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235:. Centros initially facilitated evangelization by Catholic missionaries but also became a means to defend Shuar land claims against those of non-indigenous settlers. In 1964 representatives of Shuar centros formed a political Federation to represent their interests to the Ecuadorian state, non-governmental organizations, and transnational corporations.
594:) began to settle among Shuar. Shuar entered into peaceful trade relations, exchanged land for manufactured goods, and began sending their children to mission boarding schools to learn Spanish. In 1935 the Ecuadorian government created a Shuar reserve, in part to regulate Euro-Ecuadorian access to land, and gave
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The Shuar language belongs to the
Jivaroan linguistic family and is spoken by over 50,000 people in the region. The Shuar are known for their skill in warfare, both in defending their territories and in offensive actions against external enemies. Currently, many Shuar live in communities organized
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In 1969 the
Federation signed an accord with the Ecuadorian government in which the Federation assumed administrative jurisdiction over the Shuar reserve. The Federation assumed the duties of educating children, administering civil registration and land-tenure, and promoting cattle-production and
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in the Shuar diet, women's labor was crucial to Shuar biological and social life. In the late 19th century and early 20th century
Europeans and Euro-Americans began trading manufactured goods, including shotguns, asking in return for shrunken heads. The result was an increase in local warfare,
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facilitated missionary access to Shuar. They also provided a basis for Shuar petitions to the
Ecuadorian government for land; in return Shuar promised to clear rainforest to convert to pasture, and the government provided loans for Shuar to purchase cattle which they would raise for market.
750:, Dr. Favre's Shuar mistress, Tshui, is described as a "witch" who concocts poisons, brews psychoactive tea, and maintains a large collection of shrunken heads. Her process of shrinking one such trophy, which she wears around her neck, is described in great detail.
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explores the Shuar people and their culture/traditions/beliefs as the main character is adopted/befriended by their people. The author was close friends with a Shuar union leader and built aspects of the story around the stories he told him about his way of
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They have many plants that they use for common everyday illnesses. Most people know these plants and how to prepare and use them. Occasionally, an older woman will be asked for advice or help especially with fertility control, childbirth and new infants.
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Shuar generally do not believe in natural death, although they recognize that certain epidemics such as measles and scarlet fever are diseases introduced through contact with
Europeans or Euro-Americans. They fought primarily with spears and
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other programs meant to further incorporate Shuar into the market economy. Since that time the
Federation has splintered into several groups, including a separate Achuar Federation, although the various groups maintain cordial relations.
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The center of Shuar life was a relatively autonomous household consisting of a husband, his wives (usually two), unmarried sons, and daughters. Upon marriage sons would leave their natal household, and sons-in-law would move in (see
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By the 1950s Shuar had lost a considerable amount of land to settlers. At this time they abandoned their semi-nomadic and dispersed settlement pattern and began to form nucleated settlements of five to thirty families, called
706:, and the Army has appropriated the perception of Shuar as "fierce warriors", forming elite "Iwia" units of Shuar soldiers (although all commissioned officers are non-Shuar). These units distinguished themselves in the 1995
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functioned to organize and promote a warrior society. Boys of about eight years would be taken by their fathers or uncles on a three- to five-day journey to a nearby waterfall, during which time the boy would drink only
1111:
Lowell, Karen (1994). "Ethnopharmacological
Studies of Medicinal Plants, particularly Cyperus species, used by the Shuar Indians" Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois Health Science Center, Chicago, Illinois, 420
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According to its culture, young men become soldiers when they shrink the head of their enemies. The motto of IWIAS is "Never defeated"; this marks his warrior history defeating intruders e.g. Incas led by
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and lived in separate households dispersed in the rainforest, linked by the loosest of kin and political ties, and lacking corporate kin-groups or centralized or institutionalized political leadership.
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in the upper Amazon has motivated
Ecuadorian and Peruvian interest in the region. In the 20th century Ecuadorian Shuar and Peruvian groups like the Achuar have had significantly different histories.
