1009:) was proposed. Under the framework of this Law, the program called ‘Electricity for a Decent Living” has been designed to improve both rural and urban electrification. The short-term goal (2006–2010) of the program is to increase rural electrification to 53% (connection of 210,000 new households) and urban electrification to 97% (connection of 460,000 new households). The medium-term goal (2010–2015) is to achieve universal access in urban areas and a 70% access in rural ones. In the final stages, rural access would have increased to 87% by 2020 and universal coverage would be reached by 2025. The Law also mandates de creation of a Common Fund for Universal Access to Public Electricity Service (FOCO) and creates a co-financing mechanism of the National Government with Prefectures, municipalities and the private sector. However, the Law has not been approved yet, although it is expected that the Law and the mechanisms it creates will be approved soon.
983:). This new decree aims at increasing rural access through the extension and densification of electric networks, development of renewable energy and a change in the energy mix (substitution of diesel by natural gas, biomass and other renewable energies) and an increase in distribution capacity. The Rural Electrification Decree and its associated regulatory framework encourages stakeholders in the energy sector to establish partnerships with other government agencies to implement the rural electrification plan. An agreement between the Ministry of Public Works, Services and Housing and the Ministry of Education will allow for the installation of solar
696:
small organizations that serve family communities. This situation faces a legal vacuum since the consumers benefiting from these scheme, who do not consume the minimum power established legally established, cannot be considered as regulated ones. In addition, these consumers are localized outside the distribution companies’ concession areas, so they cannot receive the companies’ service. In practice, the distribution companies are reselling electricity to the mentioned organizations outside the legal framework. Accurate information on the number of organizations that operate in rural areas does not exist. However, there are approximately three in
769:
which is below the 51% average for the region. Installed hydroelectric capacity in 2016 was 494 MW, distributed amongst some 21 facilities. The largest plant is the 93 MW Saint Isabel, operated by Corani. Bolivia is working with Brazil on a huge joint project to exploit the hydro-electric potential of the Rio
Madeira complex in the Amazon region. Within this project are the 800 MW Cachuela Esperanza plant sited entirely in Bolivia and the Guajara-Mirim plant (3000 MW) to be located on the border between the two countries.
22:
452:
672:(REE). As of 2013, its transmission network extended 2,850 km, representing 79% of the national total. ISA Bolivia, which runs 587 km, or 16%, of the transmission network in Bolivia, is a subsidiary of Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. (ISA), a corporation controlled by the government of Colombia. San Cristobal TESA has 172 km of transmission lines, or 5%. The number of companies is limited due to the existence of institutional entry barriers in this sector.
807:
1318:) and the Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy recently signed an agreement to execute a Project for Network Densification in rural areas. Distribution cooperatives will also play an important role in this project, which is part of the program “Electricity to live with dignity”. To facilitate the access to electricity, the Viceministry and GIZ will provide a US$ 20 subsidy per household to enable their connection to the existing network.
2984:
932:) dominated the sector. In 1994, Bolivia initiated an infrastructure reform program that included the privatization of the major state owned enterprises. The Electricity Law 1994/1604 mandated the privatization of the electricity system and the unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution activities. The law aimed to increase efficiency in the sector, promote competition and encourage investment.
110:
976:
connections within five years (increasing electricity access in rural areas from 23% to 45%). It had been estimated that, by the end of the program, PLABER would have reached its goals by 70% of the initial objective. However, the model established by this program did not have significant effects in increasing coverage, expanding infrastructure and improving service quality in rural and isolated areas.
2994:
1368:
1382:
850:. One of the first overhead power lines run around 50 km between the Incachaca power station and Cochabamba. The hydroelectric station and power line were built in 1914 by a german company and served both urban electrification and the traction of the Cochabamba - Vinto - Arani railway. The ruins of the Incachaca power station are a tourist destination today.
1060:(“Dignity Tariff”) by Supreme Decree 28653. This tariff grants a 25% discount in their electricity bills to those consumers whose monthly consumption is below 70 kWh in the urban areas and 30 kWh in the rural ones. This subsidy, which will be covered for four years by the electricity companies that operate in Bolivia, will benefit about 480,000 households.
940:, a private company, which acquired exclusive rights. Finally, several distribution firms were created after the reform. All those firms operate under tariff regulation and are subject to tariff controls. CRE (Cooperative for Rural Electrification), a pre-existing distribution cooperative, maintained its position as an independent regional monopoly. CESSA (
1110:) being the most important. Transmission in the National Interconnected System is in the hands of just two companies as entry in this sector is institutionally restricted. As for distribution, the six existing companies enjoy a geographic monopoly in their concession areas. The largest company is Electropaz, which is majority-owned by Spain's Iberdrola.
