345:
357:
and such a burial would have been unnecessary as multiple persons were often buried in a common grave shaft in that era. Relatives of Union
Colonel Paul J. Revere, whom she had aided during the war, donated the tombstone. The epitaph reads: "ELIZABETH L. VAN LEW (1818 - 1900) She risked everything that is dear to man-- friends-- fortune-- comfort-- health-- life itself-- that slavery might be abolished and the Union preserved. This boulder from the Capitol Hill in Boston is a tribute from Massachusetts friends."
252:
42:
320:, Van Lew became increasingly ostracized in Richmond. "No one will walk with us on the street," she wrote, "no one will go with us anywhere; and it grows worse and worse as the years roll on." Having spent her family's fortune on intelligence activities during the war, she tried in vain to be reimbursed by the federal government. When attempts to secure a government
367:. The biography indicated that Van Lew had been so successful in her spying activities because she had feigned lunacy, and this idea won Van Lew the nickname "Crazy Bet". However, it is highly unlikely that Van Lew actually did pretend to be crazy. Instead, she likely relied on the Victorian custom of female charity to cover her espionage.
236:. Mary Jane Richards, aka Mary Elizabeth Bowser, was reputedly a formerly enslaved maid in the Van Lew household, and was sent by the family to be educated in a Quaker school in Pennsylvania. She might have used the alias Mary Elizabeth Bowser to conceal her identity. Stories surfaced about the woman having possibly served as a maid for
181:
school she attended is thought to have been influential in forming her anti-slavery views. Following her father's death in 1843, Van Lew and her mother continued to live in the family's home in
Richmond. John Van Lew's will stipulated that none of the family's enslaved human property could be freed.
356:
in the same grave as her niece Eliza Van Lew, who had been her constant companion in her later years, and who had died just a few months before her. Elizabeth was purportedly buried vertically, facing the north; however, this is highly unlikely, as
Cemetery records do not reflect that circumstance,
370:
The city of
Richmond acquired and demolished the Van Lew mansion, her former home, in 1911. Bellevue Elementary School (which still remains) was erected on the site the following year. Historical plaques and a marker now memorialize her activities, and those of Bowser (aka Mary Jane Richards).
182:
However, Elizabeth and her mother helped the slaves in their household to earn wages and a measure of freedom. While the Van Lew family benefited from slavery, she believed it would eventually fade away. Her hope was that
Southerners would free their slaves and that emancipation by
360:
In her will, Van Lew bequeathed her personal manuscripts, including her account of the war, to John P. Reynolds, Col. Revere's nephew. In 1911, Reynolds convinced the scholar
William G. Beymer to publish the first biography of Van Lew in
437:
tells a fictionalized story of the friendship and pro-Union collaboration of Van Lew (who is presented as a young, rather than middle-aged, woman in the film) and her former slave Mary Bowser. The 1990 television movie
275:, recommended that the government reimburse Van Lew $ 15,000 because of the great expense she incurred in her efforts, including employment of spies. Because of the merit of her work, General Grant appointed Van Lew
336:, were told to consider her a witch. Even into the twentieth century, many white Southerners regarded Van Lew as a traitor. However, among Richmonders of color and white Unionists, Van Lew was an honored figure.
1373:
825:
286:, who died trying to free Union prisoners in Richmond, was properly buried. Reports of disrespectful display of his corpse had outraged Northern public opinion, and Van Lew herself. After the
210:, Van Lew was allowed to bring food, clothing, writing paper, and other things to the Union soldiers imprisoned there. She aided prisoners in escape attempts, passing them information about
2622:
240:, while spying for the Union. She herself admitted to having served as a detective during the war. The spy ring eventually became official agents of the Union when General
309:
of
Richmond. Van Lew modernized the city's postal system and employed several African Americans, with the same pay and benefits as white employees, until new President
1366:
174:
from 1796 to 1798. John Van Lew came to
Richmond in 1806, at the age of 16; within 20 years, he had built up a prosperous hardware business and owned several slaves.
2632:
1176:
1359:
2122:
2617:
232:
during the war, which included clerks in the War and Navy
Departments of the Confederacy, as well as free and enslaved African Americans, including
214:
and getting a Union sympathizer appointed to the prison staff. Van Lew reportedly helped Union soldiers by giving them money to bribe
Confederates.