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When Shuar first made contact with
Spaniards in the 16th century, they entered into peaceful trade relations. They violently resisted taxation, and drove Spaniards away in 1599.
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Bennett Ross, Jane. 1984 "Effects of
Contact on Revenge Hostilities Among the Achuara JĂvaro", in Warfare Culture, and Environment, ed. R.B. Ferguson, Orlando: Academic Press.
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into the body of an enemy. This attack occurs in secret and few if any shamans admit to doing this. If someone takes ill they may go to a shaman for diagnosis and treatment.
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live in Ecuador, although most live in Peru). The Federation is democratic and hierarchically organized, most of its leaders are salaried by the Ecuadorian state.
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The head-hunters of Western Amazonas: The life and culture of the Jibaro Indians of eastern Ecuador and Peru ( Commentationes humanarum litterarum. VII. 1
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188:. The Shuar are popularly depicted in a wide variety of travelogue and adventure literature because of Western fascination with their former practice of
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From the time of first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, to the formation of the Shuar Federation in the 1950s and 1960s, Shuar were semi-
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between Ecuador and Peru. The name Iwia means "Jungle Demon"; it comes from the Shuar mythology: the Iwia is a feared demon that devours people.
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FundaciĂłn para Desarrollo Comunitario de Pastaza (FUNDECOIPA). Sustainable development and conservation projects in the Pastaza region.
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Steel, Daniel 1999 "Trade Goods and JĂvaro Warfare: The Shuar 1850–1957, and the Achuar, 1940–1978," in Ethnohistory 46(4): 745-776.
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In the last few years, conflict emerged as result of mining projects in the provinces of Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe
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Colonization and missionization in the 20th century have led Shuar to reorganize themselves into nucleated settlements called
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Thanks to the work of the Federation, Shuar identity is very strong. Most Shuar also identify strongly to the Ecuadorian
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became famous among Europeans and Euro-Americans for their elaborate process of shrinking the heads of slain
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around agriculture and hunting, although there are also some who work in mining and the timber industry.
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of the victim, which was contained in and by the shrunken head. Shuar men believed that control of the
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956:"La CIDH pide a Ecuador explicaciones por la muerte de tres lĂderes indĂgenas | El Comercio"
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217:). Men hunted and wove clothes; women gardened. In 1527, the Shuar defeated an incursion by the
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Rubenstein, Steven (2001). "Colonialism, the Shuar Federation, and the Ecuadorian State," in
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they must purchase them from other shamans; Shuar believe that the most powerful shamans are
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999:"Diana Atamaint, nueva presidenta del Consejo Nacional Electoral, con votos de tres vocales"
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725:) is the entity in charge of training indigenous people from the Amazon region. Located in
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would make the boy invincible. Shuar, however, believed that they could easily lose their
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demonstrated, most indigenous people call themselves "people" or "human", designing the "
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re-established missions among the Shuar, and poor and landless Euro-Ecuadorians from the
176:(see Gnerre 1973), but has taken other meanings including "savage"; outside of Ecuador,
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made the only footage showing what appears to be their head-shrinking process.
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1080:(2006). "Circulation, Accumulation, and the Power of Shuar Shrunken Heads" in
978:"Pachakutik marca distancia de Diana Atamaint y rechazan "vinculos" con Nebot"
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Metamorfosis del poder: Persona, mito y visiĂłn en la sociedad Shuar y Achuar
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153:) are people who live in the wetter lowlands east of the Andes (Ecuador).
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Washington, D.C. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletins. ASIN B00085ZPFM)
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172:"; this word probably derives from the 16th century Spanish spelling of
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145:(hill) Shuar are people who live in the foothills of the Andes; the
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may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
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Organizations: Shuar grassroot organisation in the Pastaza region
381:. This would make the boy very strong, and possession of several
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initiated by the shuar with German support. Besides most of the
649:("Interprovincial Federation of Shuar and Achuar Centros"; many
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would enable them to control their wives' and daughters' labor.