1113:
In May 2010 president Evo
Morales nationalized 80% of Bolivian generation by capacity, in his Government's attempt to regain ownership of public service companies. Corani, Guarachi, and Valle Hermoso, where expropriated from their former British and French owners. In the same fashion, in May 2012 the
1072:
In the period 1995-2004, total investment in transmission represented only a modest 2% (US$ 14 million) of the total investment in the electricity sector. Generation and distribution received 58% and 40% of total investment respectively. For the year 2004 in particular, total public investment in the
916:
Electrification supplied larger cities and the mining sector, while rural area were mostly neglected. Electrification furthermore covered mainly the western parts of the country until 1941/1942, when the agricultural and hydrocarbon sector in the eastern parts of the country were developed. Though,
853:
Increasing need for electricity in the mining sector led to the construction of larger hydroelectric power stations, primarly in the western areas of the country. In the first half of the 20th century, mining companies erected first regional power grids (Foto). Because many of the larger mines were
768:
Bolivia has a considerable hydro potential, its technically feasible potential being assessed at 126 TWh/yr, of which 50 TWh/yr is considered to be economically exploitable. Only a small proportion of the total potential has been harnessed so far. The share of hydropower capacity in
Bolivia is 40%,
1047:
Electricity prices charged by the distribution companies to their regulated clients include energy costs (including generation and transmission costs) and all the distribution costs, including a specific return on investment. However, as it was mentioned before, some distribution companies resell
695:
In some cases, especially in the high plateau, cooperatives and community organizations access the distribution companies’ network and sell electricity to small rural communities. Sometimes, those are organized enterprises that provide the service to middle-size towns, but in most cases, they are
601:
average in 2005. In the period
November 2004 – October 2005 there were a total of 141 transmission interruptions (up from 86 in the previous period), with a total duration of 4,274 minutes. 57% of the interruptions were due to weather conditions and, while 17% derived from facility operations. In
1253:
The “Decentralized
Electricity for Universal Access” project, funded by the Global Partnership on Output-based Aid, which is administered by the World Bank, plans to extend electricity access to at least 7,000 poor households, micro-enterprises and social uses in remote and dispersed rural areas
935:
As a result of privatization, three generation companies were created: Corani, Guaracachi and Valle
Hermoso. Each of them received a part of ENDE's generation activities (the law limited the market share of each to 35%). Initially, these firms were granted exclusive rights, but by 1999 entry was
500:
The national government's priorities for the electricity sector include providing universal access to electricity and producing surplus energy for export. The electricity coverage in rural areas is among the lowest in Latin
America and improving it represents a major challenge in the future. The
975:
In 2002, the government established
Bolivia's Rural Electrification Plan (PLABER) with the objective of contributing to the socio-economic development of rural areas through access to electricity and its efficient and productive uses. The short-term goal of the program was to make 200,000 new
777:
The World Bank is financing a rural infrastructure project in
Bolivia which, among others, plans to install 17,000 solar home systems by 2009. Another project funded by the Global Partnership on Out-based Aid which is administered by the World Bank intends to scale up the installations by an
759:
or PV, wind, etc.) for disperse populations was recognized by the government in the Rural
Electrification Plan (PLABER). This component established that the service to households, schools and health facilities in areas of low population density would rely on locally available renewable energy
854:
in arid regions, long distances of power transmission from the hydroelectric plants needed to be covered. Several hydroelectric schemes were developed from the 1930s. Private-owned power stations at the Rivers Miguillas and Khatu (Miguillas 1931, Angostura 1936, Huaña Cota) were connected to
493:, or LAC, average hydropower capacity is 51%.) In 2014, national electricity supply of 1580.35 MW comfortably exceeded the 1298.2 MW maximum demand. Like in other countries, Bolivia's electricity sector consists of a National Interconnected System (SIN) and off-grid systems (known as the
1302:(CAF) assigned US$ 32 million and US$ 15 million respectively to the increase of electricity services coverage through the construction of two transmission lines. The first one is the 115 kV Caranavi (La Paz)-Trinidad (Beni) line, which has 374 km. The second one is the 230 kV
1068:
In the years following the privatization of 1994, investment grew considerably due to the obligations imposed on the privatized companies. Public investment remained constant, mainly directed to rural electrification, while private investment was mainly devoted to generation.
602:
2005, the average duration of interruptions per subscriber was 5 hours (highest since 1998 although far below the 14 hours average for LAC), while the average number of interruptions per subscriber per year was 7 (highest since 1995 but also below the 13 average for LAC).
