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from the
Wisconsin Historical Society described her as "Mrs. Graham." The same source stated that Armstrong was "cursing & swearing like a pirate" throughout the battle; so angry that even Black Hawk's band purported to hear her. The same collection described such action as "profane" and "a great drawback upon her credit." A newspaper report in Galena, Illinois described Armstrong's actions at the Battle of Apple River Fort. "Elizabeth Armstrong took charge of the women's activities and set a coolheaded, courageous example." Since the 1930s it was mistakenly suggested that Armstrong was the namesake for the village of
102:. The fighting raged for about an hour with heavy gunfire from both sides. At the battle's onset most of the settlement's women had huddled in small panic-stricken groups, but Armstrong and other married women rallied the young women, boys, and girls to provide support to the soldiers. She assigned them to such tasks as molding new
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the impression that Apple River Fort was too heavily defended. It was some time before the settlers learned that Black Hawk, himself had led the attack. In the past, there was some confusion regarding the name of the woman who assumed a lead organizational role at Apple River Fort; a 1900 collection
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On the afternoon of June 24, 1832 the Black Hawk War came to Apple River Fort. There were 28–30 armed militia and civilians inside Apple River Fort at the time of the attack. Another 40 women, children, and infants sought protection at the stockade. Captain Clack Stone command the militia
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Elizabeth
Armstrong was praised as a heroine for her actions during the battle, displaying the kind of courage under fire the Illinois militia had so badly lacked during the first month of the Black Hawk War. Her actions, in part, helped give
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As Black Hawk's 200-strong war-party closed in on the Fort, the locals ran for shelter inside the fort while the 28–30 men and boys took up positions at the
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57:. In 1817, Elizabeth, 19, was married to John Armstrong. The couple had two children, David and Catherine. Around 1827, the Armstrong family moved to
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June 24, Elizabeth, Ill.: Women Save the Apple River Fort
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871:Wisconsin Heights Battlefield
16:American settler (1798â1857)
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219:, accessed April 12, 2009.
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78:Battle of Apple River Fort
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238:October 31, 2007, at the
932:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
897:Battle of Stillman's Run
55:Lincoln County, Missouri
51:Bourbon County, Kentucky
947:Attack at Ament's Cabin
937:Battle of Waddams Grove
927:Spafford Farm massacre
349:Black Hawk War of 1832
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233:Apple River Fort Site
231:Harmet, A. Richard. "
193:Black Hawk's War 1832
128:: Elizabeth Winters.
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902:Buffalo Grove ambush
983:Black Hawk Purchase
841:Hamilton's Diggings
679:Joseph Throckmorton
633:James W. Stephenson
603:William S. Hamilton
215:," Historic Sites,
20:Elizabeth Armstrong
917:St. Vrain massacre
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749:Plum River
729:Fort Beggs
540:Hugh Brady
461:Potawatomi
392:Towaunonne
372:Black Hawk
309:0805077588
301:Henry Holt
139:References
117:Black Hawk
104:rifleballs
45:Early life
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479:Waubonsie
443:Menominee
100:war-party
96:firefight
92:portholes
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474:Shabbona
425:Ho-Chunk
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236:Archived
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167:Archived
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866:Victory
851:Roxbury
565:Militia
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734:Galena
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647:Others
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407:Dakota
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110:Legacy
527:Army
491:and
489:Sauk
305:ISBN
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