1894:
921:
occasioned by the last illness, the settling of blood, or the embalming process itself are also dealt with at this time (although some embalmers utilize hypodermic bleaching agents, such as phenol-based cauterants, during injection to lighten discoloration and allow easier cosmeticizing). It is also common for the embalmer to perform minor restoration of the deceased's appearance with tissue building chemicals and a hypodermic syringe. Tissue building chemicals (Tissue
Builders) become solid with the introduction of liquids such as water or interstitial fluids. Commonly the area where the sphenoid and temporal bones meet; this can also be referred to the temples. In the event of trauma or natural depressions on the face or hands, tissue builder can also be utilised to return those regions of the face to the expectations of the family.
48:
780:) is referred to as a split (or sometimes cut) injection. In certain cases the embalmer may deem it necessary to perform a restricted cervical injection, which involves injecting the head of the deceased separately from the rest of body. This is done in cases where distention (swelling) has a greater chance of occurring. In many cases, an embalmer may select to perform what is known as a pre-injection. A pre-injection is a solution of chemicals that do not contain any preservative chemicals, but rather chemicals that encourage vasodilation, help disperse blood clots, and act as chelating agents. The focus of this "pre-injection" is to allow for a more complete drainage and better distribution of the arterial embalming solution.
901:
applied to make the body appear more lifelike. For babies who have died, the embalmer may apply a light cosmetic massage cream after embalming to provide a natural appearance; massage cream is also used on the face to prevent it from dehydrating, and the infant's mouth is often kept slightly open for a more natural expression. If possible, the funeral director uses a light, translucent cosmetic; sometimes, heavier, opaque cosmetics are used to hide bruises, cuts, or discolored areas. Makeup is applied to the lips to mimic their natural color. Sometimes a very pale or light pink lipstick is applied on males, while brighter colored lipstick is applied to females. Hair gel or
1310:
the body distends extensively with fluid. The distension eventually reduces, often under extended (up to six months) refrigeration, leaving a fairly normal appearance. No separate cavity treatment of the internal organs is given. Anatomically embalmed cadavers have a typically uniform grey colouration, due both to the high formaldehyde concentration mixed with the blood and the lack of red colouration agents commonly added to standard, nonmedical, embalming fluids. Formaldehyde mixed with blood causes the grey discoloration also known as "formaldehyde grey" or "embalmer's grey".
716:. The eyes are posed using an eye cap that keeps them shut and in the proper expression. The mouth may be closed via suturing with a needle and ligature, using an adhesive, or by setting a wire into the maxilla and mandible with a needle injector, a specialized device most commonly used in North America and unique to mortuary practice. Care is taken to make the expression look as relaxed and natural as possible, and ideally, a recent photograph of the deceased in good health is used as a reference. The process of closing the mouth and eyes, shaving, etc. is collectively known as
94:
1614:(1835–1914; pope 1903–1914) lies in a crystal coffin, in the Chapel of the Presentation of the Virgin Mary. On 17 February 1952, Pius X's body was transferred from the crypt of the Vatican grotto. The body is dressed in pontifical robes, while the face and hands are covered with silver. He lies within a glass and bronze-work sarcophagus for the faithful to see. Papal physicians had been in the habit of removing organs to aid the embalming process. Pius X expressly prohibited this, however, and none of his successors has allowed the practice to be reinstituted.
909:) are applied to the body to eliminate odors, and it is also applied to the face to achieve a matte and fresh effect to prevent oiliness of the corpse. Mortuary cosmeticizing is not done for the same reason as make-up for living people; rather, it is designed to add depth and dimension to a person's features that lack of blood circulation has removed. Warm areas – where blood vessels in living people are superficial, such as the cheeks, chin, and knuckles – have subtle reds added to recreate this effect, while browns are added to the palpebrae (
795:(two inches superior and two inches to the right) and pushes the trocar into the abdominal and chest cavities. This first punctures the hollow organs and aspirates their contents. The embalmer then fills the cavities with concentrated chemicals (known as cavity chemicals) that contain formaldehyde, which are delivered to the chest cavity via the trocar inserted through the diaphragm. The incision is either sutured closed (commonly using the purse-string or 'N' suture methods) or a "trocar button" is secured into place.
890:
256:
681:
570:
embalming is not done by specialist embalmers, but rather by doctors, medical technicians or laboratory technicians who, while they have the required anatomical or chemical knowledge, are not trained specialists in this field. Today, embalming is a common practice in North
America, Australia, New Zealand, Britain and Ireland, while it is much less frequent in many parts of Europe; most modern countries have embalming available in some manner.
427:, who points out that there is no general consensus that viewing an embalmed corpse is somehow "therapeutic" to the bereaved, and that terms such as "memory picture" were invented by the undertakers themselves, who would have a financial interest in selling the process of embalming to the public. Mitford also points out that, in many countries, embalming is rare, and the populace of such countries are still able to grieve normally.
999:, such as a suit or coat and tie, and women in semi-formal dresses or pant suits. In recent years, a change has occurred, and many individuals are now buried in less formal clothing, such as what they would have worn on a daily basis, or other favorite attire. The clothing used can also reflect the deceased person's profession or vocation: priests and ministers are often dressed in their liturgical
1407:
1193:
1099:
935:
829:
584:
441:
1630:
322:
705:, skin condition, edema, intravenous injection sites, presence of fecal matter, tissue gas and numerous other factors which may affect the procedure and outcome. The embalming procedure is a surgical one, albeit rather minimally invasive. The process requires significant effort over the course of multiple hours, including intensive planning, evaluation, and chemical selection.
1937:, Portugal on 12 December 1891. The site had become a place of pilgrimage for Brazilians arriving in the country at the time. Many people used to visit it late at night only to find the place dark. With candles given to them by a local guard, they went to the emperor's glass-topped coffin in order to see the embalmed monarch and accidentally spilled wax on the
1666:, Ukraine. In contrast to the corpse of Lenin, which undergoes thorough maintenance in a special underground clinic twice a week, the body of Pirogov rests untouched and unchanging – reportedly only dust has to be brushed off of it. It rests at room temperature in a glass-lid coffin (while Lenin's body is preserved at a constant low temperature).
1164:, and all qualified embalmers have some degree of training and practice in it. For such cases, the benefit of embalming is startlingly apparent. Normally, a better result can be achieved when a photograph and the decedent's regular make-up (if worn) are available to help make the deceased appear more as they did when alive.
724:
1970:
Pedro II rests on a pillow filled up with
Brazilian sand . The emperor looks so different! How cruel is an imperfect embalming! Where is that majestic head, crowned in past times with that silvery silky hair? Where are his steel gleam blue eyes; the beautiful beard gilded by youthfulness and silvered
1850:
s (prince) and the Queen's lasted seven hours. Once that affliction was over, it was time to put the clothes on, which was almost impossible due to the state of dissolution of Her
Majesty, but it was done as well as possible, bearing the Orders and the Royal Mantle, but it was necessary to close the
1602:
after having been exhumed from the grottoes beneath the main altar and has retained an extremely well-preserved state. If a body's remains do not decompose, contrary to expectations, it is often treated as a miracle. However, the case of John XXIII's body did not enjoy the same acclamation, as it was
1575:
stationed around Pius XII's body were forced to change shifts every 10 to 15 minutes, since the body's odor caused some guards to pass out. The doctor who performed the embalming had also taken photos of the pontiff in his death throes, intending to sell them to tabloids. The
Italian tabloids refused
692:, embalming involves several distinct steps. Modern embalming techniques are not the result of a single practitioner, but rather the accumulation of many decades, even centuries, of research, trial and error, and invention. A standardized version follows below, but variation in techniques are common.
