(UPS) can be used to switch off of mains power if there is a
438:
phase relationship between waveforms of a multi-phase signal
357:
can protect against most overvoltage conditions, while a
342:(SSSC) are utilized for series voltage-sag compensation.
228:", "impulses", or "surges", generally caused by large
277:
Variations in the wave shape – usually described as
1795:
1705:
1642:
1604:
1458:
1395:
1306:
1261:
1254:
1114:
861:Kraus, Jan; Tobiska, Tomas; Bubla, Viktor (2009).
640:. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Archived from
391:, which would if unchecked degrade power quality.
267:(when a load draws more power, the voltage drops).
140:It is often useful to think of power quality as a
93:Frequency stability of some large electrical grids
941:Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction
585:Electric power systems: a conceptual introduction
224:Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "
163:Ideally, AC voltage is supplied by a utility as
316:is modifying the power to improve its quality.
1092:
8:
664:
662:
27:Measurement of power meeting specifications
1258:
1099:
1085:
1077:
671:Distributed photovoltaic grid transformers
124:Variation in voltage magnitude (see below)
669:Shertukde, Hemchandra Madhusudan (2014).
785:. Vol. 19. IEEE. pp. 464–471.
573:
824:
814:
338:A dynamic voltage regulator (DVR) and
145:or make the equipment more resilient.
340:static synchronous series compensator
232:being turned ON, or more severely by
136:content in the waveforms for AC power
75:quality of supply to be compromised.
7:
1036:Power Quality in Electrical Systems
1034:Kusko, Alex; Marc Thompson (2007).
733:IEEE Computer Applications in Power
401:power quality compression algorithm
1777:Renewable energy commercialization
375:Modern systems use sensors called
25:
520:Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm
1825:
1824:
1245:
922:Electrical Power Systems Quality
361:protects against severe spikes.
943:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
924:. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1:
1772:Renewable Energy Certificates
1732:Cost of electricity by source
1654:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1530:High-voltage shore connection
939:Meier, Alexandra von (2006).
581:Von Meier, Alexandra (2006).
371:Smart grids and power quality
1787:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1585:Transmission system operator
1545:Mains electricity by country
1122:Automatic generation control
631:"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"
321:uninterruptible power supply
34:waveform (which resembles a
1812:List of electricity sectors
1807:Electric energy consumption
1525:High-voltage direct current
1500:Electric power transmission
1490:Electric power distribution
1167:Energy return on investment
558:Dynamic voltage restoration
505:Aggregated data compression
64:electric power distribution
60:electric power transmission
1877:
1727:Carbon offsets and credits
1445:Three-phase electric power
977:Bollen, Math H.J. (2000).
620:Energy Storage Association
385:intermittent power sources
1820:
1782:Renewable Energy Payments
1271:Fossil fuel power station
1243:
1059:Springer Science+Business
1017:Handbook of Power Quality
768:10.1109/IECON.2001.976594
673:. CRC Press. p. 91.
452:total harmonic distortion
1856:Electrical power control
1565:Single-wire earth return
1505:Electrical busbar system
1162:Energy demand management
981:. New York: IEEE Press.
791:10.1109/PES.2003.1270480
509:A typical function of a
377:phasor measurement units
1696:Residual-current device
1686:Power system protection
1676:Generator interlock kit
469:reactive energy (kVArh)
48:electric power industry
1851:Electric power quality
1480:Distributed generation
1152:Electric power quality
1055:Electric Power Quality
960:Electric Power Quality
472:apparent energy (kVAh)
389:distributed generation
367:can remove harmonics.
263:Nonzero low-frequency
160:
94:
82:—rather than power or
52:electricity generation
31:Electric power quality
1752:Fossil fuel phase-out
1520:Electricity retailing
1515:Electrical substation
1495:Electric power system
996:Sankaran, C. (2002).
594:John Wiley & Sons
460:reactive power (kVAr)
395:Compression algorithm
158:
130:voltages and currents
107:Continuity of service
92:
1108:Electricity delivery
1015:Baggini, A. (2008).
