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When an elm is infected with elm yellows, the root hairs die. The phytoplasma infection then moves up the bark and infects the phloem, depriving the tree of nutrients. Death of the phloem essentially strangles the tree. As the phloem is infected, it will change color and take on a wintergreen smell,
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Aggressive control is needed if trees show symptoms of being infected. Time is of the essence since nearby trees may already be infected. Removal and destruction of the infected tree is the first step, followed by trenching around the next two rows of trees near it to isolate infection. Spraying
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Elms are very important to the
American landscape, prized for their unique shade characteristics. Most native elms are susceptible to elm yellows and there are few resistant cultivars. Large, healthy, landscaped elm trees can easily be worth thousands of dollars.
217:), although other insects are also suspected of being vectors. Transportation of nursery trees is another way for elm yellows to be spread over long distances. As leafhoppers move very slowly so movement of elm yellows has been slow.
188:, for example, had a large elm collection which was being managed for Dutch elm disease, much like Penn State, but once elm yellows had spread to the campus, all of the elms were destroyed within a matter of years.
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Since Elm yellows and other phytoplasma do not have cell walls, most antibiotics will not be effective, this is why tetracycline and antibiotics that target internal functions of the cell are needed.
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for many decades, and the recent introduction of elm yellows into the Penn State campus poses many threats. A tree near the university president’s house had to be removed and numerous trees in
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The crown, top of the tree turns yellow all at once, it can occur from July till
September, when the leafhoppers are active. It turns yellow from a lack of nutrients to the top of the tree.
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154:(inner bark) of the tree. Similar phytoplasmas, also known confusingly as 'Elm yellows', also occur in Europe. Infection and death of the
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effectively girdles the tree and stops the flow of water and nutrients. The disease affects both wild-growing and cultivated trees.
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or by root grafts. Elm yellows, also known as elm phloem necrosis, is very aggressive, with no known cure. Elm yellows occurs in the
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Jacqueline
Fletcher and Astri Wayadande. "Fastidious Vascular-Colonizing Bacteria." apsnet.org. 2002. Accessed: 30 May 2016. <
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371:"How to Differentiate Dutch Elm Disease From Elm Phloem Necrosis" US Forest Service. 1981. Accessed: May 29th 2016 <
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In North
America the disease is transmitted from infected to healthy trees by the whitebanded elm leafhopper (
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trees with insecticide will also help reduce the chances of transmission by leafhopper. Injecting trees with
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Ruskin, Paul. "Penn State
Prepares for 'Elm Yellows' Disease." PSU Live 12 Nov. 2007.19 Mar. 2008 <
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Conti, M., D'Agostino, G., Mittembergher, L. (1987) A recent epiphytotic of elm yellows in Italy.
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is home to one of the oldest and largest elm stands in the country. Penn State has been battling
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Price, Terry. "Wilt
Diseases." Forestpests.Org. 23 Mar. 2005. 19 Mar. 2008 <
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Proceedings of the 7th
Congress of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union
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http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/PathogenGroups/Pages/Fastidious.aspx
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http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_dednecrosis/ht_dednecrosis.htm
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Elm malls across the US are at risk of being destroyed by elm yellows.
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antibiotics has been shown to slow the progress of elm yellows.
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http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/654antibiotic.html
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Tetracycline inhibits protein synthesis by preventing
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http://www.forestpests.org/gfcbook/wiltdiseases.html
181:have died or have been removed due to elm yellows.
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391:"Antibiotics." Elmhurst.edu. 30 May 2016. <
301:http://www.elmcare.com/disease/elm_yellows.htm
299:"Elm Yellows." Elmcare.Com. 19 Mar. 2008 <
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431:Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases
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353:http://live.psu.edu/story/27225
44:Symptoms of elm phloem necrosis
27:Bacterial disease of elm trees
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211:) and by another leafhopper (
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134:trees that is spread by
257:from attaching to the
171:Penn State University
140:eastern United States
100:Eastern United States
199:Scaphoideus luteolus
76:Scaphoideus luteolus
226:similar to that of
208:Philaenus spurarius
82:Philaenus spurarius
411:2016-07-01 at the
378:2016-06-11 at the
358:2011-05-25 at the
306:2011-10-04 at the
186:Cornell University
214:Allygus atomarius
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179:State College, Pa
175:Dutch elm disease
150:which infect the
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96:Distribution
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54:Phytoplasmas
228:black birch
136:leafhoppers
124:Elm yellows
33:Elm yellows
18:Elm Yellows
281:References
232:birch beer
162:Importance
263:Cell wall
203:Van Duzee
111:Treatment
425:Category
409:Archived
376:Archived
356:Archived
304:Archived
269:See also
259:Ribosome
221:Symptoms
106:, Canada
241:Control
144:Ontario
104:Ontario
70:Vectors
395:>.
156:phloem
152:phloem
415:>.
382:>.
362:>.
326:>.
310:>.
126:is a
60:Hosts
255:tRNA
64:Elms
230:or
132:elm
130:of
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344:^
315:^
288:^
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20:)
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