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438:. Although tsentsak are animate, they do not act on their own.
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A Shuar warrior who had lived to kill many people was called a
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820:"Warints y Yawi, los shuar que abrieron la selva a la minerĂa"
733:, around 35 Iwia soldiers graduate from this school annually.
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164:. Europeans and European Americans used to refer to Shuar as "
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to meet and form a new organization. In 1964 they formed the
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In the 1960s Salesian missionaries encouraged leaders of the
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Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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Soldiers of the Jungle Commands Group Iwias parading in Tena
362:), in the hope that he would then see momentary visions, or
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Alejandro Tsakimp: A Shuar Healer in the Margins of History
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27(2): 203–204. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Gnerre, Maurizio (1973). "Sources of Spanish JĂvaro", in
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487:(Cyperus species) are used for a variety of ailments.
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died a peaceful death, they would give birth to a new
396:. Shuar believed that if a person in possession of an
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Painting in the Americas before European colonization
846:"La minerĂa amenaza a los indĂgenas shuar en Ecuador"
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process, teaching Shuar Spanish, converting Shuar to
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Prior to missionization in the 1940s and 1950s Shuar
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Photo gallery of Shuar & Jungles & Seed Art
303:(manioc beer), which together provided the bulk of
94:, are an indigenous ethnic group that inhabits the
64:
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1134:The Shuar (jibaro) people: History and information
647:FederaciĂłn Interprovincial de Centros Shuar-Achuar
366:. These visions were believed to be produced by a
598:(Catholic) missionaries charge over the reserve.
141:. Shuar live in various places — thus, the
672:and have entered Ecuadorian electoral politics.
910:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
389:, and thus repeated this ritual several times.
373:If the boy was brave enough he could touch the
200:Social organization and contacts with Europeans
160:, and to non-Spanish and non-Shuar speakers as
2622:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2607:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
613:, and encouraging Shuar to participate in the
521:to make improvements to the overall structure.
348:water. At some point the child would be given
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1106:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space
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682:, a Shuar woman, became the president of the
434:Any unexplained death was attributed to such
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601:Missionaries were largely successful in the
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660:Diana Atamaint, Ecuadorian Shuar politician
458:-speakers, who live to the north and east.
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1046:Berkeley: University of California Press.
46:
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2612:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
537:Learn how and when to remove this message
266:. Although non-Shuar characterized these
1216:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1148:information from CODENPE about the Shuar
693:
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408:were killed, they would give birth to a
1091:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1044:Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls
902:An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador
796:
723:Escuela de Iwias Crnl. Gonzalo Barragán
568:There are at least 40,000 Shuar, 5,000
129:, and in the tropical rainforests and
884:" as "barbarians" or simply "others".
446:) are people who possess and control
7:
1180:Study Spanish in the Shuar Territory
1175:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1640:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
1139:Head Hunting: History of the Shuar
156:Shuar refer to Spanish-speakers as
125:between the upper mountains of the
2632:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1611:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
180:has come to mean "rustic", and in
25:
2716:Ancestry and ethnicity in Ecuador
1623:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1594:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1163:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
756:The Old Man Who Read Love Stories
404:; if someone in possession of an
250:A shrunken head exhibited at the
2966:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
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2664:
1616:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1589:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1154:here into the English language.
499:
252:Museum of the Americas in Madrid
1599:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
633:(Spanish for "centers"). These
579:At the end of the 19th century
491:Shuar and the Ecuadorian state
1:
2956:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
2543:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1604:Archaeological sites in Chile
702:Many Shuar also serve in the
690:Jungle Commands Group (Iwias)
2637:Mesoamerican writing systems
1633:Archaeological sites in Peru
1144:Project to support the Shuar
753:Luis SepĂşlveda's 1989 novel
2533:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1087:Rubenstein, Steven (2002).
1042:Harner, Michael J. (1984).
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2961:Indigenous peoples in Peru
2559:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2462:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
1129:Ethnologue report on Shuar
684:National Electoral Council
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2671:Civilizations portal
1628:Cultural periods of Peru
1056:Karsten, Rafael (1935).
