62:
1653:
from home, whether they are across town or across the world. Alerts can also be sent to the smartphone or other devices to notify them immediately of new messages. This has given email the ability to be used for more frequent communication between users and allowed them to check their email and write messages throughout the day. As of 2011, there were approximately 1.4 billion email users worldwide and 50 billion non-spam emails that were sent daily.
544:. These systems often have their own internal email format and their clients typically communicate with the email server using a vendor-specific, proprietary protocol. The server sends or receives email via the Internet through the product's Internet mail gateway which also does any necessary reformatting. If Alice and Bob work for the same company, the entire transaction may happen completely within a single corporate email system.
1102:
1799:, and Internet service providers implement various limitations on the size of files, or complete email – typically to 25MB or less. Furthermore, due to technical reasons, attachment sizes as seen by these transport systems can differ from what the user sees, which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can safely send a file by email. Where larger files need to be shared, various
1724:
1471:
50:
1815:" in dealing with increasing volumes of email. With the growth in mobile devices, by default employees may also receive work-related emails outside of their working day. This can lead to increased stress and decreased satisfaction with work. Some observers even argue it could have a significant negative economic effect, as efforts to read the many emails could reduce
410:
1190:. Several prominent email clients use their own proprietary format and require conversion software to transfer email between them. Server-side storage is often in a proprietary format but since access is through a standard protocol such as IMAP, moving email from one server to another can be done with any
2857:
The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body. If the content conforms to other contemporary standards, the header section is a collection of header fields, each consisting of a header name, a colon, and data, structured as in the message
1948:
invisibly embedded in HTML content can alert the sender of any email whenever an email is rendered as HTML (some e-mail clients do this when the user reads, or re-reads the e-mail) and from which IP address. It can also reveal whether an email was read on a smartphone or a PC, or Apple Mac device via
1405:
are increasingly used to check email while traveling and to make brief replies, larger devices with better keyboard access being used to reply at greater length. IMAP shows the headers of messages, the sender and the subject and the device needs to request to download specific messages. Usually, the
1596:
Unlike a telephone or in-person conversation, email by its nature creates a detailed written record of the communication, the identity of the sender(s) and recipient(s) and the date and time the message was sent. In the event of a contract or legal dispute, saved emails can be used to prove that an
2054:
Also known as "email fatigue", email bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of email messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is not possible to
1842:
now largely mitigate the impact of spam by filtering or rejecting it for most users, but the volume sent is still very high—and increasingly consists not of advertisements for products, but malicious content or links. In
September 2017, for example, the proportion of spam to legitimate email
1660:
accounts, making email the most popular activity for users to do on their smartphones. 78% of the respondents in the study revealed that they check their email on their phone. It was also found that 30% of consumers use only their smartphone to check their email, and 91% were likely to check their
1652:
and on all types of computers. Mobile "apps" for email increase accessibility to the medium for users who are out of their homes. While in the earliest years of email, users could only access email on desktop computers, in the 2010s, it is possible for users to check their email when they are away
1221:
Upon reception of email messages, email client applications save messages in operating system files in the file system. Some clients save individual messages as separate files, while others use various database formats, often proprietary, for collective storage. A historical standard of storage is
612:
such as From, To, CC, Subject, Date, and other information about the email. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters and information using message header fields. The body contains the message, as unstructured text, sometimes containing a
2090:
The original SMTP mail service provides limited mechanisms for tracking a transmitted message, and none for verifying that it has been delivered or read. It requires that each mail server must either deliver it onward or return a failure notice (bounce message), but both software bugs and system
1920:
Today it can be important to distinguish between the
Internet and internal email systems. Internet email may travel and be stored on networks and computers without the sender's or the recipient's control. During the transit time it is possible that third parties read or even modify the content.
1888:
methods typically use spoofing to mislead the recipient about the true message origin. Email spoofing may be done as a prank, or as part of a criminal effort to defraud an individual or organization. An example of a potentially fraudulent email spoofing is if an individual creates an email that
972:
by sending raw non-ASCII text and several encoding schemes co-exist; as a result, by default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only exception is a coincidence if the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme). Therefore, for international
1661:
email at least once per day on their smartphone. However, the percentage of consumers using email on a smartphone ranges and differs dramatically across different countries. For example, in comparison to 75% of those consumers in the US who used it, only 17% in India did.
843:, which may be extracted from the header content. The "To:" field is similar to the addressing at the top of a conventional letter delivered according to the address on the outer envelope. In the same way, the "From:" field may not be the sender. Some mail servers apply
1528:
Email has been widely accepted by businesses, governments and non-governmental organizations in the developed world, and it is one of the key parts of an 'e-revolution' in workplace communication (with the other key plank being widespread adoption of highspeed
2071:
Originally
Internet email was completely ASCII text-based. MIME now allows body content text and some header content text in international character sets, but other headers and email addresses using UTF-8, while standardized have yet to be widely adopted.
2020:
It is possible for an exchange of emails to form a binding contract, so users must be careful about what they send through email correspondence. A signature block on an email may be interpreted as satisfying a signature requirement for a contract.
1345:
scheme for SMTP email addresses. Though its use is not strictly defined, URLs of this form are intended to be used to open the new message window of the user's mail client when the URL is activated, with the address as defined by the URL in the
770:: commonly with values "bulk", "junk", or "list"; used to indicate automated "vacation" or "out of office" responses should not be returned for this mail, e.g. to prevent vacation notices from sent to all other subscribers of a mailing list.
647:. It ends with the separator character ":". The separator is followed by the field value (the "field body"). The value can continue onto subsequent lines if those lines have space or tab as their first character. Field names and, without
2370:
1170:
When opening an email, it is marked as "read", which typically visibly distinguishes it from "unread" messages on clients' user interfaces. Email clients may allow hiding read emails from the inbox so the user can focus on the unread.
1889:
appears to be an invoice from a major company, and then sends it to one or more recipients. In some cases, these fraudulent emails incorporate the logo of the purported organization and even the email address may appear legitimate.
604:
apply only to email. RFC 5322 replaced the earlier RFC 822 in 2008, then RFC 2822 in 2001 replaced RFC 822 – the standard for
Internet email for decades. Published in 1982, RFC 822 was based on the earlier RFC 733 for the ARPANET.
4229:
1619:" is often successfully used to send special sales offerings and new product information. Depending on the recipient's culture, email sent without permission—such as an "opt-in"—is likely to be viewed as unwelcome "
667:
characters; for encoding characters in other sets, a syntax specified in RFC 2047 may be used. In some examples, the IETF EAI working group defines some standards track extensions, replacing previous experimental extensions so
1551:
can be inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. Email provides a method of exchanging information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far less expensive than a physical meeting or phone
2125:
have been developed. However, these are often seen as underhand or raising privacy concerns, and only work with email clients that support rendering of HTML. Many mail clients now default to not showing "web content".
2117:), then the innocent email address that was used can be flooded with NDRs from the many invalid email addresses the spammer may have attempted to mail. These NDRs then constitute spam from the ISP to the innocent user.
1938:
many
Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of email messages on their mail servers before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their server, despite deletion from the
676:
characters may be used within the header. In particular, this allows email addresses to use non-ASCII characters. Such addresses are supported by Google and
Microsoft products, and promoted by some government agents.
4351:
1833:
Email "spam" is unsolicited bulk email. The low cost of sending such email meant that, by 2003, up to 30% of total email traffic was spam, and was threatening the usefulness of email as a practical tool. The US
1389:. POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). POP3 allows downloading messages on a local computer and reading them even when offline.
774:
uses this field to affect prioritization of queued email, with "Precedence: special-delivery" messages delivered sooner. With modern high-bandwidth networks, delivery priority is less of an issue than it was.
5470:
4188:
In practice, some accepted messages may nowadays not be delivered to the recipient's InBox, but instead to a Spam or Junk folder which, especially in a corporate environment, may be inaccessible to the
2726:
2429:
374:(GOSIP), would predominate. However, once the final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic over the Internet ended in 1995, a combination of factors made the current Internet suite of SMTP,
2366:
3494:
SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content. ... The SMTP content is sent in the SMTP DATA protocol unit, and has two parts: the header section and the body.
1669:
As of 2010, the number of
Americans visiting email web sites had fallen 6 percent after peaking in November 2009. For persons 12 to 17, the number was down 18 percent. Young people preferred
4811:
3709:
2759:
1906:
is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server to crash.
1323:) leave attachments encoded in messages for searching while also saving separate copies of the attachments. Others separate attachments from messages and save them in a specific directory.
5751:
4767:
3535:
A message comprises a transit-handling envelope and the message content. The envelope contains information used by the MHS. The content is divided into a structured header and the body.
2055:
read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a "boilerplate" message explaining that their email inbox is full, and that they are in the process of clearing out all the messages.