958:Heydt, G.T. (1991).
563:Rapid voltage change
528:lossless compression
488:Raw data compression
463:apparent power (kVA)
1717:Availability factor
1669:Sulfur hexafluoride
1550:Overhead power line
1450:Virtual power plant
1425:Induction generator
1378:Sustainable biofuel
1187:Home energy storage
1177:Grid energy storage
1142:Droop speed control
466:active energy (kWh)
18:Electrical overload
1591:Transmission tower
1202:Nameplate capacity
739:(4). IEEE: 37–41.
365:Electronic filters
359:lightning arrester
314:Power conditioning
309:Power conditioning
256:Variations in the
200:Variations in the
161:
95:
1861:Power engineering
1838:
1837:
1742:Environmental tax
1622:Cascading failure
1391:
1390:
1227:Utility frequency
1068:978-94-007-0634-7
1045:978-0-07-147075-9
1026:978-0-470-06561-7
1007:978-0-8493-1040-9
1000:. CRC Press LLC.
931:978-0-07-138622-7
745:10.1109/67.539845
707:DataCenterFix.com
526:or other similar
498:lossy compression
457:active power (kW)
68:electricity meter
16:(Redirected from
1868:
1828:
1827:
1737:Energy subsidies
1691:Protective relay
1632:Rolling blackout
1259:
1249:
1217:Power-flow study
1157:Electrical fault
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1049:
1030:
1011:
992:
973:
954:
935:
907:
906:
904:
903:
887:
881:
880:
876:978-1-84919126-5
858:
852:
851:
850:
846:
839:
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822:
820:
812:
778:
772:
771:
755:
749:
748:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
709:. Archived from
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657:
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654:
652:
646:
635:
627:
621:
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611:
591:
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206:root mean square
111:electrical power
84:electric current
21:
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1867:
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1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1816:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1722:Capacity factor
1710:
1708:
1701:
1681:Numerical relay
1659:Circuit breaker
1647:
1645:
1638:
1600:
1540:Load management
1510:Electrical grid
1475:Demand response
1468:
1463:
1454:
1435:Microgeneration
1387:
1302:
1250:
1241:
1237:Vehicle-to-grid
1110:
1105:
1075:
1069:
1052:
1046:
1038:. McGraw Hill.
1033:
1027:
1014:
1008:
995:
989:
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730:
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681:
668:
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660:
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648:
647:on 1 April 2018
644:
633:
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624:
619:
615:
608:
589:
580:
579:
575:
571:
554:
537:
507:
490:
422:
397:
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347:surge protector
311:
288:
253:
230:inductive loads
197:
189:
100:
62:and ultimately
40:electrical load
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1872:
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1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
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1797:Statistics and
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:Feed-in tariff
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1706:
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1702:
1700:
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1537:
1535:Interconnector
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Dynamic demand
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Combined cycle
1412:
1407:
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1240:
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1234:
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1199:
1194:
1192:Load-following
1189:
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1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:Electric power
1144:
1139:
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1129:
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1111:
1106:
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1096:
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1074:
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1067:
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1031:
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1012:
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969:978-9992203040
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950:978-0471178590
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825:|journal=
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680:978-1482247190
679:
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572:
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511:power analyzer
506:
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489:
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113:is subject to