1249:
financed by a US$ 20 m IDA credit and approved in June 2003. The project aims at improving the delivery of infrastructure services. Its first objective is the development of effective strategies to improve and accelerate electricity access, with a focus on renewable
663:
Currently, there are three transmission companies which operate the high-voltage Interconnecting Trunk System (STI), the backbone of the SIN. ENDE Corporation, ISA Bolivia, which was created in 2005, and San Cristobal TESA. The state-owned ENDE incorporates
2152:
535:. Its grid extends over 1,200 miles and covers the central and southern parts of the country. The population in the northern and western parts of the country remains largely unconnected to the national grid, either served by the off-grid system (the
913:. During that time, Bolivia had one of the longest power transmission grids in South America with a length of several hundred kilometers, though it is unknown if these power schemes were connected before creation of the national grid in 1965.
1254:(benefiting some 50,000 Bolivian citizens in these areas) through the installation of solar home systems (SHS). This is expected to be achieved through a public-private partnership under the Government's new Universal Access Policy.
553:
Bolivia's electricity export and import activities are fairly limited. Imports from Brazil amount to less than 0.01 TWh per year and have so far been devoted to supply the city of Puerto Suarez, in the Department of Santa Cruz.
716:
The departments of Beni, Pando and Tarija and the eastern region of Santa Cruz are not integrated in the SIN. As a result, there are vertically integrated operators that provide the service. The most important operators are:
642:
Currently, there are eight generation companies in the interconnected system, all of them privately owned. The three largest companies alone represent 70% of the total generation. The largest company serving the SIN is the
546:, of which 60% was thermal production, which primarily burns natural gas, and 40% hydroelectric. The contribution of other renewables is almost negligible. Total electricity production in the same year amounted to 5.29
514:
In Bolivia, the National Interconnected System (SIN) connects major population centers and represents 83% of the installed capacity. The SIN provides electricity to the largest cities and operates in the Departments of
1325:
is also financing a 5 million Euro project to improve rural access to electricity in 2005-8. The project involves the construction of six micro-hydroelectric plants and the completion of studies for another eleven.
785:
A 5.1 MW solar photovoltaic plant in Cobija, Pando, providing power to Cobija, Porvenir, Filadelfia, Bella Flor, Puerto Rico, and Chivé. The project was funded 47% by ENDE and 53% by the Danish official aid
2521:
1915:
2156:
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Distribution companies acquire investment commitments for each tariff period. For the period 2003-2005, total investment by the main distribution companies was US$ 39.7 million. This was divided as follows:
1099:
The Electricity Law 1994/1604 mandated the privatization of the electricity system and the unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution activities, which had all been in the hands of ENDE (
623:
The Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy, within the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, is in charge of establishing policies and designing the regulation for the electricity sector. The
562:
Electric power consumption per capita in 2006 was 588 kWh (a 19% increase since 1996). By sector, residential consumption represents 40% of the total, followed by industrial consumption with 28%.
1315:
1758:
920:
The National Interconnected System (SIN) was created in 1965 and continued its expansion during the ‘70s and ‘80s. However, expansion decreased since the mid-1970 due economical crisis.
2546:
2530:
2514:
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electricity sector was around $ US 20million which was matched by another $ US20 million from private sources. Those two figures add up to less than 0.5% of Bolivia's GDP in 2004.
501:
government envisions a major expansion of electricity generation capacity to over 8,000 MW over the decade from 2015 to 2025, primarily to export surplus generating capacity.
1229:
External assistance to the electricity sector in Bolivia is heavily focused on rural electrification with no funding for large-scale generation, which has been fully privatized.
1048:
electricity to communal organizations or rural enterprises. The price and conditions of those transactions are not regulated, which causes an important legal void in the sector.
1033:
Electricity tariffs in Bolivia are far lower than average tariffs in Latin America. The average residential tariff in 2006 was US$ 0.0614 per kWh (compared to US$ 0.115 per kWh
2123:
1663:
1246:
755:
are barely exploited in Bolivia, and their contribution to electricity generation is insignificant. However, the potential of decentralized electricity systems (i.e. solar
2507:
1341:
680:
In Bolivia, the six existing distribution companies enjoy a geographic monopoly in their concession areas. The largest company is Electropaz, majority-owned by Spain's
1275:, approved in 2004 with US$ 100,000 funding. The project aimed to develop a master plan for natural gas projects and key investment projects to optimize the network.
905:, where large mining complexes existed. The Yura river is dubbed as "Rio Eléctrico" (Electric river) because its importance for electric generation. Since 1938, the
489:
The supply is dominated by thermal generation (65%), while hydropower (35%) has a smaller share in its generation mix compared to other South American countries. (
51:
1834:
789:
The Yunchará solar photovoltaic plant in Yunchará, Tarija, which opened as a 5 MW plant in July 2017. A second phase would produce an additional 50 MW.
