138:
169:
178:
150:
966:
Service also advanced an integration theory. He believed that early civilizations were not stratified based on property and unequal access to resources, but instead based on unequal political power. He believed there were no true class conflicts, but only power struggles between the political elite
962:
He also developed the "managerial benefits" theory, which states that chiefdom-like society developed because of the apparent benefits of centralized leadership. The leader provides benefits to their followers, which, over time, become more complex, benefiting the whole chiefdom society. This keeps
31:
1184:
974:” in relation to cultural evolution. This law posited that the more specialized and adapted a form in a given evolutionary stage, the smaller its potential for passing on to the next stage.
462:
821:
1179:
479:
967:
in early civilizations. The integration part of this theory was that monuments were created through volunteering, not the leaders forcing it upon the populace.
865:
in 1951 and taught there from 1949 to 1953. From there, Service went back to the
University of Michigan to teach from 1953 until 1969. He later taught at the
749:
1064:
866:
467:
1149:
1059:
1174:
1169:
769:
1164:
1069:
510:
932:
814:
1144:
743:
807:
1154:
908:, cultural evolution, and theory and method in ethnology. He studied cultural evolution in Paraguay and studied cultures in
605:
928:
444:
943:
In 1962, Elman
Service published his four classifications of the stages of social evolution and political organizations:
315:
1090:
1065:
https://web.archive.org/web/20051102130808/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/service_elman.html
1044:
971:
776:
1159:
854:
432:
72:
1060:
https://web.archive.org/web/20050118101236/http://www.le.ac.uk/archaeology/rug/AR210/circles/project/technol.htm
191:
733:
873:
496:
143:
1070:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075948/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/fa/american_ethnological_society.pdf
858:
723:
300:
231:
222:
172:
168:
95:
838:
797:
585:
112:
1139:
1134:
590:
565:
320:
862:
793:
91:
876:
of the
Republican Faction in Spain to fight against the victorious Nationalist Faction of General
177:
889:
850:
728:
630:
560:
349:
286:
236:
181:
54:
1110:
881:
555:
540:
535:
201:
1102:
877:
700:
690:
670:
660:
956:
921:
917:
738:
695:
650:
635:
580:
330:
262:
257:
901:
685:
675:
665:
610:
403:
1128:
909:
615:
575:
570:
550:
438:
398:
393:
379:
369:
364:
267:
155:
944:
885:
655:
645:
640:
600:
595:
545:
344:
325:
205:
1106:
1045:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060616094717/http://bruceowen.com/emciv/34104s15.htm
625:
620:
1049:
1054:
517:
310:
305:
1114:
913:
905:
705:
374:
277:
872:
During his time studying at the
University of Michigan, Service joined the
30:
952:
359:
963:
the leader in power, and allows the bureaucratic organization to grow.
281:
948:
916:. These studies led to his theories about social systems and the
354:
272:
1091:"Evolution and Culture . Marshall D. Sahlins, Elman R. Service"
1032:
A Century of
Controversy, Ethnological Issues from 1860 to 1960
1185:
Columbia
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
837:(May 18, 1915 – November 14, 1996) was an American
197:
187:
161:
131:
108:
87:
79:
61:
40:
21:
857:. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1941 from the
192:The "Abraham Lincoln" XV International Brigade
815:
8:
1050:http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066882
1055:http://www.indiana.edu/~ancient/6notes.html
970:Elman Service also coined what he called “
822:
808:
750:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
216:
29:
18:
867:University of California at Santa Barbara
861:. He earned a Ph.D. in anthropology from
1081:
924:as a system of political organization.
770:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
230:
927:He was the Secretary-Treasurer of the
426:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1180:20th-century American anthropologists
1026:Origins of the State and Civilization
7:
933:American Anthropological Association
869:from 1969 to 1985, when he retired.
884:. He also fought in the 1941–1945
853:and died on November 14, 1996, in
14:
744:Political economy in anthropology
849:He was born on May 18, 1915, in
176:
167:
148:
136:
1150:Abraham Lincoln Brigade members
1175:People from Tecumseh, Michigan
1170:University of Michigan faculty
990:A Profile of Primitive Culture
606:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
1165:University of Michigan alumni
1107:10.1525/aa.1961.63.2.02a00150
1002:Primitive Social Organization
972:Law of Evolutionary Potential
929:American Ethnological Society
777:Journal of Legal Anthropology
445:The Art of Not Being Governed
1089:Naroll, Raoul (April 1961).