663:
Email header fields can be multi-line, with each line recommended to be no more than 78 characters, although the limit is 998 characters. Header fields defined by RFC 5322 contain only
4237:
4207:
5195:
1656:
Individuals often check emails on smartphones for both personal and work-related messages. It was found that US adults check their email more than they browse the web or check their
1543:
Much of the business world relies on communications between people who are not physically in the same building, area, or even country; setting up and attending an in-person meeting,
5359:
5020:
3049:
1562:
communication by meetings or phone calls, participants must work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same amount of time in the meeting or call. Email allows
4611:
107:
is often treated as a basic and necessary part of many processes in business, commerce, government, education, entertainment, and other spheres of daily life in most countries.
4898:
720:: The email address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.
4688:
4513:
1795:
documents, and scanned images of paper documents. In principle, there is no technical restriction on the size or number of attachments. However, in practice, email clients,
637:("header fields"). Each field has a name ("field name" or "header field name"), followed by the separator character ":", and a value ("field body" or "header field body").
355:
HPMAIL (later HP DeskManager) were released in 1982; development work on the former began in the late 1970s and the latter became the world's largest selling email system.
4312:
1855:. This is often achieved by attaching malicious programs to the message and persuading potential victims to open the file. Types of malware distributed via email include
1128:(MDAs, also sometimes called local delivery agents, LDAs). Accepting a message obliges an MTA to deliver it, and when a message cannot be delivered, that MTA must send a
570:. This was very important in the early days of the Internet when network connections were unreliable. However, this mechanism proved to be exploitable by originators of
4999:
5451:
4673:
6697:
1935:
email messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination, meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.
371:
130:
accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a
5467:
3172:
Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999).
5744:
5267:
S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".
5245:
2522:
5699:
is Dave
Crocker's attempt at capturing the sequence of 'significant' occurrences in the evolution of email; a collaborative effort that also cites this page.
4837:
3101:
4642:
4531:
2718:
2421:
1533:). A sponsored 2010 study on workplace communication found 83% of U.S. knowledge workers felt email was critical to their success and productivity at work.
4980:
4942:
3338:
697:
field, many email clients fill this in automatically before sending. The recipient's client may display the time in the format and time zone local to them.
366:
email systems emerged in the mid 1980s. For a time in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it seemed likely that either a proprietary commercial system or the
5069:
4491:
3914:
4712:
2566:
1566:: each participant may control their schedule independently. Batch processing of incoming emails can improve workflow compared to interrupting calls.
5737:
1997:
1385:
3 (POP3) is a mail access protocol used by a client application to read messages from the mail server. Received messages are often deleted from the
496:
smtp.a.org sends the message to mx.b.org using SMTP. This server may need to forward the message to other MTAs before the message reaches the final
5427:
6497:
5980:
4804:
3701:
3451:
2750:
4764:
1373:
to send and receive their email. Mail is typically not downloaded to the web client, so it cannot be read without a current
Internet connection.
207:
was orignally the form favored in edited published
American English and British English writing, and was formerly preferred by some style guides.
3839:
2549:
3027:
839:
field may be unrelated to the addresses to which the message is delivered. The delivery list is supplied separately to the transport protocol,
713:
field names, including also fields defined for MIME, netnews, and HTTP, and referencing relevant RFCs. Common header fields for email include:
5303:
5177:, Proceedings of the Australian Telecommunications Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC'08), pp. 39–44, Adelaide, Australia, Dec. 2008.
4786:
5522:
4033:
3383:
592:
301:
146:
4199:
2961:
347:
used in-house mail systems in the 1970s; CompuServe sold a commercial intraoffice mail product in 1978 to IBM and to Xerox from 1981. DEC's
5187:
3305:
2110:
Delivery Reports can be used to verify whether an address exists and if so, this indicates to a spammer that it is available to be spammed.
5355:
5016:
4442:
3041:
3219:
2637:
2540:
2032:
occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word
1350:
field. Many clients also support query string parameters for the other email fields, such as its subject line or carbon copy recipients.
4961:
4576:
3939:
2898:
2240:
1787:
Email messages may have one or more attachments, which are additional files that are appended to the email. Typical attachments include
702:
4868:
4600:
4549:
5150:
5046:
4345:
2664:
5333:
4890:
4101:
5677:
5662:
5647:
5632:
5566:
5551:
5536:
5500:
4696:
4280:
1763:
1510:
395:
4509:
608:
Internet email messages consist of two sections, "header" and "body". These are known as "content". The header is structured into
797:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to. Used to link related messages together. This field only applies to reply messages.
6692:
6587:
6487:
2260:
1398:
560:
Domains usually have several mail exchange servers so that they can continue to accept mail even if the primary is not available.
557:
Bob may pick up his email in many ways, for example logging into mx.b.org and reading it directly, or by using a webmail service.
519:
4166:[How to Prevent the Winmail.dat File from Being Sent to Internet Users]. Microsoft Support. July 2, 2010. Archived from
5760:
4304:
3910:
3870:
3779:
3579:
2835:
2791:
2294:
2092:
1989:/Secure Sockets Layer can be used to encrypt communications for a single mail hop between the SMTP client and the SMTP server.
590:, with encoding of non-ASCII data and multimedia content attachments defined in RFC 2045 through RFC 2049, collectively called
2875:
6592:
4996:
3744:
2984:
1745:
1492:
439:
305:
5574:
1996:
do not protect logins and passwords, making them easy to intercept by an attacker. Encrypted authentication schemes such as
1942:
the "Received:"-fields and other information in the email can often identify the sender, preventing anonymous communication.
1369:
Many email providers have a web-based email client. This allows users to log into the email account by using any compatible
687:: The email address, and, optionally, the name of the author(s). Some email clients are changeable through account settings.
564:
Many MTAs used to accept messages for any recipient on the Internet and do their best to deliver them. Such MTAs are called
5122:
3321:
3151:
2607:
6687:
6682:
6582:
6502:
4752:
4730:
4665:
4079:
3195:
3127:
1117:
944:
standard introduced character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII data:
840:
648:
419:
359:
5448:
809:: Message-ID of the message this is a reply to, and the message-id of the message the previous reply was a reply to, etc.
6597:
6231:
5796:
2106:
Many ISPs now deliberately disable non-delivery reports (NDRs) and delivery receipts due to the activities of spammers:
2096:
1839:
1573:
731:
727:
222:
4057:
1603:
As well pre-processing of customer's orders or addressing the person in charge can be realized by automated procedures.
6656:
6612:
5973:
5909:
2486:
2160:
1925:
personnel and others whose function may involve monitoring or managing may be accessing the email of other employees.
1921:
Internal mail systems, in which the information never leaves the organizational network, may be more secure, although
1811:
The ubiquity of email for knowledge workers and "white collar" employees has led to concerns that recipients face an "
1075:
1056:
455:
5398:
5237:
4163:
1197:
Many current email users do not run MTA, MDA or MUA programs themselves, but use a web-based email platform, such as
886:: after a server verifies authentication, it can save the results in this field for consumption by downstream agents.
433:
The MSA determines the destination address provided in the SMTP protocol (not from the message header)—in this case,
4335:
2512:
2036:
to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the
1880:
occurs when the email message header is designed to make the message appear to come from a known or trusted source.
847:
systems to messages relayed. Data pertaining to the server's activity is also part of the header, as defined below.
574:
and as a consequence open mail relays have become rare, and many MTAs do not accept messages from open mail relays.
6130:
6075:
5217:
Catarina, Jessica; Feitel, Jesse (2019). "Inadvertent Contract Formation via Email under New York Law: An Update".
3093:
2395:
1703:
903:
5708:
4829:
3071:
1734:
1481:
5806:
4634:
4527:
3980:
3814:
3687:
3648:
3599:
3560:
2342:
A complete Message Tracking mechanism was also defined, but it never gained traction; see RFCs 3885 through 3888.
1422:
1244:
1160:
825:: Address of the sender acting on behalf of the author listed in the From: field (secretary, list manager, etc.).
791:: Also an automatic-generated field to prevent multiple deliveries and for reference in In-Reply-To: (see below).
776:
541:
4977:
4939:
3400:
3350:
861:: after an SMTP server accepts a message, it inserts this trace record at the top of the header (last to first).
744:; Many email clients mark email in one's inbox differently depending on whether they are in the To: or Cc: list.
57:; users can see new emails and take actions, such as reading, deleting, saving, or responding to these messages.
6165:
5866:
3408:
2456:
2170:
2005:
1986:
634:
609:
5094:
2695:
4460:
651:, field bodies are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Some non-ASCII values may be represented using MIME
6216:
6120:
6090:
5819:
2574:
2464:
2180:
1962:
893:
4923:
4709:
4138:
3902:
1012:
Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous messages in
6651:
6542:
6452:
6374:
6369:
5966:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5714:
1922:
1741:
1488:
754:; addresses are usually only specified during SMTP delivery, and not usually listed in the message header.