1888:
were injected into the incision during the embalming process. "It certainly helped to nullify the decomposition", said
Brazilian forensic archaeologist Valdirene Ambiel, responsible for the research. She added that another contributing factor was the casket, saying it was so hermetically sealed that
1806:
was embalmed shortly after her death in France in August 1997. The decision to embalm her provoked conspiracy theories that she was pregnant; conspiracists claimed, incorrectly, that the embalming fluid would have destroyed any evidence of fetal presence in her womb. The official explanation for the
1391:
In Islam, embalming of the dead is not practiced, except in cases of necessity, such as when a body is being transported internationally and the law requires it to be embalmed. Muslims bury their deceased without delay (preferably within 24 hours), to allow the soul to transition to the afterlife as
814:
Embalming is meant to temporarily preserve the body of a deceased person. Regardless of whether embalming is performed, the type of burial or entombment, and the materials used – such as wood or metal coffins and vaults – the body of the deceased will, under most circumstances, eventually decompose.
750:
is injected with a centrifugal pump, and the embalmer massages the body to break up circulatory clots so as to ensure the proper distribution of the embalming fluid. This process of raising vessels with injection and drainage from a solitary location is known as a single-point injection. In cases of
565:
and embalmer are different, depending on the locals custom and licensing body for a region in which the funeral director and/or embalmer operate. A funeral director arranges for the final disposition of the deceased, and may or may not prepare the deceased, including embalming, for viewing (or other
1171:
cases differs from standard embalming because the nature of the post-mortem examination irrevocably disrupts the circulatory system, due to the removal of the organs and viscera. In these cases, a six-point injection is made through the two iliac or femoral arteries, subclavian or axillary vessels,
810:
The duration of an embalming can vary greatly, but a common approximate time of between two and four hours to complete an embalming is typical. However, an embalming case that presents excessive complications could require substantially longer. The treatment of someone who has undergone an autopsy,
411:
There are no universal international preservation requirements for repatriation of human remains, but requirements for embalming do exist for a variety of countries depending on locality and circumstance. Some international standards do exist however, such as the
Strasbourg Agreement of the Council
1309:
Anatomical embalmers may choose to use gravity-feed embalming, where the container dispensing the embalming fluid is elevated above the body's level, and fluid is slowly introduced over an extended time, sometimes as long as several days. Unlike standard arterial embalming, no drainage occurs, and
309:
Interest in, and demand for, embalming grew steadily in the 19th century largely for sentimental reasons. People sometimes wished to be buried at far-off locations, which became possible with the advent of the railways, and mourners wanted the chance to pay their last respects beside the displayed
407:
process. Embalming has the potential to prevent mourners from having to deal with the rotting and eventual putrescence of the corpse. Despite a common misconception, embalming is not mandatory in the United States, although it is a general legal requirement for international repatriation of human
541:
is far more generic; it may refer to someone who is a funeral director, an embalmer, or just a person who prepares the deceased, with or without the formal qualification of an embalmer. Thus while all embalmers are morticians, many morticians are not embalmers and the terms are not intrinsically
368:
until it was supplanted by more effective and less toxic chemicals. There was concern about the possibility of arsenic from embalmed bodies contaminating ground water supplies, as well as legal concerns that people suspected of murder by arsenic poisoning might claim that levels of poison in the
1952:
went to Europe as a scholarship student to search for historical documents about Brazil. In 1912, he visited the Royal
Pantheon. At the occasion, he had noticed the well-preserved state of Pedro II's body, in the same way as when he was placed in the coffin, along with the clothes which he was
569:
Legal requirements over who can practice vary geographically. Some regions or countries do not have specific requirements, while others have clear prohibitions. In the United States, the title of an embalmer is largely based on the state in which they are licensed. Additionally, in many places,
920:
A photograph of the deceased in good health is often sought to guide the embalmer's hand in restoring the body to a more lifelike appearance. Blemishes and discolorations (such as bruises, in which the discoloration is not in the circulatory system, and cannot be removed by arterial injection)
900:
After the body is rewashed and dried, a moisturizing cream is applied to the face, hands and arms. Ideally the deceased will usually sit for as long as possible for observation by the embalmer. After being dressed for visitation or funeral services, cosmetics are commonly, but not universally,
801:
embalming is a supplemental method which refers to the injection of embalming chemicals into tissue with a hypodermic needle and syringe, which is generally used as needed on a case-by-case basis to treat areas where arterial fluid has not been successfully distributed during the main arterial
775:
vessels if necessary) are used. The corresponding veins are commonly also raised and utilized for drainage. Cases where more than one vessel is raised are referred to as multiple-point injection, with a reference to the number of vessels raised (i.e. a six-point injection or six-pointer). As a
1305:
Anatomical embalming is performed into a closed circulatory system. The fluid is usually injected with an embalming machine into an artery under high pressure and flow, and allowed to swell and saturate the tissues. After the deceased is left to sit for a number of hours, the venous system is
1034:
refers specifically to a rectangular coffin. It is common for photographs, notes, cards, and favourite personal items to be placed in the coffin with the deceased. Bulky and expensive items, such as electric guitars, are occasionally interred with a body. In some ways this mirrors the ancient
1159:
Badly decomposing bodies, trauma cases, frozen, or drowned bodies, and those to be transported over long distances also require special treatment beyond that for the "normal" case. The restoration of bodies and features damaged by accident or disease is commonly called restorative art or
1313:
A new embalming technique developed gradually since the 1960s by anatomist Walter Thiel at the Graz
Anatomy Institute in Austria has been the subject of various academic papers, as the cadaver retains the body's natural color, texture and plasticity after the process. The method uses
700:
with the head elevated by a head rest. Before commencing any preparation the embalmer will verify the identity of the body (normally via wrist or leg bracelets or tags). At this point, embalmers commonly perform an initial evaluation of the deceased's condition, noting things such as
1346:
profess an absolute ban on embalming except when required by law or other necessity, while others may discourage but do not prohibit it. In most
Christian denominations, the decision on embalming is the preference of the deceased's family rather than for church policy or theological
218:
is known as the anatomists' period of embalming and is characterized by an increased influence of scientific developments in medicine and the need for bodies for dissection purposes. Early methods used are documented by contemporary physicians such as Peter Forestus (1522–1597) and
1293:
embalmed for dissection by medical professionals, students, and researchers. Here, the first priority is for long-term preservation, not presentation. As such, medical embalmers use anatomical wetting fluids that contain concentrated formaldehyde (37–40%, known as formalin) or
1084:
Environmentalists sometimes have concerns about embalming because of the harmful chemicals involved and their potential interactions with the environment. Recently, more eco-friendly embalming methods have become available, including formaldehyde-free mixtures of chemicals.
1314:
4-chloro-3-methylphenol and various salts for fixation, boric acid for disinfection, and ethylene glycol for the preservation of tissue plasticity. Thiel embalmed cadavers are used in anatomical research, surgical and anaesthesia training, preoperative test procedures,
387:
Dr Frederic Ruysch was the first to have used the arterial injection method for embalming. His work of embalming was so nearly perfect that people thought the dead body was actually alive; however, he only used it to prepare specimens for his anatomical work.