1005:(in Spanish). 2018-11-20
980:(in Spanish). 2019-02-28
899:Ernesto Salazar (1977).
826:(in Spanish). 2022-04-03
332:Tunic in toucan feather
2565:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1411:Mesoamerican chronology
809:(retrieved 4 July 2011)
293:Since women cultivated
149:(swamp-palm) Shuar (or
27:Ethnic group of Ecuador
1268:Archaeological periods
1166:"JĂbaro Indians"
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186:self-sufficient farmer
30:For the language, see
2571:List of Conquistadors
2458:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
1869:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1288:Caddoan Mississippian
1172:Catholic Encyclopedia
1082:Cultural Anthropology
807:BBC: Peruvian Jungle.
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678:On 20 November 2018,
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416:Illness and shamanism
370:or ancestral spirit.
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249:
190:shrinking human heads
2538:Francisco de Montejo
2466:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
1579:Andean civilizations
1506:Shaft tomb tradition
1063:Mader, Elke (1999).
465:, Shuar must ingest
258:In the 19th century
242:, the shrunken heads
215:matrilocal residence
2504:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1809:Manteño-Huancavilca
1278:Ancestral Puebloans
878:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
844:null (2017-03-27).
519:editing the article
431:, invisible darts.
276:trophies of warfare
123:tropical rainforest
42:
2932:Ecuador portal
2627:Columbian exchange
2617:Portal:Mesoamerica
1769:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1584:Indigenous peoples
1323:Hopewell tradition
1250:Indigenous peoples
1078:Rubenstein, Steven
1024:"Escuela de IWIAS"
850:The New York Times
804:"Achuar: Culture."
766:Back from Eternity
737:In popular culture
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549:The discovery of
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324:Adulthood rituals
318:Edmundo Bielawski
100:Peruvian Amazonia
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704:Ecuadorian Army
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2867:Non-Indigenous
2864:
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355:Datura arborea
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268:shrunken heads
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184:to describe a
119:Shuar language
117:Shuar, in the
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1571:South America
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1393:Weeden Island
1391:
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1368:Poverty Point
1366:
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1260:North America
1257:
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1230:Paleo-Indians
1228:
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1097:0-8032-8988-X
1094:
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1079:
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1074:
1073:9978-04-477-9
1070:
1067:. Abya-Yala.
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
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1052:0-520-05065-7
1049:
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744:James Rollins
741:
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639:
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620:
616:
612:
611:arĂştam wakanĂ
608:
604:
603:acculturation
599:
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593:
589:
585:
582:
577:
575:
571:
563:
558:
554:
552:
541:
538:
530:
520:
514:
513:
508:This section
506:
497:
496:
490:
488:
486:
480:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
450:. To possess
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:
424:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:arĂştam wakanĂ
403:
399:
398:arĂştam wakanĂ
395:
390:
388:
387:arĂştam wakanĂ
384:
383:arĂştam wakanĂ
380:
379:arĂştam wakanĂ
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
342:
335:
330:
323:
321:
319:
315:
310:
309:carbohydrates
306:
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:muraiya Shuar
253:
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241:
238:
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229:
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220:
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210:
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199:
197:
195:
191:
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183:
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167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:lowlands, in
136:
132:
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124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
58:
53:
49:
44:
33:
19:
18:Jivaro people
2662:
2595:
2445:Moctezuma II
2402:Inca history
2327:Andean Music
2271:Architecture
2266:Architecture
2261:Architecture
2256:Architecture
2252:Architecture
2246:Gender Roles
1991:Tenochtitlan
1914:Timoto–Cuica
1909:Tierradentro
1888:
1694:Casma–Sechin
1426:Chalcatzingo
1170:
1105:
1100:Google Books
1088:
1081:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1036:
1018:
1007:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
982:. Retrieved
972:
960:. Retrieved
950:
914:. Retrieved
912:. p. 13
901:
872:
861:. Retrieved
849:
839:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
806:
799:
764:
763:In the film
754:
747:
722:
720:
716:Huayna Capac
712:
701:
677:
674:
670:nation-state
667:
663:
650:
646:
642:
640:
634:
630:
627:
610:
607:Christianity
600:
591:
578:
576:in Ecuador.