2642:
2602:
317:
332:
gladly collected money for the woman who helped so many Union soldiers during the war. However, neighborhood children, including future novelist
221:
troop levels and movements, which she passed on to Union commanders. She is rumored to have helped hide escaped Union prisoners and Confederate
150:. Many false claims continue to be made about her life. The single most reliable source is a 2002 biography by University of Virginia professor
2647:
1253:
1057:
969:
2637:
2627:
267:
system and often smuggled messages out of Richmond in hollow eggs. Union commanders highly valued Van Lew's work; intelligence commander
1297:
379:
207:
2607:
1346:
1318:
1281:
1213:
1138:
1111:
1084:
919:
894:
869:
797:
756:
658:
619:
567:
502:
123:
704:
2502:
2045:
1487:
1584:
1332:
1267:
1239:
2612:
2270:
2163:
218:
1757:
375:, became a prominent Christian entrepreneur in Richmond, founding the country's first African-American-woman owned bank.
313:
had her replaced in 1877. She was allowed to return as a postal clerk in Richmond, where she served from 1883 to 1887.
2532:
2280:
2229:
2071:
1844:
2423:
2188:
1711:
790:
Southern lady, Yankee spy : the true story of Elizabeth Van Lew, a Union agent in the heart of the Confederacy
199:
1742:
1834:
1609:
1563:
1382:
463:
449:
A fictionalized, but heavily researched, account of Elizabeth Van Lew's work during the Civil War is included in
534:
344:
2558:
2234:
2183:
2035:
1660:
2512:
1339:
Southern Lady, Yankee Spy: The True Story of Elizabeth Van Lew, A Union Agent in the Heart of the Confederacy
998:
912:
Southern Lady, Yankee Spy: The True Story of Elizabeth Van Lew, a Union Agent in the Heart of the Confederacy
887:
Southern Lady, Yankee Spy: The True Story of Elizabeth Van Lew, a Union Agent in the Heart of the Confederacy
2438:
2321:
2081:
1747:
1686:
2040:
1558:
2522:
2517:
2341:
2290:
2214:
2173:
2076:
1594:
283:
187:
2428:
2336:
2020:
2147:
2086:
1994:
1905:
1864:
1767:
1696:
1614:
1507:
353:
171:
90:
1803:
1599:
2597:
2592:
2553:
2548:
2527:
2453:
2402:
2331:
2244:
2168:
2096:
1890:
1604:
1538:
1461:
2351:
2448:
2397:
2295:
2265:
1959:
1732:
1650:
427:
363:
310:
305:
On Grant's first visit to Richmond after the war, he had tea with Van Lew, and later appointed her
287:
272:
135:
1798:
1665:
1286:
2563:
2507:
2392:
2346:
1979:
1762:
1737:
1706:
1691:
1655:
1416:
977:
325:
299:
276:
163:
151:
147:
127:
62:
2497:
2418:
2316:
2285:
2224:
2112:
2025:
1915:
1900:
1849:
1839:
1783:
1670:
1568:
1548:
1497:
1482:
1411:
1342:
1328:
1314:
1300:
1293:
1277:
1263:
1249:
1235:
1219:
1209:
1134:
1107:
1080:
1053:
915:
890:
865:
862:
A Yankee Spy in Richmond: The Civil War Diary of "Crazy Bet" Van Lew / edited by David D. Ryan
803:
793:
752:
729:
654:
651:
A Yankee Spy in Richmond: The Civil War Diary of "Crazy Bet" Van Lew / edited by David D. Ryan
615:
563:
430:. and the 2016 novel "Crazy Bet and the Gentleman from Massachusetts" by Frederick Lapisardi.
1232:
Tales from the North and the South: Twenty-Four Remarkable People and Events of the Civil War
1047:
2377:
2300:
2015:
1818:
1813:
1793:
1716:
1553:
1492:
1466:
458:
268:
260:
298:
When Richmond fell to U.S. forces in April 1865, Van Lew was the first person to raise the
251:
166:. Her father was John Van Lew and Eliza Baker was her mother. Her maternal grandfather was
2387:
2367:
2198:
2030:
1969:
1895:
1859:
1788:
1533:
1456:
245:
241:
237:
944:
2433:
2382:
2219:
2178:
2132:
2066:
2061:
1989:
1920:
1854:
1808:
1502:
1446:
1436:
1421:
443:
131:
503:"Southern Lady, Yankee Spy - Paperback - Elizabeth R. Varon - Oxford University Press"
2586:
2492:
2275:
2117:
2091:
1984:
1910:
1885:
1701:
1441:
419:
395:
372:
333:
282:
In 1864, Van Lew risked her entire spy network to see that the corpse of Union Col.