805:
Surface embalming, another supplemental method, utilizes embalming chemicals to preserve and restore areas directly on the skin's surface and other superficial areas as well as areas of damage such as from accident, decomposition, cancerous growths, or skin
329:
Alternative methods of preservation, such as ice packing or laying the body on so called 'cooling boards', gradually lost ground to the increasingly popular and effective methods of embalming. By the mid-19th century, the newly emerging profession of
695:
The first step in embalming is to verify the permissions and requests of the family followed by a careful plan for the deceased's preparation, including reviewing the medical certificate of death. The deceased is placed on the mortuary table in the
776:
general rule, the more points needing to be raised, the greater the difficulty of the case. In some cases draining from a different site from injection (i.e. injecting arterial fluid into the right common carotid artery and draining from the right
1840:
died in childbirth on 15 November 1853 at the age of 34. She was embalmed the following day. In a letter dated 28 November 1853, the Duchess of Ficalho, the queen's lady-in-waiting, reported the outcome to her brother, the 2nd Count of
301:
in a glass-topped coffin. Butchell exhibited the body in the window of his home and many Londoners came to see it; however, Butchell drew criticism for the display. A rumor, possibly started by Butchell himself, claimed that his wife's
293:. When his wife Mary died on 14 January 1775, he had her embalmed as an attraction to draw more customers. Hunter injected the body with preservatives and color additives that gave a glow to the corpse's cheeks, replaced her eyes with
281:
was the first to apply these methods to the art of embalming as part of mortuary practice. He wrote a widely read report on the appropriate methods for arterial and cavity embalming in order to preserve bodies for burial. His brother,
1590:
to have been embalmed. When Charles XII's sarcophagus was opened in 1917, his features were still recognizable, almost 200 years after his death. Photographs of his remains clearly show the gunshot wound to his head leading to his
1065:
and restore a natural appearance for viewing a body after death. A mixture of these chemicals is known as embalming fluid, and is used to preserve deceased individuals, sometimes only until the funeral, other times indefinitely.
344:
The period from about 1861 is sometimes known as the funeral period of embalming and is marked by a separation of the fields of embalming by undertakers and embalming (anatomical wetting) for medical and scientific purposes. Dr
108:
is used for both ancient and modern methods of preserving a deceased person, there is very little connection between the modern-day practices of embalming and ancient methods in terms of techniques or final aesthetic results.
318:, his body was preserved in brandy and spirits of wine mixed with camphor and myrrh for over two months. At the time of his state funeral in 1805, his body was found to still be in excellent condition and completely plastic.
1966:"His face looks like old wax. His beard, once so fine, so silky, so white, has turned ugly and yellow, like old ivory . When I saw him in February 1912, I did find he was smaller than he had been in late 1909 . The head of
1571:(1876–1958; pope 1939–1958) by a charlatan doctor – which only sped up the rate of decomposition – led to his body turning black and his nose falling off while lying in state, and the body disintegrated in the coffin. The
1387:
Embalming is not practiced in Hinduism. The body is usually cremated as soon as possible, preferably within 24 hours, except when the offspring of the deceased need time to get to the location (in which case the body is
1003:, and military and law enforcement personnel often wear their uniform. Underwear, singlets, bras, briefs, and hosiery are all used if the family so desires, and the deceased is dressed in them as they would be in life.
120:
of present-day Chile and Peru is among the earliest cultures known to have performed artificial mummification, as early as 5000–6000 BCE. The earliest known evidence of artificial preservation in Europe was found in
1010:
incisions. In other cases clothing may be cut down the back and placed on the deceased from the front to ensure a proper fit. In many areas of Asia and Europe, the custom of dressing the body in a specially designed
341:, when servicemen often died far from home. The wish of families for their remains to be returned home for local burial and lengthy transport from the battlefield meant it became common in the United States.
1893:
70:, presentation, and preservation, with restoration being an important additional factor in some instances. Performed successfully, embalming can help preserve the body for many years. Embalming has a long,
66:. This is usually done to make the deceased suitable for viewing as part of the funeral ceremony or keep them preserved for medical purposes in an anatomical laboratory. The three goals of embalming are
156:. The ancient Egyptians believed that mummification enabled the soul to return to the preserved corpse after death. Other cultures known to have used embalming techniques in antiquity include the
3319:
3028:
1467:(1758–1805) was preserved for two months in brandy and spirits of wine mixed with camphor and myrrh after which time the body was found to be in excellent condition and completely plastic.
917:
creates an unusual perspective rarely seen in everyday life. During the viewing, pink-colored lighting is sometimes used near the body to lend a warmer tone to the deceased's complexion.
1873:
995:
As with all funeral practises local custom, culture, religion and family request are the key determiners of clothing for the deceased. In the Western world, men are usually buried in
720:. Features may also be set after the completion of the arterial embalming process, which allows the embalmer to clean and remove any purge that occurs during the embalming process.
266:
The modern method of embalming involves the injection of various chemical solutions into the arterial network of the body to primarily disinfect and slow the decomposition process.
561:
with a resultant formal qualification granted after the passing of a final practical examination and acceptance into a recognized society of professional embalmers. The roles of a
2971:
1925:. Three coffins were used: an inner lead-lined coffin, which contained the body, and two outer coffins. According to Julie Anne Taddeo, a research professor of history at the
1831:
310:
body. Other motives behind embalming were prevention of disease and the wish to prepare funerals and burials, which were becoming more elaborate, without undue haste. After
2646:
1081:, humectants and wetting agents, and other solvents that can be used. The formaldehyde content generally ranges from 5–35%, and the methanol content may range from 9–56%.
1716:-like state. The procedure worked and the body showed no signs of decomposition when Eva was interred at her final resting place many years after the initial procedure.
1179:
Long-term preservation requires different techniques, such as using stronger preservatives and multiple injection sites to ensure thorough saturation of body tissues.
815:
Modern embalming is done to delay decomposition so that funeral services may take place or for the purpose of shipping the remains to a distant place for disposition.
1350:
47:
537:
An embalmer is someone who has been trained and qualified in the art and science of sanitization, presentation, and preservation of the human deceased. The term
2671:
3353:
1688:. Fearing that his body would have been stolen in the interim, Lincoln's coffin was opened, and his features were still recognizable, 36 years after his death.
1872:(1812–1873). They were surprised to find that the body of the latter had been mummified. Skin, hair and internal organs were preserved. Examinations at the
811:
cases of extreme trauma, or the restoration of a long-bone donor are a few such examples, and embalmings which require multiple days to complete are known.
3173:
708:
Any clothing on the body is removed and set aside, and any personal effects such as jewelry are inventoried. A modesty cloth is commonly placed over the
1929:, lead helps keep out moisture and preserve the body for longer and prevent smells and toxins from a dead body escaping. Pedro II was interred in the
1326:
Opinions differ among different faiths as to the permissibility of embalming. A brief overview of some of the larger faiths’ positions is as follows:
412:
of Europe, agreed to by more than 20 States in Europe, which only requires embalming in cases where the individual died due to an infectious disease.
2776:
557:, and specific embalming theory (to widely varied levels depending on the region of the world one lives in) combined with practical instruction in a
3018:
1889:
there were no micro-organisms in it. Before the reinterment, scientists reembalmed Amélie's mummified body using a method similar to the first one.
1006:
In certain instances a funeral director will request a specific style of clothing, such as a collared shirt or blouse, to cover traumatic marks or
1930:
1698:, Sicily before the local authorities banned the practice. Nicknamed the 'Sleeping Beauty', Rosalia's body is still perfectly intact. Embalmed by
1917:
died during his exile in France in 1891 at the age of 66. He was embalmed on 5 December, the day of his death. During the process, six liters of
1381:
in which the body is exposed to weathering and predation to dispose of the remains. Embalming the body is thus contrary to their funeral designs.
1061:
Embalming chemicals are a variety of preservatives, sanitizers, disinfectant agents, and additives used in modern embalming to temporarily delay
3050:
361:'s body home for burial was made possible by embalming, and it brought wider public attention to the possibilities and potential of embalming.
3291:
3272:
3205:
1902:
1807:
embalming was that the warm conditions in the chapel of rest where her body was laid out would have sped up the decomposition of the remains.
1470:
Various communist leaders have been embalmed and put on public display. Perhaps the most famous embalmed body of the 20th century is that of
2920:
1947:
1353:
does not discourage or prohibit embalming. Often, due to the custom of church members dressing the deceased, embalming is given preference.