573:
569:
567:
548:
533:
524:
509:
484:
481:
476:
470:
466:
462:
460:
451:
447:
443:
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405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
372:
367:
363:
353:
349:
338:
314:head hunting
298:
292:
287:
279:
271:
259:
257:
239:
232:
230:
227:
223:Huayna Capac
211:
203:
193:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
146:
142:
116:
107:
91:
87:
85:
37:Ethnic group
2971:Headhunting
2732:Awa-Kwaiker
2508:TĂşpac Amaru
2492:Manco Cápac
2441:Moctezuma I
2352:Agriculture
2347:Agriculture
2342:Agriculture
2333:Agriculture
2276:Road System
2165:Mathematics
2030:Muysc Cubun
1884:San AgustĂn
1834:Monte Verde
1511:Teotihuacan
1403:Mesoamerica
1298:Coles Creek
1283:Anishinaabe
1240:Archaeology
1003:El Universo
962:2 September
916:16 February
824:El Universo
718:. in 1527.
461:To control
442:(in Shuar,
182:Puerto Rico
2945:Categories
2899:Uruguayans
2848:Taromenane
2724:Indigenous
2479:Tisquesusa
2453:Cuauhtémoc
2449:Cuitláhuac
1779:Lauricocha
1749:Gran Chaco
1739:Cupisnique
1724:Chinchorro
1699:Chachapoya
1689:Caral–Supe
1531:Tlaxcaltec
1521:Teuchitlán
1436:ChupĂcuaro
1363:Plum Bayou
1358:Plaquemine
1328:Marksville
1293:Chichimeca
1152:translated
1009:2022-07-13
984:2022-07-13
863:2023-05-23
830:2023-05-23
791:References
708:Cenepa War
360:Solanaceae
312:including
221:armies of
96:Ecuadorian
2904:Croatians
2879:Americans
2500:Atahualpa
2496:Pachacuti
2471:Nemequene
2337:Chinampas
2159:Astronomy
2148:Astronomy
2128:Mythology
2123:Mythology
2118:Mythology
2113:Mythology
2109:Mythology
1939:Wankarani
1929:Tuncahuán
1819:Marajoara
1774:Las Vegas
1660:Atacameño
1556:Xochipala
1496:Purépecha
1456:Epi-Olmec
1446:Cuicuilco
1388:Troyville
1378:St. Johns
858:0362-4331
588:highlands
560:Shuar in
527:June 2022
472:Ayahuasca
297:and made
135:Amazonian
75:Shamanism
71:Christian
2909:Lebanese
2894:Mestizos
2889:Italians
2884:European
2858:Tsáchila
2811:Panzaleo
2789:Huambisa
2784:Aguaruna
2774:Jivaroan
2762:Huaorani
2596:See also
2514:Conquest
2487:Zoratama
2154:Calendar
2143:Calendar
2138:Calendar
2134:Calendar
2103:Religion
2098:Religion
2087:Religion
2076:Religion
2072:Religion
2061:Numerals
2055:Numerals
2016:Language
1996:Multiple
1934:Valdivia
1919:Tiwanaku
1879:Saladoid
1874:Quimbaya
1764:Kuhikugu
1744:Diaguita
1734:Chorrera
1551:Veraguas
1546:Veracruz
1526:Tlatilco
1338:Mogollon
1245:Cultures
1223:Americas
774:See also
748:Amazonia
746:' novel
623:monogamy
619:polygyny
596:Salesian
581:Catholic
574:Shiwiars
572:and 700
485:Piripiri
477:tsentsak
463:tsentsak
452:tsentsak
448:tsentsak
436:tsentsak
428:tsentsak
423:blowguns
305:calories
131:savannas
104:Tzantsa.