263:
fresh flowers from her garden and a copy of the Richmond newspaper. She developed a
17:
2326:
2249:
2010:
1974:
1964:
1869:
1752:
1645:
1635:
1619:
1589:
1517:
1426:
1029:
450:
259:
Van Lew's spy network was so efficient that on several occasions she sent Lt. Gen.
203:
167:
583:
1128:
1101:
1074:
186:
would gradually end the practice that she viewed as abhorrent and destructive to
2239:
2193:
2142:
2137:
2127:
1640:
1543:
1431:
403:
233:
183:
2443:
1451:
306:
225:
in her own mansion, although no definite proof of such claims has been found.
211:
143:
41:
1223:
807:
457:. The title of Abbott's novel pays homage to British novelist and former spy
328:, whom she had helped while he was held prisoner during the Civil War. These
2372:
1351:
679:
324:
also failed, she received support from the family and friends of Union Col.
222:
110:
352:
Van Lew died on September 25, 1900 (aged 81), and was buried in Richmond's
229:
139:
442:
tells the story of Elizabeth Van Lew from the perspective of her niece;
1304:
1153:
Lapisardi, F. (2016). "Crazy Bet and the Gentleman from Massachusetts".
321:
1206:
Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War
1164:
Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War
455:
Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War
329:
264:
198:
Upon the outbreak of the war, Van Lew began working on behalf of the
178:
1311:
A Yankee Spy in Richmond: The Civil War Diary of "Crazy Bet" Van Lew
390:
Elizabeth Van Lew was an insignificant character in the 1944 book
343:
250:
2474:
1941:
1393:
1355:
774:
Loewen, James W. "One of the Great Female Spies of All Times."
122:(October 12, 1818 – September 25, 1900) was an American
255:
The Elizabeth Van Lew mansion in Richmond, Virginia; ca. 1906
1177:"In fact and fiction, remarkable stories of Civil War women"
398:, the second in her Williamsburg series, and a character in
406:. Her story was also fictionalized in 1995 children's book
1246:
A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy
371:
Furthermore, the daughter of two of Van Lew's servants,
217:
Recently captured prisoners gave Van Lew information on
1274:
Only Call Us Faithful: A Novel of the Union Underground
416:
Only Call Us Faithful: A Novel of the Union Underground
1325:
She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
749:
She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
612:
She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
560:
She Went to the Field: Women Soldiers of the Civil War
244:, having heard about Van Lew from two escaped Union
2541:
2485:
2411:
2360:
2309:
2258:
2207:
2156:
2105:
2054:
2003:
1952:
1878:
1827:
1776:
1725:
1679:
1628:
1577:
1526:
1475:
1404:
202:with her mother, caring for wounded soldiers. When
162:Elizabeth Van Lew was born on October 12, 1818, in
106:
98:
86:
70:
48:
32:
1028:
914:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 254.
889:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 253.
864:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 22.
146:in the Confederate capital of Richmond during the
653:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 3.
792:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 237.
635:
633:
631:
605:
603:
248:, recruited her to work for the US government.
1234:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 2007.
1367:
1313:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1996.
467:, because all four women were amateur spies.
8:
2623:Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
705:"A Black Spy in the Confederate White House"
290:, Van Lew assisted civilians of both sides.
1341:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
2482:
2471:
1949:
1938:
1401:
1390:
1374:
1360:
1352:
1292:. Garden City, N.Y.: Hanover House, 1954.
1276:. New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2002.
177:Van Lew was educated in Philadelphia. The
40:
29:
819:
817:
770:
768:
1006:Military Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame
562:. Guilford: Two Dot. pp. 100, 102.
378:Elizabeth Van Lew was inducted into the
475:
134:who recruited and acted as the primary
279:of Richmond for the next eight years.
2633:19th-century American philanthropists
1248:. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007.
533:DeMarco, Michael (24 February 2014).
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
7:
1605:Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins
1008:. Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
674:
672:
670:
528:
526:
524:
522:
1799:Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell
1758:Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan
1127:Chiaverini, Jennifer (2014-03-25).