497:
490:
459:
329:
261:. The conventions for fields within emails—the "To", "From", "CC", "BCC" etc.—began with RFC-680 in 1975.
217:
131:
640:
Each field name begins in the first character of a new line in the header section, and begins with a non-
6477:
6472:
6303:
6186:
6110:
6050:
6010:
5851:
5510:
5423:
2205:
1093:(RTF), but this should be avoided unless the recipient is guaranteed to have a compatible email client.
960:
extensions were introduced to allow transmission of mail without the need for these encodings, but many
423:
5696:
3576:"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text"
3447:
1267:
format, containing the email header and body, including attachments in one or more of several formats.
61:
6602:
6507:
6015:
5691:
5356:"Made In India 'Datamail' Empowers Russia With Email Address In Russian Language - Digital Conqueror"
4422:
4385:
3884:
3836:
3527:
3486:
3187:
2849:
2805:
2546:
2230:
2190:
2145:
1982:
1835:
1812:
1800:
1382:
1148:
1136:
961:
844:
710:
706:
644:
641:
515:
325:
196:
3019:
6547:
6527:
6482:
6359:
6319:
6293:
6288:
6191:
6125:
6115:
5884:
5295:
4783:
2076:
1974:
1559:
1457:
where vendors have added MAPI support to allow their products to be accessed directly via Outlook.
1256:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1060:
1052:
601:
150:
38:
2578:
6211:
5605:
4571:
3591:
3346:
3273:
3177:
2951:
2165:
2140:
2056:
2029:
1796:
1683:
1386:
1292:
1227:
1179:
1175:
919:
630:
463:
363:
127:
119:
3299:
1401:(IMAP) provides features to manage a mailbox from multiple devices. Small portable devices like
4439:
4402:
3210:
2040:
that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.
418:
The MUA formats the message in email format and uses the submission protocol, a profile of the
6638:
6562:
6557:
6354:
5899:
5879:
5874:
5776:
5673:
5658:
5643:
5628:
5597:
5562:
5547:
5532:
5518:
5496:
4483:
4341:
4286:
4276:
4268:
4029:
4025:
3679:
3640:
3379:
3373:
3281:
3265:
2941:
2825:
2781:
2629:
2536:
2280:
1970:
1950:
1670:
1637:
1450:
1418:
1288:
751:
633:(the "header section" of the message, according to the specification), comprising a number of
296:
Computer-based messaging between users of the same system became possible after the advent of
123:
4958:
4565:
4365:
3285:
2902:
1597:
individual was advised of certain issues, as each email has the date and time recorded on it.
6105:
5921:
5589:
5276:
5070:"Security Bite: iCloud Mail, Gmail, others shockingly bad at detecting malware, study finds"
4860:
4735:
4545:
4528:"Email Is Top Activity On Smartphones, Ahead Of Web Browsing & Facebook [Study]"
4475:
4412:
4375:
3970:
3874:
3860:
3806:
3771:
3736:
3671:
3630:
3583:
3552:
3517:
3476:
3257:
3003:
2933:
2839:
2795:
2299:
2200:
2049:
1782:
1240:
1152:
1090:
965:
957:
945:
583:
336:
291:
166:
111:
5042:
3965:
Crocker, D.; Hansen, T.; Kucherawy, M. (2011). Crocker, D; Hansen, T; Kucherawy, M (eds.).
2000:
prevent this. Finally, the attached files share many of the same hazards as those found in
6522:
6221:
6035:
6030:
5514:
5474:
5455:
5325:
5003:
4984:
4965:
4946:
4927:
4790:
4771:
4716:
4446:
4250:
RFC 2368 section 3 : by Paul Hoffman in 1998 discusses operation of the "mailto" URL.
4105:
3843:
3325:
3155:
2553:
2517:
2060:
1993:
1612:
1548:
1446:
1191:
1164:
614:
566:
352:
115:
2998:
2567:"What is the correct way to spell 'e' words such as 'email', 'ecommerce', 'egovernment'?"
3191:
1101:
6677:
6492:
6447:
6395:
6349:
6045:
5834:
4747:
2660:
2285:
2220:
2155:
2114:
2100:
2009:
1877:
1872:
1788:
1544:
1129:
1055:
for all the above reasons, and because they have a significant number of readers using
526:
In addition to this example, alternatives and complications exist in the email system:
103:). Email is a ubiquitous and very widely used communication medium; in current use, an
4118:
When posting to a RootsWeb mailing list, your message should be sent as "plain text."
2367:"DataMail: World's first free linguistic email service supports eight India languages"
1028:
styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the email, privacy concerns about
6671:
6410:
5942:
5904:
5889:
5723:
5609:
3595:
2989:
2255:
2080:
1966:
1915:
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1430:
974:
504:
403:
399:
383:
104:
89:
31:
5702:
3767:
3466:
3212:
From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995
316:
developed similar, but generally incompatible, mail applications. In 1971 the first
69:
makes changes to image files, the uploader receives an email about the changes made.
6426:
6329:
6150:
5989:
4919:
Rich Kawanagh. The top ten email spam list of 2005. ITVibe news, 2006, January 02,
4606:
4264:
3856:
2871:
2235:
2195:
2037:
2001:
1958:
1816:
1696:
1692:
1678:
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1252:
1106:
1048:
990:
757:
313:
297:
54:
17:
5729:
3732:
3507:
1961:
applications that can serve as a remedy to one or more of the above. For example,
175:
has been in use with its modern meaning since 1975, and variations of the shorter
66:
5613:
3277:
1163:. Programs used by users for retrieving, reading, and managing email are called
6339:
6278:
6206:
6135:
5771:
4425:
4406:
4388:
4369:
3887:
3864:
3530:
3511:
3489:
3470:
3318:
3148:
2852:
2829:
2808:
2785:
2603:
2215:
2150:
1723:
1636:
Many users access their personal emails from friends and family members using a
1563:
1470:
1442:
1370:
1248:
1210:
1202:
1156:
1144:
1135:
Users can retrieve their messages from servers using standard protocols such as
1013:
969:
937:
741:
587:
534:
451:
435:
189:
149:
to carry text in expanded character sets and multimedia content such as images.
85:
49:
5280:
4087:
3943:
3173:
3123:
2813:
SMTP transports a mail object. A mail object contains an envelope and content.
940:, but must assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The
6517:
6344:
6334:
6160:
6025:
6020:
5844:
5099:
4479:
2275:
2265:
2250:
2225:
2121:
In the absence of standard methods, a range of system based around the use of
2103:(return receipts); however, these are not universally deployed in production.
1969:
can be used to encrypt traffic from the user machine to a safer network while
1928:
Email privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:
1903:
1898:
1881:
1860:
1828:
1707:
1649:
1620:
1402:
1338:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1276:
1260:
1063:. Various informal conventions evolved for marking up plain text in email and
1006:
1002:
994:
875:
Other fields added on top of the header by the receiving server may be called
787:
571:
470:
344:
340:
238:
5601:
4487:
4290:
3683:
3644:
3269:
2945:
1843:
rose to 59.56%. The percentage of spam email in 2021 is estimated to be 85%.
530:
Alice or Bob may use a client connected to a corporate email system, such as
320:
network mail was sent, introducing the now-familiar address syntax with the '
6607:
6552:
6467:
6462:
6364:
6298:
6268:
6263:
6201:
6196:
6145:
6140:
6040:
5856:
5839:
4731:"Mysterious Attachment Size Increases, Replicating Public Folders, and More"
4459:
Martin, Brett A. S.; Van Durme, Joel; Raulas, Mika; Merisavo, Marko (2003).
4164:"Verhindern, dass die Datei "Winmail.dat" an Internetbenutzer gesendet wird"
4049:
2210:
2185:
1581:
1086:
1017:
701:
RFC 3864 describes registration procedures for message header fields at the
538:
482:
309:
98:
5123:"How a badly-coded computer virus caused billions in damage | CNN Business"
2490:
2324:
IBM's system was available on request to customers prior to formal release.
1710:
3.5 times as much as those over 45, and were far less likely to use email.
394:
The following is a typical sequence of events that takes place when sender
215:
is sometimes used. The original usage in June 1979 occurred in the journal
199:(RFC) and working groups. This spelling also appears in most dictionaries.
4167:
3245:
1040:. Some e-mail clients interpret the body as HTML even in the absence of a
906:(DKIM) decryption to verify the message was not changed after it was sent.
6532:
6512:
6457:
6405:
6400:
6283:
6236:
6155:
6095:
6080:
6070:
5916:
5593:
2245:
2063:
is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.
1885:
1657:
1536:
It has some key benefits to business and other organizations, including:
1530:
1079:
1033:
953:
771:
664:
554:
Alice's computer may run its own MTA, so avoiding the transfer at step 1.