1201:
998:(with M.D. Sahlins) (1960)
783:Journal of Law and Society
503:Colonialism and resistance
900:Elman Service researched
855:Santa Barbara, California
457:Non-western state systems
433:African Political Systems
211:
126:
122:
118:
101:
73:Santa Barbara, California
28:
1145:Cultural anthropologists
156:United States of America
1095:American Anthropologist
984:Tobati: Paraguayan Town
874:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
839:cultural anthropologist
482:and the State in Africa
113:cultural anthropologist
16:American anthropologist
978:Books by Elman Service
859:University of Michigan
724:Circumscription theory
511:Europe and the People
480:Technology, Tradition,
173:International Brigades
96:University of Michigan
1155:American ethnologists
1020:Cultural Evolutionism
1008:Profiles in Ethnology
996:Evolution and Culture
880:during the 1936–1939
798:cultural anthropology
586:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
439:Papuan Big man system
931:and a member of the
835:Elman Rogers Service
591:Wolfgang Fikentscher
566:Henri J. M. Claessen
321:Pantribal sodalities
863:Columbia University
734:Left–right paradigm
92:Columbia University
890:United States Army
851:Tecumseh, Michigan
729:Legal anthropology
631:Thomas Blom Hansen
561:Robert L. Carneiro
350:Segmentary lineage
287:Leveling mechanism
237:legal anthropology
182:United States Army
55:Tecumseh, Michigan
882:Spanish Civil War
832:
831:
556:Jeremy Boissevain
541:Georges Balandier
536:E. Adamson Hoebel
215:
214:
202:Spanish Civil War
103:Scientific career
65:November 14, 1996
1192:
1160:Neoevolutionists
1119:
1118:
1086:
878:Francisco Franco
824:
817:
810:
718:Related articles
701:Douglas R. White
691:Jonathan Spencer
671:Marshall Sahlins
661:Sally Falk Moore
217:
180:
171:
163:
154:
152:
151:
144:Spanish Republic
142:
140:
139:
68:
50:
48:
33:
19:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1041:
980:
941:
898:
847:
828:
788:
787:
764:
756:
755:
739:State formation
719:
711:
710:
696:Bjorn Thomassen
651:Elizabeth Mertz
636:Ted C. Lewellen
581:Pierre Clastres
531:
530:Major theorists
523:
522:
513:Without History
512:
481:
417:
409:
408:
331:Paramount chief
263:Achieved status
258:Ascribed status
250:Status and rank
246:
235:
204:
175:
149:
147:
146:
137:
135:
127:Military Career
94:
88:Alma mater
75:
70:
66:
57:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1101:(2): 389–392.
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
979:
976:
940:
937:
902:Latin American
897:
894:
846:
843:
830:
829:
827:
826:
819:
812:
804:
801:
800:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
686:Aidan Southall
683:
678:
676:James C. Scott
673:
668:
666:Rodney Needham
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Ernest Gellner
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
507:
506:
504:
500:
499:
493:
492:
490:
486:
485:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
459:
458:
455:
453:
449:
448:
441:
436:
428:
427:
424:
422:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
404:Ritual warfare
401:
396:
390:
389:
387:
386:Law and custom
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
341:
340:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
296:
294:
290:
289:
284:
275:
270:
265:
260:
254:
253:
251:
247:
245:Basic concepts
244:
243:
240:
239:
228:
227:
213:
212:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
165:
159:
158:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:(aged 81)
63:
59:
58:
53:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
981:
977:
975:
973:
968:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:Latin America
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
805:
803:
802:
799:
795:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
766:
760:
759:
752:
751:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
715:
714:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Elman Service
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:David Graeber
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:John Comaroff
574:
572:
571:Jean Comaroff
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Fredrik Barth
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
509:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
491:
489:Legal systems
488:
487:
484:
483:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
402:
400:
399:Legal culture
397:
395:
394:Customary law
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:Theatre state
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:House society
368:
366:
365:Petty kingdom
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Social status
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
248:
242:
241:
238:
233:
229:
226:
224:
219:
218:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
174:
170:
166:
160:
157:
145:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
35:Elman Service
32:
27:
23:Elman Service
20:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1039:Bibliography
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
969:
965:
961:
942:
926:
899:
886:World War II
871:
848:
834:
833:
782:
775:
768:
748:
680:
656:Sidney Mintz
646:Ralph Linton
641:Edmund Leach
601:Morton Fried
596:Meyer Fortes
546:F. G. Bailey
478:
443:
431:
416:Case studies
375:Ethnic group
345:Band society
220:
206:World War II
198:Battles/wars
102:
67:(1996-11-14)
51:May 18, 1915
1140:1996 deaths
1135:1915 births
1014:The Hunters
626:Ulf Hannerz
621:Lesley Gill
80:Nationality
1129:Categories
1076:References
518:Cargo cult
421:Acephelous
311:Matriarchy
306:Patriarchy
293:Leadership
132:Allegiance
47:1915-05-18
1115:0002-7294
914:Caribbean
906:ethnology
845:Biography
706:Eric Wolf
278:Age grade
232:Political
953:chiefdom
939:Theories
912:and the
888:for the
763:Journals
360:Chiefdom
337:Polities
223:a series
221:Part of
162:Service/
83:American
920:of the
904:Indian
468:Mandala
301:Big man
282:Age set
1113:
1034:(1985)
1028:(1975)
1022:(1971)
1016:(1966)
1010:(1963)
1004:(1962)
992:(1958)
986:(1954)
955:, and
794:Social
463:Negara
164:branch
153:
141:
109:Fields
957:state
949:tribe
922:state
452:State
355:Tribe
326:Chief
316:Elder
273:Caste
1111:ISSN
945:band
918:rise
896:Work
796:and
497:Kapu
188:Unit
62:Died
41:Born
1103:doi
234:and
1131::
1109:.
1099:63
1097:.
1093:.
959:.
951:,
947:,
935:.
892:.
841:.
225:on
1117:.
1105::
823:e
816:t
809:v
280:/
49:)
45:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