1049:The Secrets of Mary Bowser: A Novel
535:"Van Lew, Elizabeth L. (1818–1900)"
999:"Ms. Elizabeth Van Lew (Deceased)"
751:. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 104.
614:. Guilford: Two Dot. p. 102.
380:Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
27:American civil war spy (1818–1900)
25:
2123:Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington
1079:. White Mane Publishing Company.
2503:Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis
2245:Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith
2046:Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell
1103:Elizabeth Van Lew: Civil War Spy
824:Beymer, William G. (June 1911).
414:by Heidi Schoof, the 2006 novel
412:Elizabeth Van Lew: Civil War Spy
410:by Beverly Hall, the 2005 novel
2618:Women in the American Civil War
1327:. Guilford, CT: TwoDot, 2006.
1262:. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1996.
1260:Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War
1073:Hall, Beverly B. (1995-01-01).
2643:American women philanthropists
2603:People from Richmond, Virginia
1845:Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez
860:Van Lew, Elizabeth L. (1996).
649:Van Lew, Elizabeth L. (1996).
1:
2648:Philanthropists from Virginia
2403:Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley
2271:Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day
2164:Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford
1230:Casstevens, Frances Harding.
1076:The Secret of the Lion's Head
1052:. William Morrow Paperbacks.
778:. New York: Touchstone, 1999.
703:Leveen, Lois (21 June 2012).
680:"Elizabeth Van Lew Biography"
408:The Secret of the Lion's Head
113:during the American Civil War
2398:Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall
1743:John-Geline MacDonald Bowman
1133:. Penguin Publishing Group.
1100:Schoof, Heidi (2005-07-01).
1046:Leveen, Lois (15 May 2012).
976:. 1802-01-01. Archived from
910:Varon, Elizabeth R. (2003).
885:Varon, Elizabeth R. (2003).
788:Varon, Elizabeth R. (2003).
2638:Abolitionists from Virginia
2628:Underground Railroad people
2533:Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker
2281:Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac
2230:Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid
2072:Christiana Burdett Campbell
1794:Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver
1290:Spies for the Blue and Gray
970:"Adams Van-Lew House SA-69"
2664:
734:American Civil War Stories
433:The 1987 television movie
400:The Secrets of Mary Bowser
348:Grave of Elizabeth Van Lew
2559:Lillie Louise Boone Lucas
2481:
2470:
1948:
1937:
1835:Frances Culpeper Berkeley
1610:Frances Benjamin Johnston
1564:Mary-Cooke Branch Munford
1400:
1389:
1383:Virginia Women in History
464:Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
39:
2608:American Civil War spies
2235:Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin
2184:Christine Herter Kendall
2036:Bessie Niemeyer Marshall
1661:Sarah Garland Boyd Jones
228:Van Lew also operated a
81:Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
2513:Josephine Mathes Norcom
2439:Georgeanna Seegar Jones
2082:Elizabeth Peet McIntosh
1748:Benita Fitzgerald-Brown
1687:Clara Leach Adams-Ender
1620:Annie Bannister Spencer
1027:Thane, Elswyth (1944).
2518:Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon
2383:Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa
2342:Louise Harrison McCraw
2322:Corazon Sandoval Foley
2291:Ana Ines Barragan King
2215:Nancy Melvina Caldwell
2174:Elizabeth Ashburn Duke
1595:Anna Whitehead Bodeker
1204:Abbott, Karen (2014).
588:National Park Services
349:
256:
2148:Eva Mae Fleming Scott
2087:Orelena Hawks Puckett
2041:Felicia Warburg Rogan
1995:Marian Van Landingham
1768:Mary Virginia Terhune
1697:Bessie Blount Griffin
1559:Lillian Ward McDaniel
1508:Sally Louisa Tompkins
1258:Furgurson, Ernest B.
747:Tsui, Bonnie (2006).
610:Tsui, Bonnie (2006).
558:Tsui, Bonnie (2006).