2375:
1012:
In 2021, the Sistema Interconectado Nacional covered most parts of the country, only in the isolated southern and eastern outskirts, isolated grids remain. In
582:
In 2005, total access to electricity in Bolivia was 67%, one of the lowest in Latin America. Urban access was 87%, while rural access remained as low as 30%.
539:) or having no access to electricity at all. The off-grid system consists of numerous self producers and independent power plants in rural or isolated areas.
550:. This figure does not include electricity produced in rural areas from biomass facilities, which are unorganized, decentralized, and difficult to quantify.
2744:
1632:
2486:
630:
The companies that belong to the National Interconnected System (SIN) must be vertically unbundled. However, the companies in the off-grid system (the
1286:
1279:
1272:
1182:
The Viceministry of Land Planning and Environment, within the Planning and Development Ministry, holds the environmental responsibilities in Bolivia.
917:
second world war slowed down the development of the electricity sector, because machinery and spare parts mostly came from Europe and North america.
3023:
1798:
1724:
838:
mine. The first hydroelectric power plant was built in 1902 in Landara. Soon after more hydroelectric plants were built around the urban centers of
1585:
1976:
1769:
1938:
1213:-registered projects in Bolivia, one of them in the electricity sector. That is the Rio Taquesi Hydroelectric Power Project, in the province of
2855:
2704:
2691:
1400:
1169:(*) 53% of the transmission network is operated by ISA Bolivia, a subsidiary of ISA Colombia, which is controlled by the Colombian government.
574:(SE), the generation capacity reserve will be insufficient by 2009 as it will fall below the recommended 10% if no new capacity is developed.
2902:
2253:
634:) are allowed to perform more than one of the activities defined in the electricity industry (i.e. generation, transmission, distribution).
2987:
2928:
2923:
1987:
1816:
67:
936:
liberalized and some other small companies entered the market. In regards to transmission, network operation was transferred from ENDE to
2769:
2659:
2023:
692:
until 2007. The third place is occupied by the Rural Electrification Cooperative (CRE), which operates in the Department of Santa Cruz.
486:
and privatized in the 1990s, but most of the sector was re-nationalized in 2010 (generation) and 2012 (transmission and distribution).
3018:
2217:
2348:
610:
During the 1990s and up to 2005, distribution losses have always been close to 10%, which is below the 13.6% average for the region.
2368:
2131:
1671:
91:
2581:
1859:
2476:
1884:
2933:
2599:
2453:
2398:
1264:
1037:
956:), which operated both in generation and distribution, gave rise, after its divestiture, to Electropaz (in La Paz) and ELFEO (
952:), which was a municipal company previously to privatization, started to operate as a private firm. Lastly, the private COBEE (
598:
490:
292:
278:
236:
158:
1336:
2887:
2759:
2634:
2604:
2576:
2433:
2418:
2954:
2918:
2754:
2654:
2629:
2448:
2309:
2054:
1435:
2481:
2969:
2892:
2860:
2779:
2669:
2649:
2639:
2556:
2428:
2408:
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1472:"La demanda máxima coincidental en 2014 fue de 1298.2 MW y la generación disponible en ese periodo fue de 1580.35 MW."
2850:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2739:
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2714:
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2674:
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2413:
1303:
1210:
434:
426:
2327:
2079:
1351:
43:
2443:
1106:
Three of the eight generation companies in the interconnected system represent 70% of total generation, with COBEE (
2959:
2938:
2897:
2882:
2845:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2789:
2774:
2734:
2724:
2664:
2614:
2609:
2538:
2438:
2423:
669:
1285:
The IDB also approved a funding of US$ 138,900 in 2005 for a project to stimulate the development of CDM projects
47:
2964:
2784:
2764:
2749:
2644:
2624:
2619:
2561:
2551:
438:
208:
1639:
827:
56:
2591:
2390:
2282:
2190:
1500:
881:(Landara 1902, Kilpani 1936, Punutuma 1963). Two 69 kV power lines connected these hydroelectric stations with
483:
479:
2322:
963:
All these reforms, together with the introduction of a load dispatch coordination office, shaped a wholesale
2997:
1217:, with an effective capacity of 89.5 megawatts and estimated emission reductions of 141,691 metric tonnes CO
781:
In the mid-2010s, ENDE began building and operating large-scale solar power plants including the following:
2340:
2335:
1952:
792:
The Uyuni solar photovoltaic plant in Uyuni, Potosí, scheduled to open as a 50 MW plant in March 2017.
1114:
transmission company Transmisora de Electricidad S.A., from Spanish capitals, was similarly expropriated.