2967:
1986:
1039:
with a person for their use or enjoyment in the afterlife. In traditional Chinese culture, paper substitutes of the goods are buried or
357:
to return to their families. Military authorities also permitted private embalmers to work in military-controlled areas. The passage of
3342:
742:. Blood and interstitial fluids are displaced by this injection and, along with excess arterial solution, are expelled from the right
2946:
712:. The body is washed in a germicidal soap. During this process the embalmer bends, flexes, and massages the arms and legs to relieve
3394:
3245:
2759:
2568:
2276:
1450:
1276:
1146:
982:
876:
667:
524:
306:
had specified that her husband would only have control over her estate after her death for as long as her body was kept unburied.
3384:
1662:
was embalmed after his death in 1881. He was embalmed using the technique he himself developed. His body rests in a church in
1432:
1214:
1124:
960:
854:
605:
462:
2523:
2292:
Christen, AG; Christen, JA (November 1999). "Martin Van Butchell (1735–1814): the eccentric, "kook" dentist of old London".
2672:"Guidance Information on the Transport of COVID-19 Human Remains by Air: Collaborative document by WHO, CDC, IATA and ICAO"
1306:
generally opened and the fluid allowed to drain out, although many anatomical embalmers do not use any drainage technique.
93:
85:
is the recreation of an animal's form often using only the creature's skin, fur or feathers mounted on an anatomical form.
3338:
2129:
1695:
31:
1942:
1302:, and are made without dyes or perfumes. Many embalming chemical companies make specialized anatomical embalming fluids.
2726:
1723:
1257:
648:
505:
423:
The beneficial perception of the viewing of a properly embalmed deceased person has been challenged by authors such as
3101:
1865:
1789:
1499:
1229:
620:
477:
384:, the preservative properties of which were soon noted, and it became the foundation for modern methods of embalming.
2243:
1109:
945:
839:
1977:
Involuntarily, I do compare the mummified sovereign, ugly, tiny, to the giant man who, in 1886, I saw entering the
1625:
was able to be performed on his corpse decades after his death, and this helped secure the conviction of his killer.
1990:
1857:
1553:
1428:
1210:
1120:
956:
850:
784:
601:
458:
278:
259:
210:
In Europe the ancient practice of artificial preservation had become widespread by about 500 CE. The period of the
207:. While these remains have been extraordinarily well preserved, the embalming fluids and methods used are unknown.
2866:"Walter Thiel's Embalming Method. Review of Solutions and Applications in Different Fields of Biomedical Research"
1417:
1203:
1128:
1113:
964:
949:
858:
843:
594:
451:
62:
is the art and science of preserving human remains by treating them (with chemicals in modern times) to forestall
3333:
1869:
1659:
1517:
1236:
894:
627:
484:
346:
3284:
D. Pedro II: a história não contada: O último imperador do Novo Mundo revelado por cartas e documentos inéditos
1803:
1580:, who furthermore prohibited any photography of a deceased pope until the body is properly vested and laid out.
1384:
Traditional Jewish law forbids embalming. Burial is to be done as soon as possible; preferably within 24 hours.
286:, applied these methods and advertised his embalming services to the general public from the mid-18th century.
1672:
was embalmed after his assassination in 1865. To prevent anyone stealing Lincoln's body, Lincoln's eldest son
738:
embalming, which involves the injection of embalming chemicals into the blood vessels, usually via the right
1811:
1643:
1599:
1545:
1544:
were also embalmed by the same Russian team. Currently, embalmed communist leaders can also be found in the
772:
3218:
East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Transcultural Experiences in the Premodern World
1243:
783:
Cavity treatment/embalming refers to the removal of internal fluids inside body cavities via the use of an
634:
491:
3389:
2784:
1978:
1926:
1537:
1529:
1331:
723:
232:
137:
1922:
1685:
1549:
1521:
1360:
discourage embalming, believing it unnatural to disrupt the physical recycling of the body to the Earth.
739:
283:
1364:
1225:
616:
473:
2618:
1837:
1771:
1767:
1475:
717:
303:
129:
for preservation – however embalming remained unusual in Europe up to the time of the Roman Empire.
3106:
2951:
2017:
1673:
1056:
905:
is applied to style short hair; while hairspray is applied to style long hair. Powders (especially
315:
290:
2385:
Richardson, Patrick; Tillewein, Heather; Antonangelo, Joao; Frederick, Daniel (26 February 2024).
889:
3349:
2924:
2359:
1914:
1898:
1815:
1367:
are not embalmed. Instead, the body is washed and then placed in a cotton, linen, or silk shroud.
747:
377:
350:
338:
224:
113:
52:
3214:"Embalming and Dissecting the Corpse between East and West: From ar-Razi to Henry de Mondeville"
1818:
was so well preserved it was displayed two days before being thrown in a mass grave, and a new
3287:
3268:
3251:
3241:
3213:
3201:
3186:
2846:
2755:
2607:"Life of the death system: shifting regimes, evolving practices, and the rise of eco-funerals"
2564:
2483:
2465:
2426:
2408:
2367:
2301:
2272:
2220:
2176:
2107:
1954:
1861:
1749:
1650:
1339:
680:
397:
271:
262:
developed and popularized the modern technique of arterial embalming in the late 18th century.
228:
39:
396:
Modern embalming is most often performed to ensure a better presentation of the deceased for
3233:
2993:
2880:
2838:
2626:
2508:
2473:
2457:
2416:
2398:
2097:
2089:
2032:
2022:
1785:
1763:
1741:
1719:
1694:, who died at age one on 6 December 1920, was one of the last corpses to be interred in the
1691:
1507:
1487:
1483:
1378:
1023:
562:
331:
298:
255:
236:
3324:
2585:
334:– who provided funeral and burial services – began adopting embalming methods as standard.
144:. They did so by removing organs, ridding the body of moisture, and covering the body with
3314:
2865:
1967:
1737:
1699:
1669:
1638:
1633:
1595:
1510:
996:
756:
752:
697:
424:
358:
244:
122:
77:
Animal remains can also be embalmed by similar methods, though embalming is distinct from
35:
3167:
2622:
2421:
2386:
3023:
2478:
2445:
2102:
2077:
1938:
1745:
1587:
1541:
1533:
1491:
1471:
1424:
1295:
1250:
1074:
760:
641:
498:
267:
240:
185:
149:
117:
71:
2842:
3378:
3309:
3162:
2829:
Walter Thiel (2002). "Ergänzung für die Konservierung ganzer Leichen nach W. Thiel".
2727:"The American Way of Death Revisited Summary – Jessica Mitford – Magill Book Reviews"
2194:
2012:
1994:
1961:
in his hands), although he did find the embalming left a lot to be desired. He wrote:
1958:
1918:
1753:
1709:
1576:
to buy the photos, and the doctor was banned from entering the Vatican City-State by
1479:
1176:
treated separately with cavity fluid or a special embalming powder in a viscera bag.
1062:
768:
751:
poor circulation of the arterial solution, additional injection points (commonly the
220:
169:
133:
63:
3185:, 5th ed., Dallas, TX: Professional Training Schools Inc & Robertine Frederick.
2898:
2884:
2161:
1788:
was embalmed in Hawaii upon his death. His body was flown home and is on display at
195:
In China, artificially preserved remains have been recovered from the period of the
2502:
2027:
1877:
1797:
1757:
1681:
1618:
1572:
1482:
was also embalmed and placed next to Lenin, but his body was buried in 1961 during
1370:
1335:
1070:
777:
764:
743:
713:
702:
689:
381:
67:
2864:
Nicolás Ernesto Ottone; Claudia A. Vargas; Ramón Fuentes; Mariano del Sol (2016).
2631:
2606:
1727:
1705:
3051:"Restos da imperatriz consorte: O impressionante corpo mumificado de Dona Amélia"
2749:
2534:
2266:
1981:, among a colossal wave of people, dominating it, seeming so many cubits taller."