539:Encyclopedia Virginia
461:'s Cold War thriller
354:Shockoe Hill Cemetery
347:
254:
172:mayor of Philadelphia
94:37.551816, -77.432016
91:Shockoe Hill Cemetery
2613:Female wartime spies
2528:Lila Meade Valentine
2454:Kate Peters Sturgill
2368:Gaye Todd Adegbalola
2332:Cynthia Eppes Hudson
2169:Naomi Silverman Cohn
2097:Alice Jackson Stuart
2077:Betty Sams Christian
1985:Jean Miller Skipwith
1891:Caroline Bradby Cook
1809:Sheila Crump Johnson
1707:Barbara Johns Powell
1539:Janie Porter Barrett
1462:Lila Meade Valentine
684:www.civilwarhome.com
639:Loewen, unknown page
446:portrays Elizabeth.
435:A Special Friendship
234:Mary Richards Bowser
18:Elizabeth L. Van Lew
2449:Lucy Randolph Mason
2429:Claudia Lane Dodson
2337:Mary Virginia Jones
2266:Flora D. Crittenden
2021:Emily White Fleming
1960:Mollie Holmes Adams
1733:Kate Waller Barrett
1651:Anne Makemie Holden
1166:. New York: Harper.
1162:Abbott, K. (2015).
850:Varon, unknown page
776:Lies Across America
730:"Elizabeth Van Lew"
584:"Elizabeth Van Lew"
440:Traitor in My House
428:Jennifer Chiaverini
311:Rutherford B. Hayes
288:siege of Petersburg
273:Army of the Potomac
2564:Evelyn Reid Syphax
2508:Sophie G. Meredith
2393:Barbara Kingsolver
2347:Undine Smith Moore
1980:Kate Mason Rowland
1970:Edythe C. Harrison
1906:Joann Hess Grayson
1865:Isabel Wood Rogers
1763:G. Anne Richardson
1738:Marie Majella Berg
1656:Mary Draper Ingles
1615:Anne Dobie Peebles
1488:Elizabeth Campbell
1417:Mary Julia Baldwin
1337:Varon, Elizabeth.
1244:Downing, David C.
709:The New York Times
350:
326:Paul Joseph Revere
300:United States flag
277:Postmaster General
257:
194:American Civil War
164:Richmond, Virginia
152:Elizabeth R. Varon
148:American Civil War
128:Southern Unionists
74:September 25, 1900
63:Richmond, Virginia
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2498:Fannie Bayly King
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2419:Sharifa Alkhateeb
2317:Doris Crouse-Mays
2286:Katherine Johnson
2225:Ruth Coles Harris
2113:Mary C. Alexander
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1916:Virginia Randolph
1901:Drew Gilpin Faust
1850:Elizabeth B. Lacy
1840:Lucy Goode Brooks
1804:Mary Jeffery Galt
1784:Mary Willing Byrd
1671:Martha Washington
1569:Jessie M. Rattley
1549:Hannah Lee Corbin
1513:Elizabeth Van Lew
1498:Elizabeth Keckley
1483:Rosa Dixon Bowser
1412:Ella Graham Agnew
1272:Jakober, Marie.
1254:978-1-58182-587-9
1208:. HarperCollins.
1059:978-0-06-210791-6
422:, the 2013 novel
120:Elizabeth Van Lew
117:
116:
34:Elizabeth Van Lew
16:(Redirected from
2655:
2523:Ora Brown Stokes
2483:
2472:
2378:Isabella Gibbons
2301:Meyera Oberndorf
2016:Eleanor Bontecou
1950:
1939:
1819:Camilla Williams
1814:Opossunoquonuske
1717:Mary Belvin Wade
1600:Mary Ann Elliott
1554:Christine Darden
1493:Thomasina Jordan
1467:Maggie L. Walker
1402:
1391:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1287:Kane, Harnett T.
1227:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1003:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
949:www.mdgorman.com
941:
935:
932:
926:
925:
907:
901:
900:
882:
876:
875:
857:
851:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
832:(1911–06): 86–99
830:Harper's Monthly
821:
812:
811:
785:
779:
772:
763:
762:
744:
738:
737:
725:
719:
718:
716:
715:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
676:
665:
664:
646:
640:
637:
626:
625:
607:
598:
597:
595:
594:
580:
574:
573:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
530:
517:
516:
514:
513:
499:
364:Harper's Monthly
340:Death and legacy
269:George H. Sharpe
261:Ulysses S. Grant
246:Prisoners of War
77:
59:October 12, 1818
58:
56:
44:
30:
21:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2568:
2554:Lerla G. Joseph
2549:Krista N. Jones
2537:
2477:
2458:
2444:Ona Maria Judge
2407:
2388:Kay Coles James
2356:
2305:
2254:
2203:
2199:Stoner Winslett
2152:
2101:
2050:
2031:Lillian Lincoln
1999:
1944:
1925:
1896:Claudia Emerson
1874:
1860:P. Buckley Moss
1823:
1789:Maybelle Carter
1772:
1721:
1675:
1624:
1573:
1534:Rebecca Adamson
1522:
1471:
1457:Clementina Rind
1396:
1385:
1380:
1309:Ryan, David D.