475:
2314:
1795:
1731:
32:
2840:
1988:
https://fundacion-milenio.org/energia-bolivia-cobee-un-extrano-caso-de-autonomia-en-el-sector-electrico/
1697:
Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005
1593:
532:
520:
516:
2109:
36:
1461:
878:
528:
2464:
1926:
1885:"Planta solar de Uyuni se entregará en marzo; se alista la instalación de otra en Oruro - La Razón"
886:
2993:
2241:
1040:), while the average tariff for the industry was US$ 0.044 per kWh (compared to US$ 0.107 per kWh
451:
60:
2261:
964:
882:
948:), two pre-existing municipal distribution firms also maintained their monopolies while ELFEC (
806:
71:
2030:
2709:
2499:
1613:
1573:
701:
524:
189:
2221:
1835:"Planta solar de Yunchará inyectará energía al sistema interconectado desde el 20 de julio"
1696:
810:
Old 69 kV transmission power line, which connects the Miguillas hydroelectric station with
2194:
2176:
1964:
1802:
1345:
890:
989:
123:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1373:
200:
2353:
1267:
provides technical assistance through three projects in the energy sector in Bolivia:
3012:
1387:
1041:
1034:
984:
756:
689:
178:
2205:
470:(Empresa Nacional de Electricidad), although the private Bolivian Power Company (
1666:
Informe Anual de Comportamiento de los Sistemas de Transmision Nov-2004/Oct-2005
1002:
906:
2058:
474:; COBEE) is also a major producer of electricity. ENDE had been unbundled into
1363:
1338:
Capitalization and Privatization in Bolivia. An approximation to an Evaluation
1238:
1214:
847:
752:
1381:
863:
815:
681:
547:
1990:
ENERGÍA BOLIVIA: COBEE, un extraño caso de autonomía en el sector eléctrico
1436:"Once plantas de energías alternas producirán 420 MW hasta 2020 - La Razón"
894:
839:
705:
2086:
1197:
emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 1.73 million tons of CO
987:
systems in rural areas in conjunction with the literacy program, “I can” (
980:
1013:
993:). Under the pilot phase, 500 solar panels are expected to be installed.
902:
871:
831:
778:
additional 7000 in the next three years. (see External Assistance below)
543:
170:
1953:
http://pronostico-erv.org.bo/frontend/pdf/MapasistemaElectricoBolvia.pdf
1929:
Bolivia en el primer centenario de su independencia, p. 106-108, 116-122
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A technical cooperation project approved in 2004 aimed at developing an
1201:, which represents 22 percent of total emissions for the energy sector.
1395:
1017:
859:
647:(COBEE), which serves the region surrounding La Paz. The other two are
462:
142:
597:
Service quality as measured by interruptions was much better than the
910:
898:
867:
843:
697:
2286:
2187:
1087:
Electropaz: US$ 10.4 million (11% below initially approved amount)
855:
811:
805:
450:
1999:
1927:
https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008089084/page/106/mode/2up
728:
467:
2503:
2357:
1817:"Planta solar en Pando generará 5,1 megavatios de electricidad"
1322:
823:
224:
103:
15:
1241:
is involved in two projects in the energy sector in Bolivia:
1761:
Diagnostico del Sector Eléctrico en el Area Rural de Bolivia
1090:
Elfeo: US$ 1.53 million (3% below initially approved amount)
1084:
ELFEC: US$ 10.2 million (5% below initially approved amount)
928:
Until 1994, the vertically integrated public utility, ENDE (
1193:(Organización Latinoamericana de Energía) estimated that CO
1081:
CRE: US$ 17.5 million (22% below initially approved amount)
1501:"Bolivia quiere exportar 8.000 megavatios de electricidad"
1095:
Summary of private participation in the electricity sector
1916:
Potencial y aprovechamiento de la hidroenergía en Bolivia
979:
A new Rural Electrification Decree was approved in 2005 (
54:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
2153:"Bolivia "nacionaliza" empresas de generación eléctrica"
834:, which provided energy to his nearby residence and the
2177:
http://www.losandes.com.pe/Economia/20120501/62591.html
1965:
https://www.evh.bo/index.php/portfolio/18-rio-electrico
1190:
1939:
Proyectan realzar el parque eco-turístico de Incachaca
1273:
Support for the Bolivian Rural Electrification Program
1967:
Río Eléctrico: Centrales Hidroeléctricas del Río Yura
1247:
Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation
2283:"Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy"
1860:"ENDE instalará planta solar en Yunchará - La Razón"
1633:"Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy"
866:
by a 69 kV line, with minor lines connecting Uncía,
570:
According to the demand projections prepared by the
2947:
2911:
2875:
2798:
2690:
2683:
2590:
2537:
2462:
2389:
2349:
Inter-American Development Bank projects in Bolivia
1020:, 69 kV connections to the Argentinian grid exist.