447:
348:
5625:
Electronic Mail: An Introduction to the X.400 Message Handling Standards
5238:"UK court ruling says email signature blocks can sign binding contracts"
2937:
2924:
Gardner, P. C. (1981). "A system for the automated office environment".
2387:
229:, which was developed in the late 1970s and operated in the early 1980s.
6537:
6442:
6324:
6273:
6226:
6085:
6060:
6055:
5824:
3261:
3063:
2290:
2127:
2122:
1945:
1852:
1748: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1674:
1495: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1364:
1206:
1183:
1037:
1029:
1021:
978:
673:
548:
547:
Alice may not have an MUA on her computer but instead may connect to a
321:
317:
135:
5174:
3966:
3802:
3663:
3622:
3575:
3548:
1838:
and similar laws elsewhere had some impact, and a number of effective
948:
for mostly 7-bit content with a few characters outside that range and
779:
respects a fine-grained automatic response suppression mechanism, the
6390:
6170:
5894:
5829:
5175:
SMEmail – A New Protocol for the Secure E-mail in Mobile Environments
5151:"LockBit ransomware spread in millions of emails via Phorpiex botnet"
4417:
4380:
3975:
3879:
3810:
3775:
3740:
3675:
3635:
3587:
3556:
3522:
3481:
3434:
3412:
3149:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era"
2844:
2800:
2175:
1978:
1572:
Sending an email is much less expensive than sending postal mail, or
1454:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1332:
1068:
1064:
949:
626:
4130:
936:
Internet email was designed for 7-bit ASCII. Most email software is
831:: A direct link to the archived form of an individual email message.
3938:
This extensible field is defined by RFC 7001, this also defines an
3182:
2719:"Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email"
2687:
1067:
posts, which later led to the development of formal languages like
617:
at the end. The header is separated from the body by a blank line.
6100:
2304:
1577:
1308:
1213:, from any computer, rather than relying on a local email client.
1198:
1100:
964:
may not support them. In some countries, e-mail software violates
760:: Information about how the message is to be displayed, usually a
669:
408:
367:
226:
154:
142:
60:
48:
854:
of a message saved in the header using the following two fields:
324:' symbol designating the user's system address. Over a series of
6617:
6065:
5958:
5947:
5937:
5705:
is a personal memoir by the implementer of an early email system
4920:
3664:"RFC 6531, SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email Addresses"
2382:
2380:
1414:
1264:
1187:
1182:
side, or in both places. Standard formats for mailboxes include
1140:
1089:
email clients may allow rich formatting using their proprietary
1025:
998:
941:
761:
652:
485:
listing the mail exchange servers for that domain, in this case
409:
379:
375:
193:
93:
5962:
5733:
1226:
format. The specific format used is often indicated by special
680:
The message header must include at least the following fields:
582:
The basic Internet message format used for email is defined by
5718:
5640:
Programmer's Guide to Internet Mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP, and LDAP
5127:
2956:
2270:
1792:
1717:
1688:
1464:
1209:
interfaces allow users to access their mail with any standard
531:
328:, conventions were refined for sending mail messages over the
249:
is a traditional form used in RFCs for the "Author's Address".
5507:
4891:"Seeing Spam? How To Take Care of Your Google Analytics Data"
871:
of a message, it inserts this field at the top of the header.
5559:
Essential Email Standards: RFCs and Protocols Made Practical
4666:"Set Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007"
2422:"Why the first use of the word 'e-mail' may be lost forever"
2091:
failures can cause messages to be lost. To remedy this, the
693:: The local time and date the message was written. Like the
5726:, a 2021 article attempting to summarize more than 100 RFCs
3702:"Now, get your email address in Hindi - The Economic Times"
2999:"Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts"
2130:
providers can also disrupt web bugs by pre-caching images.
84:) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using
335:
Proprietary electronic mail systems soon began to emerge.
88:
devices. It was conceived in the late–20th century as the
5399:"Software That Tracks E-Mail Is Raising Privacy Concerns"
1124:(MTAs); and delivered to a mail store by programs called
1051:
recommend all posts be made in plain text, with 72 or 80
3244:
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D (2013).
1600:
Possibility of auto-processing and improved distribution
5711:
is a short, yet vivid recap of the key historical facts
5529:
Internet e-mail Protocols, Standards and Implementation
4978:"Google Says Its AI Catches 99.9 Percent of Gmail Spam"
4689:"Google updates file size limits for Gmail and YouTube"
1425:—and to a range of other email server products such as
1259:, and Postbox. The files contain the email contents as
5715:
Business E-Mail Compromise - An Emerging Global Threat
4258:
4256:
3218:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.
3042:"Tech before its time: Xerox's shooting Star computer"
1016:, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such as
145:
communications medium, Internet email was extended by
138:
interface to send or receive messages or download it.
5326:"Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In"
4461:"E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland"
3246:"The History of the Internet: The Missing Narratives"
450:
of the recipient, and the part after the @ sign is a
300:
in the early 1960s, with a notable implementation by
257:, and a single piece of electronic mail is called a
6626:
6575:
6435:
6419:
6383:
6312:
6256:
6249:
6179:
6003:
5996:
5930:
5865:
5805:
2113:
If the spammer uses a forged sender email address (
1985:message encryption, and SMTP STARTTLS or SMTP over
241:
starting in April 1981, which popularized the term.
4599:
4564:
3547:P. Resnick, Ed. (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
2749:
1851:Emails are a major vector for the distribution of
1706:users showed that persons 13 to 24 used messaging
896:checks in more detail than Authentication-Results.
454:. The MSA resolves a domain name to determine the
4793:, Chris Hoffman, December 21, 2012, makeuseof.com
4449:" September 22, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
4102:"Problem Solving: Sending Messages in Plain Text"
819:: Address should be used to reply to the message.
422:(SMTP), to send the message content to the local
37:"Reply all" redirects here. For the podcast, see
3766:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
3731:Resnick, Pete (October 2008). Resnick, P (ed.).
3401:"Allowing Relaying in SMTP: A Series of Surveys"
2415:
2413:
1001:for the message body at the option of the user.
514:Bob's MUA picks up the message using either the
5188:"When Email Exchanges Become Binding Contracts"
4546:"The ultimate mobile email statistics overview"
3927:there are many more trace fields than those two
2513:"AP Removes Hyphen From 'Email' In Style Guide"
1699:—no longer cool and something older people do.
1116:Messages are exchanged between hosts using the
1044:header field; this may cause various problems.
912:: is used to mark automatic-generated messages.
803:: HTTP link to unsubscribe from a mailing list.
726:: A brief summary of the topic of the message.
372:Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile
362:(SMTP) was implemented on the ARPANET in 1983.
153:, with internationalized email addresses using
5655:X.400 and SMTP: Battle of the E-mail Protocols
4635:"Email is dying among mobile's youngest users"
4230:"Free Email Providers in the Yahoo! Directory"
2634:, Table of decisions on consistent use in RFC"
1005:messages often include an automatic-generated
629:of the email header. Each email message has a
5974:
5745:
5575:"The Technical Development of Internet Email"
5544:Internet Email Protocols: A Developer's Guide
5508:Inbox Detox and The Habit of Email Excellence
5449:"Outlook: Web Bugs & Blocked HTML Images"
4001:Defined in RFC 3834, and updated by RFC 5436.
3433:The Internet message format is also used for
3378:. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 164.
3020:"They could have owned the computer industry"
2985:"CompuServe pins hopes on MicroNET, InfoPlex"
167:History of email § Terminology and usage
53:This screenshot shows the "Inbox" page of an
8:
3668:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test
3627:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages - Test
3158:, Susan R. Harris, Ph.D., and Elise Gerich,
1406:mail is left in folders in the mail server.
1132:back to the sender, indicating the problem.
730:are commonly used in the subject, including
5374:SMTP Service Extension for Message Tracking
4371:DISTRIBUTED ELECTRONIC MAIL MODELS IN IMAP4
4275:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 245.
3623:"RFC 6532, Internationalized Email Headers"
2591:We recommend email, this is the common form
2457:"From E-mail to Email: Is the Sky Falling?"
1932:email messages are generally not encrypted.
1415:Messaging Application Programming Interface
1341:, as registered with the IANA, defines the
867:: after the delivery SMTP server makes the
253:The service is often simply referred to as
188:is now the common form, and recommended by
6253:
6000:
5981:
5967:
5959:
5752:
5738:
5730:
5095:"When are email attachments safe to open?"
1590:Much faster than most of the alternatives.
308:project in 1965. Most developers of early
157:, is standardized but not widely adopted.
4416:
4379:
3974:
3878:
3835:Microsoft, Auto Response Suppress, 2010,
3634:
3521:
3480:
3181:
2843:
2799:
2333:Not using Internationalized Email or MIME
2081:Email address § Internationalization
1764:Learn how and when to remove this message
1681:. Technology writer Matt Richtel said in
1511:Learn how and when to remove this message
5017:"Kaspersky Lab Spam and Phishing report"
4938:How Microsoft is losing the war on spam
4861:"Struggling to Evade the E-Mail Tsunami"
4601:"Why Are Young People Abandoning Email?"