1474:, which continues to draw crowds decades after his death in 1924, and is seen in
132:
The ancient culture that developed embalming to the greatest extent was probably
1611:
1583:
1561:
1557:
1506:. However, in 1962 due to political reasons, the body was removed and cremated.
1464:
1406:
1343:
1192:
1161:
1098:
1036:
934:
906:
828:
583:
550:
440:
311:
215:
211:
196:
98:
2141:
1989:, were returned to Brazil in 1921. The emperor and empress are interred in the
1598:(1881–1963; pope 1958–1963) is on display on an altar on the main floor of the
270:, the 17th century English physician who was the first to detail the system of
3359:
3237:
3229:
1823:
1819:
1677:
1629:
1577:
1374:
1044:
798:
354:
321:
153:
74:
history, with many cultures giving the embalming processes religious meaning.
3255:
2469:
2412:
2268:
Murdering to Dissect: Grave-robbing, Frankenstein, and the Anatomy Literature
2180:
2387:"The Impact on Environmental Health from Cemetery Waste in Middle Tennessee"
1827:
1663:
1604:
1040:
1000:
709:
554:
400:
by friends and relatives. It is also used for medical research or training.
297:, and dressed her in a fine lace dress. The body was embedded in a layer of
294:
204:
165:
82:
78:
2850:
2807:
2487:
2430:
2403:
2371:
2305:
2111:
1846:"Sad embalming, which took place on November 16th, I was always there. The
1015:
or burial cloth, rather than in clothing used by the living, is preferred.
223:(1510–1590). The first attempts to inject the vascular system were made by
97:
Pottery, dishes, and other miscellaneous items from the embalming cache of
227:, who died in 1326. Various attempts and procedures have been reported by
3190:
2007:
1775:
1568:
1357:
1078:
902:
558:
404:
370:
200:
189:
161:
126:
17:
3102:"An exploding king: Why Queen Elizabeth II's coffin was lined with lead"
2363:
2347:
2323:
1851:
coffin, because it's not possible to describe the state of dissolution."
1726:
from 10 November 1938 to 10 November 1953. He was subsequently moved to
1018:
After the deceased has been dressed, they are generally placed in their
2647:"Returning the Remains of a Deceased U.S. Citizen to the United States"
1881:
1622:
1435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1315:
1290:
1217: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1173:
1168:
1007:
608: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
546:
465: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
365:
2461:
2093:
1030:
is used to refer to an anthropoid (stretched hexagonal) form, whereas
3328:
3225:
3221:
2590:
2444:
Salthammer, Tunga; Mentese, Sibel; Marutzky, Rainer (14 April 2010).
1934:
1779:
1731:
1503:
1495:
1299:
1019:
1012:
914:
910:
788:
735:
181:
177:
145:
1834:
was so well preserved that looters first thought he was still alive.
403:
A successful viewing of the body is considered to be helpful in the
274:, made his discoveries by injecting colored solutions into corpses.
3220:. Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Vol. 14.
1906:
1892:
1885:
1793:
1713:
1628:
1525:
1514:
888:
792:
722:
679:
320:
254:
173:
157:
141:
92:
46:
2391:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1953:
interred in (the court dress military uniform; the collar of the
1864:(also King of Portugal as Pedro IV; 1798–1834) and his two wives
3267:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
3166:
2700:
1941:
that covered it. In the 1910s, Brazilian educator and archivist
1702:, she is in a glass case, looking very much like a surreal doll.
140:(3200 BCE), specialized priests were in charge of embalming and
2994:"Memórias do Conde do Lavradio – Francisco de Almeida Portugal"
1680:
in 1901 to be buried in a concrete vault in the burial room of
364:
Until the early 20th century, embalming fluids often contained
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2808:"The living dead: new embalming method aids surgical training"
2130:"Understanding Grief: A Component of Neonatal Palliative Care"
1814:
was desecrated by French revolutionaries in 1793, the body of
1766:
was embalmed. His remains were originally laid to rest in the
1722:
was embalmed. His remains were originally laid to rest in the
1400:
1186:
1092:
928:
822:
577:
434:
369:
deceased's body were the result of post-mortem embalming, not
2701:"Agreement on the Transfer of Corpses, Strasbourg, 26.X.1973"
2160:
Ajileye, Ayodeji; Esan, Ebenezer; Adeyemi, Oluwakemi (2018).
337:
Embalming became more common in the United States during the
125:(Spain) – approximately 5000-year-old human bones covered in
2968:"North Korean television reports plan to embalm Kim's body"
2561:
Celebrations of Death: The Anthropology of Mortuary Ritual
731:
The actual embalming process usually involves four parts:
51:
Embalming was popularized in the United States during the
1708:
was embalmed by Dr. Pedro Ara, as ordered by her husband
1524:, his body was buried in 1990 in the Central cemetery of
1498:'s funeral, was embalmed and displayed in a mausoleum at
1856:
Between February and September 2012, researchers at the
148:, a mixture of desiccating salts found naturally in the
2563:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
913:) to add depth, especially important as viewing in a
791:. The embalmer makes a small incision just above the
545:
Embalming training commonly involves formal study in
2507:. Springfield, Ohio: Champion Chemical Co. pp.
1826:
was still recognisable thanks to his well preserved
2317:
2315:
199:(206 BCE–220 CE), the main examples being those of
2078:"Human body preservation – old and new techniques"
1712:. The body was preserved to look like it was in a
1985:Pedro II's remains, as well as those of his wife
1770:from 1975 to 2019. He was subsequently moved to
2325:Authentic narrative of the death of lord Nelson
2071:
2069:
1964:
1844:
1351:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
325:Embalming fluids used in the early 20th century
81:. Embalming preserves the body intact, whereas
30:"Embalmer" redirects here. For other uses, see
3334:BBC article on Salisbury's School of Embalming
2219:Royal Society of Arts (Great Britain) (1878).
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1069:Typical embalming fluid contains a mixture of
746:and collectively referred to as drainage. The
289:One of his more notorious clients was dentist
3181:Frederick, L.G.; Strub, Clarence G. (1989).
8:
3177:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2611:Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy
2559:Metcalf, Peter; Huntington, Richard (1991).
2348:"Drinking Grandma: The Problem of Embalming"
2195:"Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Egyptian Mummies"
1800:, Philippines from 1993 to 18 November 2016.
419:Jessica Mitford and the revisionist position
408:remains to the U.S. (exceptions do occur).
3200:3rd ed., McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange.
2271:. Manchester University Press. p. 79.
1921:of zinc and aluminum was injected into his
1127:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
963:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
857:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
231:(1452–1519), Jacobus Berengar (1470–1550),
1513:was embalmed and placed on display in the
1494:, who died just five days after attending
1338:faith allow embalming. Some bodies within
3087:
3075:
2630:
2477:
2420:
2402:
2101:
1860:in Brazil exhumed the remains of Emperor
1734:, Turkey, buried in a 42-ton sarcophagus.
1451:Learn how and when to remove this message
1277:Learn how and when to remove this message
1147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1047:specifically purchased for the occasion.
983:Learn how and when to remove this message
877:Learn how and when to remove this message
668:Learn how and when to remove this message
525:Learn how and when to remove this message
3318:) is being considered for deletion. See
3198:Embalming: History, Theory and Practice,
3183:The Principles and Practice of Embalming
3138:
2446:"Formaldehyde in the Indoor Environment"
2222:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts ...
1423:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3019:"Cientistas exumam corpo de d. Pedro I"
2705:Council of Europe / Conseil de l'Europe
2169:American Journal of Biomedical Sciences
2045:
1931:Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza
1603:held to have been due to embalming and
1289:A rather different process is used for
2162:"Human Embalming Techniques: A Review"
2144:on 14 April 2015 – via Medscape.