425:
424:
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408:
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384:
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336:
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2310:Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy
396:Viceministry of Electricity and Alternative Energy
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1314:The German Agency for International Cooperation (
1160:Generation, transmission and distribution (2004)
1005:, a new Law for Universal Access to Electricity (
627:(SE) is responsible for applying the regulation.
204:emissions from electricity generation (1994)
1271:A technical cooperation project directed at the
1056:In March 2006, the Bolivian government approved
332:100% (in the SIN-National Interconnected System)
1692:
1690:
1688:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1457:
1455:
967:that seeks to simulate competitive conditions.
877:Another set of power stations was built at the
589:for more information on electrification plans)
380:2 (Transportadora de Electricidad, ISA Bolivia)
2126:Superintendencia de Electricidad. Memoria 2005
1791:
1789:
1753:
1751:
430:transactions related to the electricity sector
2515:
2369:
822:Electricity in Bolivia started in 1899, when
8:
2488:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1282:received US$ 149,800 in funds from the IADB.
1103:) the vertically integrated public utility.
686:Empresa de Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba
140:
35:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
1955:Mapa del Sistema Eléctrico Bolivia Nacional
404:Land Planning and Environment Vice-Ministry
50:and maintains a consistent citation style.
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2522:
2508:
2500:
2376:
2362:
2354:
1948:
1946:
1245:A project to assist the implementation of
614:Responsibilities in the electricity sector
542:Total installed capacity in 2006 was 1.43
2531:Renewable energy by country and territory
2342:Empresa Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba
950:Empresa Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Cochabamba
688:(ELFEC), which was owned by the American
308:Share of government financing (2004)
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
2009:
2007:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1116:
830:built a Diesel-generated power plant in
586:
455:Bolivia electricity production by source
2055:"of Electricity and Alternative Energy"
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1411:
1306:and Santibáñez line, with 225 km.
1108:Compañía Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica
954:Compañía Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica
645:Compañia Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica
472:Compañia Boliviana de Energía Eléctrica
353:Competitive supply to residential users
337:Share of private sector in distribution
1401:Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia
751:Renewable energy resources other than
199:
139:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
348:No (regional distribution monopolies)
329:Share of private sector in generation
7:
1024:Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies
958:Empresa Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica Oruro
740:Cooperativa Regional de Electricidad
606:Distribution and transmission losses
2384:Electricity sector in South America
1335:Barja, G. & Urquiola, M. 2003.
593:Interruption frequency and duration
220:Average electricity use (2006)
42:Please consider converting them to
1178:Responsibility for the environment
735:): 16.65 MW, serves 28,554 clients
668:(TDE), which was owned by Spain's
401:Responsibility for the environment
14:
2323:Planning and Development Ministry
1280:Rural Electrification Master Plan
946:Servicios Eléctricos Potosí S.A.
797:History of the electricity sector
742:): 14.53 MW, serves 4,940 clients
723:Servicios Eléctricos Tarija, S.A.
625:Superintendencia de Electricidad
393:Responsibility for policy-setting
345:Competitive supply to large users
2992:
2983:
2982:
2547:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1815:Lazcano, Miguel (25 July 2015).
1588:Superintendencia de Electricidad
1380:
1366:
1101:Empresa Nacional de Electricidad
942:Compañía Eléctrica de Sucre S.A.
930:Empresa Nacional de Electricidad
893:, with minor lines branching to
733:Empresa Nacional de Electricidad
712:Operators in the off-grid system
572:Superintendencia de Electricidad
466:is dominated by the state-owned
372:3 (generation), 3 (distribution)
300:Annual investment in electricity
154:Electricity coverage (2003)
108:
20:
3024:Electric power in South America
2316:Superintedencia de Electricidad
1265:Inter-American Development Bank
1173:Electricity and the environment
725:): 44 MW, serves 56,885 clients
491:Latin America and the Caribbean
388:Multi-sector national regulator
377:Responsibility for transmission
232:Distribution losses (2005)
1434:Vásquez, Wálter (2015-07-27).