3768:"RFC 5322, 3.6.4. Identification Fields"
2688:"Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?"
493:(MTA) server run by the recipient's ISP.
5582:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
5477:, Ron Amadeo, Dec 13 2013, Ars Technica
5386:Message Tracking Model and Requirements
4817:from the original on September 1, 2011.
4676:from the original on February 12, 2013.
4516:from the original on November 10, 2016.
4354:from the original on December 26, 2016.
3690:from the original on February 18, 2015.
3651:from the original on February 18, 2015.
3563:from the original on February 22, 2015.
2993:. Vol. 13, no. 42. p. 69
2952:"IBM100 - The Networked Business Place"
2543:from the original on December 28, 2013.
2361:
2359:
2355:
2317:
122:. Today's email systems are based on a
6698:Computer-related introductions in 1971
5709:A Look at the Origins of Network Email
5426:. Email.about.com. December 19, 2013.
4710:"Maximum attachment size", Gmail Help.
4497:from the original on October 21, 2012.
4210:from the original on November 13, 2021
3782:from the original on December 30, 2013
3747:from the original on December 30, 2013
3130:from the original on September 9, 2016
3030:from the original on February 27, 2021
2640:from the original on December 28, 2013
2610:from the original on December 16, 2013
2489:. Styleguide.yahoo.com. Archived from
2451:
2449:
2447:
2373:from the original on October 22, 2016.
1032:, abuse of HTML email as a vector for
5692:IANA's list of standard header fields
5248:from the original on October 17, 2019
4901:from the original on November 7, 2017
4840:from the original on October 23, 2015
4664:Suneja, Bharat (September 10, 2007).
4141:from the original on February 8, 2014
4080:"Email policies that prevent viruses"
4060:from the original on January 31, 2022
3602:from the original on January 14, 2012
3454:from the original on October 6, 2008.
3375:Information Technology for Management
3225:from the original on October 10, 2022
3198:from the original on August 11, 2015.
2878:from the original on December 2, 2017
2729:from the original on January 27, 2022
1239:Used by many email clients including
1205:, that performs the same tasks. Such
593:Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
440:fully qualified domain address (FQDA)
7:
5573:Partridge, Craig (April–June 2008).
5468:"Gmail blows up e-mail marketing..."
5430:from the original on August 27, 2016
5294:Barrett, Grant (December 23, 2007).
5049:from the original on October 5, 2021
4987:, Cade Metz, July 09 2015, wired.com
4687:Humphries, Matthew (June 29, 2009).
4534:from the original on April 29, 2014.
4315:from the original on August 18, 2019
4305:"Creating hyperlinks § E-mail links"
3983:from the original on October 1, 2018
3917:from the original on August 11, 2012
3712:from the original on August 28, 2016
3104:from the original on January 3, 2017
2748:Pexton, Patrick B. (March 1, 2012).
1746:adding citations to reliable sources
1493:adding citations to reliable sources
442:. The part before the @ sign is the
5362:from the original on March 5, 2017.
5306:from the original on April 17, 2009
4871:from the original on April 17, 2009
4784:"8 ways to email large attachments"
4563:Richtel, Matt (December 20, 2010).
4552:from the original on July 11, 2014.
4104:. RootsWeb HelpDesk. Archived from
3549:"RFC 5322, Internet Message Format"
3308:from the original on June 11, 2017.
3052:from the original on April 18, 2022
2997:Dylan Tweney (September 24, 1979).
2983:Connie Winkler (October 22, 1979).
2964:from the original on August 2, 2020
2698:from the original on April 17, 2022
2241:List of email subject abbreviations
1143:, or, as is more likely in a large
5198:from the original on June 19, 2019
5023:from the original on July 17, 2018
4859:Stross, Randall (April 20, 2008).
4765:"Send large files to other people"
4645:from the original on April 5, 2018
4614:from the original on April 5, 2018
4598:Gustini, Ray (December 21, 2010).
4579:from the original on April 5, 2018
4151:Plain text, 72 characters per line
3817:from the original on July 25, 2014
3801:Dürst, Martin J. (December 2007).
3733:"RFC 5322, 3.6. Field Definitions"
3448:"An update to the email standards"
3074:from the original on July 18, 2011
2667:from the original on April 3, 2012
2525:from the original on May 12, 2015.
2432:from the original on April 7, 2023
2398:from the original on April 6, 2023
382:email protocols the standard (see
25:
5336:from the original on May 13, 2016
5068:Waichulis, Arin (April 5, 2024).
4830:"Happy Information Overload Day!"
4566:"E-Mail Gets an Instant Makeover"
3399:Hoffman, Paul (August 20, 2002).
3250:Journal of Information Technology
3174:"A Brief History of the Internet"
2901:. Openmap.bbn.com. Archived from
2762:from the original on May 19, 2022
2751:"Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa"
2521:. New York City. March 18, 2011.
2420:Ohlheiser, Abby (July 28, 2015).
2101:Message Disposition Notifications
1803:are available and commonly used.
1078:, the most popular of them being
264:An Internet email consists of an
6488:Microsoft Internet Mail and News
5397:Amy Harmon (November 22, 2000).
5121:Griffiths, James (May 2, 2020).
4828:Gross, Doug (October 20, 2010).
4729:Walther, Henrik (January 2009).
3901:John Levine (January 14, 2012).
3662:J. Yao; W. Mao (February 2012).
3446:Simpson, Ken (October 3, 2008).
3018:Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011).
2872:"The History of Electronic Mail"
2261:Privacy-enhanced Electronic Mail
1722:
1665:Declining use among young people
1469:
1399:Internet Message Access Protocol
520:Internet Message Access Protocol
27:Mail sent using electronic means
5761:Computer-mediated communication
5724:Explained from first principles
5546:, Addison-Wesley Professional,
5006:, May 12, 2016, securelist.com
4805:"Email Statistics Report, 2010"
4633:Perez, Sarah (March 24, 2016).
4468:Journal of Advertising Research
4273:Encyclopedia of social networks
4263:Hansen, Derek; Smith, Marc A.;
3944:Email Authentication Parameters
3349:. July 19, 2004. Archived from
2565:AskOxford Language Query team.
2295:Comparison of webmail providers
1733:needs additional citations for
1524:Business and organizational use
1480:needs additional citations for
1097:Servers and client applications
952:for arbitrary binary data. The
92:version of, or counterpart to,
5703:The History of Electronic Mail
5149:French, Laura (May 14, 2024).
4997:"Spam and phishing in Q1 2016"
4366:"Implementation and Operation"
4340:. Prentice Hall. p. 192.
4271:. In Barnett, George A (ed.).
2717:Masnick, Mike (May 22, 2019).
2388:"email noun earlier than 1979"
1120:with software programs called
1:
6232:Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups
5043:"2021 Email Usage Statistics"
4510:"Spam culture, part 1: China"
4508:Lev, Amir (October 2, 2009).
4022:TCP/IP Network Administration
3866:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3621:A Yang, Ed. (February 2012).
3472:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2831:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2787:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2097:Delivery Status Notifications
2004:. Attached files may contain
1640:in their house or apartment.
1574:long distance telephone calls
1118:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
420:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
360:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
192:. It is the form required by
179:have been in use since 1979:
5797:Virtual learning environment
3162:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996
2661:"How do you spell "e-mail"?"
2606:. Dictionary.reference.com.
1555:Helping with synchronization
398:transmits a message using a
272:; the content consists of a
223:United States Postal Service
30:For the former company, see
5910:Voice chat in online gaming
5531:, Artech House Publishers,
4440:Is Email a Curse or a Boon?
4200:"View only unread messages"
3465:J. Klensin (October 2008),
3450:. MailChannels Blog Entry.
3304:. howstuffworks.com. 2008.
2161:Comparison of email clients
1593:Creating a "written" record
503:The MDA delivers it to the
456:fully qualified domain name
6714:
5281:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3
5269:Human-Computer Interaction
4408:Internet Mail Architecture
3574:Moore, K (November 1996).
3513:Internet Mail Architecture
3098:DIGITAL Computing Timeline
2074:
2047:
1913:
1896:
1870:
1826:
1780:
1777:Attachment size limitation
1362:
1330:
1174:Mail can be stored on the
1161:Microsoft Exchange Servers
1036:attacks and the spread of
981:is growing in popularity.
904:DomainKeys Identified Mail
446:of the address, often the
370:email system, part of the
289:
164:
36:
29:
6647:
5807:Asynchronous conferencing
5767:
5670:Programming Internet Mail
5561:, John Wiley & Sons,
4715:October 15, 2011, at the
4480:10.1017/s0021849903030265
2899:"The First Network Email"
2663:. Alt-usage-english.org.