2134:Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
1997:, a city founded by Pedro II himself.
1043:with the deceased instead, as well as
3361:Jae Rhim Lee: My mushroom burial suit
2346:Chiappelli, Jermiah (December 2008).
2225:Royal Society of Arts. pp. 914–.
1991:Cathedral of Saint Peter of Alcantara
1658:Famous Russian surgeon and scientist
7:
3100:Pietsch, Bryan (21 September 2022).
3031:from the original on 3 December 2022
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2123:
2121:
1905:in Paris. Post-mortem photograph by
1642:(photo caption from book, retouched
1433:adding citations to reliable sources
1215:adding citations to reliable sources
1125:adding citations to reliable sources
961:adding citations to reliable sources
855:adding citations to reliable sources
606:adding citations to reliable sources
463:adding citations to reliable sources
2605:Slominski, Elena (29 August 2023).
2504:The Champion Text Book on Embalming
3343:Institute of Occupational Medicine
2966:Mackey, Robert (12 January 2012).
2584:Mikkelson, Barbara (9 June 1999).
1876:found an incision in the empress'
1621:was so well embalmed that a valid
27:Method of preserving human remains
25:
3322:to help reach a consensus. ›
3265:Pedro II e o Século XIX
1971:by old age; his stately bearing?
378:Alexander Michailowitsch Butlerow
2947:"Lenin's Body Improves with Age"
2586:"Have People Been Buried Alive?"
1957:; and a silver crucifix sent by
1653:, Washington, DC, 16 April 1865)
1405:
1191:
1097:
933:
827:
582:
439:
3212:Schmitz-Esser, Romedio (2013).
2974:from the original on 7 May 2012
2885:10.4067/S0717-95022016000400044
2524:"The Value of Viewing the Body"
2352:Journal of Environmental Health
2076:Brenner, Erich (January 2014).
1943:Luís Gastão d'Escragnolle Dória
1822:was able to be made. Likewise,
1617:Murdered civil rights activist
1416:needs additional citations for
1202:needs additional citations for
727:Tank containing embalming fluid
593:needs additional citations for
450:needs additional citations for
349:received a commission from the
3216:. In Classen, Albrecht (ed.).
3055:aventurasnahistoria.uol.com.br
2244:"Embalming: Modern Procedures"
1586:(1682–1718) is one of several
1567:The botched embalming of Pope
1377:within a structure known as a
1172:and common carotids, with the
684:Instruments used for embalming
353:to embalm the corpses of dead
1:
3339:Infection risks and embalming
2970:. Thelede.blogs.nytimes.com.
2843:10.1016/S0940-9602(02)80121-2
2777:"Information About Embalming"
2632:10.1080/15487733.2023.2243779
1897:The embalmed body of Emperor
1696:Capuchin catacombs of Palermo
1373:traditionally hold a type of
376:In 1855, the Russian chemist
1939:flag of the Empire of Brazil
1724:Ethnography Museum of Ankara
2748:Quigley, Christine (2015).
1974:Everything is gone, faded!
1790:Marcos Museum and Mausoleum
1500:National Monument in Vitkov
3411:
2806:Phil Cain (15 June 2013).
2128:Romesberg, Tricia (2004).
1744:were embalmed and rest at
1554:Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
1054:
698:supine anatomical position
29:
3263:Besouchet, Lídia (1993).
3238:10.1515/9783110321517.611
3196:Mayer, Robert G. (2000).
1518:Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum
895:Museum of Funeral Customs
3395:Funeral-related industry
3345:Research Report TM/04/01
3320:templates for discussion
3282:Rezzutti, Paulo (2019).
2899:"Let's Talk About Death"
2322:Beatty, William (1807).
1866:Empress Maria Leopoldina
1804:Diana, Princess of Wales
205:Mawangdui Han tombs site
3385:Anatomical preservation
3358:TED (14 October 2011),
3286:(in Portuguese). Leya.
3174:Encyclopædia Britannica
1901:lying in repose before
1858:University of São Paulo
1812:Basilica of Saint-Denis
1600:Basilica of Saint Peter
1546:Mausoleum of Mao Zedong
1318:image quality studies.
332:businessmen-undertakers
2404:10.3390/ijerph21030267
1983:
1927:University of Maryland
1910:
1853:
1654:
1538:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1530:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
897:
728:
685:
326:
263:
233:Bartholomeo Eustachius
101:
56:
2751:The Corpse: A History
2501:Myers, Eliab (1897).
2265:Tim Marshall (1995).
1923:common carotid artery
1896:
1874:Hospital das Clínicas
1686:Springfield, Illinois
1676:called for Lincoln's
1632:
1550:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
1522:Communism in Bulgaria
1183:For anatomy education
892:
740:common carotid artery
726:
683:
566:legal requirements).
324:
277:The Scottish surgeon
258:
96:
50:
3232:. pp. 611–624.
3027:. 18 February 2013.
2998:O Portal da História
2294:History of Dentistry
1880:. Aromatics such as
1838:Maria II of Portugal
1772:Mingorrubio Cemetery
1768:Valley of the Fallen
1520:. After the fall of
1476:his Moscow mausoleum
1429:improve this article
1211:improve this article
1121:improve this section
1089:Specialist embalming
1035:practice of placing
957:improve this section
851:improve this section
718:setting the features
688:As practiced in the
602:improve this article
459:improve this article
304:marriage certificate
3141:, pp. 498–499.
3107:The Washington Post
3057:. 24 September 2021
2952:Scientific American
2623:2023SSPP...1943779S
2140:(3). Archived from
2018:Funeral cosmetology
1322:Religious practices
1057:Embalming chemicals
893:Restoration tools,
763:arteries, with the
431:Terms for embalmers
316:Battle of Trafalgar
291:Martin Van Butchell
2901:. Orthodoxinfo.com
2787:on 8 February 2017
2531:amsocembalmers.org
2374:– via JSTOR.
2183:– via NWPII.
2082:Journal of Anatomy
1915:Pedro II of Brazil
1911:
1899:Pedro II of Brazil
1655:
1397:Notable embalmings
1330:Most branches and
898:
748:embalming solution
729:
686:
351:Army Medical Corps
339:American Civil War
327:
314:was killed in the
264:
225:Alessandra Giliani
136:. As early as the
114:Chinchorro culture
102:
57:
53:American Civil War
3293:978-85-7734-677-6
3274:978-85-209-0494-7
3206:978-0-8385-2187-8
3168:"Embalming"
2927:on 18 August 2007
2831:Annals of Anatomy
2781:funeralhelper.org
2707:. 26 October 1973
2540:on 6 October 2008
2462:10.1021/cr800399g
2328:. pp. 72–73.
2094:10.1111/joa.12160
1955:Order of the Rose
1903:his state funeral
1862:Pedro I of Brazil
1750:Touliao Mausoleum
1651:John B. Bachelder
1461:
1460:
1453:
1392:soon as possible.
1340:Eastern Orthodoxy
1287:
1286:
1279:
1261:
1157:
1156:
1149:
993:
992:
985:
887:
886:
879:
678:
677:
670:
652:
535:
534:
527:
509:
272:blood circulation
243:(1637–1680), and
229:Leonardo da Vinci
40:Embalming (manga)
16:(Redirected from
3402:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3297:
3278:
3259:
3178:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2955:. 22 April 2015.
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2923:. Archived from
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2879:(4): 1442–1454.
2870:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2783:. Archived from
2772:
2766:
2765:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2651:travel.state.gov
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2533:. Archived from
2528:
2522:Steele, Donald.
2519:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2456:(4): 2536–2572.
