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106:"Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 12 July 1990. A. Foster and others v British Gas plc. Reference for a preliminary ruling: House of Lords - United Kingdom. Social policy - Equal treatment for men and women workers - Direct effect of a directive with regard to a nationalized company. Case C-188/89"
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The court found in favour of the employees. The gist of the finding was that when a state has failed to implement a directive as required, that state should not be allowed to benefit from the failure. Therefore, the provisions of the Equal
Treatment Directive (and any other EU directive) can be
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A body, whatever its legal form, which has been made responsible, pursuant to a measure adopted by the state, for providing a public service under the control of the state and has for that purpose special powers beyond that which result from the normal rules applicable in relations between
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British Gas dismissed female employees when they reached 60, the compulsory retirement age for women at the time, but male employees were not required to retire until 65. At the time, the
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is a term used in
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did not prevent discrimination in retirement age, so the employees' only recourse was to the Equal
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in 1990. The issue to be decided was whether employees of a nationalised industry (in this case
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The term is most obviously used to describe public sector employers, such as the
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relied upon against any organisation that is an emanation of the state.
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