1209:Currently, there are just two
938:Transportadora de Electricidad
666:Transportadora de Electricidad
366:
166:Installed capacity (2006)
46:to ensure the article remains
1:
2000:ELFEC: Historia de la empresa
1300:Corporación Andina de Fomento
971:Rural electrification efforts
505:Electricity supply and demand
385:Responsibility for regulation
1321:The German development bank
1287:Development of CDM Projects
924:Unbundling and privatization
566:Demand and supply projection
2329:Interconexion Eléctrica S.A
2024:"Intelligent Energy Europe"
1353:Sector Eléctrico, 2000-2004
1205:CDM projects in electricity
814:and the mining industry in
445:annual emissions reductions
161:total average in 2007: 92%)
157:67% (total), 28% (rural); (
3040:
1841:(in Spanish). 12 July 2017
1155:Private participation (%)
1123:Private participation (%)
909:is used for the supply of
747:Renewable energy resources
649:Empresa Eléctrica Guarachi
272:Average residential tariff
3019:Electric power in Bolivia
2978:
2013:Barja & Urquiola 2003
1001:In 2006, under President
286:Average industrial tariff
117:This article needs to be
1507:. Cochabamba. 2015-06-21
1186:Greenhouse gas emissions
1064:Investment and financing
981:Supreme Decree No. 28567
653:Empresa Eléctrica Corani
1007:Ley de Acceso Universal
670:Red Electrica de España
295:average in 2005: 0.107)
281:average in 2005: 0.115)
239:average in 2005: 13.6%)
2080:"Supreme Decree 28653"
1298:In 2005 and 2007, the
819:
461:electricity sector in
456:
409:Electricity sector law
288:(US$ /kW·h, 2006)
274:(US$ /kW·h, 2006)
141:Electricity sector of
1977:Map of the power grid
809:
619:Policy and regulation
578:Access to electricity
454:
267:Tariffs and financing
244:Consumption by sector
417:Renewable energy law
369:of service providers
1614:CIA World Fact Book
1225:External assistance
997:Recent developments
828:Simón Iturri Patiño
587:Recent Developments
437:project; 141,691 t
145:
2193:2007-09-28 at the
1801:2018-12-01 at the
1796:Bolivia hydropower
1710:Memoria Anual 2013
1708:ENDE Corporación,
1574:EIA Bolivia Report
1487:Memoria Anual 2013
1485:ENDE Corporación,
1421:Memoria Anual 2013
1419:ENDE Corporación,
1344:2006-07-20 at the
1035:weighted averagein
965:electricity market
820:
510:Installed capacity
457:
3006:
3005:
2871:
2870:
2497:
2496:
2469:other territories
2111:Noticias Sociedad
1839:lavozdetarija.com
1167:
1166:
449:
448:
340:100% (in the SIN)
321:Sector unbundling
138:
137:
102:
101:
94:
52:Several templates
3031:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2929:French Polynesia
2688:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2489:
2477:Falkland Islands
2391:Sovereign states
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2285:. Archived from
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2260:. Archived from
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2220:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2155:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2130:. Archived from
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2085:. Archived from
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2057:. Archived from
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2029:. Archived from
2028:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:www.la-razon.com
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1864:www.la-razon.com
1856:
1850:
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1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1768:. Archived from
1767:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:. Archived from
1729:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:, pp. 27–28
1705:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1638:. Archived from
1637:
1629:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1592:. Archived from
1582:
1576:
1571:
1556:
1553:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1482:
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1464:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:, pp. 3, 11
1416:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1117:
1042:weighted average
883:Agua de Castilla
468:ENDE Corporation
429:
368:
203:
190:renewable energy
146:
133:
130:
124:
112:
111:
104:
97:
90:
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2200:
2195:Wayback Machine
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2039:
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2033:
2026:
2022:
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2017:
2012:
2005:
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1994:
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1982:
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1971:
1963:
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1386:
1379:
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1362:
1346:Wayback Machine
1332:
1312:
1296:
1261:
1237:Currently, the
1235:
1227:
1220:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1097:
1066:
1058:Tarifa Dignidad
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2705:Czech Republic
2702:
2696:
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1474:"Los Tiempos".
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1462:EIA Statistics
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1374:Bolivia portal
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82:September 2022
44:full citations
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2482:French Guiana
2480:
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2311:
2308:
2307:
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2289:on 2007-11-10
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2264:on 2007-11-03
2263:
2259:
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2243:
2238:
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2224:on 2007-06-14
2223:
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2207:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2159:on 2016-03-04
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2134:on 2007-07-05
2133:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2092:on 2007-03-07
2088:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2061:on 2007-09-21
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2036:on 2011-07-23
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1800:
1797:
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1786:
1775:on 2007-07-02
1771:
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1754:
1752:
1748:
1737:on 2011-07-20
1733:
1726:
1725:"ECLAC, 2005"
1720:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1674:on 2007-10-28
1673:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1645:on 2012-02-08
1641:
1634:
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1607:
1596:on 2007-10-28
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1221:e per annum
1216:
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1192:
1185:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1158:
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887:Tasna Rosario
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802:Early history
801:
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29:This article
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2924:Cook Islands
2582:South Africa
2465:Dependencies
2403:
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246:(% of total)
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118:
88:
79:
68:Citation bot
30:
2934:New Zealand
2841:Switzerland
2770:Netherlands
2660:Philippines
2600:Afghanistan
2256:Los Tiempos
1805:01/12/2018.