65:Religion
2874:African
2823:Otavalo
2806:Quichua
2767:Tagaeri
2483:Tundama
2412:Peoples
2397:History
2392:History
2387:History
2383:History
2377:Cuisine
2372:Cuisine
2367:Cuisine
2362:Cuisine
2358:Cuisine
2216:Warfare
2211:Warfare
2206:Warfare
2202:Warfare
2196:Society
2191:Economy
2180:Society
2175:Society
2171:Society
2041:Writing
2035:Quechua
2020:Nahuatl
1987:Capital
1924:Toyopán
1904:Tairona
1814:Mapuche
1729:Chiripa
1704:Chancay
1675:Cañaris
1650:Amotape
1645:El Abra
1561:Zapotec
1541:Totonac
1516:Tepanec
1501:Quelepa
1471:Mezcala
1461:Huastec
1431:Cholula
1421:Capacha
1416:Acolhua
1373:Sinagua
1348:Patayan
1318:Hohokam
1308:Fremont
780:Ecuador
721:EWIAS (
643:centros
635:centros
631:centros
592:colonos
584:Jesuits
570:Achuars
456:Quichua
444:uwishin
440:Shamans
394:kakáram
346:tobacco
341:culture
272:tsantsa
240:Tsantsa
233:centros
206:nomadic
194:tsantsa
170:jĂbaros
166:jĂvaros
143:muraiya
139:Ecuador
133:of the
79:Animism
60:100,000
2853:Teteté
2838:Secoya
2833:Sápara
2828:Puruhá
2779:Achuar
2747:Chachi
2742:Cañari
2426:Muisca
2421:Mayans
2416:Aztecs
2050:Script
2045:Script
2005:Bacatá
1976:Muisca
1859:Pucará
1854:Piaroa
1849:Paiján
1844:Omagua
1799:Lupaca
1794:Lokono
1759:Kalina
1754:Huetar
1714:ChavĂn
1709:Chango
1684:Nariño
1680:CapulĂ
1670:Calima
1665:Aymara
1655:Arawak
1536:Toltec
1486:Olmecs
1481:Nicoya
1476:Mixtec
1451:Diquis
1353:Picosa
1343:Oshara
1313:Glades
1303:Dorset
1095:
1071:
1050:
856:
651:Achuar
410:muĂsak
402:wakanĂ
375:arĂştam
368:wakanĂ
364:arĂştam
350:maikua
300:chicha
295:manioc
288:muisak
280:muisak
264:Achuar
178:jibaro
168:" or "
151:Achuar
92:Jivaro
2843:Siona
2801:Maina
2794:Shuar
2757:Cofán
2431:Incas
2322:Music
2317:Music
2312:Music
2308:Music
2241:Women
2236:Women
2231:Women
2227:Women
2185:Trade
2066:Quipu
2010:Cusco
2001:Hunza
1966:Aztec
1899:TaĂno
1894:Sican
1889:Shuar
1839:Nazca
1829:Mollo
1824:Moche
1804:Luzia
1719:ChimĂş
1491:Pipil
1466:Izapa
1441:Coclé
1383:Thule
1273:Adena
906:(PDF)
882:Other
760:life.
727:Shell
467:natem
282:, or
274:) as
174:shuar
162:inkis
158:apach
127:Andes
88:Shuar
41:Shuar
2914:Jews
2221:Army
2003:and
1981:Inca
1971:Maya
1949:ZenĂş
1944:Wari
1789:Lima
1093:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1048:ISBN
964:2016
918:2013
854:ISSN
621:for
334:MHNT
307:and
284:soul
219:Inca
147:achu
113:Name
98:and
86:The
2302:Art
2297:Art
2292:Art
2287:Art
2283:Art
1150:is
1112:pp.
876:As
742:In
551:oil
196:).
2947::
2540:)
1169:.
1001:.
938:^
926:^
908:.
889:^
848:.
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729:,
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2090:(
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2079:(
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966:.
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