1216:
1203:
1200:
1198:Further reading
1195:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1130:The Spymistress
1126:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1031:Yankee Stranger
1026:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1001:
997:
996:
992:
983:
981:
968:
967:
963:
954:
952:
945:"Van Lew House"
943:
942:
938:
933:
929:
922:
909:
908:
904:
897:
884:
883:
879:
872:
859:
858:
854:
849:
845:
835:
833:
823:
822:
815:
800:
787:
786:
782:
773:
766:
759:
746:
745:
741:
727:
726:
722:
713:
711:
702:
701:
697:
688:
686:
678:
677:
668:
661:
648:
647:
643:
638:
629:
622:
609:
608:
601:
592:
590:
582:
581:
577:
570:
557:
556:
552:
543:
541:
532:
531:
520:
511:
509:
501:
500:
477:
473:
453:'s 2015 novel,
424:The Spymistress
392:Yankee Stranger
388:
386:Books and films
342:
296:
242:Benjamin Butler
238:Jefferson Davis
196:
160:
93:
82:
79:
75:
66:
60:
54:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2434:India Hamilton
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2352:Martha Rollins
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:Nikki Giovanni
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Mildred Loving
2186:
2181:
2179:Rachel Findlay
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2133:JoAnn Falletta
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Monica Beltran
2064:
2062:Susie May Ames
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:Queena Stovall
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1921:Mary Sue Terry
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Sharyn McCrumb
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:Theresa Pollak
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Dolley Madison
1444:
1439:
1437:Sarah Lee Fain
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Margaret Brent
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1323:Tsui, Bonnie.
1321:
1307:
1298:978-0385014649
1284:
1270:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1058:
1038:
1019:
990:
974:Marker History
961:
951:. 11 July 2008
936:
927:
920:
902:
895:
877:
870:
852:
843:
826:"Miss Van Lew"
813:
798:
780:
764:
757:
739:
728:Weaver, Mark.
720:
695:
666:
659:
641:
627:
620:
599:
575:
568:
550:
518:
507:global.oup.com
474:
472:
469:
444:Mary Kay Place
387:
384:
341:
338:
318:Reconstruction
295:
292:
284:Ulric Dahlgren
206:was opened in
195:
192:
159:
156:
132:philanthropist
115:
114:
108:
107:Known for
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
80:
78:(aged 81)
72:
68:
67:
61:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2660:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Pauline Adams
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Betty Masters
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Sarah A. Gray
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Louise Archer
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:Judith Shatin
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Mary Randolph
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Pauline Adams
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Mary Johnston
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Ellen Glasgow
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1347:0-19-517989-7
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:0-8117-0554-4
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:0-7653-4515-3
1279:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:9780062092892
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1140:9780142180884
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1113:9780756518516
1109:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1086:9780942597929
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1007:
1000:
994:
991:
980:on 2019-12-22
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
950:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
923:
921:9780195142280
917:
913:
906:
903:
898:
896:9780195142280
892:
888:
881:
878:
873:
871:0-8117-0554-4
867:
863:
856:
853:
847:
844:
831:
827:
820:
818:
814:
809:
805:
801:
799:1-4237-7573-2
795:
791:
784:
781:
777:
771:
769:
765:
760:
758:9780762743841
754:
750:
743:
740:
735:
731:
724:
721:
710:
706:
699:
696:
685:
681:
675:
673:
671:
667:
662:
660:0-8117-0554-4
656:
652:
645:
642:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:9780762743841
617:
613:
606:
604:
600:
589:
585:
579:
576:
571:
569:9780762743841
565:
561:
554:
551:
540:
536:
529:
527:
525:
523:
519:
508:
504:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
476:
470:
468:
466:
465:
460:
459:John le Carré
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:Marie Jakober
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:, a novel by
401:
397:
396:Elswyth Thane
393:
385:
383:
381:
376:
374:
373:Maggie Walker
368:
366:
365:
358:
355:
346:
339:
337:
335:
334:Ellen Glasgow
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
303:
302:in the city.