2545:This is suggested by the
2392:Oxford English Dictionary
1648:Email has become used on
1423:Microsoft Exchange Server
1315:based on the mbox format.
1245:Microsoft Outlook Express
1194:supporting the protocol.
6325:Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail
6106:Mailx (Heirloom Project)
5867:Synchronous conferencing
3506:D. Crocker (July 2009),
3409:Internet Mail Consortium
2547:RFC Document Style Guide
2171:Disposable email address
2099:(delivery receipts) and
2002:peer-to-peer filesharing
1987:Transport Layer Security
1963:Virtual Private Networks
1687:that email was like the
1319:Some applications (like
1289:Microsoft Office Outlook
1057:text-based email clients
1009:copy for compatibility.
993:allow the use of either
781:X-Auto-Response-Suppress
80:; alternatively spelled
6693:History of the Internet
5820:Electronic mailing list
5517:", Acanthus Publishing
3319:"MX Record Explanation"
3209:Rutter, Dorian (2005).
2575:Oxford University Press
2537:"RFC Editor Terms List"
2465:Chicago Manual of Style
2181:Electronic mailing list
625:RFC 5322 specifies the
402:(MUA) addressed to the
141:Originally a text-only
5792:Social network service
5787:Collaborative software
5782:Communication software
4753:Exchange Queue & A
4438:By Om Malik, GigaOm. "
3372:Ch Seetha Ram (2010).
1923:information technology
1540:Facilitating logistics
1113:
884:Authentication-Results
572:unsolicited bulk email
498:message delivery agent
491:message transfer agent
414:
330:File Transfer Protocol
110:Email operates across
70:
58:
5852:Bulletin board system
5513:May 20, 2016, at the
5493:Introduction to X.400
4699:on December 19, 2011.
4334:Allen, David (2004).
4204:support.microsoft.com
3339:"What is open relay?"
3048:. February 15, 2012.
2206:Email hosting service
2086:Tracking of sent mail
2075:Further information:
1801:file hosting services
1293:OfficeLogic Groupware
1151:protocol specific to
1104:
962:mail transport agents
728:Certain abbreviations
424:mail submission agent
412:
197:Requests for Comments
165:Further information:
64:
52:
6688:Electronic documents
6683:Internet terminology
6576:Related technologies
6508:Netscape Messenger 9
5697:The History of Email
5594:10.1109/mahc.2008.32
5358:. December 7, 2016.
4403:"Message Store (MS)"
4108:on February 19, 2014
3475:, sec. 2.3.1.,
3124:"HP Computer Museum"
3100:. January 30, 1998.
2858:format specification
2394:. October 25, 2012.
2231:Information overload
2191:Email authentication
2146:Anti-spam techniques
2067:Internationalization
1840:anti-spam techniques
1836:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
1813:information overload
1807:Information overload
1742:improve this article
1489:improve this article
1383:Post Office Protocol
1147:environment, with a
1126:mail delivery agents
1122:mail transfer agents
1105:The interface of an
989:Most modern graphic
902:: stores results of
892:: stores results of
845:email authentication
600:. The extensions in
516:Post Office Protocol
481:) responds with any
426:(MSA), in this case
221:in reference to the
6483:Microsoft Entourage
6360:Outlook for Windows
6192:Beonex Communicator
6116:Mozilla Thunderbird
5885:Internet Relay Chat
5296:"All We Are Saying"
5219:Syracuse Law Review
5045:. October 5, 2021.
4411:. sec. 4.2.2.
4020:Craig Hunt (2002).
3861:"Trace Information"
3837:Microsoft reference
3415:on January 18, 2007
3192:1999cs........1011L
2938:10.1147/sj.203.0321
2926:IBM Systems Journal
2838:. sec. 2.3.1.
2794:. sec. 2.3.1.
2487:"Yahoo style guide"
2077:International email
1992:Additionally, many
1257:Mozilla Thunderbird
1228:filename extensions
1217:Filename extensions
1053:characters per line
985:Plain text and HTML
645:printable character
602:International email
151:International email
120:local area networks
18:Email header fields
5473:2017-06-07 at the
5454:2015-02-18 at the
5403:The New York Times
5300:The New York Times
5236:Corfield, Gareth.
5002:2016-08-09 at the
4983:2016-09-16 at the
4964:2006-09-11 at the
4945:2008-06-29 at the
4926:2008-07-20 at the
4865:The New York Times
4789:2016-07-02 at the
4770:2016-08-07 at the
4572:The New York Times
4530:. March 28, 2013.
4445:2010-12-04 at the
4170:on January 9, 2014
4135:BSD Mailing Lists"
4084:Advosys Consulting
4050:"What is unicode?"
3842:2011-04-07 at the
3805:. Tools.ietf.org.
3770:. Tools.ietf.org.
3735:. Tools.ietf.org.
3706:The Economic Times
3516:, sec. 4.1.,
3353:on August 24, 2007
3347:Indiana University
3324:2015-01-17 at the
3262:10.1057/jit.2013.4
3154:2016-01-01 at the
2960:. August 2, 2020.
2552:2015-04-24 at the
2467:. October 11, 2017
2166:Dark Mail Alliance
2141:Anonymous remailer
2057:Harvard University
1684:The New York Times
1427:Axigen Mail Server
1421:to communicate to
1417:(MAPI) is used by
1410:MAPI email servers
1393:IMAP email servers
1377:POP3 email servers
1114:
1042:Content-Type: html
1038:malicious software
777:Microsoft Exchange
705:; it provides for
464:Domain Name System
415:
406:of the recipient.
225:initiative called
71:
65:When a "robot" on
59:
6665:
6664:
6639:Unicode and email
6571:
6570:
6563:Windows Messaging
6558:Windows Live Mail
6355:Microsoft Outlook
6257:Freeware/Freemium
6245:
6244:
5956:
5955:
5900:Videoconferencing
5880:Instant messaging
5875:Data conferencing
5777:Online discussion
5527:Lawrence Hughes,
5523:978-0-9815589-8-1
4374:. sec. 4.5.
4035:978-0-596-00297-8
3873:. sec. 4.4.
3385:978-81-8450-267-1
2632:"RFC Style Guide"
2281:Unicode and email
1951:user agent string
1774:
1773:
1766:
1702:A 2015 survey of
1671:instant messaging
1638:personal computer
1632:Personal computer
1521:
1520:
1513:
1419:Microsoft Outlook
1327:URI scheme mailto
852:trace information
850:SMTP defines the
752:Blind carbon copy
353:Hewlett-Packard's
124:store-and-forward
112:computer networks
16:(Redirected from
6705:
6365:Novell GroupWise
6254:
6001:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5960:
5922:Web conferencing
5857:Online guestbook
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5620:
5619:on June 2, 2016.
5618:
5612:. Archived from
5579:
5495:, Artech House,
5478:
5465:
5459:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5019:. May 26, 2021.
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4975:
4969:
4957:Spam Bill 2003 (
4955:
4949:
4936:
4930:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4803:Radicati, Sara.
4800:
4794:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4736:TechNet Magazine
4726:
4720:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4695:. Archived from
4684:
4678:
4677:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4603:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4465:
4456:
4450:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4418:10.17487/RFC5598
4399:
4393:
4392:
4383:
4381:10.17487/RFC1733
4362:
4356:
4355:
4337:Windows to Linux
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4260:
4251:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4240:on July 4, 2014.
4236:. Archived from
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4090:on May 12, 2007.
4086:. Archived from
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3978:
3976:10.17487/RFC6376
3962:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3880:10.17487/RFC5321
3859:(October 2008).