2450:Chemical Reviews
2441:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2406:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2246:. Britannica.com
2240:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2166:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2073:
2033:Premature burial
2023:Mortuary science
1951:
1868:(1797–1826) and
1786:Ferdinand Marcos
1764:Francisco Franco
1742:Chiang Ching-kuo
1692:Rosalia Lombardo
1636:, detail from a
1488:Klement Gottwald
1484:de-Stalinization
1456:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1409:
1401:
1379:Tower of Silence
1282:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1219:
1195:
1187:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1101:
1093:
1024:American English
988:
981:
977:
974:
968:
937:
929:
882:
875:
871:
868:
862:
831:
823:
673:
666:
662:
659:
653:
651:
610:
586:
578:
574:Modern practices
563:funeral director
530:
523:
519:
516:
510:
508:
467:
443:
435:
299:plaster of Paris
237:Reinier de Graaf
21:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3354:Wayback Machine
3323:
3304:
3294:
3281:
3275:
3262:
3248:
3211:
3161:
3151:
3149:Further reading
3146:
3145:
3137:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2873:Int. J. Morphol
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2775:Administrator.
2774:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2681:. 14 April 2020
2674:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2075:
2074:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2003:
1987:Teresa Cristina
1945:
1738:Chiang Kai-shek
1700:Alfredo Salafia
1670:Abraham Lincoln
1639:carte de visite
1634:Abraham Lincoln
1596:Pope John XXIII
1511:Georgi Dimitrov
1457:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1422:
1410:
1399:
1363:Members of the
1324:
1283:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1196:
1185:
1153:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1118:
1102:
1091:
1059:
1053:
997:business attire
989:
978:
972:
969:
954:
938:
927:
883:
872:
866:
863:
848:
832:
821:
674:
663:
657:
654:
611:
609:
599:
587:
576:
531:
520:
514:
511:
468:
466:
456:
444:
433:
425:Jessica Mitford
421:
415:
394:
359:Abraham Lincoln
253:
245:Frederik Ruysch
104:While the term
91:
43:
36:Embalmer (band)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3346:
3341:by KS Creely.
3336:
3331:
3307:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3279:
3273:
3260:
3246:
3209:
3194:
3179:
3165:, ed. (1911).
3163:Chisholm, Hugh
3159:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3120:
3092:
3090:, p. 606.
3088:Besouchet 1993
3080:
3078:, p. 603.
3076:Besouchet 1993
3068:
3042:
3024:Gazeta do Povo
3010:
2985:
2958:
2938:
2912:
2890:
2856:
2837:(3): 267–269.
2821:
2798:
2767:
2760:
2740:
2718:
2692:
2663:
2638:
2597:
2576:
2569:
2551:
2514:
2493:
2436:
2377:
2331:
2311:
2284:
2277:
2257:
2228:
2211:
2186:
2147:
2117:
2088:(3): 316–344.
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1963:
1962:
1891:
1890:
1870:Empress Amélie
1843:
1842:
1835:
1808:
1801:
1783:
1761:
1746:Cihu Mausoleum
1735:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1667:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1608:
1592:
1581:
1565:
1542:Forbes Burnham
1534:Agostinho Neto
1492:Czechoslovakia
1472:Vladimir Lenin
1468:
1459:
1458:
1427:. Please help
1413:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:refrigerated).
1385:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1323:
1320:
1296:glutaraldehyde
1285:
1284:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1155:
1154:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1075:glutaraldehyde
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1022:or casket. In
991:
990:
941:
939:
932:
926:
923:
885:
884:
835:
833:
826:
820:
817:
808:
807:
803:
796:
781:
676:
675:
590:
588:
581:
575:
572:
533:
532:
447:
445:
438:
432:
429:
420:
417:
393:
390:
355:Union officers
279:William Hunter
268:William Harvey
260:William Hunter
252:
251:Modern methods
249:
241:Jan Swammerdam
150:Wadi El Natrun
118:Atacama desert
90:
87:
72:cross-cultural
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3407:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Death customs
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3247:9783110328783
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:Abrams, J.L.
3153:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3139:Rezzutti 2019
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2761:9781476613772
2757:
2754:. McFarland.
2753:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2570:9780511803178
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2300:(3): 99–104.
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:9780719045431
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Freeze drying
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1979:São Paulo See
1975:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1959:Pope Leo XIII
1956:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:hydrochloride
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:Daxi District
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Kemal Atatürk
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:N. I. Pirogov
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Swedish kings
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1540:and Guyana's
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:. Mongolia's
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Joseph Stalin
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1414:This section
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:denominations
1329:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1281:
1278:
1270:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228: –
1227:
1223:
1222:Find sources:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1200:This section
1198:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1106:This section
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1063:decomposition
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
987:
984:
976:
966:
962:
958:
952:
951:
947:
942:This section
940:
936:
931:
930:
924:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
891:
881:
878:
870:
860:
856:
852:
846:
845:
841:
836:This section
834:
830:
825:
824:
818:
816:
812:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
725:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
699:
693:
691:
682:
672:
669:
661:
650:
647:
643:
640:
636:
633:
629:
626:
622:
619: –
618:
614:
613:Find sources:
607:
603:
597:
596:
591:This section
589:
585:
580:
579:
573:
571:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
540:
529:
526:
518:
507:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476: –
475:
471:
470:Find sources:
464:
460:
454:
453:
448:This section
446:
442:
437:
436:
430:
428:
426:
418:
416:
413:
409:
406:
401:
399:
391:
389:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Thomas Holmes
342:
340:
335:
333:
323:
319:
317:
313:
307:
305:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
280:
275:
273:
269:
261:
257:
250:
248:
247:(1638–1731).
246:
242:
239:(1641–1673),
238:
235:(1520–1574),
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Ambroise Pare
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
188:and southern
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:mummification
139:
138:First Dynasty
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
107:
100:
95:
88:
86:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:decomposition
61:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3365:, retrieved
3360:
3350:Ghostarchive
3348:Archived at
3313:
3283:
3264:
3217:
3197:
3182:
3172:
3155:
3111:. Retrieved
3105:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3054:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3022:
3013:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2961:
2950:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2925:the original
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2893:
2876:
2872:
2859:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2785:the original
2780:
2770:
2750:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2729:. Enotes.com
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2678:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2589:
2579:
2560:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2530:
2517:
2503:
2496:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2358:(5): 24–29.
2355:
2351:
2324:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2221:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2175:(2): 82–95.
2172:
2168:
2142:the original
2137:
2133:
2085:
2081:
2028:Plastination
1984:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1878:jugular vein
1847:
1845:
1798:Ilocos Norte
1758:Taoyuan City
1644:
1637:
1619:Medgar Evers
1610:The body of
1594:The body of
1573:Swiss Guards
1536:, Romania's
1447:
1441:January 2012
1438:
1418:verification
1415:
1371:Zoroastrians
1365:Bahá'í Faith
1325:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1288:
1273:
1264:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1221:
1209:Please help
1204:verification
1201:
1178:
1166:
1158:
1143:
1134:
1119:Please help
1107:
1083:
1071:formaldehyde
1068:
1060:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1005:
994:
979:
970:
955:Please help
943:
919:
899:
873:
864:
849:Please help
837:
813:
809:
778:femoral vein
744:jugular vein
730:
714:rigor mortis
707:
703:rigor mortis
694:
690:funeral home
687:
664:
655:
645:
638:
631:
624:
612:
600:Please help
595:verification
592:
568:
544:
542:synonymous.