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1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Pigouvian tax
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
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1704:
1697:
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1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Earth-leakage
1662:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:Failure modes
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Power station
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:Rankine cycle
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Cooling tower
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1263:Non-renewable
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Grid strength
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Demand factor
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
998:Power Quality
994:
990:
988:0-7803-4713-7
984:
980:
975:
971:
965:
961:
956:
952:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
923:
918:
917:
912:
898:
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886:
883:
878:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
844:
838:
835:
830:
818:
810:
806:
802:
800:0-7803-7989-6
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
724:
713:on 2011-07-08
712:
708:
704:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
676:
672:
665:
663:
659:
643:
639:
632:
626:
623:
617:
614:
609:
607:9780470036402
603:
599:
595:
587:
586:
577:
574:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
546:
543:
540:
534:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
504:
502:
499:
495:
487:
485:
483:
475:and many more
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
426:
425:
419:
417:
415:
411:
410:power network
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
336:
333:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
308:
306:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
285:
280:
276:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
254:
250:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
198:
194:
192:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
153:
151:
146:
143:
142:compatibility
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
116:
115:voltage drops
112:
109:(whether the
108:
105:
104:
103:
97:
91:
87:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1762:Net metering
1709:and policies
1627:Power outage
1596:Utility pole
1560:Pumped hydro
1466:distribution
1461:Transmission
1410:Cogeneration
1212:Power factor
1151:
1054:
1035:
1016:
997:
978:
959:
940:
921:
900:. Retrieved
894:
885:
866:
856:
837:
782:
776:
759:
753:
736:
732:
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
697:
670:
649:. Retrieved
642:the original
637:
625:
616:
584:
576:
547:
544:
541:
538:
515:
508:
493:
491:
478:
442:power factor
423:
414:power outage
400:
398:
374:
363:
344:
337:
318:
312:
303:
190:
162:
147:
139:
101:
98:Introduction
77:
45:
30:
29:
1757:Load factor
1612:Black start
1580:Transformer
1281:Natural gas
1232:Variability
1207:Peak demand
1197:Merit order
1127:Backfeeding
531:processes.
381:smart grids
332:square wave
244:Overvoltage
181:frequencies
159:CBEMA curve
150:CBEMA curve
72:electricity
1845:Categories
1799:production
1644:Protective
1575:Super grid
1570:Smart grid
1397:Generation
1331:Geothermal
1222:Repowering
913:Literature
902:2020-11-16
843:US 7415370
717:2010-12-14
596:. p.
569:References
492:Nisenblat
420:Challenges
349:or simple
187:Deviations
165:sinusoidal
50:comprises
1707:Economics
1430:Micro CHP
1308:Renewable
1291:Petroleum
1286:Oil shale
1172:Grid code
1132:Base load
1019:. Wiley.
827:ignored (
817:cite book
760:IECON '01
689:897338163
535:Standards
482:harmonics
447:frequency
405:algorithm
351:capacitor
329:amplitude
325:transient
279:harmonics
265:impedance
258:frequency
251:Frequency
234:lightning
173:impedance
128:Transient
119:brownouts
36:sine wave
1830:Category
1617:Brownout
1405:AC power
1115:Concepts
809:62578540
552:See also
355:varistor
286:Waveform
175:of zero
134:Harmonic
56:AC power
1646:devices
1356:Thermal
1351:Osmotic
1346:Current
1326:Biomass
1316:Biofuel
1298:Nuclear
1255:Sources
651:21 June
638:pge.com
433:voltage
429:current
219:flicker
195:Voltage
179:at all
80:voltage
1341:Marine
1321:Biogas
1065:
1042:
1023:
1004:
985:
966:
947:
928:
873:
849:
807:
797:
687:
677:
604:
516:et al.
494:et al.
403:is an
226:spikes
66:to an
1698:(GFI)
1587:(TSO)
1373:Solar
1361:Tidal
1336:Hydro
805:S2CID
645:(PDF)
634:(PDF)
590:(PDF)
454:(THD)
272:spike
169:mains
1464:and
1383:Wind
1366:Wave
1276:Coal
1063:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1021:ISBN
1002:ISBN
983:ISBN
964:ISBN
945:ISBN
926:ISBN
896:IEEE
871:ISBN
829:help
795:ISBN
685:OCLC
675:ISBN
653:2022
602:ISBN
524:bzip
431:and
387:and
202:peak
177:ohms
46:The
787:doi
764:doi
741:doi
435:RMS
353:or
319:An
204:or
58:),
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