1152:Investment
1128:Generation
1003:Evo Morales
907:Zongo River
651:(EGSA) and
251:Residential
194:40% (hydro)
3013:Categories
2888:Costa Rica
2760:Luxembourg
2635:Kazakhstan
2605:Bangladesh
2577:Seychelles
2336:Electropaz
2293:2007-09-19
2268:2007-09-19
2228:2007-09-19
2163:2013-04-10
2138:2007-09-19
2096:2007-09-19
2065:2007-09-19
2040:2007-09-19
1895:2018-01-09
1870:2018-01-09
1845:2018-01-09
1779:2007-09-19
1741:2008-04-24
1678:2007-09-19
1649:2007-09-19
1600:2007-09-19
1555:UDAPE 2004
1511:2015-11-04
1445:2015-11-04
1239:World Bank
1233:World Bank
1215:Sud Yungas
879:Yura River
848:Cochabamba
836:Miraflores
764:Hydropower
753:hydropower
690:PPL Global
655:(CORANI).
638:Generation
533:Chuquisaca
521:Santa Cruz
517:Cochabamba
476:generation
412:Yes (1994)
259:Industrial
227:per capita
215:per capita
48:verifiable
2955:Argentina
2919:Australia
2755:Lithuania
2655:Palestine
2630:Indonesia
2454:Venezuela
2399:Argentina
1120:Activity
1052:Subsidies
1044:in LAC).
901:and even
864:Llallagua
816:Llallagua
760:sources.
682:Iberdrola
277:0.0614; (
188:Share of
177:Share of
33:bare URLs
2988:Category
2970:Colombia
2893:Honduras
2861:Scotland
2780:Portugal
2670:Thailand
2650:Pakistan
2640:Malaysia
2557:Ethiopia
2444:Suriname
2434:Paraguay
2419:Colombia
2191:Archived
1821:La Razón
1799:Archived
1440:La Razón
1360:See also
1342:Archived
1304:Carrasco
1250:sources.
1014:Villazon
903:Pulacayo
891:Telamayu
872:Colquiri
826:magnate
316:Services
291:0.0404 (
37:link rot
2912:Oceania
2851:Ukraine
2821:Iceland
2816:Belarus
2811:Armenia
2806:Albania
2745:Ireland
2740:Hungary
2730:Germany
2720:Finland
2715:Denmark
2700:Austria
2675:Vietnam
2572:Nigeria
2567:Morocco
2449:Uruguay
2424:Ecuador
2404:Bolivia
1505:Opinión
1396:Bolivia
1330:Sources
1029:Tariffs
1018:Yacuiba
860:Huanuni
786:agency.
721:SETAR (
632:Aislado
537:Aislado
495:Aislado
463:Bolivia
207:0.19 t
143:Bolivia
119:updated
2998:Portal
2960:Brazil
2939:Tuvalu
2898:Mexico
2883:Canada
2846:Turkey
2836:Russia
2831:Norway
2826:Kosovo
2790:Sweden
2775:Poland
2735:Greece
2725:France
2710:Cyprus
2684:Europe
2665:Taiwan
2615:Brunei
2610:Bhutan
2539:Africa
2429:Guyana
2409:Brazil
2331:(ISA)
2206:UNFCCC
1310:Others
911:La Paz
899:Tatasi
895:Potosí
868:Catavi
844:La Paz
840:Potosí
706:Potosi
698:La Paz
558:Demand
529:Potosí
235:10%; (
57:reFill
2965:Chile
2799:Other
2785:Spain
2765:Malta
2750:Italy
2645:Nepal
2625:India
2620:China
2562:Kenya
2552:Egypt
2414:Chile
2344:ELFEC
2218:"CAF"
2188:OLADE
2090:(PDF)
2083:(PDF)
2034:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1643:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1407:Notes
1191:OLADE
1147:100%
1139:53%*
856:Oruro
832:Uncía
812:Oruro
773:Solar
738:CRE (
702:Oruro
585:(See
525:Oruro
169:1.43
31:uses
2592:Asia
2439:Peru
1263:The
1163:50%
1131:20%
1016:and
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870:and
862:and
846:and
729:ENDE
531:and
482:and
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223:588
149:Data
65:and
2467:and
2242:CAF
1323:KfW
1316:GIZ
1294:CAF
1259:IDB
1211:CDM
1038:LAC
824:tin
599:LAC
548:TWh
497:).
435:CDM
427:CDM
367:No.
324:Yes
311:50%
293:LAC
279:LAC
262:28%
254:40%
237:LAC
225:kWh
201:GHG
183:60%
159:LAC
3015::
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