3853:
3847:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3811:10.17487/RFC5064
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3776:10.17487/RFC5322
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3741:10.17487/RFC5322
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3676:10.17487/RFC6531
3659:
3653:
3652:
3638:
3636:10.17487/RFC6532
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3588:10.17487/RFC2047
3571:
3565:
3564:
3557:10.17487/RFC5322
3544:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3523:10.17487/RFC5598
3503:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3482:10.17487/RFC5321
3462:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3411:. Archived from
3396:
3390:
3389:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3335:
3329:
3328:, it.cornell.edu
3316:
3310:
3309:
3301:How E-mail Works
3296:
3290:
3289:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3185:
3169:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:"The Xerox Star"
3060:
3059:
3057:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2948:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2847:
2845:10.17487/RFC5321
2822:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2801:10.17487/RFC5321
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2577:. Archived from
2562:
2556:
2544:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2300:X-Originating-IP
2201:Email encryption
2050:Email bankruptcy
2044:Email bankruptcy
1994:mail user agents
1981:can be used for
1910:Privacy concerns
1783:Email attachment
1769:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1726:
1718:
1587:Increasing speed
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1473:
1465:
1344:
1300:
1284:
1272:
1241:Novell GroupWise
1236:
1165:mail user agents
1153:Novell Groupwise
1091:Rich Text Format
1043:
946:quoted printable
932:Content encoding
817:
816:
801:List-Unsubscribe
567:open mail relays
292:History of email
114:, primarily the
21:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6643:
6622:
6567:
6523:Outlook Express
6431:
6415:
6379:
6308:
6241:
6175:
6031:Cleancode eMail
5992:
5987:
5957:
5952:
5926:
5861:
5801:
5763:
5758:
5688:
5683:
5627:, Mcgraw-Hill,
5623:Sara Radicati,
5616:
5577:
5572:
5542:Kevin Johnson,
5515:Wayback Machine
5491:Cemil Betanov,
5487:
5485:Further reading
5482:
5481:
5475:Wayback Machine
5466:
5462:
5458:, slipstick.com
5456:Wayback Machine
5447:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5371:
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5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
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5293:
5292:
5288:
5266:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5235:
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5230:
5216:
5215:
5211:
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5186:
5185:
5181:
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5119:
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5105:
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5093:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5004:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4985:Wayback Machine
4976:
4972:
4966:Wayback Machine
4956:
4952:
4947:Wayback Machine
4937:
4933:
4928:Wayback Machine
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4897:. May 4, 2015.
4895:sitepronews.com
4889:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4791:Wayback Machine
4782:
4778:
4774:, Microsoft.com
4772:Wayback Machine
4763:
4759:
4741:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4717:Wayback Machine
4708:
4704:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4648:
4646:
4632:
4631:
4627:
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4597:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4494:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4447:Wayback Machine
4437:
4433:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4348:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4283:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4162:
4161:
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4144:
4142:
4129:
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4109:
4100:
4099:
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4078:
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4073:
4063:
4061:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3937:
3933:
3920:
3918:
3903:"Trace headers"
3900:
3899:
3895:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3844:Wayback Machine
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
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3620:
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3397:
3393:
3386:
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3356:
3354:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3326:Wayback Machine
3317:
3313:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:Wayback Machine
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3040:
3033:
3031:
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3016:
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2996:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2950:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2897:Ray Tomlinson.
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2870:Tom Van Vleck.
2869:
2868:
2864:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2756:Washington Post
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2686:thaigh (2015).
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2604:"Reference.com"
2602:
2601:
2597:
2584:
2582:
2581:on July 1, 2008
2564:
2563:
2559:
2554:Wayback Machine
2535:
2534:
2530:
2518:Huffington Post
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2426:Washington Post
2419:
2418:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2136:
2088:
2083:
2069:
2061:Lawrence Lessig
2052:
2046:
2027:
2018:
2016:Legal contracts
1918:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1849:
1831:
1825:
1809:
1785:
1779:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1739:
1727:
1716:
1667:
1646:
1634:
1629:
1613:Email marketing
1610:
1608:Email marketing
1549:conference call
1526:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1486:
1474:
1463:
1447:IBM Lotus Notes
1412:
1395:
1379:
1367:
1361:
1359:Web-based email
1356:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1298:
1282:
1270:
1234:
1219:
1099:
1047:Some web-based
1041:
987:
934:
929:
814:
813:
732:"RE:" and "FW:"
661:
623:
615:signature block
580:
578:Message format
473:for the domain
413:Email operation
400:mail user agent
392:
294:
286:
173:electronic mail
169:
163:
78:electronic mail
67:Knowledge (XXG)
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6711:
6709:
6701:
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6695:
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6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
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6642:
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6628:
6627:Related topics
6624:
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6495:
6493:Microsoft Mail
6490:
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6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6448:Claris Emailer
6445:
6439:
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6393:
6387:
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6352:
6350:Mail (Windows)
6347:
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5871:
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5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5835:Internet forum
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
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5749:
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5706:
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5694:
5687:
5686:External links
5684:
5682:
5681:
5666:
5651:
5636:
5621:
5570:
5555:
5540:
5525:
5506:Marsha Egan, "
5504:
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5479:
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5415:
5389:
5377:
5365:
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4989:
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4776:
4757:
4748:Microsoft Docs
4721:
4702:
4679:
4656:
4625:
4590:
4555:
4537:
4519:
4500:
4474:(3): 293–300.
4451:
4431:
4394:
4357:
4347:978-1423902454
4346:
4326:
4296:
4281:
4252:
4243:
4221:
4191:
4181:
4155:
4122:
4093:
4071:
4041:
4034:
4028:. p. 70.
4026:O'Reilly Media
4012:
4003:
3994:
3957:
3948:
3931:
3893:
3848:
3828:
3793:
3758:
3723:
3693:
3654:
3613:
3566:
3539:
3508:"Message Data"
3498:
3467:"Mail Objects"
3457:
3438:
3426:
3391:
3384:
3364:
3330:
3311:
3291:
3236:
3201:
3164:
3141:
3115:
3085:
3068:toastytech.com
3024:Herald Journal
3010:
2975:
2932:(3): 321–345.
2916:
2905:on May 6, 2006
2889:
2862:
2826:"Mail Objects"
2817:
2782:"Mail Objects"
2773:
2740:
2709:
2678:
2659:Israel, Mark.
2651:
2621:
2595:
2557:
2528:
2504:
2493:on May 9, 2013
2478:
2461:CMOS Shop Talk
2443:
2409:
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2297:
2288:
2286:Usenet quoting
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2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Email tracking
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Bounce message
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2115:email spoofing
2111:
2087:
2084:
2068:
2065:
2059:law professor
2048:Main article:
2045:
2042:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1977:, SMEmail, or
1955:
1954:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1914:Main article:
1911:
1908:
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1878:Email spoofing
1873:Email spoofing
1871:Main article:
1868:
1867:Email spoofing
1865:
1857:computer worms
1848:
1845:
1827:Main article:
1824:
1821:
1808:
1805:
1789:Microsoft Word
1781:Main article:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
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1728:
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1545:telephone call
1541:
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1477:
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1411:
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1378:
1375:
1363:Main article:
1360:
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1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1237:
1218:
1215:
1130:bounce message
1098:
1095:
986:
983:
975:character sets
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
913:
910:Auto-Submitted
907:
900:DKIM-Signature
897:
887:
873:
872:
869:final delivery
862:
833:
832:
826:
820:
810:
804:
798:
792:
784:
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755:
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721:
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622:
621:Message header
619:
579:
576:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
545:
524:
523:
518:(POP3) or the
512:
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290:Main article:
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14:
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2:
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6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:Netscape Mail
6501:
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6496:
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6489:
6486:
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6481:
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6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
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6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6411:Samsung Email
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
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6389:
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6386:
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6019:
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6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
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6002:
5999:
5997:Free software
5995:
5991:
5990:Email clients
5984:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Microblogging
5941:
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5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5905:Voice over IP
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:LAN messenger
5888:
5886:
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5707:
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5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5678:1-56592-479-7
5675:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:1-55558-165-X
5660:
5656:
5653:John Rhoton,
5652:
5649:
5648:1-55558-212-5
5645:
5641:
5638:John Rhoton,
5637:
5634:
5633:0-07-051104-7
5630:
5626:
5622:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5567:0-471-34597-0
5564:
5560:
5557:Pete Loshin,
5556:
5553:
5552:0-201-43288-9
5549:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:0-89006-939-5
5534:
5530:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:0-89006-597-7
5498:
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4706:
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4698:
4694:
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4680:
4675:
4671:
4670:Exchangepedia
4667:
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4640:
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4372:
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4349:
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4330:
4327:
4319:September 30,
4314:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4282:9781412994170
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:Heer, Jeffrey
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4234:dir.yahoo.com
4231:
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3907:email message
3904:
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3868:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3846:, 2010 Sep 22
3845:
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2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
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1995:
1990:
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1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
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1960:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1916:Email privacy
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:Email bombing
1900:
1893:Email bombing
1892:
1890:
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1731:This section
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1693:vinyl records
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1569:Reducing cost
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1501:November 2007
1494:
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1054:
1050:
1049:mailing lists
1045:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:, and change
1023:
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1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
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992:
991:email clients
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659:Header fields
658:
656:
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653:encoded words
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404:email address
401:
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389:
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385:
384:Protocol Wars
381:
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365:
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314:minicomputers
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126:model. Email
125:
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105:email address
102:
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83:
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68:
63:
56:
51:
47:
43:
41:
33:
32:Email Limited
19:
6633:
6436:Discontinued
6427:Pegasus Mail
6420:Donationware
6304:Vivaldi Mail
6180:Discontinued
6151:SquirrelMail
5814:
5672:, O'Reilly,
5669:
5668:David Wood,
5657:, Elsevier,
5654:
5642:, Elsevier,
5639:
5624:
5614:the original
5585:
5581:
5558:
5543:
5528:
5492:
5463:
5444:
5432:. Retrieved
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5402:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5329:
5320:
5310:December 24,
5308:. Retrieved
5299:
5289:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5242:The Register
5241:
5231:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5200:. Retrieved
5191:
5182:
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5154:
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5126:
5116:
5104:. Retrieved
5098:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5073:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5011:
4992:
4973:
4953:
4934:
4915:
4905:September 5,
4903:. Retrieved
4894:
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4864:
4854:
4842:. Retrieved
4833:
4823:
4798:
4779:
4760:
4746:– via
4740:. Retrieved
4734:
4724:
4705:
4697:the original
4692:
4682:
4669:
4659:
4647:. Retrieved
4638:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4607:The Atlantic
4605:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4570:
4558:
4540:
4522:
4503:
4471:
4467:
4454:
4434:
4407:
4397:
4370:
4360:
4336:
4329:
4317:. Retrieved
4309:MDN Web Docs
4308:
4299:
4272:
4246:
4238:the original
4233:
4224:
4214:November 13,
4212:. Retrieved
4203:
4194:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4168:the original
4158:
4150:
4143:. Retrieved
4132:
4125:
4117:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:the original
4096:
4088:the original
4083:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4053:
4044:
4021:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3960:
3951:
3942:registry of
3934:
3926:
3919:. Retrieved
3906:
3896:
3865:
3857:John Klensin
3851:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3705:
3696:
3667:
3657:
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3569:
3542:
3534:
3512:
3501:
3493:
3471:
3460:
3441:
3435:network news
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:the original
3404:
3394:
3374:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3342:
3333:
3314:
3300:
3294:
3256:(1): 18–33.