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:an extensive
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
89:
87:Resting place
85:
73:
69:
64:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2327:Nora Houston
2250:Karenne Wood
2011:Lucy Addison
1975:Janis Martin
1965:Ethel Furman
1870:Edith Turner
1753:Grace Hopper
1666:Annie Snyder
1646:Katie Couric
1636:Grace Arents
1590:Pearl Bailey
1518:Edith Wilson
1512:
1427:Willa Cather
1338:
1324:
1310:
1289:
1273:
1259:
1245:
1231:
1205:
1185:. Retrieved
1183:. 2014-09-06
1180:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1129:
1122:
1106:. Capstone.
1102:
1095:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1030:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
993:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
973:
964:
953:. Retrieved
948:
939:
930:
911:
905:
886:
880:
861:
855:
846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
789:
783:
775:
748:
742:
733:
723:
712:. Retrieved
708:
698:
687:. Retrieved
683:
650:
644:
611:
591:. Retrieved
587:
578:
559:
553:
542:. Retrieved
538:
510:. Retrieved
506:
462:
454:
451:Karen Abbott
448:
439:
434:
432:
423:
415:
411:
407:
399:
391:
389:
377:
369:
362:
359:
351:
315:
304:
297:
294:Postwar life
281:
258:
227:
216:
204:Libby Prison
197:
176:
168:Hilary Baker
161:
124:abolitionist
119:
118:
76:(1900-09-25)
2598:1900 deaths
2593:1818 births
2240:Vivian Pinn
2194:Debbie Ryan
2143:Inez Pruitt
2138:Cleo Powell
2128:Ann Compton
1692:Caitlyn Day
1641:Cockacoeske
1585:Nancy Astor
1544:Patsy Cline
1432:Jennie Dean
1181:Dallas News
404:Lois Leveen
219:Confederate
212:safe houses
184:manumission
99:Nationality
2587:Categories
1452:Pocahontas
1333:0762743840
1268:0679422323
1240:0786428708
1187:2024-08-25
1012:19 January
984:2016-07-06
955:2016-07-06
836:20 January
714:2016-07-06
689:2016-07-06
593:2016-07-06
544:2016-07-06
512:2022-07-17
471:References
330:Bostonians
307:postmaster
158:Early life
144:Union Army
55:1818-10-12
2476:2020–2029
2424:Queen Ann
2373:Rita Dove
1943:2010–2019
1712:Lee Smith
1395:2000–2009
1224:878667621
808:252665765
382:in 1993.
223:deserters
188:the South
111:Espionage
2026:Pearl Fu
230:spy ring
208:Richmond
142:for the
140:spy ring
102:American
322:pension
136:handler
1345:
1331:
1317:
1305:476276
1303:
1296:
1280:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1222:
1212:
1137:
1110:
1083:
1056:
918:
893:
868:
806:
796:
755:
657:
618:
566:
316:After
265:cipher
179:Quaker
130:, and
65:, U.S.
1002:(PDF)
934:Varon
200:Union
2542:2021
2486:2020
2412:2019
2361:2018
2310:2017
2259:2016
2208:2015
2157:2014
2106:2013
2055:2012
2004:2011
1953:2010
1879:2009
1828:2008
1777:2007
1726:2006
1680:2005
1629:2004
1578:2003
1527:2002
1476:2001
1405:2000
1343:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1301:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1220:OCLC
1210:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1014:2021
916:ISBN
891:ISBN
866:ISBN
838:2021
804:OCLC
794:ISBN
753:ISBN
655:ISBN
616:ISBN
564:ISBN
71:Died
49:Born
426:by
418:by
394:by
2589::
1218:.
1179:.
1004:.
972:.
947:.
828:.
816:^
802:.
767:^
732:.
707:.
682:.
669:^
630:^
602:^
586:.
537:.
521:^
505:.
478:^
271:,
190:.
170:,
154:.
126:,
1375:e
1368:t
1361:v
1226:.
1190:.
1143:.
1116:.
1089:.
1062:.
1035:.
1016:.
987:.
958:.
924:.
899:.
874:.
840:.
810:.
761:.
736:.
717:.
692:.
663:.
624:.
596:.
572:.
547:.
515:.
57:)
53:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