538:
536:
521:
512:
502:
495:
488:
481:
469:
457:Please help
452:verification
449:
422:
414:
410:
402:
395:
386:
382:formaldehyde
375:
363:
343:
336:
328:
308:
288:
276:
265:
209:
194:
152:west of the
131:
111:
105:
103:
76:
68:sanitization
59:
58:
44:
32:The Embalmer
3308:‹ The
2711:7 September
2685:7 September
2656:7 September
1946: [
1645:post mortem
1612:Pope Pius X
1584:Charles XII
1562:Kim Jong Il
1558:Kim Il Sung
1532:, Angola's
1465:Lord Nelson
1344:Lutheranism
1226:"Embalming"
1162:demisurgery
1045:paper money
1037:grave goods
1026:, the word
907:baby powder
617:"Embalming"
551:thanatology
474:"Embalming"
392:Present day
380:discovered
312:Lord Nelson
284:John Hunter
216:Renaissance
212:Middle Ages
197:Han dynasty
99:Tutankhamun
3379:Categories
3367:1 February
3325:Death Care
3230:De Gruyter
3113:1 December
3061:4 December
3035:3 December
2921:"Funerals"
2810:. BBC News
2791:7 February
2544:8 December
2397:(3): 267.
2204:2 February
2040:References
1995:Petrópolis
1824:Louis XIII
1820:death mask
1710:Juan Perón
1678:exhumation
1647:photograph
1607:formation.
1578:John XXIII
1552:, and the
1375:sky burial
1347:viewpoint.
1237:newspapers
1167:Embalming
802:injection.
799:Hypodermic
628:newspapers
485:newspapers
295:glass eyes
154:Nile Delta
3256:1864-3396
3156:Embalming
3003:6 January
2978:5 October
2931:7 January
2470:0009-2665
2413:1661-7827
2181:1937-9080
1841:Lavradio:
1828:moustache
1810:When the
1760:, Taiwan.
1728:Anıtkabir
1706:Eva Perón
1605:adipocere
1508:Bulgarian
1425:talk page
1358:Neopagans
1336:Christian
1108:does not
1051:Chemicals
1001:vestments
944:does not
838:does not
806:donation.
785:aspirator
710:genitalia
555:chemistry
539:mortician
172:Indians,
166:Peruvians
106:embalming
83:taxidermy
79:taxidermy
60:Embalming
18:Embalmers
3352:and the
3310:template
3191:20723376
3158:. 2008.
3029:Archived
2972:Archived
2851:12061344
2617:(1): 7.
2488:20067232
2431:38541269
2422:10970330
2372:19115720
2364:26327817
2306:10726564
2112:24438435
2008:Cryonics
2001:See also
1848:Infante'
1816:Henry IV
1782:, Spain.
1776:El Pardo
1682:his tomb
1664:Vinnitsa
1569:Pius XII
1291:cadavers
1267:May 2023
1137:May 2023
1079:methanol
1041:cremated
973:May 2023
925:Clothing
903:baby oil
867:May 2023
819:Grooming
757:brachial
753:axillary
736:Arterial
658:May 2023
559:mortuary
515:May 2023
405:grieving
371:homicide
214:and the
203:and the
201:Xin Zhui
192:tribes.
190:Nigerian
162:Guanches
158:Meroites
127:cinnabar
3312:below (
2905:9 March
2733:9 March
2619:Bibcode
2479:2855181
2250:9 March
2103:3931544
1882:camphor
1832:Turenne
1623:autopsy
1334:of the
1251:scholar
1174:viscera
1169:autopsy
1129:removed
1114:sources
1008:autopsy
965:removed
950:sources
911:eyelids
859:removed
844:sources
761:femoral
642:scholar
547:anatomy
499:scholar
398:viewing
366:arsenic
186:Tibetan
178:Toltecs
116:in the
89:History
3329:Curlie
3315:Curlie
3290:
3271:
3254:
3244:
3226:Boston
3222:Berlin
3204:
3189:
2849:
2814:7 June
2758:
2591:Snopes
2567:
2486:
2476:
2468:
2429:
2419:
2411:
2370:
2362:
2304:
2275:
2199:si.edu
2179:
2110:
2100:
1935:Lisbon
1909:, 1891
1780:Madrid
1732:Ankara
1674:Robert
1591:death.
1548:, the
1504:Prague
1496:Stalin
1300:phenol
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1224:
1032:casket
1028:coffin
1020:coffin
1013:shroud
915:coffin
789:trocar
773:tibial
771:, and
769:radial
644:
637:
630:
623:
615:
501:
494:
487:
480:
472:
184:, and
182:Mayans
174:Aztecs
170:Jivaro
146:natron
123:Osorno
38:, and
2869:(PDF)
2675:(PDF)
2538:(PDF)
2527:(PDF)
2360:JSTOR
2165:(PDF)
1950:]
1907:Nadar
1886:myrrh
1794:Batac
1714:sleep
1526:Sofia
1515:Sofia
1356:Some
1258:JSTOR
1244:books
793:navel
765:ulnar
759:, or
649:JSTOR
635:books
506:JSTOR
492:books
134:Egypt
3369:2017
3288:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3252:ISSN
3242:ISBN
3224:and
3202:ISBN
3187:OCLC
3115:2022
3063:2022
3037:2022
3005:2023
2980:2013
2933:2008
2907:2012
2847:PMID
2816:2021
2793:2017
2756:ISBN
2735:2012
2713:2024
2687:2024
2679:IATA
2658:2024
2565:ISBN
2546:2008
2484:PMID
2466:ISSN
2427:PMID
2409:ISSN
2368:PMID
2302:PMID
2273:ISBN
2252:2012
2206:2017
2177:ISSN
2108:PMID
1884:and
1748:and
1740:and
1560:and
1556:for
1342:and
1298:and
1230:news
1112:any
1110:cite
948:any
946:cite
842:any
840:cite
787:and
621:news
478:news
112:The
3327:at
3234:doi
2881:doi
2839:doi
2835:184
2627:doi
2509:102
2474:PMC
2458:doi
2454:110
2417:PMC
2399:doi
2098:PMC
2090:doi
2086:224
1993:in
1968:Dom
1933:in
1792:in
1752:in
1730:in
1684:in
1649:by
1502:in
1490:of
1431:by
1213:by
1123:by
959:by
853:by
604:by
461:by
3381::
3356::
3250:.
3240:.
3228::
3171:.
3123:^
3104:.
3053:.
3021:.
2996:.
2949:.
2877:34
2875:.
2871:.
2845:.
2833:.
2779:.
2703:.
2677:.
2649:.
2625:.
2615:19
2613:.
2609:.
2588:.
2529:.
2482:.
2472:.
2464:.
2452:.
2448:.
2425:.
2415:.
2407:.
2395:21
2393:.
2389:.
2366:.
2356:71
2354:.
2350:.
2334:^
2314:^
2298:47
2296:.
2231:^
2197:.
2173:10
2171:.
2167:.
2150:^
2136:.
2132:.
2120:^
2106:.
2096:.
2084:.
2080:.
2048:^
1948:pt
1830:.
1796:,
1778:,
1774:,
1756:,
1486:.
1478:.
1316:CT
1077:,
1073:,
767:,
755:,
553:,
549:,
373:.
180:,
176:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
34:,
3296:.
3277:.
3258:.
3236::
3208:.
3193:.
3117:.
3065:.
3039:.
3007:.
2982:.
2935:.
2909:.
2887:.
2883::
2853:.
2841::
2818:.
2795:.
2764:.
2737:.
2715:.
2689:.
2660:.
2635:.
2629::
2621::
2594:.
2573:.
2548:.
2511:.
2490:.
2460::
2433:.
2401::
2308:.
2281:.
2254:.
2208:.
2138:6
2114:.
2092::
1564:.
1454:)
1448:(
1443:)
1439:(
1421:.
1280:)
1274:(
1269:)
1265:(
1255:·
1248:·
1241:·
1234:·
1207:.
1150:)
1144:(
1139:)
1135:(
1131:.
1117:.
986:)
980:(
975:)
971:(
967:.
953:.
880:)
874:(
869:)
865:(
861:.
847:.
671:)
665:(
660:)
656:(
646:·
639:·
632:·
625:·
598:.
528:)
522:(
517:)
513:(
503:·
496:·
489:·
482:·
455:.
55:.
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