3253:
3249:
3239:
3229:December 23,
3227:. Retrieved
3211:
3204:
3167:
3159:
3144:
3134:November 10,
3132:. Retrieved
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3067:
3054:. Retrieved
3045:
3034:February 26,
3032:. Retrieved
3023:
3013:
3002:
2988:
2978:
2968:September 7,
2966:. Retrieved
2955:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2907:. Retrieved
2903:the original
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2830:
2820:
2812:
2786:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2743:
2733:September 5,
2731:. Retrieved
2722:
2712:
2702:September 5,
2700:. Retrieved
2691:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2631:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2598:
2590:
2585:September 4,
2583:. Retrieved
2579:the original
2570:
2560:
2531:
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2491:the original
2481:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2434:. Retrieved
2425:
2400:. Retrieved
2391:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2236:Internet fax
2196:Email digest
2120:
2105:
2089:
2070:
2053:
2038:social norms
2033:
2028:
2019:
1991:
1959:cryptography
1956:
1927:
1919:
1902:
1876:
1850:
1832:
1817:productivity
1810:
1786:
1760:
1754:October 2016
1751:
1740:Please help
1735:verification
1732:
1701:
1697:film cameras
1682:
1679:social media
1668:
1655:
1647:
1635:
1627:Personal use
1611:
1535:
1527:
1507:
1498:
1487:Please help
1482:verification
1479:
1413:
1396:
1380:
1368:
1347:
1336:
1318:
1253:Windows Mail
1223:
1220:
1196:
1173:
1169:
1134:
1115:
1107:email client
1084:
1071:
1046:
1014:block quotes
1011:
988:
935:
927:Message body
922:whitelisting
915:
909:
899:
890:Received-SPF
889:
883:
877:trace fields
876:
874:
868:
864:
858:
851:
849:
836:
834:
828:
822:
812:
806:
800:
794:
786:
780:
767:
758:Content-Type
747:
737:
723:
717:
700:
694:
690:
684:
679:
662:
639:
624:
607:
597:
591:
581:
565:
563:
525:
508:
486:
478:
474:
443:
438:—which is a
434:
427:
393:
357:
334:
298:time-sharing
295:
287:
277:
273:
269:
265:
263:
258:
254:
252:
245:
244:
237:was used by
233:
232:
216:
211:
210:
203:
202:
190:style guides
184:
183:
176:
172:
170:
140:
109:
97:
81:
77:
73:
72:
55:email client
46:
39:
6396:Forté Agent
6250:Proprietary
6207:Columbia MM
6136:OfflineIMAP
5772:Online chat
5588:(2): 3–29.
5424:"About.com"
5408:January 13,
5340:October 17,
5330:registry.in
5252:December 6,
5202:December 6,
4742:November 7,
4137:. OpenBSD.
4064:January 31,
3987:January 28,
3921:January 16,
3716:October 17,
3606:January 21,
3405:IMC Reports
2216:Email storm
2095:introduced
1967:Tor network
1791:documents,
1650:smartphones
1443:HP OpenMail
1403:smartphones
1371:web browser
1249:Lotus notes
1211:web browser
1203:Yahoo! Mail
1157:Lotus Notes
1149:proprietary
1111:Thunderbird
1076:many others
938:8-bit clean
865:Return-Path
829:Archived-At
795:In-Reply-To
742:Carbon copy
711:provisional
535:Lotus Notes
460:mail server
452:domain name
218:Electronics
161:Terminology
132:mail server
118:, and also
76:(short for
6672:Categories
6657:Comparison
6518:Opera Mail
6345:Apple Mail
6335:HCL Domino
6026:Claws Mail
6021:Citadel/UX
5931:Publishing
5845:Imageboard
5434:January 9,
5384:RFC 3888,
5372:RFC 3885,
5275:: 77–104.
5100:Cloudflare
5053:October 5,
4921:ITvibe.com
4639:TechCrunch
4174:January 9,
4145:January 9,
4112:January 9,
3821:January 9,
3803:"RFC 5064"
3786:January 9,
3751:January 9,
3343:WhatIs.com
3183:cs/9901011
3160:ConneXions
3094:"ALL-IN-1"
2909:October 5,
2671:January 9,
2644:January 9,
2614:January 9,
2497:January 9,
2350:References
2276:Telegraphy
2266:Push email
2251:Netiquette
2226:HTML email
2034:incendiary
1983:end-to-end
1957:There are
1899:Email bomb
1882:Email spam
1861:ransomware
1829:Email spam
1621:email spam
1564:asynchrony
1339:URI scheme
1321:Apple Mail
1313:Apple Mail
1305:Opera Mail
1277:Apple Mail
1261:plain text
1018:underlines
1007:plain text
1003:HTML email
995:plain text
807:References
788:Message-ID
768:Precedence
642:whitespace
483:MX records
471:DNS server
444:local part
428:smtp.a.org
341:CompuServe
310:mainframes
239:CompuServe
86:electronic
6608:Push-IMAP
6553:WebSpyder
6468:Embrowser
6463:Cyberjack
6384:Shareware
6299:TouchMail
6269:EmailTray
6264:eM Client
6217:FossaMail
6202:Classilla
6197:BlitzMail
6146:SeaMonkey
6141:Roundcube
6041:fetchmail
6036:Evolution
5840:Textboard
5610:206442868
5602:1934-1547
4940:Salon.com
4844:March 24,
4488:0021-8499
4291:959670912
4189:recipient
4054:Konfinity
4010:RFC 5518.
3967:"RFC6376"
3955:RFC 7208.
3684:2070-1721
3645:2070-1721
3596:264604077
3419:April 13,
3270:0268-3962
3108:April 20,
3078:April 18,
3056:April 18,
2946:0018-8670
2882:March 23,
2766:April 18,
2211:Email hub
2186:Email art
1582:telegrams
1560:real time
1178:, on the
1145:corporate
1087:Microsoft
1072:(c. 1992)
918:: claims
707:permanent
539:Microsoft
390:Operation
171:The term
42:(podcast)
40:Reply All
6652:Category
6548:Turnpike
6533:Pocomail
6513:NeXTMail
6458:Cyberdog
6406:The Bat!
6401:GyazMail
6340:InScribe
6284:Mailbird
6279:i.Scribe
6237:Nylas N1
6156:Sylpheed
6131:nmh / MH
6121:Mulberry
6096:Mailpile
6091:Mahogany
6081:K-9 Mail
6071:Gnuzilla
5917:Web chat
5511:Archived
5471:Archived
5452:Archived
5428:Archived
5360:Archived
5334:Archived
5304:Archived
5246:Archived
5196:Archived
5155:SC Media
5047:Archived
5027:July 17,
5021:Archived
5000:Archived
4981:Archived
4962:Archived
4943:Archived
4924:Archived
4899:Archived
4869:Archived
4838:Archived
4812:Archived
4787:Archived
4768:Archived
4713:Archived
4693:Geek.com
4674:Archived
4649:April 4,
4643:Archived
4618:April 4,
4612:Archived
4583:April 4,
4577:Archived
4550:Archived
4532:Archived
4514:Archived
4492:Archived
4443:Archived
4352:Archived
4313:Archived
4269:"E-Mail"
4267:(2011).
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5055:2021
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4907:2017
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4651:2018
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